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SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANO PARTICLE BY USING

ANTHOCYANIN EXTRACTED FROM ROSE PETALS,


RICE AND SOYABEAN

by
ASAD ULLAH

Department of Chemistry
Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat-26000
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
October, 2018.

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SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE BY USING
ANTHOCYANIN EXTRACTED FROM ROSE PETALS,
RICE AND SOYABEAN

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of

BS honour in Chemistry

by

ASAD ULLAH
(CH120142045)

Department of Chemistry
Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat-26000
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

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October, 2018

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CERTIFICATION

This thesis entitled “SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANO PARTICLE BY

USING ANTHOCYANIN EXTRACTED FROM ROSE PETALs


RICE AND SOYABEAN” submitted by Asad ullah, to the Kohat University
of Science & Technology for the award of degree of BS honour in Chemistry
presents bonafide research work carried out under our supervision and found
satisfactory for the requirement of degree. This work has not been submitted to any
other Institution for the award of any degree. We also affirm that contents of the
dissertation are not reported elsewhere neither in soft nor hard.

Supervisor-І Dr. Shaukat Shujah ……………


(Department of Chemistry KUST, Kohat) Signature

(2018)

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CERTIFICATION
This thesis entitled “SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANO PARTICLE BY

USING ANTHOCYANIN EXTRACTED FROM ROSE PETALS


RICE AND SOYABEAN” presents a bonafide record of original research work
carried out by Asad Ullah in partial fulfillment of the Degree of BS honour in
Chemistry, Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat. We find the work
satisfactory for the award of the degree if other requirements are met.

Supervisor Dr. Shaukat Shujah .…………

(Department of Chemistry KUST, Kohat) Signature

Chairman Prof. Dr. Syed Tasleem Hussain .…………

(Department of Chemistry, KUST, Kohat ) Signature

(2018)

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

BISMILLAHIRRAHMANIRRAHIM…
First of all, I am thankful to Almighty, ALLAH for giving me strength and
perseverance to complete this work.

I would like to express my deepest appreciation and gratitude to my Supervisor, Dr.


Shaukat Shujah’ Assistant Professor for his valuable guidance, advice and
encouragement throughout my experimental and thesis work and providing me all the
necessary laboratory facilities for my lab work.

I would like to express my deep appreciation and respect to PhD scholor Shyesta
Ramzan to help us throughout my lab work.

My special appreciation is dedicated to my father, Mr. Inayat Rehman Bangash and


my caring mother, sister and my helping brother Mr.Muhammad Arif Bangash for
their patience, moral and financial support during the course.

Lastly, I would like to give my special thanks to my friends for their friendship and
sharing the ups and downs throughout the completion of my research work and this
Thesis.

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DEDICATION

Dedicated to
My loving parents for their great
Support, encouragement
and prayers.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Introduction Page NO

