A

Seminar Report
On
SMART GRID

SUBMITTED BY:
SIDDHANT KUMAR SRIVASTAVA-1509120092
VIVEK KUMAR-1509120110

Under the Guidance of

Asst. Prof. RAJ KUMAR

JSS ACADEMY OF
TECHNICAL
EDUCATION
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGGINEERING
C-20/1, Sector-62, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201301
Acknowledgement
we would like to show my greatest appreciation to Asst.Prof. RAJ KUMAR.
We can’t say thank you enough for his tremendous support and help. we
feel motivated and encouraged every time we attend his meeting. Without
his encouragement and guidance this Seminar would not have materialized.

The guidance and support received from all the members who contributed
and who are contributing to this project, was vital for the success of the
project. We are grateful for their constant support and help.

Contents

1. Introduction
2. Principle

3. Working

4. Tidal steam generation

5. Tidal steam Generator designs

6. Resource assessment

7. Advantages of tidal energy

8.Disadvantage of tidal energy

9.Scope in India

Introduction
Tidal stream turbines are often described as underwater
windmills. They are driven by the Underwater energy of
moving water in a similar way that wind turbines use
moving air. The generator is placed into a marine current
that typically results when water being moved by tidal
forces comes up against, or moves around, an obstacle or
through a constriction such as a passage between two
masses of land. There are sufficient numbers of such
fast-flowing underwater currents around the world to make
this form of marine renewable energy worth pursuing. Tidal
stream turbines are often described as underwater
windmills.

PRINCIPLE

Underwater turbines operate on the same principles that wind turbines use a flow of
fluid moves a set of blades creating mechanical energy which is then converted to
electrical energy. They are equally troublesome for environmentalists, as wind
turbines interrupt bird flights just as water turbines can disturb underwater life. One
advantages water turbine enjoy over other sources of renewable energy is a
predictable tide table.

Ocean energy device works on the same principles as a windmill, where large
underwater rotors, shaped like propellers, are driven by the huge mass of flowing
water to be found at certain places in the sea. The technology consists of rotors
mounted on steel piles (tubular steel columns) set Into a socket drilled in the seabed.
The rotors are driven by the flow of water in much the same way that windmill rotors
are driven by the wind, the main difference being that water is more than 800 times as
dense as air, so quite slow velocities in water will generate significant amounts of
power. The energy generated, being derived from tides has the added significant
advantage of being predictable.

WORKING
Tidal Stream is the name given to the horizontal flow of water through the oceans caused by
the continuous ebb and flood of the tide, which as we know is the vertical up-down
movement of the oceans water. Unlike water currents which are a continuous, unidirectional
and form a steady horizontal movement of water flowing down a river or stream etc, a tidal
stream or tidal current, changes its speed, direction and horizontal movement regularly
according to the forces of the tide controlling it.

Tidal stream generation is a non-barrage tidal scheme, unlike tidal fence energy which uses a
physical barrier to extract the energy. Tidal stream systems extract the kinetic energy (energy
in motion) from moving water generated by the tides without altering the environment
thereby making it a hydrokinetic energy system.

At or near the coast, the ebb and flood of the tides causes the oceans waters to pile up
resulting in a high tide along the beach, with some of this water being forced into tidal inlets,
basins and estuaries while the majority is forced sideways along the shore. This movement of
the tidal range amplified by geographical features along the coastline, focuses these tidal
currents into a single predictable and concentrated form of renewable energy which we can
exploit using a tidal stream generator. A tidal stream is usually stronger nearer to the coast
where the sea water is naturally shallower causing the water to speed, than it is farther out in
deeper depths

Tidal Stream Generation is very similar in many ways to the principles of wind power
generation. Horizontal turbine generators called “tidal turbines” or “marine current turbines”
are placed on the ocean floor, the stream currents flow across the turbine blades powering a
generator much like how wind turns the blades of wind power turbines. In fact, in some tidal
stream generation areas the sea bed looks just like underwater wind farm with arrays of tidal
stream generators covering large areas.

