TYPES OF ANTENNA

Submitted by:

HILLARY BUSQUE BSEcE-5

JAPHET GABATAN BSEcE-5

FLORDELIZA LONGAKIT BSEcE-5

Submitted to:

ENGR. DAVE THEODORE SEROJE

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1 Whip Antenna

Description and Type

 are the most common type of monopole antenna and

has an omnidirectional radiation pattern.
 an antenna in the form of a long flexible wire or rod
with a connection at one end.
 They are designed to be flexible so that they do not easily break
 The name is derived from their whip-like motion when disturbed.

Theory of Operation

The length of the antenna rod is determined by the wavelength of the radio waves used. The
most common length is approximately one-quarter (lambda/4) of the wavelength, called a
“quarter-wave whip”. To reduce the length of a whip antenna, an inductor (loading coil) is often
added in series with it. The inductor is always like helix, which distributes the inductance along the
antenna’s length which helps improve the radiation pattern, and makes antenna more flexible. If
mounted above a perfect ground plane, a quarter-wave whip has a gain twice that of a half-
wave dipole, or 5.19 dBi and radiation resistance of 36.8 ohms. Without a ground plane the gain
is reduced and the radiation resistance increased.

Whip-style antenna provides exceptional performance and stability. A straight whip has a
wide bandwidth and is easily designed and integrated. A whip can also be made by cutting a
piece of wire or rod to the appropriate length and the electrical and mechanical is simple. There
is little to no installation necessary and they are relatively easy to operate.

Frequency Allocation

Whips are the most common type of monopole antenna, and are used in High
Frequencies(HF), Very high frequencies (VHF) and Ultra High Frequencies (UHF) radio bands.
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Radiation Pattern

Application

These antennas are widely used for

hand-held radios such as cell phones,
cordless phones, walkie-talkies, FM radios,
boom boxes, Wi-Fi enabled devices, and GPS receivers,
and also attached to vehicles as the antennas for car radios,
as well as two way radios for police, firefighting and aircraft.

Whip antenna mounted on car we saw this car with a whip antenna
@Cebu North Road, Consolacion, Cebu
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2 Ground Plane Antenna

Description and Type

It is a type of vertical radiator operated against a system of

quarter wave radials and elevated at least a quarter
wavelength above the effective ground.

Theory of Operation

With this, vertical antennas are somehow unbalanced. So,

there are basically only three elements for vertical antennas:
radiator, feedpoint and ground. Radiator is the resonant
element driven by the feedpoint.
Feedpoint is where signals are fed into.
radiator
Ground is the grounding system, which is critical for
the feedpoint impedance.

Ideally, a vertical antenna is mounted to ground on feedpoint

a disc with radius of at least a quarter wavelength.
However, when applications require the antenna to
be installed above ground, it is very difficult to connect
it to ground. ground

¼ wavelength

Ground

¼ wavelength
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This is where GROUND PLANE ANTENNAS come in.

Some conditions like conductivity of the terrain or other
applications may require to install the antenna at
a height above the ground.
And since it would be very difficult to connect
to ground (earth), an “artificial ground” is made by using
radials. This is what we call counterpoise.

Counterpoise is a network of suspended wires or cables (or a

metal screen), used as a substitute for an earth (ground)
connection in a radio antenna system. The counterpoise
functions as one plate of a large capacitor, with the
conductive layers of the earth acting as the other plate.

Note: the number of counterpoise radials are limited to four.

The standard wisdom holds that the greater the number of radials, the better
the performance. However, there is a theoretical and practical limit to such rule.

THEORETICALLY: the amount of change in performance decrease as the number of radials

change. So, more than 120 radials returns practically no increase in operational effectiveness.
The practical limit is 16 radials.

Frequency Allocation

This type of antenna is especially popular among Citizens Band radio operators for fixed-station
use in the class-D band at 27 MHz.

Radiation Pattern
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Application

 Ground plane Antennas are widely used for medium wave broadcasting as well as for
mobile applications in areas including private mobile radio.
 Highly suitable for fixed station application, shipboard mounting and mobile application.
 Ground Plane antennas are also particularly suitable for transmission, reception,
monitoring, scanning and jamming applications due to its capability of
receiving/transmitting the broadband width.

Actual photo of a Ground plane antenna w/ This antenna was spotted somewhere in Basak,
Three radials Lapu-lapu City
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3 Collinear Antenna Array

Description and Type

Antenna array – is a configuration of multiple antennas (elements)

arranged (either along a straight line, circular ring, plane, etc.)
to achieve a given radiation pattern

Collinear antenna array is an array of dipole antennas mounted

in such a manner that the corresponding elements
of each antenna are parallel and collinear,
that is they are located along a common line or axis.

Collinear arrays of dipoles are high gain omnidirectional antennas

Theory of Operation

So, this is essentially a series of two or more elements lie on a single

straight line. When they mounted elements are vertically separated, they
are referred to as "stacked" and if alongside each other as "bayed".
This scheme (using folded dipoles) was patented on Jan 17, 1967 by Mcmullin Thomas J. The
main purpose for this configurations is the gain of the antenna array.
With increasing number of elements arranged in vertical fashion,
the overall gain and directivity of such antenna is increased.

Thus, doubling the number of elements would render and increased of 3dB in directive gain.
In this case, a folded dipole is replicated and stacked to increase its overall gain.
However, this concept can be applied to more than one kind of antenna.

Collinear antenna arrays are relatively easier to construct in comparison to other arrays since one
of the two requirements is to have elements lie on the same line. While the other requirement is to
space the elements accordingly (usually 0.9 to 1 wavelength apart) They also do not require
much expertise and equipment since the only added material would be the mast and other
elements. With little effort, the directive gain of such antenna can be changed variably (by only
adding or removing some elements from the array).

Collinear antenna arrays basically needs only:

- the elements (antennas) to be stacked
- Mast or supporting structure to hold elements
- Spacing considerations between elements
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Frequency Allocation

The frequency range in which the collinear array antennas operate is around 30 MHz to
3GHz which belong to the VHF and UHF bands.

Radiation Pattern
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Directive gain increases with the number of elements

Application

 Locally, in Cebu, evident applications of collinear antenna arrays (especially folded

dipoles) can be seen in police stations and government establishments.
 The antenna array is mainly used as base stations for dispatcher for police, fire,
ambulance and taxi services.
 Usually, the number of elements used are from 6 – 8.

Located near LLCPO

4 – ELEMENT COLLINEAR FOLDED
DIPOLE ARRAY