VESSEL DESIGN

Design of shell under internal pressure

where Pin< Pout
 Thickness of shell
Pmax……… max operating pressure

Pin….. Operating pressure

𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙…….… allowable stress (18000 if not given)

t……… thickness

C……….. Corrosion allowance

Ri ……… internal radius

Units:

1 inch= 2.54 Cm

1 m= 100 Cm

1 N (Kg/Cm2) = 1 atm= 14.7 Psi

Pa=Pg+Pb

P out= 1 atm

1 Kg= 2.204 Ibm

 1. Cylindrical shell (at liquid)

- By using ASME code

𝑃𝑑∗𝑅𝑖
tshell = +C
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙∗𝐸−0.6𝑃𝑑

Pmax= Pin-Pout

Pd= 1.1*Pmax

Ri= 0.5 Di shell

C= 1/8" or 1/16"

E= 0.8

- By using BS code

𝑃𝑑∗𝐷𝑖
tshell = +C
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙∗𝐸−𝑃𝑑

Pmax= Pin-Pout

Pd= 1.1 *Pmax

Di=Di shell

E= 0.8

C= 1/8" or 1/16"
 2. spherical shell (at gases)
- By using ASME code

𝑃𝑑∗𝑅𝑖
tshell = +C
2𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙∗𝐸−0.2𝑃𝑑

Pmax= Pin-Pout

Pd= 1.1*Pmax

Ri= 0.5 Di shell

C= 1/8" or 1/16"

E= 0.8

- By using BS code

𝑃𝑑∗𝐷𝑖
tshell = +C
4𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙∗𝐸−𝑃𝑑

Pmax= Pin-Pout

Pd= 1.1 *Pmax

Di=Di shell

E= 0.8

C= 1/8" or 1/16"
Design of heads under internal pressure
where Pin< Pout

1. Spherical heads (hemi- spherical heads)

Use for gases process and high volatile materials

Using trial and error method
𝑃𝑑∗𝐷𝑚
thead= +C
4𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙∗𝐸

Pmax= Pin-Pout
Pd= 1.1*Pmax
C= 1/8" or 1/16"
E= 0.8
Dm= Di shell+ t head

To calculate Dm
1- Assume Dm=Di shell
2- Get tshell
3- Calculate Dm= Di shell+ t shell
4- Get t head in the new case

If t head < t shell we need bridge

 2. Elliptical heads

Used for medium volatile material

Using trial and error method
𝑃𝑑∗𝐷𝑚
thead= ∗ 𝐾 +C
4𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙∗𝐸

Pmax= Pin-Pout
Pd= 1.1*Pmax
C= 1/8" or 1/16"
E= 0.8

𝐻
K=Ƒ( )
𝐷𝑖
H/Di 0.14 0.167 0.129 0.25 0.33 0.5

K 3 4.2 3 2 1.5 1

In case of H not given take K=2

Dm= Di shell+ t head

To calculate Dm
5- Assume Dm=Di shell
6- Get tshell
7- Calculate Dm= Di shell+ t shell
8- Get t head in the new case
3. Tori-spherical heads( Dished heads)

Used for low volatile material

𝑃𝑑∗𝑅
thead= ∗ 𝐾 +C
2𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙∗𝐸

Pmax= Pin-Pout
Pd= 1.1*Pmax
C= 1/8" or 1/16"
E= 0.8
R=Di shell
𝑟
K=Ƒ( )
𝑅

r/R 0.06 0.1 0.2

K 1.75 1.5 1.3
In case of r not given take K=1.5

4. Flat heads
Used for solid process and non-volatile materials

0.5 𝑃𝑑
thead= Di shell*√𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙∗𝐸 +C

Pmax= Pin-Pout
Pd= 1.1*Pmax
C= 1/8" or 1/16"
E= 0.8
 5. Conical heads
a) If α≤30˚

𝑃𝑑∗𝐷𝑚
thead=2𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙∗𝐸∗𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼+C

Pmax= Pin-Pout
Pd=1.1Pmax
E=0.8
C=1/16 " or 1/8"
Dm=Di shell+t shell
Do= Di+2*t shell

- In case of using ring

𝑃𝑑∗(𝐷𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙)² tan 𝛼 𝛿
A area of ring= ∗( ) ∗ (1 − )
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙∗𝐸 8 𝛼
𝑃𝑑
𝛿=Ƒ( )
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙∗𝐸

Pd/𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 ∗ 𝐸 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.006

𝛿 13 18 22 25 30
Area of ring= A*B

b) If 30˚<α<75˚

𝑃𝑑∗𝐷𝑚
thead=2𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙∗𝐸∗𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼+C
- In case of use Intermediate