1. Introduction 1

Chapter 2 Literature Reivew

2.1. Nanoparticles 4

2.2. Types of nanoparticles 4

2.3. Charactrstics of Nanoparticle

2.4. Silver Nanoparticle

2.5. Methods for silver nanoparticle synthesis

2.6. Nanosilver

2.7. Why Silver

2.8. Objectives

2.9. Applications

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

3.6 .Anthocyanin and Silver Nitrate

3.7. Soyabean and Silver Nitrate

3.8 .Rice and Silver Nitrate

3.9. Red Cabbage and Silver Nitrate

Chapter 4 Result and Disscusion

4.1. UV Spectroscopy of Silver Nitrate and Anthocyanin

4.2. UV Spectroscopy of Silver Nitrate and Anthocyanin

4.3. UV Spectroscopy of Silver Nitrate and Anthocyanin

4.4. UV Spectroscopy of Silver Nitrate and Anthocyanin

4.5.UV Spectroscopy of Silver Nitrate and Anthocyanin and Salts

4.6.UV Spectroscopy of Silver Nitrate and Anthocyanin and Acid

4.7. Effect of Acid on Silver Nanoparticle

4.8. Effect of Salts on Silver Nanoparticle

4.9. FTIR Study

4.10. Conclusion

Refrences

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LIST OF IMPORTANT ABBRIVATION USING IN UV-S
PECTROSCOPY

DLS Dynamic Light Scattring

DLS Dynamic Light Scattring

FTIR Fourier Transmssion Infared Spectroscopy

AgNO3 Silver Nitrate

Ag-Nps Silver Nanoparticle

PBS Phosphate Buffer Saline

XRD X – Ray Diffraction

Rpm Rotation Per Minute

SEM Scanning Electron Microscope

Ul Micro litter

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ABSTRACT

In recent science Nanotechnology is a burning field for the researchers.


Nanotechnology deals with the Nanoparticles having a size of 1-100 nm in one
dimension used significantly concerning medical chemistry, atomic physics, and
all other known fields. Nanoparticles are used immensely due to its small size,
orientation, physical properties, which are reportedly shown to change the
performance of any other material which is in contact with these tiny particles.
These particles can be prepared easily by different chemical, physical, and
biological approaches. But the biological approach is the most emerging
approach of preparation, because, this method is easier than the other methods,
ecofriendly and less time consuming. The Green synthesis was done by using
anthocyanin and AgNO3. Silver was of a particular interest for this process
due to its evocative physical and chemical properties. A fixed ratio of plant
extract to metal ion was prepared and the color change was observed which
proved the formation of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were characterized by
UV-vis Spectrophotometer, FTIR and SEM.

Key Words: Nanotechnology, Nanoparticles, Green Synthesis

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1 Introduction

Due to swift industrialization and urbanization, our environment is undergo


huge smash up and a large amount of perilous and superfluous chemical, gases
or substances are released, and so now it is our need to learn about the
secrets that are present in the Nature and its products which leads to the
growth of advancements in the synthesis processes of nanoparticles.
Nanotechnology applications are highly suitable for biological molecules,
because of their exclusive properties. The biological molecules undergo highly
controlled assembly for making them suitable for the metal nanoparticle
synthesis which was found to be reliable and eco friendly. The synthesis of
metal and semiconductor nanoparticles is a vast area of research due to its
potential applications which was implemented in the development of novel
technologies. The field of nanotechnology is one of the upcoming areas of
research in the modern field of material science. Nanoparticle show completely
new or improved properties, such as size, distribution and morphology of the
particles etc. Novel applications of nanoparticles and nanomaterials are
emerging rapidly on various fields.

Metal nanoparticles have a high specific surface area and a high fraction of
surface atoms. Because of the unique physicochemical characteristics of
nanoparticles, including catalytic activity, optical properties, electronic
properties, antibacterial properties, and magnetic properties they are gaining the
interest of scientist for their novel methods of synthesis. Over the past few
years, the synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an important topic of research in
modern material science. Nano-crystalline silver particles have been found
tremendous applications in the fields of high sensitivity biomolecular detection,
diagnostics, antimicrobials, therapeutics, catalysis and micro-electronics.
However, there is still need for economic commercially viable as well as

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environmentally clean synthesis route to synthesize the silver nanoparticles.
Silver is well known for possessing an inhibitory effect toward many bacterial
strains and microorganisms commonly present in medical and industrial
processes.In medicines, silver and silver nanoparticles have a ample application
including skin ointments and creams containing silver to prevent infection of
burns and open wounds , medical devices and implants prepared with silver-
impregnated polymers. In textile industry, silver-embedded fabrics are now used
in sporting equipment.

Nanoparticles can be synthesized using various approaches including chemical,


physical, and biological. Although chemical method of synthesis requires short
period of time for synthesis of large quantity of nanoparticles, this method
requires capping agents for size stabilization of the nanoparticles. Chemicals
used for nanoparticles synthesis and stabilization are toxic and lead to non-
ecofriendly byproducts. The need for environmental non-toxic synthetic
protocols for nanoparticles synthesis leads to the developing interest in
biological approaches which are free from the use of toxic chemicals as
byproducts. Thus, there is an increasing demand for „„green nanotechnology” .
Many biological approaches for both extracellular and intracellular nanoparticles
synthesis have been reported till date using microorganisms including bacteria,
fungi and plants.