The generated tidal electricity is then transmitted to the shore via long underwater electrical
cables called submarine cables. These offshore tidal turbines can be either partially or fully
submerged beneath the surface of the water, with partially submerged turbines being easier
and less costly for maintenance

While tidal stream installations reduce some of the environmental effects of large man-made
tidal barrages, major ocean currents like the Gulf Stream, travel at speeds significantly slower
than the wind. However, as water is 784 times more dense than air (which is why we can see
water and not air), a single tidal generator sitting on the sea bed can provide a significant
amount of ocean current energy at low tidal stream velocities which is far superior to wind,
using similar or identical turbine technology.

Since energy output varies with the density of the medium, ( Kg/cm3 ) and the cube of the
velocity, ( m3/s ), we can see that a 10 mph (about 8.6 knots in nautical terms) ocean tidal
current would have an energy output equal or greater than a 90 mph wind speed for the same
size of turbine system. Therefore, even small increases in velocity can lead to substantial
changes in the amount of available power and therefore, smaller faster rotating tidal turbine
generators can be used in a ocean based tidal stream system.

As the kinetic energy content of a tidal stream flows per unit time, which is the same as the
hydro power ( P ), the available energy can be calculated in terms of velocity ( V ), swept
cross-sectional area ( A ) perpendicular to the stream flow direction, and the density of the
water ( ρ ), which for sea water is approximately 1025 kg/m3. Providing the velocity is uniform
across the cross-sectional area, at any instant in the tidal cycle the amount of energy available
will be: P = ½ ρ A.V3.

This cubic relationship between velocity and power is the same as that for the power curves
relating to wind turbines, but there are practical limits to the amount of power that can be
extracted from tidal streams. Some of these limits relate to the design of the tidal stream
turbines and the characteristics of the underwater resource.

Tidal Stream Generator Designs

Unlike off-shore wind power which can suffer from storm or heavy sea damage, tidal or
marine current turbines operate just below the sea surface or are permanently fixed to the sea
bed. Most submerged tidal turbines essentially operate in the same way as a wind turbine and
are fastened to the ocean floor, with water pushing the turbine instead of the wind. These
turbines have an axis of rotation horizontal to the ground and operates like a traditional
windmill consisting of a rotor, a gearbox, and an electrical generator. These three parts are
mounted onto a steel support structure with the three main types of support being a gravity
structure, a sunken piled structure or a tripod structure as shown
 Tidal
Stream Generator
Supports

Types of
turbine in tidal
stream
generator
Horizontal axis tidal
stream turbine

In this type of tidal

stream turbine rotation
axis of blades is parallel to the direction of water
stream flow. Because all three blades rotate at a time so there rapid rotation and low torque
make then ahead all other types of turbine.

Vertical axis tidal

stream turbine
Axis of rotation in this type is
perpendicular to the direction
of flow of water stream. Their
biggest advantages is that they
can produce electricity in any
direction of stream flow but
their
disadvantages is that their one
blades always appose the
rotation of the turbine.

Reciprocating devices
(oscillating
hydrofoils)
In this type blades instead of
rotating, oscillate up and down
due to the lift created when
water
flow over and beneath the
blade of the turbine
Venturi effect tidal
devices
Duct section concentrate the
flow from a larger area to a
smaller area due to which
velocity
increase and thus smaller
turbine as compared to normal
horizontal axis turbine can be
used to
produce the electricity

TURBINE
POWER
Tidal energy converters can
have varying modes of
operating and therefore
varying
power output. If the power
coefficient of the device " Cp "
is known, the equation below
can be used to determine the
power output of the
hydrodynamic subsystem of
the
machine. This available power cannot exceed that imposed by the Betz limit on the
power coefficient, although this can be circumvented to some degree by placing
a turbine in a shroud or duct. This works, in essence, by forcing water which would not
have flowed through the turbine through the rotor disk. In these situations it is the frontal
area of the duct, rather than the turbine, which is used in calculating the power
coefficient and therefore the Betz limit still applies to the device as a whole.
The energy available from these kinetic systems can be expressed as:
The energy available from these kinetic systems can be expressed as:
P=pAV^3/Cp
where:
Cp=the turbine power coefficient
P=the power generated (in watts)
p= the density of the water (seawater is 1027 kg/m³)
A=the sweep area of the turbine (in m²)
V=the velocity of the flow
Relative to an open turbine in free stream, ducted turbines are capable of as much as 3
to 4 times the power of the same turbine rotor in open flow.

