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DESIGN OF BRIDGES

PART – 3 : BRIDGE DESIGN TO IRC : 112-2011

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BRIDGE DESIGN

• Brief of IRC: 112 – 2007

• Properties of Concrete
• Properties of Steel
• ULS
• SLS

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SECTION SELECTION

Introduction IRC 112:2011 Parametric Abstract of Findings +

to Study Grillage WSM Explanatory Study Future Scope of Work

Scope &
Material Material ULS – ULS – Shear
Basis of Analysis SLS
Steel Concrete Flexure + Torsion
Design

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Material
IRC 112 Introduction (Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)

Members not requiring design shear reinforcement

Members requiring design shear reinforcement

provided with vertical shear reinforcement

ULS Shear + Torsion

Members requiring design shear reinforcement
provided with inclined shear reinforcement
ULS Shear + Torsion
Interface Shear between
Flange & web of T-sections

Punching Shear

Torsion

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IRC 112 Introduction
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12𝐾 80𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘
ULS Shear + Torsion
Members not requiring design
shear reinforcement
Empirical Method
06-02-2017
Material
(Un-tensioned steel & ULS SLS
Concrete)
0.33
+ 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 ≥ (𝜐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑
Strength of Concrete
Directly by dowel action of
reinforcement
Amount of longitudinal
reinforcement in tension
Indirectly by control of crack
width
Absolute dimension of sections
(i.e. effective width of web bw,
depth d, ratio bw/d and ratio of
shear span to depth)
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Member Without Shear Reinforcement Cl 10.3.2 of IRC:112

0.33
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐 = 0.12𝐾 80𝜌1 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 𝑏𝑤 𝑑 ≥ (𝜐𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 )𝑏𝑤 𝑑

Shear Strength of Concrete Depends on

a. Longitudinal R/f Ratio- 𝝆𝒍

b. Tensile strength of concrete – directly proportional to 𝟎.𝟑𝟑

𝒇𝒄𝒌

c. Based on depth (d) of member

d. Based on axial stress in member 𝝈𝒄𝒑

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Member Without Shear Reinforcement

𝐷𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑆𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐

(Equations given are Empirical)

Maximum Of

0.33 𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 0.15𝜎𝑐𝑝 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

𝑉𝑅𝑑.𝑐 = 0.12 𝐾 80 𝜌𝑙 𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 0.15 𝜎𝑐𝑝 𝑏𝑤 . 𝑑

1
200 𝑊𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.031𝐾 3/2 𝑓𝑐𝑘 2
𝐾 =1+ ≤ 2.0
𝑑
𝐴𝑠𝑙
𝜌𝑙 = ≤ 0.02
𝜎𝑐𝑝 = 𝑁𝐸𝑑 𝐴𝑐 < 0.2𝑓𝑐𝑑 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑏𝑤 𝑑

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Member Without Shear Reinforcement

If 𝑽𝑹𝒅.𝒄 > 𝑽𝑬𝒅

• Provide only minimum shear reinf- in case of beams Cl 10.2.1 (2) of IRC:112

𝐴𝑠𝑤 0.072 𝑓𝑐𝑘

𝑀𝑖𝑛. 𝑆𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝜌𝑤.𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = Eq 10.20 & Eq 16.4
𝑆 𝑏𝑤 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑓𝑦𝑘

• No need to provide minimum shear reinf- in case of slabs Cl 10.2.1 (2)

(For deck slab designed by effective width member need not to be checked for flexural shear)
Annexure B3.2

𝑰𝒇 𝑽𝑹𝒅.𝒄 < 𝑽𝑬𝒅 , 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕

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Strut – Tie Method Compression Chord Inclined Compression Chord

Fcd

d z/2

z
MEMBER θ
AXIS z/2

α Ftd

Tension Chord Shear R/f (Vertical)

α -Angle of Shear R/f w.r.t member axes 45𝑜 ≤ 𝛼 ≤ 90𝑜

θ -Angle of Strut w.r.t member axes 21.8𝑜 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 45𝑜

Z : Lever arm - For Reinforced Concrete member = 0.9d

- For Prestressed Concrete member = Distance between CG of Compressive Force to CG
of tension force

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𝐴𝑠𝑤 𝛼𝑐𝑤 𝑏𝑤 𝑧𝜗1 𝑓𝑐𝑑 d z

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = 𝑧𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 ≤ 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = θ
𝑠 (𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃)
α