Plants provide a better platform for nanoparticles synthesis as they are free
from toxic chemicals as well as provide natural capping agents. Moreover, use
of plant extracts also reduces the cost of microorganisms isolation and culture
media enhancing the cost competitive feasibility over nanoparticles synthesis by
microorganisms.

Sometimes the synthesis of nanoparticles using various plants and their extracts
can be advantageous over other biological synthesis processes which involve
the very complex procedures of maintaining microbial cultures. Many such
experiments have already been started such as the synthesis of various metal
nanoparticles using fungi like Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium species,and
using some bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis etc.But synthesis of nanoparticles
using plant extracts is the most adopted method of green, eco-friendly

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production of nanoparticles and also has a special advantage that the plants are
widely distributed, easily available, much safer to handle and act as a source

of several metabolites. There has also been several experiments performed on


the synthesis of silver nanoparticles using medicinal plants such as Oryza
sativa, Helianthus annus, Saccharum officinarum, Sorghum bicolour, Zea mays,
Basella alba, Aloe vera Capsicum annuum, Magnolia kobus, Medicago sativa
(Alfalfa), Cinamomum camphora and Geranium sp. in the field of
pharmaceutical applications and biological industries. Besides, green synthesis
of silver nanoparticles using a methanolic extract of Eucalyptus hybrida was
also investigated.

In the recent days, silver nanoparticles have been synthesized from the
naturally occurring sources and their products like green tea (Camellia
sinensis), Neem (Azadirachta indica) , leguminous shrub(Sesbania drummondii)
, various leaf broth, natural rubber, starch , Aloe vera plant extract ,
lemongrass leaves extract. With respect to the microbes, the silver nanoparticles
get attached to the cell wall, thereby disturbing the permeability of cell wall
and cellular respiration. The nanoparticles may also penetrate deep inside the
cell wall, thus causing cellular damage by interacting with phosphorus and
sulfur containing compounds, such as DNA and protein, present inside the cell.
The bacteriocidal properties of silver nanoparticles are due to the release of
silver ions from the particles, which confers the antimicrobial activity . Besides,
the potency of the antibacterial effects corresponds to the size of the
nanoparticle. The smaller particles have higher antibacterial activities due to the
equivalent silver mass content. With respect to the clinical applications of
nanoparticle, microorganisms including diatoms, fungi, bacteria and yeast
producing inorganic materials through biological synthesis either intra or
extracellularly made nanoparticles more biocompatible.

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2 Litreture review

2.1 Nanoparticle

Nanoparticles are particles between 1 nm and 100 nm in size with a surrounding


interfacial layer. The interfacial layer is an integral part of Nano scale matter,
fundamentally affecting all of its properties. The interfacial layer typically consists of
ions, inorganic and organic molecules. Organic molecules coating inorganic
nanoparticles are known as stabilizers, capping and surface
ligands. In nanotechnology a particle is defined as a small object that behaves as a
whole unit. The term nanoparticle is not only applied to a single molecule it actually
represent a class of inorganic materials. Its reason for the definition of nanoparticle is
that, during the study of 1970s and 80s the first fundamental studies with nanoparticle
were in progress in United State and Japan within a project said ERATO they firstly
called these particle as ultrafine particle (UFP).The new name was given during 1900s
before the National Nanotechnology Initiative was launched in America said
nanoparticle and can exhibit size related properties significantly different from those
of either fine particle or bulk materials. Actually these nanoparticles are associated
with modern science and they having a long history. Nanoparticles were used by
Artisans as far back as Rome in the fourth century for creating a glittering effect on
the surface of pots

2.2 Types of Nanoparticle

Normally nanoparticles are classified into three classes on the basis of


their atoms arranged in so they are One dimensional, two dimensional,
three dimensional.

