Beruflich Dokumente
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GRADIENT
PROBLEMS
2) Find the directional derivative of f(x, y, z) = x2yz + 4xz2 at (1, -2, -1) along 2i – j – 2k
Ans: 37/3
3) Find the directional derivative of the function f = x2 – y2 + 2z2 at P(1, 2, 3) in the direction
of PQ where Q = (5, 0, 4).
Ans: 28/√21
5) What is the directional derivative of φ = xy2 + yz3 at P(2, -1, 1) in the direction of a normal
to the surface x log z – y2 = -4 at A(-1, 2, 1).
Ans: 15/√17
6) Find the directional derivative of f = y / (x2 + y2) at P(0, 1) along the line which makes an
angle 30° with positive x – axis.
Ans: -1/2
ACE Academy VECTOR CALCULUS 51
7) In what direction from the point (1, 1, -1) is the directional derivative of f = x2 – 2y2 + 4z2
is a maximum ?
Ans: 2 i - 4 j – 8 k
9) If r = x i + y j + z k and r = | r | then
i) ∇ f(r) = f1(r) r
r
ii) ∇(rn) = n rn – 2 r
iv) ∇(r) = ( r / r) = r
v) ∇(1/r) = -r / r3
10) Find the angle between the surfaces x2 + y2 + z2 = 9 and z = x2 + y2 – 3 at the point
(2, -1, 2)
Ans: Cos-1 (8 / (3√21))
11) Find the equation for the tangent plane to the surface 2xz2 – 3xy – 4x = 7 at the point
(1, -1, 2)
Ans: 7x – 3y + 8z = 26
13) grad( r . a) = a
where r = x i + y j + z k
14) grad[ r . ( a × b)] = a × b
DIVERGENCE
If A(x, y, z) = A1 i + A2 j + A3 k, then divergence of A written as ∇ . A defined by
∇ . A = ∂A1 + ∂A2 + ∂A3
∂x ∂y ∂z
* ∇ . A is a scalar function
*∇.A≠A.∇
* ∇ . A = 0 ⇒ A is solenoidal
* ∇ . (∇φ) = ∇2φ
* ∇2φ = 0 is called Laplace’s equation
* ∇2 is Laplacian operator
52 BASIC ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ACE Academy
PROBLEMS
1) If r = x i + y j + z k then ∇ . r = Ans: 3
10) ∇ . ( r × a) = Ans: 0
CURL
* ∇ × A is a vector function.
VECTOR IDENTITIES
If A and B are differentiable vector functions, and f and g are differentiable scalar
functions of position (x, y, z), then
1) ∇(f + g) = ∇f + ∇g
3) ∇ . (A + B) = (∇ . A) + (∇ . B)
4) ∇ × (A + B) = (∇ ×A) + (∇ × B)
5) ∇ . (fA) = (∇f) . A + f (∇ . A)
6) ∇ × (fA) = (∇f) × A + f (∇ × A)
7) ∇ . (A × B) = B . (∇ × A) – A . (∇ × B)
8) ∇ × (∇φ) = 0
9) ∇ . (∇ × A) = 0
10) ∇ × (∇ × A) = ∇ (∇ . A) - ∇2A
PROBLEMS
a) ∇ . (rn r ) = Ans:(n + 3) rn
b) ∇ . ( r / r3) = Ans:0
c) ∇ . ( r / r) = Ans:2/r
d) ∇ × ( rn r ) = Ans: 0
e) ∇ × ( r / r2) = Ans: 0
5) ∇ . [ a × ( r × a )] = Ans: 2a2
54 BASIC ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ACE Academy
VECTOR INTEGRATION
LINE INTEGRALS: In general, any integral which is to be evaluated along a curve is called a
line integral
Let r = x i + y j + z k be the positive vector of any point (x, y, z) on a curve C joining
the points P1and P2.
We assume that C is composed of a finite number of curves for each of which r(u) has
a continuous derivative
Let A(x, y, z) = A1 i + A2 j + A3 k be a differentiable vector function. Then the
integral of tangential component of A along C from P1 to P2 is
P1 P2
∫ A . dr = ∫ A1 dx + A2 dy + A3 dz
P2 P1
* If A is the force F on a particle moving along C, this line integral represents the work done
by the force.
