José P.

Laurel
Page issues
 His Excellency

José P. Laurel
PLH

3rd President of the Philippines

In office
October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1945

Prime Minister Jorge B. Vargas

(Ministries involved)

Preceded by Manuel L. Quezon (as

President of
 government-in-exile)
Succeeded by Sergio Osmeña

Commissioner of the Interior

In office
December 4, 1942 – October 14, 1943

Presiding Officer, PEC Jorge B. Vargas

Preceded by Benigno Aquino Sr.

Succeeded by Quintin Paredes

Commissioner of Justice

In office
December 24, 1941 – December 4, 1942

Presiding Officer, PEC Jorge B. Vargas

Preceded by Teofilo L. Sison

Succeeded by Teofilo L. Sison

Senator of the Philippines

In office
December 30, 1951 – December 30, 1957
 34th Associate Justice of the Philippine
Supreme Court

In office
February 29, 1936 – February 5, 1942

Preceded by George Malcolm

Succeeded by Court reorganised

Majority leader of the Senate of the Philippines

In office
1928–1931

Senate President Manuel L. Quezon

Preceded by Francisco Enage

Succeeded by Benigno S. Aquino

Senator of the Philippines from the 5th

Senatorial District

In office
1925 – 1931
Served with: Manuel L. Quezon (1925–1931)
Preceded by Antero Soriano
Succeeded by Claro M. Recto

Secretary of the Interior of the Philippines

In office
1922–1923

Personal details

Born José Paciano Laurel

García
March 9, 1891
Tanauan, Batangas,
Captaincy General of
the Philippines

Died November 6, 1959

(aged 68)
Manila, Philippines

Resting place Tanauan, Batangas,

Philippines
Political party Nacionalista Party
(Before 1942; 1945–
1959)
Other political KALIBAPI (1942–
affiliations 1945)

Spouse(s) Pacencia Hidalgo

(m. 1911; d. 1959)

Children José B. Laurel Jr.

José S. Laurel III
Natividad Laurel-
Guinto
Sotero Laurel II
Mariano Laurel
Rosenda Laurel-
Avanceña
Potenciana Laurel-
Yupangco
Salvador Laurel
Arsenio Laurel
Alma mater Colegio de San Juan
de Letran University of
the Philippines College
of Law
University of Santo
Tomas
Yale Law School

Profession Lawyer

Signature

José P. Laurel, PLH (born José Paciano

Laurel y García; March 9, 1891 –
November 6, 1959) was a Filipino
politician and judge. He was the
president of the Second Philippine
Republic, a Japanese puppet state when
occupied during World War II, from 1943
to 1945. Since the administration of
President Diosdado Macapagal (1961–
1965), Laurel has been officially
recognized by later administrations as
former president of the Philippines.

Early life and career

In 1922, when he was an attorney.

José Paciano Laurel y García was born
on March 9, 1891 in the town of Tanauan,
Batangas. His parents were Sotero Laurel
I and Jacoba García. His father had been
an official in the revolutionary
government of Emilio Aguinaldo and a
signatory to the 1898 Malolos
Constitution.

While a teen, Laurel was indicted for

attempted murder when he almost killed
a rival suitor of the girl he stole a kiss
from with a fan knife. While studying and
finishing law school, he argued for and
received an acquittal.[1]

Laurel received his law degree from the

University of the Philippines College of
Law in 1915, where he studied under
Dean George A. Malcolm, whom he
would later succeed on the Supreme
Court. He then obtained a Master of
Laws degree from University of Santo
Tomas in 1919. Laurel then attended Yale
Law School, where he obtained his J.S.D.
degree.

Laurel began his life in public service

while a student, as a messenger in the
Bureau of Forestry then as a clerk in the
Code Committee tasked with the
codification of Philippine laws. During his
work for the Code Committee, he was
introduced to its head, Thomas A. Street,
a future Supreme Court Justice who
would be a mentor to the young Laurel.[2]

Upon his return from Yale, Laurel was

appointed first as Undersecretary of the
Interior Department, then promoted as
Secretary of the Interior in 1922. In that
post, he would frequently clash with the
American Governor-General Leonard
Wood, and eventually, in 1923, resign
from his position together with other
Cabinet members in protest of Wood's
administration. His clashes with Wood
solidified Laurel's nationalist credentials.