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1D nanoparticle system having thin film or manufacture surface has been used for
decade.This film having size range from 1nm to 100nm or monolayer is now common
place in the field of solar system or cell offering different technological application
such as chemical and biological sensors,information storage system,optical
device,fiber optic system.

2D nanoparticles are actually carbon nanotubes.

3D nanoparticles are dendrimers, quantdendrimers, quantum dots, fullerenes (C60).

2.3 Characterization of Nanoparticles

Characterization of nanoparticles is based on the size, morphology and surface


charge, using such advanced microscopic techniques as atomic force microscopy
(AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron micros- copy
(TEM). Properties such as the size distribution, average particle diameter, charge
affect the physical stability.

2.3 Particle Size

It is the quite important property of nanoparticle primarily obtained by the particle


size distribution and morphology.Its quite possible to study the well size and
morphology of nanoparticle by using electron microscope.Application of nanoparticle
size in drug release and drug targeting.

2.3 Surface Hydrophobicity

Techniques like hydrophobic interaction, biphasic partitioning, adsorption of probes,


contact angle measurements etc. can be utilized for the determination of surface
hydrophobicity. Recent advancement in research offers several sophisticated
analytical tools for surface property analysis of nanoparticles.

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2.4 SILVERNANOPARTICLE

Silver nanoparticles are of interest because of the unique properties (e.g., size
and shape depending optical, electrical, and magnetic properties) which can be
incorporated into antimicrobial applications, biosensor materials, composite
fibers, cryogenic superconducting materials, cosmetic products, and electronic
components. Several physical and chemical methods have been used for
synthesizing and stabilizing silver nanoparticles . The most popular chemical
approaches, including chemical reduction using a variety of organic and
inorganic reducing agents, electrochemical techniques, physicochemical
reduction, and radiolysis are widely used for the synthesis of silver
nanoparticles. Recently, nanoparticle synthesis is among the most interesting
scientific areas of inquiry, and there is growing attention to produce
nanoparticles using environmentally friendly methods (green chemistry). Green
synthesis approaches include mixed-valence polyoxometalates, polysaccharides,
Tollens, biological, and irradiation method which have advantages over
conventional methods involving chemical agents associated with environmental
toxicity.

2.5 BIOLOGICAL APPROCH TO SYNTHESIZE SILVER


NANOPARTICLE

In today modren technology different approches are bring in use to synthesize the
silver nanopatricle the stable one . scientist are more intrested in chemical synthesis of
nanoparticle of different metals but still here a question aries then why still we use
biological way to synthesize the nanoparticle .

The very simple and intresting answer to this is that the synthsis from biological
source is that it is no so much expensive one and each type of material is quite easily
present around you that’s why scientist bring biological way to synthesize the
nanoparticle.so here few important and cheep source for nanoparticle formation are
listed.

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2.5CHEMICAL APPROCH TO SYNTHESIZE SILVER
NANOPARTICLE

Right, chemical way or approch to synthesize the nanoparticle is taoday one of the
best technique.The nanoparticle formed by this method is seems more stable as
compare to biological way , but it is also emphsise that its althought a good way but
ecnomically it is not friendly this approch is so expensive.

The two terminology is more using in formation of nanoparticle is Reducing


Agent,Capping Agent and Stabilizing Agent.Reducing agent is used to remove the
hydrogen from that specie and few important reducing agents are
mentioned,sodiumcitrate,sodiumborohydride,elemental hydrogen ,DMF,ethylene
glycol etc.

Capping agents playing a very important role in the synthesis of nanoparticle espically
the topic on which iam working is silver nanoparticle here the capping agents are

introduce into solution where it capp the particular specie from other things present in
solution.These are actually used for the purpose to get zero nanoparticle.Here we are
going to use anthocyanin which is acting both as a reducing agent and capping agent
too which give so much importances or the other use of capping agents and reduing
agents sepertaly.

