Stoichiometry and Reactions

Unit 2 Page 1

Learning Target 2.1:

I can differentiate between physical and chemical changes, physical and chemical properties, and intensive and
extensive properties.

Criteria for Success:

I can identify a property or change as physical or chemical.

I can explain why a property or change is physical or a chemical in terms of bonds.

I can define and identify intensive and extensive properties.

Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Physical Properties and Changes
A. A PHYSICAL property is a characteristic that can be observed or measured
WITHOUT changing the IDENTITY of the substance.

1. Color 2. Melting Point 3. Malleability

4. Ductility 5. Density 6. Solubility

7. Mass 8. Volume 9. Viscosity

B. When a PHYSICAL change takes place, chemical BONDS within compounds are
NOT broken in the reactant and no new chemical bonds are formed in the products.
The IDENTITY of the material does NOT change.

1. Changes of STATE.

2. Changes in FORM.
 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 2

Chemical Properties and Changes

A. A CHEMICAL property relates to a substance’s ability to undergo changes that
transform it into a DIFFERENT substance(s).
1. Reactivity 2. Flammability 3. Toxicity

4. pH 5. Ability to Tarnish 6. Ability to Ferment

7. Ability to Oxidize

B. When a CHEMICAL change takes place, chemical BONDS within the compound
ARE broken in the reactants and new chemical bonds are formed in the products.
The IDENTITY of the material changes.

C. Look for the following to help you identify a CHEMICAL change:

1. ENERGY change.

2. Production of a GAS.

3. Formation of a PRECIPITATE.

4. Formation of an ODOR.

5. COLOR change.

Intensive & Extensive Properties

A. EXTENSIVE properties depend on the amount of matter present.

1. Mass 2. Volume 3. Length

B. INTENSIVE properties do NOT depend on the amount of matter present.

1. Color 2. Density 3. Malleability

4. Ductility 5. Luster 6. Odor

7. Melting Pt. 8. Boiling Pt. 9. Conductivity

 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 3

Learning Target 2.2:

I can use the law of conservation of mass to write chemical equations.

Criteria for Success:

I can list four observations that a chemical reaction/chemical change has taken place.

I can list three requirements for a correctly written chemical equation.

I can write chemical equations given formulas, names, or particle representations of reactants and
products.

Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Describing Changes
A. There are FOUR easily observed changes that usually indicate that a chemical
reaction has occurred:

1. The production of HEAT and LIGHT.

2. The production of a GAS.

3. The formation of a PRECIPITATE, which is a SOLID that is produced as a

result of a chemical reaction in solution and that separates from the
solution.

4. Change in COLOR.

B. A chemical equation can be written to properly summarize any chemical change

if the following THREE requirements are met:

1. The equation must represent known facts and include all REACTANTS
and PRODUCTS.

2. The equation must contain the correct FORMULAS for the reactants and
products. NOMENCLATURE WILL HAUNT YOU FOR THE REST OF YOUR
LIFE!! REMEMBER diatomic elements!

3. The LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS must be satisfied.

a. This law states that mass (or matter) is neither CREATED nor
DESTROYED in ordinary chemical reactions.
 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 4

C. Chemical reactions can be described as a WORD or FORMULA equation.

1. The following symbols are used to fully describe a chemical reaction and
allow a chemist to meet the three requirements of writing a proper chemical
equation:

D. A PARTICLE representation also reflects the conservation of atoms by showing

individual numbers of particles before and after reaction.
 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 5

Learning Target 2.3:

I can classify chemical reactions.

Criteria for Success:

I can describe and classify a reaction as a synthesis, decomposition, single replacement, double
replacement, combustion, or gas-forming reaction.

I can describe and classify a precipitation and acid-base reaction as a specific type of double replacement
reaction.

Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Classifying Chemical Reactions
1. In a SYNTHESIS reaction, two or more substances come together to form a new
substance.
A+B→C
2. In a DECOMPOSITION reaction, one substance breaks down into two or more
simpler substances.
C→A+B
3. In a SINGLE REPLACEMENT reaction, one element replaces another one in a
compound.
A + BC → AC + B
4. A DOUBLE REPLACEMENT reaction results when the ions of two compounds
exchange places in an aqueous solution to form two new compounds.
AB + CD → AD + CB
a. A specific type of double replacement reaction, known as a
PRECIPITATION reaction, occurs when a PRECIPITATE, or solid, is formed
from two aqueous solutions.
AB(aq) + CD(aq) → AD(s) + CB(aq)
b. A specific type of double replacement reaction, known as a ACID-BASE
reaction, occurs when an ACID (formula typically starts with H+) and BASE
(formula typically ends with OH-)are mixed to form WATER and a SALT.
This is also known as NEUTRALIZATION.
(A) (D) (AD)
HB + C(OH) → H2O + CB
5. In a COMBUSTION reaction, a substance combines with OXYGEN, releasing a
large amount of energy in the form of light and heat.
a. In combustion reactions involving hydrocarbons (compounds containing
only C and H) with oxygen the products are WATER and CARBON
DIOXIDE.
CH4 + 2O2 → 2H2O + CO2
6. Some acid-base reactions produce a specific gas and are known as GAS-
FORMING REACTIONS.
metal carbonate (bicarbonate) + acid → salt + H2O + CO2
Na2CO3 + 2 HCl → 2 NaCl + H2O + CO2
 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 6

Learning Target 2.2:

I can use the law of conservation of mass to write chemical equations.

Criteria for Success:

I can balance a chemical equation.

I can relate the importance of balancing a chemical equation to the Law of Conservation of Mass.

Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Balancing Chemical Equations
A. A BALANCED chemical equation is an equation that describes a chemical
reaction and follows the law of CONSERVATION of MASS.

How to Balance Equations

A. If you are provided a word equation, translate the word equation to a FORMULA
equation.

B. Use TRIAL and ERROR to balance the formula equation using COEFFICIENTS
according to the law of CONSERVATION of MASS. The following steps make this
easier.

1. Balance the different types of atoms ONE at a time.

2. First balance the atoms of elements that are combined and that appear
only ONCE on each side of the equation.

3. Balance POLYATOMIC ions that appear on both sides of the equation as

single units.

4. Balance HYDROGEN and OXYGEN atoms after atoms of all other

elements have been balanced.

C. Count atoms at the end to be sure the equation is BALANCED.

1. The COEFFICIENTS should represent the smallest possible whole number

ratio of reactants and products. If they do not, DIVIDE by the greatest
common factor to get the smallest whole number ratio.
 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 7

Avoid these Common Errors

A. Writing the incorrect FORMULA. (Don’t forget the diatomic elements: H2, N2, O2,
F2, Cl2, Br2, and I2).

B. Trying to balance an equation by changing SUBSCRIPTS.

C. Incorrectly counting numbers of atoms or moles for elements in a compound that

contains PARENTHESIS.

D. Putting a COEFFICIENT in between instead of in FRONT of a chemical formula.

 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 8

Learning Target 2.4:

I can perform stoichiometric calculations.

Criteria for Success:

I can define stoichiometry.

I can write a mole ratio relating two substances in a chemical equation.

I can use mole ratios to calculate the amount of moles of any product or reactant in a chemical equation
using dimensional analysis.

Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Introduction to Stoichiometry
A. STOICHIOMETRY involves the study of the relationships between REACTANTS
and PRODUCTS in a chemical reaction.

1. The equation that is describing the reaction must be BALANCED.

2. The coefficients in a chemical equation can describe individual

PARTICLES or amounts in MOLES of the products and reactants.

Mole Ratios
A. A MOLE ratio is a CONVERSION FACTOR that relates the amounts in moles of
any two substances involved in a chemical reaction. These conversion factors can
be used in dimensional analysis to solve problems.
Example:
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)
 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 9

Learning Target 2.4:

I can perform stoichiometric calculations.

Criteria for Success:

I can calculate the amount in moles of a reactant or product from the mass in grams or amount in moles of
a different reactant or product.

I can calculate the mass in grams of a reactant or product from the mass in grams or amount in moles of a
different reactant or product.

I can apply stoichiometry calculations to gravimetric and volumetric (titration) lab techniques.

Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Molar Mass and Standard Molar Volume Conversion Factors in Stoichiometry
A. The MOLAR mass is the mass, in grams of ONE mole of a substance. The MOLAR
mass is the CONVERSION FACTOR that relates mass of a substance to moles. These
conversion factors can be used in dimensional analysis to solve problems.

B. The standard molar VOLUME of any gas at STP is 22.4L and can be used to
convert volumes of gases to moles to perform stoichiometry calculations.
1. When NOT at STP conditions, use the IDEAL gas law to determine
amount in moles of a gas to then perform stoichiometry calculations.