Laurel was an honorary member of the

Philippine fraternity Upsilon Sigma Phi.[3]

Senator and Congressman of

Senator and Congressman of
the Philippines
In 1925 Laurel was elected to the
Philippine Senate. He would serve for
one term before losing his re-election bid
in 1931 to Claro M. Recto.[4] He retired to
private practice, but by 1934, he was
again elected to public office, this time
as a delegate to the 1935 Constitutional
Convention. Hailed as one of the "Seven
Wise Men of the Convention", he would
sponsor the provisions on the Bill of
Rights.[4] Following the ratification of the
1935 Constitution and the establishment
of the Commonwealth of the Philippines,
Laurel was appointed Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court on February 29,
1936.

Associate Justice of the

Supreme Court
Laurel's Supreme Court tenure may have
been overshadowed by his presidency,
yet he remains one of the most important
Supreme Court justices in Philippine
history. He authored several leading
cases still analyzed to this day that
defined the parameters of the branches
of government as well as their powers.

Angara v. Electoral Commission , 63 Phil.

139 (1936), which is considered as the
Philippine equivalent of Marbury v.
Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803), is
Laurel's most important contribution to
jurisprudence and even the rule of law in
the Philippines. In affirming that the
Court had jurisdiction to review the
rulings of the Electoral Commission
organized under the National Assembly,
the Court, through Justice Laurel's
opinion, firmly entrenched the power of
Philippine courts to engage in judicial
review of the acts of the other branches
of government, and to interpret the
Constitution. Held the Court, through
Laurel:
The Constitution is a definition
of the powers of government.
Who is to determine the nature,
scope and extent of such
powers? The Constitution itself
has provided for the
instrumentality of the judiciary
as the rational way. And when
the judiciary mediates to
allocate constitutional
boundaries, it does not assert
any superiority over the oth er
departments; it does not in
reality nullify or invalidate an
 act of the legislature, but only
asserts the solemn and sacred
obligation assigned to it b y the
Constitution to determine
conflicting claims of authority
under the Constitution and to
establish for the parties in an
actual controversy the rights
which that instrument secures
and guarantees to them. [5]

Another highly influential decision

penned by Laurel was Ang Tibay v. CIR ,
69 Phil. 635 (1940). The Court
acknowledged in that case that the
substantive and procedural requirements
before proceedings in administrative
agencies, such as labor relations courts,
were more flexible than those in judicial
proceedings. At the same time, the Court
still asserted that the right to due
process of law must be observed, and
enumerated the "cardinal primary rights"
that must be respected in administrative
proceedings. Since then, these "cardinal
primary rights" have stood as the
standard in testing due process claims in
administrative cases.

Calalang v. Williams, 70 Phil. 726 (1940)

was a seemingly innocuous case
involving a challenge raised by a private
citizen to a traffic regulation banning
kalesas from Manila streets during
certain afternoon hours. The Court,
through Laurel, upheld the regulation as
within the police power of the
government. But in rejecting the claim
that the regulation was violative of social
justice, Laurel would respond with what
would become his most famous
aphorism, which is to this day widely
quoted by judges and memorized by
Filipino law students:

Social justice is neither

communism, nor despotism, nor
atomism, nor anarchy, but the
humanization of laws and the
equalization of social and
economic forces by the State so
that justice in its rational and
objectively secular conception
may at least be approximate d.
Social justice means the
promotion of the welfare of all
the people, the adoption b y the
Government of measures
calculated to insure economic
stability of all the competent
elements of society, through the
maintenance of a proper
economic and social equilibrium
in the interrelations of the
members of the community,
constitutionally, through the
adoption of measures legally
justifiable, or extra-
constitutionally, through the
exercise of powers underlying
the existence of all governments
on the time-honored principle of
salus populi est suprema lex .
Social justice, therefore, must be
founded on the recognition of
the necessity of interdependence
among divers and diverse units
of a society and of the
 protection that should be
equally and evenly extended to
all groups as a combined force
in our social and economic life,
consistent with the fundamental
and paramount objective of the
state of promoting the health,
comfort, and quiet of all
persons, and of bringing about
"the greatest good to the
greatest number. [6]

Presidency
 Presidential styles of

Jose P. Laurel
Reference style His Excellency[7]