𝑃𝑑∗𝐷𝑜 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
tintermediate= ∗ 𝐾 +C
2𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙∗𝐸

𝐷𝑜∗𝑡
𝑟𝑖 √
cos 𝛼
K=Ƒ(α, ), L intermediate ≤
𝐷𝑜 2

α ri/Do
0.01 0.03 0.06 0.1 0.2
30˚ 1.35 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.65
45˚ 2.05 - - - -
60˚ 3.2 2.55 2 1.6 1.25
75˚ 6.8 5.32 3.82 3.17 2.4

c) If α< 75˚

0.5∗𝑃𝑑
thead= Di shell*√𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙∗𝐸 +C

Pd=1.1Pmax

E=0.8

C=1/16" or 1/8"
Design of shell under external pressure
where Pout< Pin
 Thickness of shell
𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 3
Pc= K*E'*(
𝐷𝑖
)

P actual= Pout-Pin

P critical= P actual*4

E'=30*106 psi
𝐿 𝐷𝑖
K=Ƒ( ) and ( )
𝐷𝑖 𝑡

1) Assume t shell begin from t shell=1/16"

2) Calculate K function and get its value from the curve
3) Calculate Pc using the assumed t shell
4) If Pc (calculated)> Pc (given) …… the assumption is true
5) If Pc (calculated)< Pc (given) …… assume new value for
t shell (1/16",2/16",3/16"…..)
6) tshell= t shell (calculated)+C
- Using stiffening rings
𝐿
No. of rings= -1
𝐿′
Where;
L is length of shell
L' is distance between two rings

- Dimension of ring
𝑃𝑐∗(𝐷𝑜)3∗𝐿′
I=
24∗𝐸′

P critical= P actual*4

E'=30*106 psi

Do= Di shell+2*t shell

I= (b*h3)/12 ……. get h by assuming b=1"

Design of heads under external pressure
where Pout< Pin

1. Spherical heads (hemi- spherical heads)

𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 2
Pc= 1.2*E'*( )
𝑅

P actual= Pout-Pin

P critical= P actual*4

E'=30*106 psi

R=0.5* Di shell

∴ t head= t head(assumed) +C

2. Dished heads(tori-spherical heads)

𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 2
Pc= 1.2*E'*( )
𝐷𝑖 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙

P actual= Pout-Pin

P critical= P actual*4

E'=30*106 psi

∴ t head= t head(assumed) +C
3. Elliptical heads

𝑡 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 2
Pc= 1.2*E'*( )
𝐷𝑖 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙

P actual= Pout-Pin

P critical= P actual*4

E'=30*106 psi

∴ t head= t head(assumed) +C

4. Flat heads

𝐾∗𝑃𝑐
thead= Di shell*√𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙∗𝐸′ +C

P actual= Pout-Pin

P critical= P actual*4

E'=30*106 psi

K=0.5
5. Conical heads

𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙 3
Pc= K*E'*(
𝐷𝑖
)

P actual= Pout-Pin

P critical= P actual*4

E'=30*106 psi

a) If 2α<45˚
ℎ 𝐷𝑖
K=Ƒ( ) and ( )
𝐷𝑖 𝑡

𝐷𝑖 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
tan α=
2ℎ

b) If 45˚<2α<120
𝐿 𝐷𝑖
K=Ƒ( ) and ( )
𝐷𝑖 𝑡
𝐿
Where ( ) =1
𝐷𝑖
To calculate t shell use trial and error method

1) Assume t shell begin from t shell=1/16"

2) Calculate K function and get its value from the curve
3) Calculate Pc using the assumed t shell
4) If Pc (calculated)> Pc (given) …… the assumption is true
5) If Pc (calculated)< Pc (given) …… assume new value for
t shell (1/16",2/16",3/16"…..)
6) tshell= t shell (calculated)+C
Design of openings under internal pressure
1. design of neck
- design of cylindrical part
Assume ( if not given):

Di neck= 70 Cm= 27.55"

L neck = 50Cm= 19.685"

- thickness of neck

𝑃𝑑∗𝑅𝑖
tneck= +C
𝜎∗𝐸−0.6𝑃𝑑

Pmax=Pin –Pout

Pd= 1.1*Pmax

Ri=0.5*Di neck

Note:

