Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
AJAL.A.J
Assistant Professor –Dept of ECE,
UNIVERSAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE
Mob: 8907305642 MAIL: ec2reach@gmail.com
Main lobe
Back lobes
Only accelerating charges produce radiation.
Idealized
Point Radiator Vertical Dipole Radar Dish
surface area = r 2
ρ arc length = ρ r
θ = 1.0 rad
Ω = 1.0 sr
U (θ , ϕ )
G (θ , ϕ ) = 4π
Pinput
POWER DENSITY IN A CERTAIN DIRECTION
DIRECTIVITY
DIVIDED BY THE TOTAL POWER RADIATED
?
Question: Pload = AphysicalWinc
Pload
Answer: Usually NOT Pload = Aeff Winc ⇒ Aeff =
Winc
Antenna parameters are:
1.Radiation Pattern
2.Directivity
3.Radiation Resistance and Efficiency
4.Power Gain
5.Bandwidth
6.Reciprocity
7.Effective Aperture
8.Beamwidth and Directivity
9.The Friis Formula: Antennas in Free Space
10.Polarisation Matching
Antenna #1 Antenna #2
Atm, Dt Arm, Dr
R
λ2
Aem = Do
4π
Directivity and Maximum Effective Aperture
(include losses)
Antenna #1 Antenna #2
Atm, Dt Arm, Dr
R
λ22 * 2
Aem = ecd (1 − Γ ) Do ρˆ w ⋅ ρˆ a
4π
conductor and
dielectric losses
reflection losses polarization mismatch
(impedance mismatch)
Friis Transmission Equation (no loss)
Antenna #1
tran Antenna #2
s mit
(θr,φr)
Atm ,
Dt (θt,φt)
receive
r
R
Arm , D
r
tran Antenna #2
s mit
(θr,φr)
Atm ,
Dt (θt,φt)
receive
r
R
Arm , D
r
2
Pr λ
= Dgt (θ t , ϕ t ) Dgr (θ r , ϕ r )
Pt 4π R
If both antennas are pointing in the direction of their maximum radiation pattern:
2
Pr λ
= Dto Dro
Pt 4π R
Antenna parameters are:
1.Radiation Pattern
2.Directivity
3.Radiation Resistance and Efficiency
4.Power Gain
5.Bandwidth
6.Reciprocity
7.Effective Aperture
8.Beamwidth and Directivity
9.The Friis Formula: Antennas in Free Space
10.Polarisation Matching
Pt 4π R
=1 =0 =0 =1
=1
c 3e8
λ= = = 0.375m 2
f 800e6 0.375
Pr = 0.6 watts ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ 4 = 1.65 nW
Dtmax = 103 /10 = 2.0 4π ⋅1 609.344
Drmax = 10 6 /10 = 4.0
Friis Transmission Equation: Example #2
A half wavelength dipole antenna (max gain = 2.14 dBi) is used to communicate from an
old satellite phone to a low orbiting Iridium communication satellite in the L band (~ 1.6
GHz). Assume the communication satellite has antenna that has a maximum directivity of
24 dBi and is orbiting at a distance of 781 km above the earth. Assuming that the power at
the input terminals of the transmitting antenna is 1.0 W, and the antennas are aligned for
maximum radiation between them and the polarizations are matched, find the power
delivered to the receiver. Assume the two antennas are well matched with a negligible
amount of loss.
2
Pr 2 2 λ * 2
= ecdt ecdr (1 − Γr )(1 − Γt ) Dt Dr ρˆ w ⋅ ρˆ a
max max
Pt 4π R
=1 =0 =0 =1
=1
c 3e8
λ= = = 0.1875m 0.1875
2
Pt 4π R
=1 =0 =0 =1
=1