Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
by
ASAD ULLAH
Department of Chemistry
Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat-26000
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
October, 2018.
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SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLE BY USING
ANTHOCYANIN EXTRACTED FROM ROSE PETALS,
RICE AND SOYABEAN
BS honour in Chemistry
by
ASAD ULLAH
(CH120142045)
Department of Chemistry
Kohat University of Science & Technology, Kohat-26000
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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October, 2018
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CERTIFICATION
(2018)
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CERTIFICATION
This thesis entitled “SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANO PARTICLE BY
(2018)
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
BISMILLAHIRRAHMANIRRAHIM…
First of all, I am thankful to Almighty, ALLAH for giving me strength and
perseverance to complete this work.
I would like to express my deep appreciation and respect to PhD scholor Shyesta
Ramzan to help us throughout my lab work.
Lastly, I would like to give my special thanks to my friends for their friendship and
sharing the ups and downs throughout the completion of my research work and this
Thesis.
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DEDICATION
Dedicated to
My loving parents for their great
Support, encouragement
and prayers.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction 1
2.1. Nanoparticles 4
2.6. Nanosilver
2.8. Objectives
2.9. Applications
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.10. Conclusion
Refrences
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LIST OF IMPORTANT ABBRIVATION USING IN UV-S
PECTROSCOPY
Ul Micro litter
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ABSTRACT
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1 Introduction
Metal nanoparticles have a high specific surface area and a high fraction of
surface atoms. Because of the unique physicochemical characteristics of
nanoparticles, including catalytic activity, optical properties, electronic
properties, antibacterial properties, and magnetic properties they are gaining the
interest of scientist for their novel methods of synthesis. Over the past few
years, the synthesis of metal nanoparticles is an important topic of research in
modern material science. Nano-crystalline silver particles have been found
tremendous applications in the fields of high sensitivity biomolecular detection,
diagnostics, antimicrobials, therapeutics, catalysis and micro-electronics.
However, there is still need for economic commercially viable as well as
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environmentally clean synthesis route to synthesize the silver nanoparticles.
Silver is well known for possessing an inhibitory effect toward many bacterial
strains and microorganisms commonly present in medical and industrial
processes.In medicines, silver and silver nanoparticles have a ample application
including skin ointments and creams containing silver to prevent infection of
burns and open wounds , medical devices and implants prepared with silver-
impregnated polymers. In textile industry, silver-embedded fabrics are now used
in sporting equipment.
Plants provide a better platform for nanoparticles synthesis as they are free
from toxic chemicals as well as provide natural capping agents. Moreover, use
of plant extracts also reduces the cost of microorganisms isolation and culture
media enhancing the cost competitive feasibility over nanoparticles synthesis by
microorganisms.
Sometimes the synthesis of nanoparticles using various plants and their extracts
can be advantageous over other biological synthesis processes which involve
the very complex procedures of maintaining microbial cultures. Many such
experiments have already been started such as the synthesis of various metal
nanoparticles using fungi like Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium species,and
using some bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis etc.But synthesis of nanoparticles
using plant extracts is the most adopted method of green, eco-friendly
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production of nanoparticles and also has a special advantage that the plants are
widely distributed, easily available, much safer to handle and act as a source
In the recent days, silver nanoparticles have been synthesized from the
naturally occurring sources and their products like green tea (Camellia
sinensis), Neem (Azadirachta indica) , leguminous shrub(Sesbania drummondii)
, various leaf broth, natural rubber, starch , Aloe vera plant extract ,
lemongrass leaves extract. With respect to the microbes, the silver nanoparticles
get attached to the cell wall, thereby disturbing the permeability of cell wall
and cellular respiration. The nanoparticles may also penetrate deep inside the
cell wall, thus causing cellular damage by interacting with phosphorus and
sulfur containing compounds, such as DNA and protein, present inside the cell.
The bacteriocidal properties of silver nanoparticles are due to the release of
silver ions from the particles, which confers the antimicrobial activity . Besides,
the potency of the antibacterial effects corresponds to the size of the
nanoparticle. The smaller particles have higher antibacterial activities due to the
equivalent silver mass content. With respect to the clinical applications of
nanoparticle, microorganisms including diatoms, fungi, bacteria and yeast
producing inorganic materials through biological synthesis either intra or
extracellularly made nanoparticles more biocompatible.