2.5 SYNTHESIS FROM BACTERIA

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by bacteria: The first evidence of bacteria


synthesizing silver nanoparticles was established using the Pseudomonas stutzeri
AG259 strain that was isolated from silver mine There are some
microorganisms that can survive metal ion concentrations and can also grow
under those conditions, and this phenomenon is due to their resistance to that
metal. The mechanisms involved in the resistance are efflux systems, alteration

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of solubility and toxicity via reduction or oxidation, biosorption,
bioaccumulation, extracellular complex formation or precipitation of metals, and
lack of specific metal transport systems . There is also another aspect that
though these organisms can grow at lower concentrations, their exposure to
higher concentrations of metal ions can induce toxicity.

The most widely accepted mechanism of silver biosynthesis is the presence of


the nitrate reductase enzyme. The enzyme converts nitrate into nitrite.

2.5 SYNTHESIS FROM FUNGY

Synthesis of silver nanoparticles by fungi: When in comparison with bacteria,


fungi can produce larger amounts of nanoparticles because they can secrete
larger amounts of proteins which directly translate to higher productivity of
nanoparticles . The mechanism of silver nanoparticle production by fungi is
said to follow the following steps: trapping of Ag+ ions at the surface of the
fungal cells and the subsequent reduction of the silver ions by the enzymes
present in the fungal system . The extracellular enzymes like naphthoquinones
and anthraquinones are said to facilitate the reduction. In a very simple words I
would like to finish is this that there is no complete mechnisim form in fungus to form
silver nanoparticle.

2.6NANO SILVER

One of the substances used in nanoformulation is silver (nanosilver). Due to


its antimicrobial properties, silver has also been incorporated in filters to purify
drinking water and clean swimming pool water. To generate nanosilver,
metallic silver has been engineered into ultrafine particles by several methods;
include spark discharging, electrochemical reduction, solution irradiation and
cryo- chemical synthesis . Nano- silver particles are mostly smaller than 100
nm and consist of about 20-15,000 silver atoms . In addition, nanostructures
can be produced as tubes, wires, multifactes or films. At the nano-scale, the

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silver particles exhibit deviating physico-chemical properties (like pH dependent
partitioning to solid and dissolved particulate matters) and biological activites
compared with the regular metal .This is due to the higher surface area per
mass, allowing a larger amount of atoms to interact with their surroundings.

Due to the properties of silver at the nanoscale, nanosilver is nowadays used


in an increasing number of consumer and medical products. Because, silver is
a soft white lustrous element, an important use of silver nanoparticles is to
give a products a silver finish. Still, the remarkably strong antimicrobial
activity is the major direction for development of nano-silver products.
Examples are food packaging materials and food supplements, odour-resistant
textiles, electronics, household appliances, cosmetics and medical advices, water
disinfectants and room sprays.

2.7WHY WE USE SILVER NOT OTHERS

Silver is one of most impotant element which makes a maximun portion of our planet
and playing a very important role in our daily life, its all because of its natural
exsistance and and silver in its pure state having a highest thermal and electrical
conductivity over other known metals today.The use of silver in today life is quite
important it is commonly using in mirrors and having a very good history in the
history of antibacterial activities and silver also playing a very important role in today
history of photoghrapy because of showing very sensitivity

twards light.Silver showing good antibacterial properties and hence it is abunddently


using in clothes to prevent it from the attack of microbes specially bacteria and also
protecting clothes from bad smell of sweat .

The silver nanoparticle having edge over other nanoparticle is only due the presence
of silver ,so due to its presences the following properties are enhanced a lot that’s
unique electrical properties, thermal properties and unique optical properties.Due to
the presences of silver they are majorly using in modren cells including micro
chips,votlic cell etc.

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OBJECTIVE

The synthesis of silver nanoparticle is done with different methods each and evey
method is significant but here in today science intrests is much more in a method
which is not coastlly and having envirment firendly view.Chemical method is so good
but it having many hazardous effect and not consider as envirment friendly,So
keeping this in view here I have applied a method having less cost,rappid way to
synthesis and ecofriendly.The main objective in this research work was that to tell
other thah we can synthesise the silver nanoparticle from different plants and they are
easily avalible around us which are neither hazardous nor costly that’s why we
worked on the waste of different plant extract we got a very best results about silver
nanoparticle which were not reported yet before.

APPLICATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE

Silver nanoparticle having various application in different field of life.The use of


silver nanoparticle is quite abundant in medicine,pharmaceutics and
dentistry.Following are important uses of silver nanoparticle.

 Silver nanoparticle is used in the treatment of dematitis and inhibition


of HIV-1 replaction.
 It us used in the treatment of ulceratives colitis and aacne.
 Remote laser light induced opening of microcapsules.
 It is used in the additive process of bone cement.
 Polyethylene rubes filled with fibrin sponges embedded with Ag-NPs
dispersions.
 Antimicrobial effect against infectiousorganisms.
 Molecular imaging of cancer celss.
 Silver/dendrimer nanocomposite for cell labelling.

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 Enhanced Raman Scattering ( SERS) spectroscopy.
 Dedections of viral structure ( SERS) and sillver nanorods.
 Coating of hospital textile ( surgical gowns,face mask).
 Orthopedic sticking.
 Silver –loaded SIO2 nanocomposites resins filler ( Dental resin
composite).
 Additive in polymerizable dental materials patent.
 Hydrogel for woound dressing.
 They are using for healing of wounds.
 Its is also using for diabetic stocks and for sterilization of stools and
materials in hospital.
 Silver nanoparticle having important use as
antibacterial,antiviral,antifungal,anti-inflammatory,cancer
theray,orthopedics,anesrhesiollgy,dentistry,eye caring.
 Silver nanoparticle having various use in industry.

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Chapter No 2

Material And Technique

Following are important chemical used in our research

1) Silver nitrate (AgNO3)

2) Anthocyanin

3) Methanol

4) Ethanol

5) Salt

6) Nitric Acid .

7) Base

8) Rose petals Extract

9) Soyabean Extract

10) Rice Extract

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Chapter No 2

Material And Techniques

Following are important instroment used in our research

1) Digital balance

2) Beakers

3) Volumetric flask

4) Pippet

5) Filter paper

6) Droper

7) Test tubes

8) Sample holders

9) Uv cauvtte

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3 Preperation Of Plnat Extract
Here in our study different extract were done and mainly under observation the
extract of rose petals,extract of kurram rice,extract of red cabbage were brought.

3.1 Preeration Of Rose Extract


Fresh rose petals (Rosa Indica) were collected from different lawn of kohat university
and these rose petals were in amount of 15gm and then these petals were washed with
disstaled water to remove antity of small impurity and then kept under sun light for 10
mints.After this a beaker of 500ml was taken and filled with rose petals and now pour
deionized water into beaker I,e 250ml and started heating for at least 30 mint.After
healting the clourless water became coloured that was deep red . Now let the extract
coold and filter it so a very fine and clear extract was obtained .

3.2 Preperation Of Red Cabbage Extract,


This extract is a rich source of anthocyanin amoung all extract but a little bit problem
by getting this extarct is that it is not avalible all time except speical seasson.The
leaves of red cabbage were collected from B1 hostel an amount of 10gm and then
these leaves were washed away and kept it for sun light for 15 mints and after
removing dust from it.

Now a clean beaker of 500ml was taken and placed these leaves and pour water
150ml and start constant heating for at least 25 mints and a reddish green colour
appeard in water and then stop heating let the mixture coold it.Now its time to get it
filter so onward fine extract were collected and labbeld it. This is a rich source of
anthocyanin and other so many phenolic compound espically anthocyanin.Here a very
a very useful impact of using this is that it is local produt and not expensive too.

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3.3 Preperation Of Soyabean Extract
Soyabean is also a good source of phenolic compound said anthocyanin.The use of
soyabean is not as good as other source because it is consider to be a little bit
expensive.Extract was prepared by taking 55 gm of soyabean and it was complelty
grinded into smaller powder form.Secondly the powder form is now dissolved in
150ml of methanol .Now we started the stiring and let it for 20Hr after that yellow
colour extract was obtained.The extract was filterd and kept in a beaker for 1 day for
the purpose if there is any ppt or impurity so that would be sattle down.

