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In this paper the qualitative properties of an inviscid, incompressible, two-dimensional fluid are examined. Starting from
the equations of motion we derive a series of equations that govei'n the behavior of the spatial gradients of the vorticity
scalar. The growth of these gradients is related to the transfer of enstrophy (integral of squared vortieity) to the small scales
of the fluid motion.
t=0; t9=1)0(~ ).
then
It is known [5] that there exist smooth, global
solutions to (1) where b 0 and D are smooth. dC
Furthermore, these solutions conserve the total C,+~'VC- dt - 0 . (5)
J. Weiss / The dynamics of enstrophy transfer in 2D hydrodynamics 275
dC A~ = i ~-~-C~, (18)
dt - 0. (12)
276 J. Weiss / The dynamics of enstrophy transfer in 2D hydrodynamics
/~ = k x + iky,
k=(kx,k, ).
-
Dw=
(°.)
Dw
CL = ICt:.le its,
with B given by (21).
~ = I/~lei~ , We recall, from eq. (14), that
we find A (oc)
(24)
DC= DC = - DA "
IAk] = ]C~I, (19a)
Thus eq. (20) describes the evolution of com-
a = -rr/2 + 2q, +/3. (19b)
plex gradients of the vorticity, complex gradients
of any passive scalar, and certain gradients of the
Furthermore, eq. (14) indicates that the quan-
strain.
tity D C (essentially the gradient of the vorticity)
It is immediate that
is of a certain interest, being simply related to the
corresponding derivatives of a. tr B = 0, (25a)
By applying the operators, D and D to eq. (12)
it is found, after some algebraic simplification, B 2 =
¼(AX- C 2 ) I = ~tr A 2 I.
I
(25b)
that
The eigenvalues of B, w +, satisfy the equation
C = C0, (28)
B=( ½iC -½a} (21)
- 1-
2A _2i C " AA - C 2 = AA - C,~. (29)
J. Weiss / The dynamics of enstrophy transfer in 2D hydrodynamics 277
Now, if A is slowly changing (with respect to West, Lindenberg and Seshardi [15] have
DC) along a particle path (see eq. (12)) eq. (27) demonstrated that when one assumes that A is a
implies for DC: stationary, Gaussian random function with zero
(i) oscillatory behavior when tr A 2 < 0. mean, then
(ii) exponential growth when tr A 2 > 0.
The assumption that A is slowly varying with
respect to DC appears reasonable, especial_,ly since dt <DC>
(24) indicates that the time scale of DC is the
same as the gradients of A, DA, and since we are = ( i( ½C + Im H ) + Re lI 0 )
interested primarily in the small scales of motion.
0 - i ( ½ C + Im 17) + Re H
However, eq. (12) indicates that variations of A
along a particle path are non-local and condi-
tioned by the distribution of tr A 2. In a sense eq.
(<DC>)
x <bc>
(33)
(12) converts the spatial intermittency determined
by (27) into a temporal intermittency of A. This,
where < > indicates a moment average and
in turn, may modulate the evolution of DC (the
spatial intermittency).
It is known that the source term in eq. (12) will
be largest in those regions where ½(AA - C 2) is
l-I(Co)=¼L~(A(t)X(z)>eiCo(t-')dT.
(34)
most rapidly varying in space. By the above we
expect both A and C to be most rapidly varying Here, the generaly complex quantity H can be
when AA - C 2 > 0. If eq. (23) is differentiated, we interpreted as the strength of the strain A, fluc-
find tuations at the frequency C O. In general, when
Re H > 0, there occurs an oscillatory, exponential
growth of ( D C > and ( D C ) .
1 -- 2
d2 ~(AA - Co) - ½d A / d t 1~'~,
dt2-~= -½dA/dt 1 -- 2
dA = D2 ( D D ) -'½(AX - Co2).
dt
<;~(t) ~ ( ~ ) > = ~ ( t - ~), (35)
The local growth rate of DC predicted by (30) is where a > 0.
Then, eq. (33) simplifies to
l[dA dAl '/211/2
X = + ¼(AA - C02) + 2 ~ a t -d-7] ] . (31)
o )
From this it would appear that the variations of dt (DC) = 0 l(-iCo+a )
A, as described by d A / d t , along a particle path
are of some importance. We remark that the ((DC)) (36)
operator D 2 in eq. (12) is hyperbolic in its spatial x <be>"
characteristics:
D 2 x_ _a 2 _ a2 + 2i ax By. (32) This predicts an oscillatory, exponential growth
of the moments (DC>,(DC). The above does
This would favor largest values of d A / d t in show that the effect of temporal variations of A is
those regions where A - 1 ½ ( A ~ . - C 2) is dis- to modulate the otherwise pure exponential
tributed along hyperbolic contours. growth of DC.