∫ A.dr
C
In Aerodynamics and fluid mechanics this integral is called the circulation of A about C,
where A represents the fluid velocity.
P2
1) ∫ A . d r is independent of path C joining P1 and P2 in R
P1
PROBLEMS
1). If F =3xy i – y2 j, evaluate ∫ F . d r along C where C is the curve in the xy plane, y = 2x2
from (0, 0) to (1, 2).
Ans: -7/6
3) Find the total work done in moving a particle in a force field given by
F = (3x2 + 6y) i – 14yz j + 20xz2 k along the straight line joining (0, 0, 0) to (1, 1, 1)
Ans: 13/3
4) If F = (2xy + z3) i + x2 j + 3xz2 k is irrotational then find the scalar function φ, Such that
F = ∇φ.
Ans: φ = x2y + xz3
5) In the previous example, find the work done by F in moving an object in this field from
(1, -2, 1) to (3, 1, 4).
Ans: 202
SURFACE INTEGRALS
PROBLEMS
Note: ∫∫ dS = Area of S
S
56 BASIC ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ACE Academy
VOLUME INTEGRALS
GREEN’S THEOREM
1) Evaluate ∫ (xy + y2) dx + x2 dy where C is the closed curve of the region bounded by y = x
C
and y = x2.
Ans: -1/20
2) Evaluate ∫ (3x + 4y) dx + (2x – 3y) dy where C is a circle of radius 2 with center at origin
C
in the xy – plane, is traversed in the positive sense.
Ans: -8π
3) Evaluate ∫ (3x2 – 8y2) dx + (4y – 6xy) dy where C is the boundary of the region defined by
C
x = 0, y = 0, x + y = 1.
Ans: 5/3
4) Evaluate ∫ F . d r where F = (x2 + y2) i – 2xy j and C is the rectangle in the xy – plane
C
bounded by x = 0, x = 2, y = 0, y = 3.
Ans: -36
PROBLEMS
STOKE’S THEOREM
Let S is an open, two – sided surface bounded by a simple closed curve and A(x, y, z)
is a differentiable vector function then
∫ A . d r = ∫∫ (∇ × A) . n dS where C is traversed in the positive direction.
C S
PROBLEMS
3) Evaluate ∫ A . d r where A = (2x – y) i – yz2 j – y2z k and C is the boundary of the upper
C
half surface of the sphere x2 + y2 + z2 = 1
Ans: π
58 BASIC ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS ACE Academy
1. The directional derivative of f(x, y) = 2x2 + 3y2 + z2 at point P(2, 1, 3) in the direction of
the vector a = i – 2k is (GATE’94)
a) 4 / √5 b) – 4 / √5 c) √5/4 d) - √5/4
2. The derivative of f(x, y) at point (1, 2) in the direction of vector i + j is 2√2 and in the
direction of the vector –2j is –3. Then the derivative of f(x, y) in direction –i – 2j is
(GATE’95)
a) 2√2 + 3/2 b) – 7/√5 c) - 2√2 – 3/2 d) 1/√5
3. The directional derivative of the function f(x,y,z) = x+y at the point P(1,1,0) along the
direction i + j is (GATE’96)
a) 1 / √2 b) √2 c) - √2 d) 2
4. For the function ∅ = ax2 y – y3 to represent the velocity potential of an ideal fluid, ∇2 ∅
should be equal to zero. In that case, the value of ‘a’ has to be: (GATE’99)
a) -1 b) 1 c) -3 d) 3
5. The directional derivative of the following function at (1, 2) in the direction of (4i + 3j) is:
f(x, y) = x2 + y2 (GATE’02)
a) 4 /5 b) 4 c) 2 / 5 d) 1
7. Value of the integral ჶ (xydy – y2dx), where, c is the square cut from the first quadrant by