Next day the filterd extract was seperated into different component by using
trantrifuge .By this process taking small amount of extract in epidrip and started
centrifugation for 1mint and the extract was finally seperated into two component
lower density and high density so by that anthocyanin was seperated so that was at
last complelty colleted at a separate bottle

3.4 Preperation Of Rice Extract


Rice is also a good source of phenolic compound said anthocyanin.The rice used in
our study said to be Kurrami Chawaal which were collected from local area.Rice of
35 gm were taken and powder of these were made and then these powder were poured
into 100 ml of water and started stirring for last 10 hr.When mixture was stirred than
allow to separate the extract into differentcomponent by using centrifuge.

3.5 Mixing of Different Extracts


Anthocyanin and Silver Nitrate

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First of all stock solution of silver nitrate was preoared that of 100ml and different
extract like rose petals,red cabbage and rice.Now these extract were allow to mix with
silver nitrate solution in different ratio.The intial mixing of rose petals and silver
nitrate solution was done here 10 ml of silver nitrate solutin was taken in seperate
beaker and now anthocyanin was allow to put into silver nitrate solution drop wise so
these drops were added in a sequencse that of 2 drops,3 drops and 5 drops making 11
ml total solution volume . Total 3 sample were prepared . When this mix up was done
so this whole solution was taken in a separate bottle and cover with aluminium foil to
prevent photo degradetion.Same way other mix up was same the same just amount of
silver nitrate solution was reduced from 10 ml to 5 ml and in similar way 2 drops ,3
drops and 5 drops of anthocyanin were added and cover.Next sample was prepared a

little bit different it was made in observation to see the synthesis of silver nanoparticle
is that influenced by the amount of reducing agent.Finally when these sample were
made so then they were kept for last three days to see what happend to silver nitrate
with the addition of anthocyanin so a very clear thing to see was the colour of solution
which was completely different from early stage so it was first indication that silver is
oxidized and then Uv spectroscopy was done for further conformation of formation of
silver nano particle.Next is rice extract..

3.6 Soyabean and Silver Nitrate

Soyabean is one of the rich source of anthocyanin espically brown and black
soyabean.Here 55 gm of soyabean was used in our study and all procedure is
explained in extract preperation.Now 3 test tube were taken and 10 ml of silver nitrate
sollution was taken in each test tube after that extract extracted from soyabean was
added in manner that 2 drops,3 drops and 5 drops with the help of dropper were
poured into silver intrate solution and finally these 3 sample were coverd with
aluminium foil and kept in dark.The next mixing was done in a different way that
volume of silver nitrate solution was reduced from 10 ml to 5 ml and also same action
made with extract. Here 3 test tube were taken and allow mixing.In first tube 5 ml
silver nitrate solution and 1 ml of extract was mixed and in second test tube 1.5 ml
and 2 ml of extrac was added and volume of silver nitrate solution was kept constant

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that of 5 ml.Now all the sample were kept for two days and after that Uv spectroscopy
studied was done for the conformation of synthesis of silver nanoparticle.At different
wavelenght it was clearly observed that silver nanoparticle formation has taken
plaec.The colour of extract was yellow and by addition the colour of whole solution
was a little bit changed from yellow into fume type.

3.7 Rice Extract and Silver Nitrate

Rice extract is a good source as compare to others extracts it is all because that
quantity of anthocyanin is less therefore it is not consider as a rich source in our study
mixing was made in different way to see the effect of diiferent extract over the
synthesis of silver nitrate.A constant volume said 8 ml was selected and now drops of
extract were added 3 test tube were taken and 5 drops,7 drops and 10 drops were
added and finally these sample were kept in dark to prevent photo reaction of
silver.Second attemt was quite different from all in which stock solution was taken in

a small amount and extract was taken in excess to see the effect so so this purpose the
addition waas such that 2 ml 3 ml and 5 ml of extract was added into fixed volume of
silver nitrate solution that of 5 ml and again these sample were make safe.Uv sudied
was done after two days which clearly conformed the formation of silver nanoparticle
at different wavelenght.