278 J. Weiss / The dynamics o f enstrophy transfer in 2D hydrodynamics
We conclude this section by examining a con- Eq. (43) indicates a constraint toward elliptical
straint that relates t r A 2 to the shape of the motion for this type of domain.
boundary. If the tangent plane is everywhere contained in
It is a consequence of incompressibility that D, then /3(.~,t3,~) is positive definite and
t r A 2 = d i v ( b . 71)). (37)
m2f f,.f~<fDLe(AA-C2)<M2f b.13. (44)
Bourguignon and Brezis [2] have shown that, if i)l) i~D
the boundary of the fluid domain, aD, is defined
by Exterior domains of this type are constrained
towards hyperbolicity. Conditions (43) and (44)
aD = {)~e ~": b(2~) = 0}
are, in reality, constraints on AA, since
a~b(,f)
=£D,~j axiaxj tV',. (38) The influence of the boundary on the qualita-
tive properties of the motion appears to be quite
The quadratic form natural.
a2b
fl(.f,~,~) = y' ~ t , i v j (39)
U
3. Numerical simulation
is the second fundamental form of 8D in N". By
(37), We have studied the evolution of a random
initial realization of the stream function. The
f l ( a X -- C2) = £D/3( a?, I), b) da?. (40)
Euler equations in the stream function-vorticity
formulation were solved by the fully dealiased,
Several consequences of (40) follow immedi-
spectral method of Orszag [13]. The program to
ately. If OD = 4~, i.e. D ~2 o r T 2, then
=
6.0
IL.IL-.
i.0 -
fc" 4.."
4,0-
From the stream function we have produced con- area preserving maps [3]. This process is associ-
tour plots for the vorticity, magnitude of strain, ated with the first peak in the value of the total
the quantity AA- C 2, the magnitude of d A / d t vorticity gradients; the following decrease being
and the magnitude of the gradients of vorticity. In associated with the increased dissipation caused
addition, we have produced graphs of the spectra by the transfer of enstrophy to the higher
for the vorticity (= rate of strain) and the gradi- wavenumbers. The further evolution of the sys-
ents of the vorticity. tem appears to involve the wrapping of vorticity
Since it is necessary to use an eddy-viscosity gradients about the hyperbolic centers, by folding
term to prevent reflection of energy at the cutoff and stretching of the fluid in these regions.
wavenumber, the total enstrophy is decaying with Further numerical studies of the phenomena
time. See fig. 1. Nevertheless, the qualitative fea- discussed in this paper are presented by M.
tures of the solution are quite interesting. Brachet et al. in ref. [16].
The random initial gradients of vorticity have
evolved by frame 11 into a tightly localized pat-
1oo
tern that is related to the central hyperbolic re-
gion. There are two hyperbolic regions. The lm'-
stronger one located at the center of the frame llo i
and a weaker one located in upper left corner, tso ~
tm~
with label on the left. These hyperbolic regions
t4o
may be identified with reference to either the Im '
vorticity or tr A z contours.
fvc.vc ~o~
The strain appears to be confined almost solely ll0 •
to the hyperbolic region. The magnitude of d A / d t 100
is highly intermittent; being confined to several go~
so'
small regions that appear to migrate from left to ~o~
right during the evolution. so~
A curious event occurs in frames 26 through so
37. In these frames the vorticity gradients stream- 4oi
30'
ing from the hyperbolic centers are observed to 60
interact and intensify. This phenomenon is strik- N
ingly similar to the interaction between hyper- Fig. 2. Total magnitudc of vorticity gradients /D V C - ~'C.
bolic (unstable) fixed points observed for general Record number 2 to 54.
280 J. Weiss / The dynamics of enstrophy transfer in 2D hydrodynamics
." ~ •,
o
F
I /
REC= ,.q REC= [5 FEC= IS REC= • ~/
~.
! /o-
" %~
~°~
4 ~F
L FEC-
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t¢ REC = i [
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P2U =
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i i . . . . . .
~EC~ ~3
t' l
it'
. ' j
RE~: .% R--_S= 7 REC = '8 REC= 9
i;-,,,~¢,d< -- _ , f)~
Fig. 3. Contour plots of the magnitude of the vorticity gradients, VC • VC. Frames 2 through 53.
J. Weiss / The dynamics of en.strophy transfer in 2D hydrodynamics 281
-o- ~, "-~. i
%-
"7-
,••i
~"" %
/, REC-
X
26 REC= 27 REC= 28 REC= ~3
\/ !,\, .\ /
_N J_
REC= 22 REC- 22 REC= 2~ REC= 25
i
i!
/ J/
REC= t9 REC= 2~ REC= 2t
REC= 18
Fig. 3. C o n t i n u e d
282 J. Weiss ,I The dynamics of enstrophy transfer in 2D hydrodynamics
%" ~0
./' 7 " . ' ,::'~.
°
~o' %,
CC ...... .,,#I
qES= ~Z ~EC= ~7 ZEC- q9 REC- 49
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V_~.. P I->=-.o....eL~
('~ -- V.
L_J I J_ . . . . . . .~:'u REC= REC= 97
REC= 34 REC= -'-~ 3B
Fig. 3. Continued
J. Weiss / The dynamics of enstrophy transfer in 2D hydrodynamics 283
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- oo~_X,, • i1¢
,/,#.:;, o~..
/ ,:_.,..:' o,
,
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Fig. 3. Continued
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290 J. Weiss / The dynamics of enstrophy transfer in 2D hydrodynamics
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T T
RnTE OF STRAIN RaTE OF STRAIN
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d2 Yx,)]
d--}- = ~ ' (48) (49)
294 J. Weiss / The dynamics of enstrophy transfer in 2D hydrodynamics
(50)
Acknowledgements
and
I want to thank J. Greene, V. Seshardri and M.
Tabor of La Jolla Institute, and R. Salmon of
Scripps Institute of Oceanography, for several
helpful discussions during the course of this work.
I also want to thank Nurit Weiss for help in
then preparing the numerical studies for this paper.
dJ
d~=JA and VC=-AVC, (51) References