1. Don't forget calculate neck's heads

2. If not given take……Di manhole= 70Cm, Di handhole=15.25Cm

- design of gasket
Di)g=Di neck= 27.55"
y= 50:250
m= 0.2
𝑦−𝑚(𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥)
∴Do)g= Di)g* √𝑦−(𝑚+1)𝑃𝑚𝑎𝑥
 𝐷𝑜)𝑔−𝐷𝑖)𝑔 1
b= ≥
2 8

 if b< 1/8" take b= 1/8"=0.125" ;where ..b is the thickness of gasket

- design of bolts
𝐷𝑖)𝑔+𝐷𝑜)𝑔
dm)g=
2

The effective width of gasket (bo)

1) for solid flat bo=b
2) for ring type bo=b/4
3) for grave type bo=(b+b1)/2

- calculation of loads on bolts

𝜋 2
φ'b =4 [(dm)g+3b]2*Pmax+π*dm)g*bo*m*Pmax
φ"b=π*dm)g*1/2*bo*y ( if under external pressure)

𝜋
Ƒ(b)= 4 [Din- C]2 *ϭall

 If not given … take:

C=1/16
Di=1"or 2"
Ϭall= 12000 psi

- Number of bolts are 4, 8, 12, 16 …

𝜑𝑏(max.)
n=
Ƒ(𝑏)
 if n<4 take n=4
Weight calculation
ρsteel= 0.28 Ib/ in3

ρ water= 0.03613 Ib/in3

ρ insulation= 0.023 Ib/in3 ( if not given)

 shell
𝜋
Wt. shell= *(Do2 shell – Di2 shell)* L shell* ρsteel
4
Do= Di shell+ (2*t shell)
If neck………….. Do= Di neck + (2*t neck)

 heads
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠
Wt. heads= * ρsteel* t head* π* dsp
2
If elliptical head ……… dsp= 3/4*Di shell
Another types…………. dsp= Di shell

 insulation
𝜋
Wt. insulation= *(Do2 ins. – Di2 ins.)* L * ρins.
4
Do shell= Di ins.
Do ins. = Do shell+ (2*t ins.)
L= length of shell covered by insulation

 liquid
𝜋
Wt. liquid= *Di2 shell* L shell*ρwater
4
If trays used multiply Wt. liquid by 0.8 as liquid doesn't fill all
entire tower space

 trays
𝜋 𝑤𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝑥
Wt. trays= no of trays* * Di2 shell* *
4 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑦 𝐿 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
Area of one tray= πR2
x= distance between two trays (tray spacing)
 skirt
𝜋
Wt. skirt= *(Do2 skirt – Di2 skirt)* L skirt* ρsteel
4

Do skirt= Din skirt+ (2*t skirt)

Din skirt= Do shell

 lining
𝜋
Wt. lining= *(Do2 lining – Di2 lining)* L lining* ρlining
4

Din lining= Din shell-(2*t lining)

L lining= length of shell covered by lining

 stiffening ring
Wt. rings=no of rings*b*h*π*Do shell* ρsteel
b…. width of ring
h….. Length of ring

 conical bottom
Wt. bottom= 0.28/12*π*H conical*[Do2 conical+Do*di -Di2
conical-Di conical*di]

Di conical= Di shell

Do conical= Di shell+ (2*t conical)

di ( safety factor)= 4"-5"

H conical….. Height of conical head

 liquid in the conical bottom

𝜋
Wt. liquid= *H conical*ρwater*[ Di2 conical+ (Di
12
conical*di)+di2]
- At operation:

∑ Wt.= Wt. shell+ Wt. heads+ Wt. ins+ Wt. liquid+ Wt. trays+ Wt.
skirt+ Wt. lining+ ………

- At shut down:

∑Wt.= Wt. shell+ Wt. heads+ Wt. ins+ Wt. trays+ Wt. rings+ Wt.
lining

- At erection:

∑ Wt. = Wt. shell+ Wt. one of shell head only

Design of tall vertical vessel
(Height more than 30m)

1) Calculate the thickness of the shell and heads using previous

former rules for internal or external pressure.
2) Calculate ∑ Wt. at operation, shut down and erection by putting X
instead of L and get the Wt. in terms of X
3) Calculate several ϭd at operation, shut down and erection

∑𝑊𝑡.
ϭd= 1.1*𝜋∗𝐷𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙∗𝜀∗(𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙−𝐶)

Where ε=0.8

4)
𝑃∗𝐷𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
ϭL= 4∗𝜀∗(𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙−𝐶)

Where P=Pd ….. At internal pressure

P=Pactual……. At external pressure

5)
𝑃 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑∗𝐷′ 𝑜𝑢𝑡∗𝑋²
ϭw =1.4*𝜋∗𝐷2 𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙∗𝜀∗(𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙−𝐶)

Where X=0.5
D'out ….. The most outer diameter

P wind (Psi)
 H (inch) Internal region Coastal region
(indoor) (outdoor)
0:360 0.138 0.2
360:600 0.174 0.27
600:1200 0.2 0.347
1200:1600 0.27 0.42