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2 Litreture review
2.1 Nanoparticle
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1D nanoparticle system having thin film or manufacture surface has been used for
decade.This film having size range from 1nm to 100nm or monolayer is now common
place in the field of solar system or cell offering different technological application
such as chemical and biological sensors,information storage system,optical
device,fiber optic system.
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2.4 SILVERNANOPARTICLE
Silver nanoparticles are of interest because of the unique properties (e.g., size
and shape depending optical, electrical, and magnetic properties) which can be
incorporated into antimicrobial applications, biosensor materials, composite
fibers, cryogenic superconducting materials, cosmetic products, and electronic
components. Several physical and chemical methods have been used for
synthesizing and stabilizing silver nanoparticles . The most popular chemical
approaches, including chemical reduction using a variety of organic and
inorganic reducing agents, electrochemical techniques, physicochemical
reduction, and radiolysis are widely used for the synthesis of silver
nanoparticles. Recently, nanoparticle synthesis is among the most interesting
scientific areas of inquiry, and there is growing attention to produce
nanoparticles using environmentally friendly methods (green chemistry). Green
synthesis approaches include mixed-valence polyoxometalates, polysaccharides,
Tollens, biological, and irradiation method which have advantages over
conventional methods involving chemical agents associated with environmental
toxicity.
In today modren technology different approches are bring in use to synthesize the
silver nanopatricle the stable one . scientist are more intrested in chemical synthesis of
nanoparticle of different metals but still here a question aries then why still we use
biological way to synthesize the nanoparticle .
The very simple and intresting answer to this is that the synthsis from biological
source is that it is no so much expensive one and each type of material is quite easily
present around you that’s why scientist bring biological way to synthesize the
nanoparticle.so here few important and cheep source for nanoparticle formation are
listed.
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2.5CHEMICAL APPROCH TO SYNTHESIZE SILVER
NANOPARTICLE
Right, chemical way or approch to synthesize the nanoparticle is taoday one of the
best technique.The nanoparticle formed by this method is seems more stable as
compare to biological way , but it is also emphsise that its althought a good way but
ecnomically it is not friendly this approch is so expensive.
Capping agents playing a very important role in the synthesis of nanoparticle espically
the topic on which iam working is silver nanoparticle here the capping agents are
introduce into solution where it capp the particular specie from other things present in
solution.These are actually used for the purpose to get zero nanoparticle.Here we are
going to use anthocyanin which is acting both as a reducing agent and capping agent
too which give so much importances or the other use of capping agents and reduing
agents sepertaly.
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of solubility and toxicity via reduction or oxidation, biosorption,
bioaccumulation, extracellular complex formation or precipitation of metals, and
lack of specific metal transport systems . There is also another aspect that
though these organisms can grow at lower concentrations, their exposure to
higher concentrations of metal ions can induce toxicity.
2.6NANO SILVER
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silver particles exhibit deviating physico-chemical properties (like pH dependent
partitioning to solid and dissolved particulate matters) and biological activites
compared with the regular metal .This is due to the higher surface area per
mass, allowing a larger amount of atoms to interact with their surroundings.
Silver is one of most impotant element which makes a maximun portion of our planet
and playing a very important role in our daily life, its all because of its natural
exsistance and and silver in its pure state having a highest thermal and electrical
conductivity over other known metals today.The use of silver in today life is quite
important it is commonly using in mirrors and having a very good history in the
history of antibacterial activities and silver also playing a very important role in today
history of photoghrapy because of showing very sensitivity
The silver nanoparticle having edge over other nanoparticle is only due the presence
of silver ,so due to its presences the following properties are enhanced a lot that’s
unique electrical properties, thermal properties and unique optical properties.Due to
the presences of silver they are majorly using in modren cells including micro
chips,votlic cell etc.
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OBJECTIVE
The synthesis of silver nanoparticle is done with different methods each and evey
method is significant but here in today science intrests is much more in a method
which is not coastlly and having envirment firendly view.Chemical method is so good
but it having many hazardous effect and not consider as envirment friendly,So
keeping this in view here I have applied a method having less cost,rappid way to
synthesis and ecofriendly.The main objective in this research work was that to tell
other thah we can synthesise the silver nanoparticle from different plants and they are
easily avalible around us which are neither hazardous nor costly that’s why we
worked on the waste of different plant extract we got a very best results about silver
nanoparticle which were not reported yet before.