2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)

What are the molar masses of each of the reactants and products in the equation
above?

Stoichiometry in the Chemistry Lab: Gravimetric Analysis and

Titrations/Volumetric Analysis
A. GRAVIMETRIC analysis uses the formation of a PRECIPITATE and a balanced
chemical equation to allow the quantitative analysis (perform stoichiometry
calculations) of a dissolved ION(S).

Ag+(aq) + Cl-(aq) → AgCl(s)

What are the mole ratios for the ions to the precipitate for the equation above?

B. The VOLUMETRIC technique (titration) uses a titrant, with a known

concentration, being added to the analyte up to the EQUIVALENCE point. The
EQUIVALENCE point is the point at which the analyte is exactly and totally
consumed, it is in its stoichiometric ratio, by the TITRANT and must be
accompanied by some observable change, often when an indicator changes COLOR.

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

What are the mole ratios that show the relationships between the two reactants?
 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 10

Learning Target 2.5:

I can perform stoichiometric calculations involving limiting reagents.

Criteria for Success:

I can define limiting reactant and excess reactant.

I can use stoichiometry calculations to determine the identity of a limiting and/or excess reactant in a
chemical reaction.

Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Limiting and Excess Reactants
A. The LIMITING REACTANT (REAGENT) is the reactant that limits the amounts of
the other reactants that can combine and the amount of product that can form in a
chemical reaction.

B. The EXCESS REACTANT (REAGENT) is the substance that is not used up

completely in a reaction.
 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 11

Learning Target 2.6:

I can perform stoichiometric calculations involving percent yield.

Criteria for Success:

I can distinguish between theoretical yield and actual yield.

I can utilize actual and theoretical yield to calculate percent yield.

Notes
Scan for Video Tutorial Theoretical Yield, Actual Yield, and Percent Yield
A. The THEORETICAL yield is the maximum amount of product that can be
produced from a given amount of reactant.

B. The ACTUAL yield is the measured amount of a product obtained from a reaction.

C. The PERCENT yield is the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield and can
be described by the following formula.
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Percent Yield = × 100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 12

Guided Practice
Directions: Answer the following multiple choice questions without the use of a calculator. It’s important that you
practice estimation for the multiple choice section of the AP Chemistry exam.

Scan for Video 1. Upon combustion, a 30 g sample of a compound containing only carbon, hydrogen, and
Tutorial
oxygen produces 44.0 g of carbon dioxide and 18.0 g of water. Find the empirical formula of
the compound.
A) CHO
B) C2HO2
C) CH2O2
D) CH2O

Scan for Video 2. How many liters of oxygen are needed to exactly react with 19.8 g of methane at STP?
Tutorial
CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
A) 13.9 L
B) 27.8 L
C) 55.5 L
D) 70.5 L

Scan for Video 3. How many moles of excess reactant remain when 60.0 mL of 1.0M hydrochloric acid reacts
Tutorial
with 25.0 mL of 0.80M barium hydroxide?
A) 0.010 mol
B) 0.020 mol
C) 0.030 mol
D) 0.060 mol
 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 13

Scan for Video 4. Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, decomposes in the presence of a catalyst into water and oxygen
Tutorial
gas. How many liters of O2 at STP are produced from the decomposition of 34.0g of H2O2?
A) 5.60L
B) 11.2L
C) 22.4L
D) 44.8L

Scan for Video 5. Consider the reaction in the diagram below. The methane and oxygen molecules will
Tutorial
undergo a combustion reaction when a spark is applied to the system. What will be present
after the reaction?

A) 5 water and 5 carbon dioxide molecules

B) 5 water, 2 carbon dioxide, and 2 methane molecules
C) 4 water and 2 carbon dioxide molecules
D) 4 water, 2 carbon dioxide, 1 oxygen, and 3 methane molecules
 Scan for Video
Tutorial Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 14

Free Response Review

QUESTION 1 [8 POINTS]
A 0.345g sample of anhydrous BeC2O4, which contains an inert impurity, was dissolved in sufficient water to
produce 100.mL of solution. A 20.0mL portion of the solution was titrated with KMnO4(aq). The balanced
equation for the reaction that occurred is as follows.

