EE 506

Per Unit Analysis

PER UNIT IMPEDANCE
OF TRANSFORMER
WINDINGS
Per Unit Impedance and Percent
Impedance of Transformer Windings
Information regarding the impedance of transformer
windings is generally available from the manufacturer or
from the transformer nameplate as per unit (PU)
impedance or percent impedance
Per Unit Impedance and Percent
Impedance of Transformer Windings
Per-Unit Impedance, Zpu

• Also called as per unit impedance voltage

• It is the ratio of the voltage within the transformer
impedance, to the rated voltage of the transformer, when
operating at rated current
Per Unit Impedance and Percent
Impedance of Transformer Windings
Per-Unit Impedance, Zpu

Mathematically,
𝐈𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝𝐙𝐞𝐪
Zpu = where,
𝐕𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
Zpu = per-unit impedance
Xpu = per-unit reactance
𝐈𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝𝐗𝐞𝐪
Xpu = Rpu = per-unit resistance
𝐕𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝

𝐈𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝𝐑𝐞𝐪 NOTE:
Rpu = Vrated and Irated are also
𝐕𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐝
called base voltages and
base current , respectively.
Per Unit Value
Per unit impedance of a transformer is often expressed in
terms of a base impedance obtained from the transformer
rating:
𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝒑. 𝒖. =
𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

In which,

𝑽𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑽𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = =
𝑰𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑰𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
Per Unit Value
Expressing Zbase in terms of
transformer apparent power,

𝑽𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑽𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = ∗
𝑰𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑽𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
We will have,
where,
𝑽𝟐 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 = Sbase = Srated
𝑺𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
Zbase = Rbase = Xbase
Per Unit Value
Therefore,
NOTE:
1. Vbase is transformed by a
𝒁𝒆𝒒 transformer
Zpu =
𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒1
=𝑎
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒2
𝑿𝒆𝒒
Xpu = 2. Sbase is constant
𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆

3. All per unit values are

𝑹𝒆𝒒 dimensionless
Rpu =
𝒁𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆
Per Unit Impedance
The per unit impedance, in terms of its
components is

Zpu = Rpu + jXpu

Zpu = 𝑅2𝑝𝑢 + 𝑋2𝑝𝑢

−1
𝑋𝑝𝑢
𝜃 = tan ( )
𝑅𝑝𝑢
Power System Representations
Description Symbol

Rotating Machine

Two winding Transformer

Three winding transformer

Fuse

Current Transformer
Power System Representations
Description Symbol

Potential transformer

Oil (liquid) circuit breaker

Delta connection

Wye connection, neutral grounded

Wye connection, neutral ungrounded

busbar
One line diagrams
• Provides a compact way to represent a great deal of additional information
such as ratings of machines and transformer, power being consumed or
supplied by all the loads and impedances of various devices in the system,
and the sources.
Per-unit System
• the per-unit system has a major advantage in power system analysis,
it simplifies the solution of a circuit containing transformers.
• easy to analyze real power that contains a mixture of Y – delta, and
also system containing many transformers.

𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐮𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞
𝐐𝐮𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐭 =
𝐛𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐧𝐭𝐢𝐭𝐲
Single phase systems
• In single phase system, the relationships are:

Pbase, Qbase, or Sbase = VbaseIbase

Zbase = Vbase/Ibase
where:
Ybase = Ibase/Vbase Pbase = base value of real power.
Qbase = base value of reactive power.
Sbase = base value of apparent power.
2
Zbase = base value of the impedance.
𝑉𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 Ibase = base value of current.
𝑍𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = Vbase = base value of voltage.
𝑆𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
Change of Base Formula

where:
Zbase = Rbase = Xbase

old = given
new = base
Condition for Per Unit Systems
• the Sbase and Vbase are selected at a specific point in the
system.
• the output power of an ideal transformer is equal to its
input power

“In a single phase system or three phase systems, the

Sbase always remain constant everywhere in the system
but the Vbase changes when it goes to a transformer.”
Condition for Per Unit Systems

S3θPU = S3θACT / S3θBASE = 3S1θACT/ 3S1θBASE = S1θPU

S3θPU = S1θPU = VPUIPU*

Thus, power in per unit for single phase and three

phase systems is unaffected, since in three phase
systems the constant ‘3’ is cancelled out.
Sample Problems
1. A simple power system contains a 480 V generator connected to an ideal
1:10 step-up transformer, a transmission line, an ideal 20:1 step-down
transformer and a load. The impedance of the transmission line is 20 + j80
ohms and the impedance of the load is 10cis30o. The base values for this
system is chosen to be 480 V and 10 kVA, respectively at the generator
terminals.

a) Find the base voltage, current, impedance and apparent power at every
point in the power system.
b) Convert this power system into its per-unit equivalent circuit.
c) Find the power supplied to the load in this system
d) Find the power lost in the transmission line

Ans: PLOAD = 4847 W, PLOSS = 27.9858 W

Sample Problems
2. A single phase transformer is rated 20 kVA, 480/120 V, 60 Hz. The
equivalent leakage impedance of the transformer referred to 120 volts
winding, denoted as winding 2, Zeq2 = 0.525cis78.13o ohms. Using the
transformer ratings as the base values, determine the per unit leakage
impedance referred to winding 2 and referred to winding 1.
Three phase systems
In three phase per-unit analysis, the per phase voltage, current, apparent power of
a circuit is related by the following equations in single phase.

where:

VLN,base = base voltage from line to neutral

VLL,base = base voltage from line to line
S3θ,base = base apparent power in three phase
S1θ,base = base apparent power in single phase
Three phase systems
Since,
𝑽𝑳𝑳 𝑩𝑨𝑺𝑬
S3θ,BASE = 3S1θ,BASE also 𝑽𝑳𝑵, 𝑩𝑨𝑺𝑬 = ,
𝟑

Substituting the equations to the single phase formulas, the final equations for
three phase per unit analysis will become,
Sample Problems
1. A 13.8 kV, 100 MVA, 60 Hz, three phase synchronous
motor has a nameplate resistance of 10% or (0.1 pu)
and a reactance of 80% (or 0.8 pu). These values are
specified on the base of the machine’s rating. The base
quantities of the power system where it is connected to
are VLL,BASE = 14.4 kV and SBASE = 500 MVA. Find the
p.u. impedance of the generator on the base of the
power system.

Answer: 0.4592 + j3.6736 pu

Sample Problems
2. For a three phase electric power system shown, show and compute all
impedances in per unit on a 100 MVA base. The 48 MW inductive load at
bus 1 has a lagging power factor of 0.6. Choose 20 kV as the base value
of voltage for the generator and assume all voltages as line-to-line ratings.
If the voltage at generator 2 is limited to 18 kV by the substation in bus 2,
determine the,
a) The per unit equivalent circuit
b) The load current in amperes , Iload,act = 194.3177 A
END OF LECTURE