Periodicity

Properties of elements
•  Sizes of atoms and ions
Electron Configuration of ions
•  Ionization Energy
•  Electron affinity
•  Reactivity
•  Metallic Character

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 Electron Configuration and the
Periodic Table
Location on Periodic Table is related to electron configuration
Elements in the same row (family) have the same valence shell configuration.
Example: alkali metals (row 1)
have ns1 valence configuration
(H) 1s1
Li [He] 2s1
Na [Ne] 3s1
K [Ar] 4s1
Rb [Kr] 5s1
Cs [Xe] 6s1

  halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) have Valence electrons

determine the
  noble gases (inert) have chemistry!

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 PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS
Electron configurations determine
•  the organization of the Periodic Table
AND
•  the properties of the elements:
reason for periodic trends in behavior
Properties of elements are determined by:
•  Size (n) and shape () of orbitals
•  Atomic number (nuclear charge)

Elemental properties:
atomic size
ionization energy
electron affinities
reactivity
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 ATOMIC SIZE
size increases going down group
WHY ?

size decreases going from left to right across a period

WHY ?
• 
• 
• 

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 Trends in Radii

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 ELECTRON CONFIGURATIONS OF IONS
Elements gain or lose electrons to form
separate ions with complete octets.
e-

Na Cl
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p5

core electrons valence electrons

Na+ Cl−
1s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p6
complete octets
[Ne] [Ar]
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 Charges of Common Ions

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 ION SIZES
•  cations are smaller than •  anions are larger than
parent atoms parent atoms
Na Na+ Cl Cl−
1.86Å 0.96Å 0.99Å 1.81Å

•  atom size increases going down family

ion size also increases

Li+ F−
Na+ Cl− size
K+ Br− increases
Rb+ I−
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 Ionic Radii

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 ISOELECTRONIC SERIES
Isoelectronic

Isoelectronic series
a series of atoms or ions that have

Example:
O2− F− Na+ Mg2+ Al3+
# electrons?
nuclear charge
size

Put these ions in order of increasing size.

Ca2+ S2− K+ Cl−
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 IONIZATION ENERGY
Energy needed to remove an electron

I1 First ionization energy

I1

I2 Second ionization energy

I2
etc.
-----------------------------------------------------

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 IONIZATION ENERGY

Example: Mg 1s22s22p6 3s2

[Ne] valence electrons

core electrons

I1= 738 kJ/mol Mg+(g) [Ne] 3s1

I2= 1451 kJ/mol Mg+2(g) [Ne]
I3= 7733 kJ/mol Mg+3(g) 1s2 2s22p5

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 IONIZATION ENERGY

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 IONIZATION ENERGY: TRENDS
going down a family I1 (kJ/mol)
Li 510
Size? Na 490 I.E.
K 418 increases
Rb 403
Cs 375

across the periodic table

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
490 735 580 780 1060 1005 1225 1550 I1 (kJ/mol)
size
I.E
I1 increases from left to right (some exceptions)

Electron further from the nucleus easier to remove, but takes extra energy
to remove electrons from filled subshells (Mg, Ar) or half filled subshells (P)

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 Ionization Energy

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 Trends in I.E.

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 ELECTRON AFFINITIES
Energy needed to add an electron to an atom or ion in the gas phase.

Cl(g) + e− →Cl−(g) E.A. = −349kJ/mol

Halogens:

Group II metals (Be, Mg, Ca):

Group I metals :

Noble gases:

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 Electron Affinities

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 Metal vs. Nonmetal

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 METAL REACTIVITY
2Li(s) +2H2O()→2Li+(aq) +2OH−(aq)+H2(g)

2Na(s)+2H2O()→2Na+(aq)+2OH−(aq)+H2(g)

2K(s) +2H2O()→2K+(aq) +2OH−(aq)+H2(g)

Li Be
Na Mg
K Ca
Rb Sr

Reactivity ____ as ionization energy ____

(IE = energy need to form a positive ion)

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 HALOGEN REACTIVITY
2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq) →no reaction
2KCl(aq) + I2(aq) →no reaction
2KBr(aq) + I2(aq) →no reaction

2KBr(aq) + Cl2(aq) →2KCl(aq) + Br2(aq)

2KI(aq) + Cl2(aq) →2KCl(aq) + I2(aq)
2KI(aq + Br2(aq) →2KBr(aq) + I2(aq)
Cl2 more reactive than Br2 or I2
Br2 more reactive than I2
F2
electron Cl2 reactivity
affinity Br2
I2
Reactivity increases as electron affinity increases

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