Spoken style Your Excellency

Alternative style Mr. President

Postage stamps issued by the Japanese-controlled

Second Philippine Republic in commemor ation of its
first anniversary. Depicted on the stamps is
President Laurel

The presidency of Laurel understandably

remains one of the most controversial in
Philippine history. After the war, he would
be denounced by the pro-American
sectors as a war collaborator or even a
traitor, although his indictment for
treason was superseded by President
Roxas' Amnesty Proclamation. However,
despite being one of the most infamous
figures in Philippine history, he is also
regarded as a Pan-Asianist who
supported independence. When asked if
he was pro-American or pro-Japanese,
his answer would be pro-Filipino.

Accession
One of the many propaganda slogans made during
the Laurel administration. Tagalog for "One Banner,
One Nation, One Language".

When Japan invaded, President Manuel

L. Quezon first fled to Bataan and then to
the United States to establish a
government-in-exile. Quezon ordered
Laurel, Vargas and other cabinet
members to stay. Laurel's prewar, close
relationship with Japanese officials (a
son had been sent to study at the
Imperial Japanese Army Academy in
Tokyo, and Laurel had received an
honorary doctorate from Tokyo
University), placed him in a good position
to interact with the Japanese occupation
forces.

Laurel was among the Commonwealth

officials instructed by the Japanese
Imperial Army to form a provisional
government when they invaded and
occupied the country. He cooperated
with the Japanese, in contrast to Chief
Justice Abad Santos, who was shot for
refusing to cooperate. Because he was
well-known to the Japanese as a critic of
US rule, as well as having demonstrated
a willingness to serve under the
Japanese Military Administration, he held
a series of high posts in 1942–1943.
Under vigorous Japanese influence, the
National Assembly selected Laurel to
serve as President in 1943.

Domestic policies

Economy

During Laurel's tenure as President,

hunger was the main worry. Prices of
essential commodities rose to
unprecedented heights. The government
exerted every effort to increase
production and bring consumers' goods
under control. However, Japanese
rapacity had the better of it all. On the
other hand, guerrilla activities and
Japanese retaliatory measures brought
the peace and order situation to a
difficult point. Resorting to district-zoning
and domiciliary searches, coupled with
arbitrary arrests, the Japanese made the
mission of Laurel's administration
incalculably exasperating and perilous.[8]

Food shortage

During his presidency, the Philippines

faced a crippling food shortage which
demanded much of Laurel's attention.[9]
Rice and bread were still available but the
sugar supply was gone.[10] Laurel also
resisted in Japanese demands that the
Philippines issue a formal declaration of
war against the United States. He later
was forced to declare war on the USA
and Great Britain as long as Filipinos
would not have to fight.

Foreign policies

Philippine-Japanese Treaty of
Alliance

On October 20, 1943 the Philippine-

Japanese Treaty of Alliance was signed
by Claro M. Recto, who was appointed by
Laurel as his Foreign Minister, and
Japanese Ambassador to Philippines
Sozyo Murata. One redeeming feature
was that no conscription was
envisioned.[8]

Greater East Asia Conference

Greater East Asia Conference

Shortly after the inauguration of the

Second Philippine Republic, President
Laurel, together with cabinet Ministers
Recto and Paredes flew to Tokyo to
attend the Greater East Asia Conference
which was an international summit held
in Tokyo, Japan from November 5 – 6,
1943, in which Japan hosted the heads
of state of various component members
of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere. The conference was also
referred to as the Tokyo Conference.

The Conference addressed few issues of

any substance, but was intended from
the start as a propaganda show piece, to
illustrate the Empire of Japan's
commitments to the Pan-Asianism ideal
and to emphasize its role as the
"liberator" of Asia from Western
colonialism.[11]

Martial law
Laurel declared the country under martial
law in 1944 through Proclamation No. 29,
dated September 21. Martial law came
into effect on September 22, 1944 at
9 am.. Proclamation No. 30 was issued
the next day, declaring the existence of a
state of war between the Philippines and
the United States and the United
Kingdom. This took effect on September
23, 1944 at 10:00 A.M..