For θ= 45o For θ= 21.8o

𝒇𝒄𝒅 𝒇𝒄𝒅
𝑽𝑹𝒅. 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜶𝒄𝒘𝒃𝒘 𝒛 𝝑 𝑽𝑹𝒅. 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜶𝒄𝒘 𝒃𝒘 𝒛 𝝑
𝟐.𝟎 𝟐. 𝟗
𝑨𝒔𝒘 𝑨𝒔𝒘
𝑽𝑹𝒅.𝒔 = 𝒛 𝒇𝒚𝒘𝒅 𝒙 𝟏. 𝟎 𝑽𝑹𝒅.𝒔 = 𝒛 𝒇𝒚𝒘𝒅 𝒙 𝟐. 𝟓
𝒔 𝒔

Based on Shear Force (VED), First satisfy the requirement that crushing of concrete of inclined strut
does not occur by choosing 45𝑜 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 21.8𝑜 i.e VRd.max > VEd &
then taking same angle of strut (θ) ,
Calculate shear reinforcement (Asw / S) so that VRd.S > VEd 10

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START
𝑭𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝑫𝒊𝒂𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒉𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝑫𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒈𝒏 𝑶𝒇 𝑹𝑪𝑪 𝑭𝒍𝒆𝒙𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒆𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓

𝛼𝑐𝑤 𝑏𝑤 𝑧𝜗1 𝑓𝑐𝑑

𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
(𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃) 𝑬𝒒. 𝟏𝟎. 𝟖
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒, VEd
𝐴𝑠𝑤
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑠 = 𝑧𝑓𝑦𝑤𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 𝑬𝒒. 𝟏𝟎. 𝟕
𝑠
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑉𝑅𝑑 .𝑚𝑎𝑥 :
𝐸𝑞10.8 − 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝜃 = 45° 𝑎𝑠 𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑠 𝜃 = 21.8° 𝐴𝑠𝑤 0.072 𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝜌𝑤.𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =
𝑆 𝑏𝑤 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝛼 𝑓𝑦𝑘

𝑵𝒐 𝑬𝒒. 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟎
𝐼𝑠
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜃 = 45° ≥ 𝑉𝐸𝐷 𝑅𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑡𝑕𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝒀𝒆𝒔

𝑵𝒐
𝐼𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝜃 𝐵𝑦 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑉𝑅𝑑𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑉𝐸𝑑
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝜃 = 21.8° ≥ 𝑉𝐸𝐷

𝒀𝒆𝒔 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝜃 = 21.8°

𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝜃 ≥
𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ∶ 𝐴𝑠𝑤 /𝑠: 𝐸𝑞 10.7 𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝐸𝑞 10.20

𝐸𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑕𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡: 𝐸𝑞 16.6

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DO YOU KNOW ?

o Where VED > Vrd.c , the concrete resistance Vrd.c is assumed to be

completely lost.
o This differs from the IS 456 practice.
o This does not mean that the shear resistance given by IRC 112
provisions will be less than given by IS 456.
o Since IRC 112 allows shear truss angle to be varied, this gives
usually greater shear resistance for a given shear r/f.

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Additional Longitudinal Reinforcement

d z
o Additional Tensile Force will be developed θ

α
in the member.
S
o This force is to be resisted by Longi. R/f.
Ftd  0.5VEd cot   cot   Eq 10.16

For θ= 45o For θ= 21.8o

𝒇𝒄𝒅 𝒇𝒄𝒅
𝑽𝑹𝒅. 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜶𝒄𝒘𝒃𝒘 𝒛 𝝑 𝑽𝑹𝒅. 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝜶𝒄𝒘 𝒃𝒘 𝒛 𝝑
𝟐.𝟎 𝟐. 𝟗
𝑨𝒔𝒘 𝑨𝒔𝒘
𝑽𝑹𝒅.𝒔 = 𝒛 𝒇𝒚𝒘𝒅 𝒙 𝟏. 𝟎 𝑽𝑹𝒅.𝒔 = 𝒛 𝒇𝒚𝒘𝒅 𝒙 𝟐. 𝟓
𝒔 𝒔

∆𝑭𝒕𝒅 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝑽𝑬𝒅 ∆𝑭𝒕𝒅 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝑽𝑬𝒅

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C H E C K F O R S H E A R ( ULS)

Grade of Concrete = M-35 fcd = 15.63 b = 400 mm

Grade of R/f = Fe-500 D = 1500 mm
gs = 1.15 Cover = 40 mm
d = 1365 mm
Ast = 9648.00 mm² Design shear force Ved = 850.00 kN

Effective width, bw = 400 mm z = 0.9d = 1229 mm

STEP-I : The capacity of the concrete to resist shear without shear reinforcement

Asl = 9648.00
1  400 x 1365
= 0.0177 < 0.0200 OK
bw .d

200 200 [Eq. 10.2, IRC:112-2011]