6)
4∗𝑊𝑒∗𝐿 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
ϭe= 𝜋∗𝐷2 𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙∗𝜀∗(𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙−𝐶)

∑ 𝑊𝑡. 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Where We=
2

7) Checks

a. At operation if internal pressure case

Ϭ combined, u.w.s =ϭw +ϭL –ϭd -ϭe ≤ ϭall*ε

Ϭ combined, u.w.s =ϭw -ϭL +ϭd -ϭe ≤ yield point/3

b. At operation if external pressure case

Ϭ combined, u.w.s =ϭw -ϭL –ϭd -ϭe ≤ ϭall*ε

Ϭ combined, u.w.s =ϭw +ϭL +ϭd -ϭe ≤ yield point/3

c. At shut down

Ϭ combined, u.w.s =ϭw –ϭd -ϭe ≤ ϭall*ε

Ϭ combined, u.w.s =ϭw -ϭd -ϭe ≤ yield point/3

d. At erection

Ϭ combined, u.w.s =ϭw –ϭd ≤ ϭall*ε

Ϭ combined, u.w.s =ϭw +ϭd ≤ yield point/3

Where
 Yield point = 30,000 Psi
ϭall= 20,000 Psi
ε= 0.8

8) Solving these equations w get six values of X compare between

them and the given height of the vessel if all of them are greater
than the given height then this thickness can withstand BUT if
there is any height less than the height then you will use the
previous calculated thickness of the shell at the top of the vessel
down it to the value of the small X then you will increase the
thickness by 1/16 of the rest of the tower.
 Design of skirt support

1) Assume Di skirt= 0.9:0.95 Di shell

Do skirt= 1.05:1.1 Do shell
L skirt= 78.74": 98.43" = 2: 2.5 m

2) Checks
Ϭ combined, u.w.s, max =ϭw –ϭd,min ≤ ϭall*ε
Where
P wind is function of (the height of vessel+ height of skirt)
ϭd, min …… at erection

Ϭ combined, u.w.s, max =ϭw +ϭd, min ≤ yield point/3

3) If it doesn't check use the lower ratio in assuming Din skirt and a
higher ratio in assuming Dout skirt in the given range of ratio and
may increase the corrosion allowance

 Design of bearing plate

1) Assume Din plate= 0.7: 0.8 Din skirt

Dout plate= 1.2: 1.3 Dout skirt

2)
5.6∗𝑃 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑∗𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑟𝑡∗(𝐿 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙+𝐿 𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑟𝑡)²
ϭw=
𝜋∗(𝐷4 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒−𝐷4 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒)
 3)
4∗(1.1∗∑𝑊𝑡.+𝑊𝑡.𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑟𝑡)
ϭd, max=
𝜋∗(𝐷2 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒−𝐷2 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒)

Where…… ∑Wt. is at operation

4) Check

Ϭ combined, d.w.s, max =ϭw +ϭd, min ≤ 525 Psi

5) If it doesn't check use the lower ratio in assuming Din plate and
a higher ratio in assuming Dout plate in the given range of
ratios.

6)

(𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒−𝐷𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒)

tplate= 3∗𝜎 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑,𝑑.𝑤.𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.5
2∗( 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
) +2∗𝐶

Where……. Ϭall steel= 15000 Psi, C=1/16

 Design of anchor bolts

1) If indoors then use 4 bolts with 2" diameter

2) If outdoors
Ϭtension, max=ϭ w- ϭ d, min
If Ϭtension, max= -ve ….. use 4 bolts with 2" diameter for every leg

If Ϭtension, max= +ve

σtension,max∗((𝐷2 𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒−𝐷2 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒)

N bolts=
𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠∗(𝐷𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒−𝐶)
 3) N bolts are standard number 4, 8, 12, 16,……..

Design of short vertical vessel

(Height less than 30m)

1) Calculate the thickness of the shell and heads using previous

former rules for internal or external pressure.
2) Calculate ∑ Wt. at operation then calculate design Wt. (H*∑Wt.)
3) Calculate h where h=h'+0.25H if not given assume h'≥0.25H+59.1"
or h'≥H conical+59.1"
4) Get P wind from table according to H

P wind(Psi)
H( inch) Internal region External region
0-360 0.138 0.2
360-600 0.174 0.27
600-1200 0.2 0.347
1200-1600 0.27 0.42