Resistance

Due to the nature of Laurel's government

and its connection to Japan, much of the
population actively resisted his
presidency,[12] supporting the exiled
Commonwealth government;[13] as can
be expected. However, this doesn't mean
that his government did not have forces
against the anti-Japanese resistance and
the ongoing Philippine Commonwealth
military.[13]

Assassination attempt

On June 5, 1943, Laurel was playing golf

at the Wack Wack Golf Course in
Mandaluyong when he was shot around
four times with a 45 caliber pistol.[14] The
bullets barely missed his heart and
liver.[14] He was rushed by his golfing
companions, among them FEU president
Nicanor Reyes Sr., to the Philippine
General Hospital where he was operated
by the Chief Military Surgeon of the
Japanese Military Administration and
Filipino surgeons.[14] Laurel enjoyed a
speedy recovery.

Two suspects to the shooting were

reportedly captured and swiftly executed
by the Kempetai.[15] Another suspect, a
former boxer named Feliciano Lizardo,
was presented for identification by the
Japanese to Laurel at the latter's hospital
bed, but Laurel then professed unclear
memory.[15] However, in his 1953
memoirs, Laurel would admit that
Lizardo, by then one of his bodyguards
who had pledged to give his life for him,
was indeed the would-be-assassin.[15]
Still, the historian Teodoro Agoncillo in
his book on the Japanese occupation,
identified a captain with a guerilla unit as
the shooter.[15]

Dissolution of the regime

Laurel (left) being taken into U.S. custody at Osaka

Airport in 1945, along with Benigno Aquino Sr.
(center) and José Laurel III.
On July 26, 1945, the Potsdam
Declaration served upon Japan an
ultimatum to surrender or face utter
annihilation. The Japanese government
refused the offer. On August 6, 1945,
Hiroshima, with some 300,000
inhabitants, was almost totally destroyed
by an atomic bomb dropped from an
American plane. Two days later, the
Soviet Union declared war against
Japan.[16] The next day, August 9, 1945, a
second atomic bomb was dropped on
Nagasaki. The Allied Forces' message
now had a telling effect: Japan
unconditionally surrendered to the Allied
Powers on August 15, 1945.[8]
Since April 1945, President Laurel,
together with his family and Cabinet
member Camilo Osías, Speaker Benigno
Aquino Sr., Gen. Tomas Capinpin, and
Ambassador Jorge B. Vargas, had been
in Japan. Evacuated from Baguio shortly
after the city fell, they traveled to Aparri
and thence, on board Japanese planes,
had been taken to Japan. Laurel was put
in Sugamo prison then was later
transferred to Nara for house arrest. On
August 17, 1945, from Nara Hotel in
Nara, Japan, President Laurel issued an
Executive Proclamation which declared
the dissolution of his regime.[8]
President Jose Paciano G. Laurel Sr. is
the only Philippine President who served
the three branches of government. He
became a senator-congressman,
associate justice and a president of the
second republic.

Post-presidency
1949 presidential election

On September 2, 1945, the Japanese

forces formally surrendered to the United
States. Gen. Douglas MacArthur ordered
Laurel arrested for collaborating with the
Japanese. In 1946 he was charged with
132 counts of treason, but he was never
brought to trial due to the general
amnesty granted by President Manuel
Roxas in 1948.[17] Laurel ran for president
against Elpidio Quirino in 1949 but lost in
what future Secretary of Foreign Affairs
Carlos P. Romulo and Marvin M. Gray
considered as the dirtiest election in
Philippine electoral history.[18]

Return to the senate

At Malacañan Palace, 1955. Clockwise, from top

left: Senator Edmundo Cea, Former President José
P. Laurel Sr., Senator Primicias, Senate President
Eulogio A. Rodriguez Sr., President Ramon F.
Magsaysay, & House Speaker José B. Laurel Jr.

Laurel garnered the biggest votes and

was elected to the Senate in 1951, under
the Nacionalista Party. He was urged to
run for President in 1953, but declined,
working instead for the successful
election of Ramon Magsaysay.
Magsaysay appointed Laurel head of a
mission tasked with negotiating trade
and other issues with United States
officials, the result being known as the
Laurel–Langley Agreement.

Retirement and death

Laurel considered his election to the
Senate as a vindication of his reputation.
He declined to run for re-election in 1957.
He retired from public life, concentrating
on the development of the Lyceum of the
Philippines established by his family.

