‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-1-
  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬K5
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K6
 
 K٪80‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 K5W‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K‫א‬ 
K 
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
 

- 28 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
K
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEKKK –F‫א‬  ‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE37F‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E37F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬64L1‫א‬‫א‬16
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K2L1‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E72،36،24،12،6F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬E2000،1000،600،300،150F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
0.05،0.1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE38F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬0.02

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E38F‫א‬
 
E39F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E39F‫א‬
 
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E40F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE2F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E40F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬EF
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬
 
 W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬H‫א‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬Z‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬  E‫א‬  ، F ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
 W0.02‫א‬
‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬91‫א‬ J
 K10L9‫א‬
 K0.1Z10L1ZE10L9F J1Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.1Z0.1C1Z‫א‬
‫א‬ 20‫א‬‫א‬ 191‫א‬ J
 K20L19‫א‬
 K0.05Z20L1ZE20L19F J1Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K0.05Z0.05C1Z‫א‬
‫א‬ 25‫א‬‫א‬ 240.5‫א‬ J
 K25L24‫א‬
 K0.04Z25L1ZE25L24F J1Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 32 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K0.02Z0.04C0.5Z‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K0.02‫א‬‫א‬E41F‫א‬
 W

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E41F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J1
 K21‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J2
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 KE41F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 ‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ،E  
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ 0.02 ‫א‬  9،E41F
W
 
 K21.18Z9C0.02H21Z‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 E1F
 KE42F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E42F‫א‬

 E2F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K0.02‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K22.42–17.28–30.7
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
  K 100L1   ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  KE‫א‬F ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E43F‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E43F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E44F‫א‬
‫א‬   K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E44F‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K 0.01   ‫א‬
 KE45F‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E45F‫א‬

    0.5 ‫א‬       ‫א‬ 
   ، 0.01     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
- 36 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E46F‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E46F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬KE 0.5F‫א‬ 
    50  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  K‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 0.5  ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K0.01‫א‬‫א‬،E47F
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E47F‫א‬
 

- 37 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

    ، ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 EF‫א‬ KE48F ‫א‬
10 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬E48F‫א‬
 
 E3F
 KE49F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬E49F‫א‬
 E4F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
 K
 K8K87–3.18
 
 
- 38 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬ J
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J
‫א‬‫א‬ E50F‫א‬‫א‬ 
 E50F‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  J

 
 
.‫ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام ﻣﺎﻳﻜﺮوﻣﻴﺘﺮ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻷﻋﻤﺎق واﻟﻘﻴﺎس اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﻲ‬-‫ب‬
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E50F‫א‬

- 39 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
   K ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J1
     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬E º90‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
    ‫א‬‫א‬KE51F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E51F‫א‬
 
    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬، º90 ‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Eº135،º60،º45F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬      ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE52F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E52F‫א‬
 
   º180          ‫א‬ ‫א‬
  º360  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K º180 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K12L1‫א‬º360‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J3
‫א‬     ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E53F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
º30‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
.‫( زواﻳﺔ ﻗﻴﺎس ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬53) ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ E54F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  º360  ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 K‫א‬E54F‫א‬

 E‫א‬F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬K ،
 K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ ،
،  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬،‫א‬
 K 
 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   
 ،‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 W
 ‫א‬ J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE55F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J‫א‬‫א‬ J
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬E55F‫א‬
 
K‫א‬‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  
 W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J2
‫א‬          ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬   
 KE56F‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E56F‫א‬

    E ‫א‬ F ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
        K  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬
   ‫א‬ E56F  ‫א‬ E56F  ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
  ، ‫א‬   ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ‫א‬   ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE57F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E57F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ J4
E58F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬   ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E58F‫א‬

F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬    ‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬ 
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬     K  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬  E‫א‬F ‫א‬   
‫א‬   ‫א‬       K‫א‬    ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬ ‫א‬     ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
      ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E59F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ K1
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E59F‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE60F‫א‬
 K ،
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E60F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬    ،‫א‬  ‫א‬   
‫א‬ ‫א‬       ‫א‬ ‫א‬        ،‫א‬
   ‫א‬   ‫א‬  ‫א‬        
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE61F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

- 47 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E61F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 KE62F‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E62F‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K4
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE63F‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E63F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬    ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬  
‫א‬E64F ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E64F‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬E65F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WE66F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬‫א‬ K3
K‫א‬‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E65F‫א‬
 

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E66F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E67F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(a, b)‫א‬‫א‬ K1
    (a) ‫א‬   (10, 20, ….,50mm) ‫א‬ ‫א‬   K2
K
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K3
‫א‬(b)‫א‬(10, 26, 30, ……,88mm)‫א‬‫א‬ K4
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K5
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K1
K‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬ K2
K‫א‬ K3