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Enhanced Raman Scattering ( SERS) spectroscopy.
Dedections of viral structure ( SERS) and sillver nanorods.
Coating of hospital textile ( surgical gowns,face mask).
Orthopedic sticking.
Silver –loaded SIO2 nanocomposites resins filler ( Dental resin
composite).
Additive in polymerizable dental materials patent.
Hydrogel for woound dressing.
They are using for healing of wounds.
Its is also using for diabetic stocks and for sterilization of stools and
materials in hospital.
Silver nanoparticle having important use as
antibacterial,antiviral,antifungal,anti-inflammatory,cancer
theray,orthopedics,anesrhesiollgy,dentistry,eye caring.
Silver nanoparticle having various use in industry.
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Chapter No 2
2) Anthocyanin
3) Methanol
4) Ethanol
5) Salt
6) Nitric Acid .
7) Base
9) Soyabean Extract
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Chapter No 2
1) Digital balance
2) Beakers
3) Volumetric flask
4) Pippet
5) Filter paper
6) Droper
7) Test tubes
8) Sample holders
9) Uv cauvtte
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3 Preperation Of Plnat Extract
Here in our study different extract were done and mainly under observation the
extract of rose petals,extract of kurram rice,extract of red cabbage were brought.
Now a clean beaker of 500ml was taken and placed these leaves and pour water
150ml and start constant heating for at least 25 mints and a reddish green colour
appeard in water and then stop heating let the mixture coold it.Now its time to get it
filter so onward fine extract were collected and labbeld it. This is a rich source of
anthocyanin and other so many phenolic compound espically anthocyanin.Here a very
a very useful impact of using this is that it is local produt and not expensive too.
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3.3 Preperation Of Soyabean Extract
Soyabean is also a good source of phenolic compound said anthocyanin.The use of
soyabean is not as good as other source because it is consider to be a little bit
expensive.Extract was prepared by taking 55 gm of soyabean and it was complelty
grinded into smaller powder form.Secondly the powder form is now dissolved in
150ml of methanol .Now we started the stiring and let it for 20Hr after that yellow
colour extract was obtained.The extract was filterd and kept in a beaker for 1 day for
the purpose if there is any ppt or impurity so that would be sattle down.
Next day the filterd extract was seperated into different component by using
trantrifuge .By this process taking small amount of extract in epidrip and started
centrifugation for 1mint and the extract was finally seperated into two component
lower density and high density so by that anthocyanin was seperated so that was at
last complelty colleted at a separate bottle
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First of all stock solution of silver nitrate was preoared that of 100ml and different
extract like rose petals,red cabbage and rice.Now these extract were allow to mix with
silver nitrate solution in different ratio.The intial mixing of rose petals and silver
nitrate solution was done here 10 ml of silver nitrate solutin was taken in seperate
beaker and now anthocyanin was allow to put into silver nitrate solution drop wise so
these drops were added in a sequencse that of 2 drops,3 drops and 5 drops making 11
ml total solution volume . Total 3 sample were prepared . When this mix up was done
so this whole solution was taken in a separate bottle and cover with aluminium foil to
prevent photo degradetion.Same way other mix up was same the same just amount of
silver nitrate solution was reduced from 10 ml to 5 ml and in similar way 2 drops ,3
drops and 5 drops of anthocyanin were added and cover.Next sample was prepared a
little bit different it was made in observation to see the synthesis of silver nanoparticle
is that influenced by the amount of reducing agent.Finally when these sample were
made so then they were kept for last three days to see what happend to silver nitrate
with the addition of anthocyanin so a very clear thing to see was the colour of solution
which was completely different from early stage so it was first indication that silver is
oxidized and then Uv spectroscopy was done for further conformation of formation of
silver nano particle.Next is rice extract..