c
the line x = 1 and y = 1 will be (Use Green’s theorem to change the line integral into
double integral) (GATE’05)
a) ½ b) 1 c) 3/2 d) 5/3
8. The line integral ∫ V.dr of the vector function V(r) = 2xyzi + x2 zj + x2 yk from the origin
to the point P (1,1,1) (GATE’05)
a) is 1 b) is zero c) is -1 (d) cannot be determined without specifying the path
KEY
1. b 2. b 3. b 4. d 5. b 6. c 7. c 8. a
ACE Academy VECTOR CALCULUS 59
10. f(x) = |x| is a function defined for real 16. For a scalar function
numbers x. The directional derivative f(x, y, z) = x2 + 3y2 + 2z2, the gradient
of f at x = 0 in the direction d = −1 is at the point P(1, 2, −1) is
(PI-2007-1M) (CE-2009-1M)
(a) 1 (b) 0 (a) 2i + 6 j + 4k (b) 2i + 12 j − 4k
−1 (c) 2i + 12 j + 4k (d) 56
(c) (d) −1
2
17. For a scalar function
11. Divergence of the vector field f(x, y, z) = x2 + 3y2 + 2z2, the
v(x, y, z) = −(x cosxy + y)i + directional derivative at the point
(y cosxy)j + [(sinz2) + x2 + y2] k is P(1, 2, −1) in the direction of a vector
(EE-2007-1M) i - j + 2k is (CE-2009-2M)
(a) 2z cosz2
(b) sin xy + 2z cosz2 (a) −18 (b) −3 6 (c) 3 6 (d) 18
(c) x sinxy – cosz
(d) none of these 18. If a vector field V is related to another
field A through V = ∇ × A , which of
12. Consider points P and Q in xy – plane
the following is true? (EC-2009-2M)
with P = (1, 0) and Q = (0, 1). The line
Q Note: C and SC refer to any closed
integral 2 ∫ (x dx + y dy) along the contour and any surface whose
P boundary is C.
semicircle with the line segment PQ as
its diameter. (EC-2008-2M) (a) ∫ V ⋅ dl = ∫∫ A ⋅ ds
SC
C
(a) is −1 (b) is 0 (c) 1
(d) depends on the direction (clockwise (b) ∫ A ⋅ dl = ∫∫ V ⋅ ds
C SC
(or) anti-clickwise) of the semi
circle. (c) ∫ ∇ × V ⋅ dl = ∫∫ ∇ × A ⋅ ds
C SC
(ME-2008-1M)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 19. A sphere of unit radius is centered at
the origin. The unit normal at a point
14. The directional derivative of the scalar (x, y, z) on the surface of the sphere is
function f(x, y, z) = x2 + 2y2 + z at the the vector. (IN-2009-1M)
point P = (1, 1, 2) in the direction of 1 1 1
the vector a = 3i − 4 j is(ME-2008-2M) (a) (x, y, z) (b) , ,
3 3 3
(a) −4 (b) −2 (c) −1 (d) 1
x y z x y z
(c) , , (d) , ,
15. If r is the position vector of any point 3 3 3 2 2 2
on a closed surface S that encloses the
volume V then ∫∫ (r ⋅ ds) is equal to 20. The divergence of the vector field
S 3xz î + 2xy ĵ − yz 2 k̂ at a point (1, 1, 1)
(PI-2008-1M) is equal to (ME-2009-1M)
1
(a) V (b) V (c) 2V (d) 3V
2 (a) 7 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 0
ACE Academy VECTOR CALCULUS 61
B
3
X 2 C
A
π π π 1
(a) -1 (b) +1 (c) (d) 1
2 2 2
X
2 2 0
22. F(x, y) = (x + xy) â x + (y +xy) â y . Its 1/√3 2/√3
line integral over the straight line from
(x, y) = (0, 2) to (x, y) = (2, 0) 2
(a) 0 (b)
evaluates to (EE-2009-2M) 3
(a) −8 (b) 4
(c) 1 (d) 2 3
(c) 8 (d) 0
( )
25. c
(c) î + ˆj + k̂ (d) 3 î + ĵ + k̂