3.8 Red Cabbage and Silver Nitrate

Red cabbage is one of most fovourable source of anthocyanin.The extract obtain from
it was mixed with silver nitrate in different proporation to get silver
nanoparticle.Same procedure is applied with this also here total six sample were made
and solution of silver nitrate is kept fixed that of 7 ml.Now the red cabbage extract
was added in following manner 2 ml , 3 ml and 4 ml of extract was added. The
solution was shaked for few mints and then cover and kept.After 3 days Uv study was
made and result showed that silver nanoparticle formation has taken placed.The
second sample was made in such a way that volume of silver nitrate solutionn was
made as that 4 ml , 5ml and 6 ml but volume of extract was kept constantthatof 2 ml

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.The effect of reducing the extract volume was studied in Uv and a vey detail
explantion is given in results.

CHAPTER NO 4

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 UV SPECTROSCOPY OF SILVER NITRATE AND ANTHOCYANIN


Freshly prepared silver nitrate solution and anthocyanin were mixed and UV
spectroscopy was taken as a result silver nanoparticle formation was observed at a
wavelength range from 320 nm to 600 nm but lambda maximum for silver nitrate
particle was observed at 460 and 480 nm.

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Figure No 1

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4.2 UV SPECTROSCOPY OF SILVER NITRATE AND ANTHOCYANIN
The image is obtained by taking UV spectroscopy of silver nitrate solution and
anthocyanin. Silver nanoparticle is observed at wavelength of range from 320 nm
to 600 nm .This image was showed was taken after two days while extract is added
into silver nitrate solution. This result is same a little bit to first day image.Absorption
maximum was noted at 440 nm.

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Figure No 2

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4.3 UV SPECTROSCOPY OF SILVER NITRATE AND ANTHOCYANIN
This image is interested because as long as time passed at lower wavelength and at
higher wavelength maximum number of particle showed parallel but a gradual
increase was observed at wavelength range from 420 nm up to 480 nm but lambda
maximum was noted at 460 which is good result because silver nanoparticle giving
lambda maximum at 435 nm so this result is quite near to actual one.

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Figure No 3

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4.4 UV SPECTROSCOPY OF SILVER NITRATE AND ANTHOCYANIN
This study was observed after two week of same solution inorder to see where the
formed silver nanoparticle is stablized or not so hence UV spectroscpy results shoed
that synthesised silver nanoparticle is stablized but in this graph you can easily see
that lambda max for silver is reduced and plenty of particle show absorption at shorter
wavelenght.

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Figure No 4

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4.5 UV SPECTROSCOPY OF SILVER NITRATE, ANTHOCYANIN
AND SALT

The effect of salt on silver nanoparticle is determined by UV spectroscopy which


indicated that maximum number of nanoparticle showed absorption at higher
wavelength. The graph gives a very clear image to understand.

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Figure No 5

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4.6 UV Spectroscopy of Silver Nitrate, Anthocyanin and Acid

The study of nitric acid with silver nanoparticle is studied with Uv speectroscopy
which showed that lambda maximum for nanoparticle is reduced from 480,460 nm to
440 nm.

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4.7 FTIR STUDY FOR SILVER NANOPARTICLE

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CONCLUSION

The rapid biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using anthocyanin


provides environmental friendly, simple and efficient route for synthesis of
benign nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles were of spherical and sheet
shaped,which were found from the characterization using UV-vis
spectrophotometer, SEM, UV spectrometer and FTIR techniques. All these
techniques it was proved that the concentration of plant extract to metal ion
ratio plays an important role in the shape determination of the nanoparticles.
The sizes of the nanoparticles in different concentration were also different
which depend on the reduction of metal ions. . From the technological point
of view these obtained silver nanoparticles have potential applications in the
biomedical field and this simple procedure has several advantages such as cost-
effectiveness, compatibility for medical and pharmaceutical applications as well
as large scale commercial production.These methods are generally on small scale
and less costly but if this technique is utalize on large scale it will give a very result.

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Refrencees

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