K 1  2.0 = 1 + = 1.383
d 1365

3
min  0.031K 2
f ck
1
2 = 0.031 x ( 1.38 )^3/2 x ( 35 )^1/2 = 0.298 N/mm²
[Eq. 10.3, IRC:112-2011]


VRd .c  0.12 K ( 80 1 f ck ) 0.33  0.15 cp bw d  [Cl. 10.3.2(2), IRC:112-2011, Pg#88]

= [ 0.12 x 1.38 ( 80 x 0.018 x 35 ) ^ 0.33 + 0.15 x 0 ] x 400 x 1365

= 328.31 kN

Subject to a minimum V Rd .c  v min  0.15  cp bw d = ( 0.30 + 0.15 x 0 ) x 400 x 1365

= 162.82 kN [Eq. 10.1, IRC:112-2011]

Hence VRd.c = 328.31 kN < VEd

2/6/2017 Hence design Shear R/f is required 14

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STEP- IIII :: Maximum

STEP- Maximum Shear
Shear Resistance
Resistance of
of the
the Section
Section

Max. Shear
Max. Shear Resistance
Resistance :: [Cl. 10.3.3.2,
10.3.3.2, IRC:112-2011]
IRC:112-2011] Asw 0.072 f ck 0.072 x 35 x 400
[Cl.
Minimum Shear Reinforcement :  bw = = 340.77 mm²/m
s f yk 500

VRd . max  cw ..bbw ..zz.. 1.. ff cd

cd
[[ Eq.10.8,
Eq.10.8, IRC:112-2011]
IRC:112-2011] αcw
α = 1 (σcp =
1 (σcp = 0 0 [Cl. 10.3.3.5, IRC:112-2011, Pg#95]
V  1 cot   tan  
cw =
Rd . max cw w
cot   tan   zz = lever
= lever arm
arm (R. Asw 0.072 f ck
Minimum Shear Reinforcement : s 
(R. C Section)
C Section)
f yk
bw = 0.072 x 35 x 400 = 340.77 mm²/m
= 0.9
= 0.9 d d = 1229 mm
= 1229 mm 500
15.63  f  [Cl. 10.3.3.5, IRC:112-2011, Pg#95]
=
= 1 xx 400
1 400 xx 1,229
1,229 xx 0.532
0.532 xx 15.63 = 00..6611 f ckck 
vv11 = =
= 0.532
0.532 [Eq. 10.6,
 310  [Eq. 10.6,
1+
1 + 1.000
1.000  310  IRC:112-2011]
IRC:112-2011]

ffcd =
cd = 15.63
15.63 MPa
MPa
= 2044.46
= 2044.46 kN
kN > 850.00
> 850.00 kN
kN θθ = 45 °°
= 45

15.63
15.63
=
= 1 xx 400
1 400 xx 1,229
1,229 xx 0.532
0.532 xx
2.5 +
2.5 + 0.400
0.400 θθ =
= 21.8 °°
21.8

1409.90 kN
= 1409.90
= kN 850.00 kN
> 850.00
> kN

STEP- III : Calculation of Shear Reinforcement

θ = 45 ° θ = 21.8 °
Hence, Asw Ved
= Asw Ved
s z fyw d cotθ =
s z fyw d cotθ
= 850.00 x 1000 x 1000 fyw d = 0.87 fyw k
850.00 x 1000 x 1000
1229 x 435 x 1.00 = 435 MPa =
1229 x 435 x 2.50

= 1590.58 mm2/m
= 636.19 mm2/m

Hence, Provide 2 Legged 12 Amm 0dia

.072stirrups
f ck at a spacing of 125 mm c/c ( 1810 mm²/m ) Hence, Provide 2 Legged 12 mm dia stirrups at a spacing of 350 mm c/c ( 646.3 mm²/m )
sw
 bw
Hence, Provide 2 Legged 12 s dia stirrups
mm f yk at a spacing of 125 mm c/c ( 1810 mm²/m )

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STEP- IV : Additional Longitudianl Reinforcement Required

θ = 45 ° θ = 21.8 °

Additional tensile force due to shear = Ftd  0.5VEd cot   cot   Additional tensile force due to shear = Ftd  0.5VEd cot   cot  
= 0.5 x 850 x x( 1 - 0) = 0.5 x 850 x x( 2.5 - 0)

= 425.00 kN = 1062.58 kN

Ftd 425.00 x 1000 Ftd

Ast required = = = 977.01 mm² 1062.58 x 1000
435 Ast required = = = 2442.70 mm²
f yd f yd 435

SUMMARY

VRd,max (kN) Asw/S (mm²/m) F (kN)

 = 45° 2044 1590 425

 = 21.8° 1410 636 1062

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