Soyabean is one of the rich source of anthocyanin espically brown and black
soyabean.Here 55 gm of soyabean was used in our study and all procedure is
explained in extract preperation.Now 3 test tube were taken and 10 ml of silver nitrate
sollution was taken in each test tube after that extract extracted from soyabean was
added in manner that 2 drops,3 drops and 5 drops with the help of dropper were
poured into silver intrate solution and finally these 3 sample were coverd with
aluminium foil and kept in dark.The next mixing was done in a different way that
volume of silver nitrate solution was reduced from 10 ml to 5 ml and also same action
made with extract. Here 3 test tube were taken and allow mixing.In first tube 5 ml
silver nitrate solution and 1 ml of extract was mixed and in second test tube 1.5 ml
and 2 ml of extrac was added and volume of silver nitrate solution was kept constant
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that of 5 ml.Now all the sample were kept for two days and after that Uv spectroscopy
studied was done for the conformation of synthesis of silver nanoparticle.At different
wavelenght it was clearly observed that silver nanoparticle formation has taken
plaec.The colour of extract was yellow and by addition the colour of whole solution
was a little bit changed from yellow into fume type.
Rice extract is a good source as compare to others extracts it is all because that
quantity of anthocyanin is less therefore it is not consider as a rich source in our study
mixing was made in different way to see the effect of diiferent extract over the
synthesis of silver nitrate.A constant volume said 8 ml was selected and now drops of
extract were added 3 test tube were taken and 5 drops,7 drops and 10 drops were
added and finally these sample were kept in dark to prevent photo reaction of
silver.Second attemt was quite different from all in which stock solution was taken in
a small amount and extract was taken in excess to see the effect so so this purpose the
addition waas such that 2 ml 3 ml and 5 ml of extract was added into fixed volume of
silver nitrate solution that of 5 ml and again these sample were make safe.Uv sudied
was done after two days which clearly conformed the formation of silver nanoparticle
at different wavelenght.
Red cabbage is one of most fovourable source of anthocyanin.The extract obtain from
it was mixed with silver nitrate in different proporation to get silver
nanoparticle.Same procedure is applied with this also here total six sample were made
and solution of silver nitrate is kept fixed that of 7 ml.Now the red cabbage extract
was added in following manner 2 ml , 3 ml and 4 ml of extract was added. The
solution was shaked for few mints and then cover and kept.After 3 days Uv study was
made and result showed that silver nanoparticle formation has taken placed.The
second sample was made in such a way that volume of silver nitrate solutionn was
made as that 4 ml , 5ml and 6 ml but volume of extract was kept constantthatof 2 ml
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.The effect of reducing the extract volume was studied in Uv and a vey detail
explantion is given in results.
CHAPTER NO 4
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Figure No 1
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4.2 UV SPECTROSCOPY OF SILVER NITRATE AND ANTHOCYANIN
The image is obtained by taking UV spectroscopy of silver nitrate solution and
anthocyanin. Silver nanoparticle is observed at wavelength of range from 320 nm
to 600 nm .This image was showed was taken after two days while extract is added
into silver nitrate solution. This result is same a little bit to first day image.Absorption
maximum was noted at 440 nm.
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Figure No 2
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4.3 UV SPECTROSCOPY OF SILVER NITRATE AND ANTHOCYANIN
This image is interested because as long as time passed at lower wavelength and at
higher wavelength maximum number of particle showed parallel but a gradual
increase was observed at wavelength range from 420 nm up to 480 nm but lambda
maximum was noted at 460 which is good result because silver nanoparticle giving
lambda maximum at 435 nm so this result is quite near to actual one.
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Figure No 3
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4.4 UV SPECTROSCOPY OF SILVER NITRATE AND ANTHOCYANIN
This study was observed after two week of same solution inorder to see where the
formed silver nanoparticle is stablized or not so hence UV spectroscpy results shoed
that synthesised silver nanoparticle is stablized but in this graph you can easily see
that lambda max for silver is reduced and plenty of particle show absorption at shorter
wavelenght.
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Figure No 4
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4.5 UV SPECTROSCOPY OF SILVER NITRATE, ANTHOCYANIN
AND SALT
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Figure No 5
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4.6 UV Spectroscopy of Silver Nitrate, Anthocyanin and Acid
The study of nitric acid with silver nanoparticle is studied with Uv speectroscopy
which showed that lambda maximum for nanoparticle is reduced from 480,460 nm to
440 nm.
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
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4.7 FTIR STUDY FOR SILVER NANOPARTICLE
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CONCLUSION
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Refrencees
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