During his retirement, Laurel stayed in a

1957 3-story, 7-bedroom mansion in
Mandaluyong City, dubbed "Villa
Pacencia" after Laurel's wife. The home
was one of three residences constructed
by the Laurel family, the other two being
in Tanauan, Batangas and in Paco,
Manila (called "Villa Peñafrancia"). In
2008, the Laurel family sold "Villa
Pacencia" to Ex-Senate President Manny
Villar and his wife Cynthia.[19]

On November 6, 1959, Laurel died at the

Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, in
Manila,[20] from a massive heart attack
and a stroke. He is buried in Tanauan,
Batangas.

Personal life
He married Pacencia Hidalgo on April 9,
1911[21]. The couple had nine children:

José Laurel Jr. (August 27, 1912 –

March 11, 1998), member of the
Philippine National Assembly from
Batangas from 1943 to 1944,
Congressman from Batangas' Third
District from 1941 to 1957 and from
1961 to 1972, Speaker of the House of
Representatives of the Philippines
from 1954 to 1957 and from 1967 to
1971, Assemblyman of Regular
Batasang Pambansa from 1984 to
1986, Member of the Philippine
Constitutional Commission of 1986
from June 2 to October 15, 1986 and a
running-mate of Carlos P. Garcia of the
Nacionalista Party in Philippine
presidential election of 1957, placed
second in the vice-presidential race
against Diosdado Macapagal of Liberal
Party (Philippines)
José Laurel III (August 27, 1914 –
January 6, 2003) ambassador to
Japan
Natividad Laurel (born December 25,
1916)
Sotero Laurel II (September 27, 1918 –
September 16, 2009) Senator of the
Philippines from 1987 to 1992 became
Senate President pro tempore from
1990 to 1992
Mariano Antonio Laurel (January 17,
1922 - August 2, 1979)[22][23]
Rosenda Pacencia Laurel (born
January 9, 1925)
Potenciana "Nita" Laurel-Yupangco
(born May 19, 1926)
Salvador Laurel (November 18, 1928 –
January 27, 2004) Senator of the
Philippines from 1967 to 1972, Prime
Minister of the Philippines from
February 25 to March 25, 1986,
Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the
Philippines from March 25, 1986 to
February 2, 1987, Vice President of the
Philippines from February 25, 1986 to
June 30, 1992 and a presidential
candidate of the Nacionalista Party in
Philippine presidential election of 1992
placed seventh in the presidential race
against Fidel V. Ramos
Arsenio Laurel (December 14, 1931 –
November 19, 1967) He was the first
two-time winner of the Macau Grand
 Prix, winning it consecutively in 1962
and 1963

Descendants

Roberto Laurel, grandson, President of

Lyceum of the Philippines University-
Manila and Lyceum of the Philippines
University-Cavite, son of Sotero Laurel
(3rd son of José P. Laurel)
Peter Laurel, grandson, President of
Lyceum of the Philippines University-
Batangas and Lyceum of the
Philippines University-Laguna
Jose Bayani "JB" Laurel Jr., UNIDO
Party list, grandson
Camille Isabella I. Laurel, UNIDO Party
list, great-granddaughter
Ann Maria Margarette I. Laurel great-
grand daughter
Jose Antonio Miguel I. Laurel, great-
grandson
Franco Laurel, great-grandson, singer
and actor
Rajo Laurel, great-grandson, fashion
designer
Cocoy Laurel, grandson, actor
Iwi Laurel-Asensio, granddaughter,
singer and entrepreneur
Patty Laurel, granddaughter, TV host
and former MTV VJ
 José Laurel IV, grandson,
representative of the 3rd District of
Batangas, son of José B. Laurel Jr.
Denise Laurel, great-granddaughter,
actress and singer
Nicole Laurel-Asensio, great-
granddaughter, lead singer of General
Luna band.