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E67F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
K‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E68F
 

 
 KEF   KEF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E68F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E69F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
- 54 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 

 
 KEF   KEF
 K_‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E69F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ E70F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E70F‫א‬

- 55 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬KE71F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ J1
‫א‬KE–HF‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J2
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J3
‫א‬EDCFEACF‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬DC‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ J4
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 V‫א‬W‫א‬
 MAW‫א‬
 RW‫א‬

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E71F‫א‬
- 56 -
  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،E72F‫א‬

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬ J1
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E72F‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬WEDCF J2
‫א‬10‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEDCF‫א‬
 K250‫א‬ 50
 
 K‫ א‬‫א‬WEACF J3
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ J1
‫وﻟﻨﻔﺮض‬R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.(73) ‫أﻧﻨﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻗﻴﺎس اﻟﻤﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺣﺼﻠﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺮاءة اﻟﻤﺒﻴﻨﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ رﻗﻢ‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬E73F‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬
 K12
 KE74F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W
 

‫وﺿﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E74F‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
ERx10000F ‫א‬ERx100F ERx1F‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10000 100 1
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
   

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ J2
 DC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ DC‫א‬EDCF‫א‬‫א‬
 KE75F‫א‬ ‫א‬V‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E75F‫א‬

KD.C.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
(2.5 V)‫א‬
2.5‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬10 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬5‫א‬
 E10 VFE2.5 VF
 10LE2.5C‫א‬‫א‬FZ‫א‬‫א‬
 1.25Z10LE2.5C5F‫א‬
 50‫א‬‫א‬
 25‫א‬‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 (2.5 V) ‫א‬
1.25Z50LE2.5C25FZ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
250‫א‬‫א‬

(10 V)‫א‬
‫א‬10 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
5‫א‬
5Z‫א‬‫א‬

(50 V)‫א‬
‫א‬50 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
25Z‫א‬‫א‬25‫א‬

(250 V)‫א‬
‫א‬250 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
125‫א‬
125Z‫א‬‫א‬

 AC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ AC‫א‬EACF‫א‬‫א‬
A.C.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ V ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ J3
 DC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ DC‫א‬EDCF‫א‬‫א‬
 MA
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

KE76F‫א‬‫א‬
KD.C.‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E76F‫א‬

:‫ ﻧﺮى أﻳﻦ وﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح ﺣﺴﺐ اﻟﺤﺎﻻت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬:ً‫ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺎ‬

‫وﺿﻊ اﻟﻤﻔﺘﺎح‬

100 F‫א‬ 10 F‫א‬  

EMA EMA
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 10 K10 ‫א‬
5‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬  5‫א‬
‫א‬‫ א‬5Z‫א‬‫א‬
 E100 MAF  
Z‫א‬‫א‬
10LE1C‫א‬‫א‬F
10LE1C5F‫א‬
0.5Z
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 AC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ AC‫א‬EACF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MA‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬،A.C.‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬W
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
200‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K1000

E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E77F‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
 

 
 KE‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E77F‫א‬
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬KE78F‫א‬
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E78F‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬ J1
 WK‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EVmAFW‫א‬
 ECOMFW‫א‬
‫א‬ E10ADCFW ‫א‬‫א‬
–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ J2
NPN PNP ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EhfeF‫א‬
 K
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ J3
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OFF
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DCV
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ACV
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬DCA
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬10A
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
 ‫א‬ J1
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VmA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCOM‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE79F
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 

 K‫א‬‫א‬E79F‫א‬

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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ J2
 DC‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EDCF‫א‬‫א‬
 DCV
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VmA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 COM‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬20‫א‬ 15‫א‬‫א‬
 K20‫א‬‫א‬
 
 AC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EACF‫א‬‫א‬
 K750200 ‫א‬‫א‬ ACV  ‫א‬
‫א‬200‫א‬200‫א‬
 K750‫א‬200
 
 ‫א‬  J3
 DC‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬EDCF‫א‬‫א‬
 DCA ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬VmA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 COM‫א‬
10‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 10A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E80F
K600‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K10
 

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬E80F‫א‬
 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬
. EF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF‫א‬

 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
  (V)‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ V ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ COM ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫ א‬KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E81F
R1, R2‫א‬ R2 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 

 
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E81F‫א‬
 K
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
(A)‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬، mA A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ COM ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ K‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E82F‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬

 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E82F‫א‬
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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  ‫א‬‫א‬  186  ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ COM ‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .E‫א‬F‫א‬‫ א‬
 K‫א‬،‫ א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E83F‫א‬K‫א‬‫ א‬

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 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E83F‫א‬
 

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