Overview: composite optical elements

ray from
bends at
infinity
2nd PP

ray from then goes

FFP BFP the FFP through the BFP

FFL BFL FFP BFP

bends at then goes
EFL EFL 1st PP on to infinity

1st PP 2nd PP
1st PP 2nd PP

1st PP 2nd PP

BFP image

object FFP

EFL EFL

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a- 1
1
 Today

• Apertures & Stops

– Aperture
– Entrance Pupil
– Exit Pupil

– Field Stop
– Entrance Window
– Exit Window

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a- 2
2
 Aperture Stop and Numerical Aperture

medium of

refr. index n

Aperture stop θ: half-angle subtended by the imaging

the physical element which system from
limits the angle of acceptance of the imaging an axial object
system

Numerical Aperture

Speed
pronounced f-number, e.g.
f/8 means (f/#)=8.

The Aperture Stop Later we will also learn that the NA also
limits the optical energy defines the resolution (or resolving power) of
that is admitted through the system the optical system

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a- 3
3
 Entrance & exit pupils

image through image through

preceding elements succeeding elements

entrance aperture exit

pupil stop pupil
multi-element
optical system

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a- 4
4
 The Chief & Marginal Rays

M.R.

C.R
.

Chief Ray: Starts from off-axis object, goes through the center of the Aperture
Marginal Ray: Starts from off-axis object, goes through the edge of the Aperture

Together, the C.R. and M.R. define the angular acceptance of spherical ray bundles
originating from an off-axis object.
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a- 5
5
 The Chief & Marginal Rays

M
.R
. .
C . R

Corollaries:
Chief Ray also goes through the center of the Entrance & Exit Pupils

Marginal Ray also goes through the edge of the Entrance & Exit Pupils

The Chief and Marginal Rays meet again at the image

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a- 6
6
 The Field Stop

Limits the angular acceptance

of Chief Rays
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a- 7
7
 The Field Stop

FoV

Defines the Field of View (FoV)

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a- 8
8
 Entrance & Exit Windows

image through image through

preceding elements succeeding elements

M.R.
C.
R.

field
stop exit
entrance window
window

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a- 9
9
 All together

M.R.
C.
R.

field aperture
entrance stop stop exit
entrance pupil exit window
window pupil

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a-10
10
 All together

C.
R.
FoV

field aperture
entrance stop stop exit
entrance pupil exit window
window pupil
The Field of View is the angle between the pair of Chief Rays
that just make it through the edges of the Field Stop
MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a- 11
11
 All together

NA

field aperture
entrance stop stop exit
entrance pupil exit window
window pupil
The Numerical Aperture is the angle between the pair of Marginal Rays

that just make it through the edges of the Aperture Stop

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a-12
12
 Example: single-lens camera

2nd FP
1st FP
size of
film
object
or digital
plane
detector
array

image
plane

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a-13
13
 Example: single-lens camera

2nd FP
1st FP

object
plane Aperture
Stop
& Entrance
Pupil image
plane

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a-14
14
 Example: single-lens camera

2nd FP
1st FP

object
plane Aperture
Exit Stop
pupil & Entrance
(virtual) Pupil image
plane

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a-15
15
 Example: single-lens camera

mar
gina
l ray
chi
ef r
ay
2nd FP
1st FP

object
plane

Field Stop

& Exit Window

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a-16
16
 Example: single-lens camera

chi
ef r
ay
2nd FP
1st FP

Field Stop
Entrance & Exit Window
Window

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a-17
17
 Example: single-lens camera

2nd FP
1st FP

Aperture
Exit Stop
pupil & Entrance
(virtual) Pupil Field Stop
Entrance & Exit Window
Window

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a-18
18
 Example: single-lens camera

C.R
. fro
mo
bje
ct a
t fie
FoV ld e
dge
n-a xis object 2nd FP
M.R. from o
NA
1st FP

Aperture
Exit Stop
pupil & Entrance
(virtual) Pupil Field Stop
Entrance & Exit Window
Window

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a-19
19
 Example: single-lens camera

Lens,
FL f

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a-20
20
 Example: single-lens camera

M.R. from
ob
Lens,
at field e ject FL f
C.R. fr dge
om
at field object
edge

M.R. from on
-axis object

FS
ExP Aperture & ExW
EnW & EnP

MIT 2.71/2.710
02/23/09 wk4-a- 21
21
MIT OpenCourseWare
http://ocw.mit.edu

2.71 / 2.710 Optics

Spring 2009

For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit: http://ocw.mit.edu/terms.