Resource assessment
While initial assessments of the available energy in a channel
have focus on calculations using the kinetic energy flux model,
the limitations of tidal power generation are significantly more
complicated. For example, the maximum physical possible
energy extraction from a strait connecting two large basins is
given to within 10% by:
P=0.22*p*g*Hmax*Qmax
where
p= the density of the water (seawater is 1027 kg/m³)
g = gravitational acceleration (9.80665 m/s2)
Hmax = maximum differential water surface elevation across the
channel
Qmax = maximum volumetric flow rate though the channel.

Advantages of Tidal Energy

•Tidal energy is a renewable energy resource because the energy it produces is free and clean as
no fuel is needed and no waste bi-products are produced.
•Tidal energy has the potential to produce a great deal of free and green energy.
•Tidal energy is not expensive to operate and maintain compared to other forms of renewable
energies.
•Low visual impact as the tidal turbines are mainly if not totally submerged beneath the water.
•Low noise pollution as any sound generated is transmitted through the water.
•High predictability as high and low tides can be predicted years in advance, unlike wind.
•Tidal barrages provide protection against flooding and land damage.
•Large tidal reservoirs have multiple uses and can create recreational lakes and areas where
before there were none.

Disadvantages of Tidal Energy

•Tidal energy is not always a constant energy source as it depends on the strength and flow of
the tides which themselves are effected by the gravitational effects of the moon and the sun.
•Tidal Energy requires a suitable site, where the tides and tidal streams are consistently strong.
•Must be able to withstand forces of nature resulting in high capital, construction and
maintenance costs.
•High power distribution costs to send the generated power from the submerged devices to the
land using long underwater cables.
•Intermittent power generation, only generates power ten hours a day during the ebb and flow
of the tides
•Changes to estuary ecosystem and an increase in coastal erosion where the tides are
concentrated.
•Build up of silt, sediments and pollutants within the tidal barrage from rivers and streams
flowing into basin as it is unable to flow out into the sea.
•Danger to fish and other sea-life as they get stuck in the barrage or sucked through the tidal
turbine blades.

Scope in India
The Gujarat goverment is all set to develop India’s first tidal energy plant. The state
government has approved Rs 25 crore for setting up the 50 MW plant at the Gulf of Kutch. It will
produce energy from the ocean tides.
The state government signed a MoU with Atlantis Resource Corporation last year to develop the
plant. The proposal was approved in this year’s budget session ,says Rajkumar Raisinghani,
senior executive with Gujarat Power Corporation Limited (GPCL). Atlantis Resource Corporation
is a UK-based developer of tidal current turbines. The equipment has been imported and work
will start anytime soon. We are awaiting Coastal Regulation Zone clearance from Ministry of
Environment and Forests, which is expected so ,adds Raisinghani.
According to the GPCL officials, if this 50 MW plant is successfully commissioned, its capacity
will be increased to 200 MW. As per a study conducted by Atlantis Resource Corporation and
the state government two years ago, the Gulf of Kutch has a total potential of 300 MW. The
biggest operating tidal station in the world, La Rance in France, generates 240 MW.
According to the estimates of the Indian government, the country has a potential of 8,000 MW
of tidal energy. This includes about 7,000 MW in the Gulf of Cambay in Gujarat, 1,200 MW in the
Gulf of Kutch and 100 MW in the Gangetic delta in the Sunderbans region of West Bengal.

REFERANCES

1) Faculties
2) Internet
 Wikipedia.com
www.ijeecs.org

https://www.ieee.org/