5) Calculate D bolt=D'out+20" if we use lug support

D bolt=D'out+10" if we use leg support
Where D'out is the outer most diameters
6) Calculate
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑊𝑡. 2.8∗𝑃 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑∗𝐷′ 𝑜𝑢𝑡∗𝐻
Fs= +
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡∗𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
Where….. No. of support=𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠
7) Choose lug support
Nominal diameter 1.5 (internal region) Cost of region
D out(inch) 1.9 -----
Schedule number 40 80
D in (inch) 1.61 1.5
 Thickness(inch) 0.145 0.2
Area of pipe (inch2) 0.799 1.068
I (inch) 0.31 0.3912
r(radius) inch 0.632 0.6052

8) Check on lug dimension

a. If (h'/r)≤60 then check that (Fs/A pipe) ≤ϭall lug
Where ϭall lug=15000 Psi
b. If 60≤(h'/r)≤200 then check that
(Fs/Apipe)≤ ϭall lug/(1+h'²/ ϭall lug) if (h'/r)≥200
then( πF'*I min)/(h-F-5*F) calculate I min from this relation and
compare it with I in the table

For all the above cases if the condition doesn't check go again to
number (6) increase number of supports or increase diameter of the
pipe or decrease lug length.

 Design of bearing plate

𝜋
1. Assume Dplate= 2*Dout pipe lug then calculate Aplate= ∗ 𝐷²𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒,
4
Aeffective=0.7*Aplate
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑊𝑡.+𝑊𝑡.𝑙𝑢𝑔
2. Check on plate dimensions 𝜎𝑎𝑙𝑙=
𝐴 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
𝜋
Where Wt. lug= *A*Llug*ρsteel
4
Ϭw=2.8*Pwind*D'out*h*H/(Aeffective*Dout)
Then check ϭcombined, compression=ϭd+ϭw≤ 525 Psi

3. If it doesn't check assume Dplate= (from3to6) Dout pipe and

repeat the previous steps.
Dplate=3*Dout pipe then =4*Dout pipe

 Design of anchor bolts

Ϭw=2.8*Pwind*D'out*h*H/(Aeffective*Dout)
 The same of Ϭw the bearing plate
Ϭd= (Wt. shell+Wt. head+Wt. lug)/Aeffective
ϭcombined, compression=ϭw-ϭd, erection
a- If negative use 4 bolts for each lug with d=1" for fixation
b- If positive with ϭall=12000
4∗ σcombined,compression∗ Aeffective
N bolts=
(π∗(d anchor−c)²∗ϭall)

Design of Horizontal vessel

1) Calculate the thickness of the shell and heads using previous
former rules for internal or external pressure.
2) Calculate ∑ Wt. at operation
3) Design Wt.= 1.1*∑ Wt. at operation
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑊𝑡.
4) q= where L'=length of shell
𝐿′
1
5) max. moment= *q*L'
47
𝑚𝑎𝑥.𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
6) ϭ moment=𝜋
4
∗𝐷2 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙∗(𝑇𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙−𝐶)∗𝐸
𝐷𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙+𝐷 𝑖𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
Where Dout shell= Din shell+2*tshell, Dm=
2
𝑃∗𝐷𝑚 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
7) ϭL=
4∗𝐸∗(𝑡 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙−𝐶)
Where P=Pd if internal pressure, P=Pactual if external pressure

8) a. internal pressure
max Ϭ combined, tension, operation =ϭm +ϭL ≤ ϭall*ε
max Ϭ combined, tension, operation =ϭm -ϭL ≤ yield point/3
b. external pressure
max Ϭ combined, tension, operation =ϭm -ϭL ≤ ϭall*ε
max Ϭ combined, tension, operation =ϭm +ϭL ≤ yield point/3

 If it doesn't checks either use thickener shell or decrease the

distance between saddles.
 Design of saddle support

𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑊𝑡.
1) Fs=
𝑛𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡

𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑙𝑙
No of supports= +1
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑠

Design Wt.= 1.1*∑Wt. operation

2) Saddle dimension are L", t sheet, h saddle

If not given t sheet= 1.5:2"
h saddle= 59"=1.5m
120
L"=Di shell*
180
Area= L"*t sheet

3) Check
𝐹𝑠 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡
≤
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒 3

 If it doesn't check increase the thickness and repeat this step

 Design of bearing plate

1) Bearing plate dimension are L"+6

Where L"= 12:15"
Area of plate = 15*(L"+6)

2) Calculate Wt. of saddle

Wt. saddle= Wt. sheet+Wt. raddle
= L"*t sheet*h saddle*ρ steel +8.4

3) Checks

𝐹𝑠+𝑊𝑡.𝑠𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑙𝑒
≤ 525
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒

 Design of anchor bolts

Use 4 bolts with diameter 2" for fixation.