See also
Laurel Incident

Notes
1. G.R. No. L-7037, March 15, 1912
2. American Colonial Careerist, p. 104
3. Company, Fookien Times Publishing
(1986). The Fookien Times Philippines
Yearbook . Fookien Times. p. 226.
ISBN 9789710503506.
4. Justices of the Supreme Court, p. 175
5. "G.R. No. L-45081" . lawphil.net.
Retrieved 23 January 2017.
6. "G.R. No. 47800 December 2, 1940 -
MAXIMO CALALANG v. A. D. WILLIAMS" .
chanrobles.com. Retrieved 23 January
2017.
7. "Official Program Aquino Inaugural
(Excerpts)" . Archived from the original
on February 12, 2015.
8. Molina, Antonio. The Philippines:
Through the centuries. Manila: University
of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Prin
9. By Sword and By Fire, p. 137
10. Joaquin, Nick (1990). Manila, My
Manila. Vera-Reyes, Inc.
11. Gordon, Andrew (2003). The Modern
History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times
to the Present . Oxford University Press.
p. 211. ISBN 0-19-511060-9. Retrieved
April 13, 2008.
12. "Philippine History" . DLSU-Manila.
Archived from the original on August 22,
2006. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
“Japan's efforts to win Filipino loyalty
found expression in the establishment
(Oct. 14, 1943) of a "Philippine Republic",
with José P. Laurel, former supreme court
justice, as president. But the people
suffered greatly from Japanese brutality,
and the puppet government gained little
support.”
13. Halili, M.c. (2004). Philippine history .
Rex Bookstore, Inc. pp. 235–241.
ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9. Retrieved
January 27, 2011.
14. Ocampo, Ambeth (2000) [1995]. "The
Irony of Tragedy". Bonifacio's Bolo (4th
ed.). Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. p. 60.
ISBN 971-27-0418-1.
15. Ocampo, Ambeth (2000) [1995]. "The
Irony of Tragedy". Bonifacio's Bolo (4th
ed.). Pasig City: Anvil Publishing. p. 61.
ISBN 971-27-0418-1.
16. Molina, Antonio. The Philippines:
Through the centuries. Manila: University
of Santo Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.
17. "Proclamation No. 51" . Presidential
Communications Development and
Strategic Planning Office. Republic of the
Philippines. Retrieved January 25, 2011.
18. "Elpidio Quirino" . Retrieved
2009-08-09.
19. Gerry Lirio (July 13, 2008). "Villars
take over storied Laurel house on Shaw
Blvd" . Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived
from the original on February 9, 2009.
Retrieved March 22, 2009.
20. Justices of the Supreme Court, p. 176
21. Register of the Jose P. Laurel Papers
22. Mariano Antonio Laurel's Birth
Register
23. Mariano Laurel's Death Certificate

Jose P. Laurel also elected as

Congressman prior to presidency. Please
include in his political experience.

References
References
Laurel, Jose P. (1953). Bread and
Freedom.
Zaide, Gregorio F. (1984). Philippine
History and Government. National
Bookstore Printing Press.
Sevilla, Victor J. (1985). Justices of the
Supreme Court of the Philippines Vol. I.
Quezon City, Philippines: New Day
Publishers. pp. 79–80, 174–176.
ISBN 971-10-0134-9.
Malcolm, George A. (1957). American
Colonial Careerist. United States of
America: Christopher Publishing
House. pp. 103–104, 96–97, 139, 249–
251.
 Aluit, Alfonso (1994). By Sword and
Fire: The Destruction of Manila in World
War II February 3 – March 3, 1945.
Philippines: National Commission for
Culture and the Arts. pp. 134–138.
ISBN 971-8521-10-0.
Ocampo, Ambeth (2000) [1995]. "The
Irony of Tragedy". Bonifacio's Bolo (4th
ed.). Pasig City: Anvil Publishing.
pp. 60–61. ISBN 971-27-0418-1.
[1]

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 Wikisource has original text related to
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Author:Jose P. Laurel

Works by or about José P. Laurel at

Internet Archive
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The Philippine Presidency Project
"JOSE LAUREL DIES; FILIPINO LEADER;
Head of Wartime Japanese Puppet
Regime – Lost Race for President in
1949" . New York Times. November 6,
1959. Retrieved January 8, 2008.
 Legal offices

Preceded by
Associate Justice of the Supreme
George A.
1936–1941
Malcolm

Political offices

Preceded by
Manuel L.
President of the Republic of th
Quezon
Philippines
as president
October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1
of the
Philippines

Preceded by
Jorge B.
Vargas (de
facto)
President of the Republic of th
as Presiding
Philippines
Officer of
 the October 14, 1943 – August 17, 1
Philippine
Executive
Commission

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