CHAPTER 1

CEMENT
 Type of
cement

Storing
cement
Cement
composition

Content

Manufacturing Testing of
cement cement
CEMENT is is a binder, a
substance that sets and
hardens and can bind
other materials together
(Wikipedia)

It is important construction
material used in the world
for buildings, bridges,
tunnels, dam, factories etc.

There are many types of

cement depending on its
special properties.

PORTLAND CEMENT
PORTLAND CEMENT

It was first patented by JOSEPH ASPDIN (1824), and was named after
the limestone cliff on the Isle of Portland in England

Cement paste = cement + water

Mortar = cement paste + sand

Concrete = cement + water + sand + aggregates:

Portland cement (7.5% - 15% of volume)
Water
Aggregates (60% - 75% volume)
Air voids (1% - 15% of volume)
Sometimes admixtures
 PORTLAND CEMENT PRODUCTION

Calcareous material Argillaceous material

- Calcium Oxide such as -combination of silica and

limestone, chalk and alumina which can be
oyster shell obtained from clay, shale
and blast furnace slag

Manufacturing of cement Write steps in the manufacturing of

portland cement.

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 •Calcination in the kiln changes molecular structure of ingredients.

• Main compounds: • Minor compounds: small

percent but can have
• tricalcium silicate (C3S)
strong influences:
• dicalcium silicate (C2S)
• magnesium oxide
• tricalcium aluminate (C3A) • titanium oxide
• tetracalcium aluminoferrite • manganese oxide
(C4AF) • sodium oxide
• potassium oxide
• Alkalis (Na2O, K2O) react
with silica causing
disintegration & expansion
of concrete
ALKALI SILICA REACTIVITY
Fineness of Portland Cement

It’s important property that must be controlled. This is

because hydration start at surface of cement particles,
the finer the cement particles, the larger surface area
and faster hydration.

Maximum saiz of cement particles is ___0.09mm______

1 kg of cement has around 7 trillion particles with total

surface area of 300m2 to 400m2.

To measure the fineness of cement  Blaine Air

Permeability Test
(ASTMC115)
SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF PORTLAND CEMENT

Value??

Why we need it?

Mixture –
proportioning
calculation
ASTM C188

Cement quantities are specified and measured by weight not volume

HYDRATION

It defines as the chemical reaction between cement particles and water

The features of this reaction are the change in mater, energy level and rate
of reaction

There are two mechanism :

(1) Through – solution  dominates the early stages of hydration
(2) Topochemical solid state chemical reaction occurs at the surface of
cement particles

Example:

Tricalcium silicate + water Calcium silicate hydrates (C-S-H)+ Calcium

hydroxide

C-S-H makes the hydrated cement paste strong and calcium hydroxide is
susceptible to attack by sulfate and acidic water
VOIDS IN HYDRATED CEMENT

Interlayer hydration space =………………………………………………

Capillary voids=…………………………………………………….

Trapped air =………………………………………………………

Entrain air = ………………………………………………………..

 PROPERTIES OF HYDRATED CEMENT

Proper hydration of portland cement is a important quality control

issues for cement producers

Properties of hydrated cement are assessed

(1) Cement paste (water + cement)
(2) Mortar ( paste and sand)
 PROPERTIES OF HYDRATED CEMENT (CEMENT PASTE)
SETTINGS
Setting refers to the stiffening of the cement paste or the change
from a plastic state to a solid state. The setting time refers to
changes of the cement paste from fluid to rigid. Setting is usually
described in two levels namely, initial setting and final setting

Initial Setting
Initial setting is defined as the beginning of the noticeable
stiffening in the cement paste and it’s corresponding to the rapid
rise temperature. This normally takes about 45 – 175 minutes.

Final Setting Time

This refers to completion of setting which correspond to the peak
temperature in the cement paste. The stiffening of cement paste
increase as the volume of the gel increases and the stage at
which this is completed, the final hardening process begins. It
normally takes between 3 to 10 hours for this to happen.

Hardening
This is referred to the gained of the strength of the cement paste.
Actually during the setting time, the cement gained very little
strength.
False Set: premature stiffening within a few minutes due to humidity in
cement during storage remix without adding water

Quick set & flash set are different – cannot be fixed

 Test for initial and final setting

……Vicat……….. ……Gillmore set time apparatus………..

 Test for soundness

Soundness of the cement paste

refers to its ability to retain its
volume after setting

Expansion after setting cause by

delayed or slow hydration or
other reaction result if the
cement is unsound.

Autoclave expansion test

 PROPERTIES OF HYDRATED CEMENT (MORTAR)

Compressive strength of mortar

 Saiz cube 50mm

 Subjected to compression
 According to ASTM C778
 Cement + water +sand
 Proportional with the concrete strength of
cylinder
 But! Compressive strength of concrete cannot be
accurately predicted from cement strength
(WHY????)
WATER-CEMENT RATIO

- The most important properties of hydrating cement

- Weight of water / weight of cement
- Hydration requires w/c of 0.22-0.25

- Extra water is needed for workability but causes voids

 Decreases strength
 Decreases durability
 Decreases bond between successive layers
 Decreases bond between concrete and rebar
 Increases permeability
 Increases volume change from wetting and drying
Effect of water/cement ratio on concrete strength
TYPES OF PORTLAND CEMENT

1. Type I (Normal)= ……Criteria/usage…………………………………

2. Type II ( ) =…………………………………………………………

3. Type III ( ) = …………………………………………………………

4. Type 1V ( ) = …………………………………………………………..

5. Type V ( ) = …………………………………………………………..

Other cement types of cement are also available.

 MIXING WATER

Any potable (drinking/fresh) water is suitable for making concrete

If water is not readily available, non potable water also can be used.
But impurities in mixing water can affect concrete set time, strength
and durability .

Eg. Chloride ion in mixing water can cause corrosion of reinforcing

steel

Acceptance criteria specified b ASTM C94

 Average 7-day compressive strength of mortar cubes ≥ 90% of
strength of those made with fresh water
 Should not affect the set time significantly
Storage of cement
SUPPLEMENTARY CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS (SCM)

 To improve some properties in concrete

 By addition or partial replacement

 For example:
 Fly ash – by product of coal industry
 Slag cement-made from ion blast furnace slag
 Etc