16𝐻 + (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑀𝑛𝑂− 2− 2+

4 (𝑎𝑞) + 5𝐶2 𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞) → 2𝑀𝑛 (𝑎𝑞) + 10𝐶𝑂2 (𝑔) + 8𝐻2 𝑂(𝑙)

The volume of 0.0150M KMnO4(aq) required to reach the equivalence point was 17.80mL.
(a) Identify the substance being oxidized in the titration reaction. [1 POINT]

(b) For the reaction at the equivalence point, calculate the number of moles of each of the following:
(i) MnO4-(aq) [1 POINT]

(ii) C2O42-(aq) [1 POINT]

(c) Calculate the volume, in milliliters, of CO2 gas collected at 750mmHg and 25.0°C when the equivalence
point has been reached. [2 POINTS]
 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 15

(d) Calculate the total number of moles of C2O42-(aq) that were present in the 100.mL of prepared solution.
[1 POINT]

(e) Calculate the mass percent of BeC2O4(s) in the impure 0.345g sample. [2 POINTS]
 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 16

Lab: Gravimetric Analysis

Learning Target 2.7:

I can use gravimetric analysis to identify an unknown.

Criteria for Success:

I can explain what occurs during a precipitation reaction at the molecular level.
I can describe the process of gravimetric analysis.

Introduction
Chemists can find the identity of unknown compounds using techniques such as qualitative analysis,
chromatography, spectroscopy, and gravimetric analysis. Gravimetric analysis, which uses a balance to determine
the mass of a substance, is one of the oldest and most accurate quantitative methods for determining the amount of
an analyte in a sample.
The Crime
Mr. Baxter takes daily supplements to ensure that he gets enough essential nutrients and to maintain and improve
his health. One of the supplements is a potassium carbonate capsule that contains potassium carbonate and a
sugar filler. Last night, just after Mr. Baxter took his supplements he heard an evil laugh and was then knocked
unconscious. When he awoke with a splitting headache he found the following note:

Baxter realized the culprit was most likely one of his students and quickly contacted the police. The
police searched the homes of Baxter’s students and the following students had potassium carbonate pills
in their possession; each with a different percent by mass.

Suspect % Carbonate by Mass

25%
50%
75%
100%
Your task in this lab is to help Mr. Baxter identify the percent by mass of the carbonate in the tampered
supplements from his home using gravimetric analysis so that the police can arrest the culprit.
 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 17

Safety Precautions
-Wear chemical splash goggles and chemical resistant gloves and apron.
-Do not touch any chemicals. If you get a chemical on your skin or clothing, wash the chemical off at the sink while
calling to your teacher. Make sure you carefully read the labels and follow the precautions on all containers of
chemicals that you use. If there are no precautions stated on the label, ask your teacher what precautions you should
follow. Do not taste any chemicals or items used in the laboratory. Never return leftovers to their original containers;
take only small amounts to avoid wasting supplies.
-Bunsen burners or other sources of heat will be used. Assume all glassware is hot even if it looks cool. Use
appropriate tongs or heat resistant gloves.
-Avoid contact of all chemicals with eyes and skin and wash hands thoroughly with soap and water before leaving the
laboratory.

Chemicals Equipment
Unknown A (alkali metal carbonate) Beaker
0.50 M Calcium chloride, (CaCl2) Buchner funnel
Erlenmeyer flask
Stirring rod
Distilled water
Filtration funnel
Erlenmeyer flask, glass, 250-mL
Filter paper, Whatman® Ashless, #42
Watch glass, 100-mm
Analytical balance, 0.001 g precision
Pencil
Drying oven

Procedure

1. Place a clean beaker on an analytical balance and tare the

mass of the beaker.

2. Carefully open the capsule and add the contents containing

your unknown carbonate into the beaker. Record the exact
mass (to three decimal places) in the Data Table.

3. Add 20 mL of distilled water and stir with a stirring rod

until dissolved.

4. Add 30 ml of 0.50 M CaCl2 to the solution containing the

unknown carbonate and stir to dissolve.

5. Assemble a filtration setup as in the diagram to the right

using the Erlenmeyer flask and Buchner funnel and as
directed by your instructor.

6. Write your initials on a piece of filter paper with a pencil.

Record the mass (to three decimal places) of the dry filter paper in the Data Table. Then place the filter
paper into the Buchner funnel and wet it with a small amount of distilled water.

7. To filter your sample, slowly pour into the center of the filter paper while the suction is on.
 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 18

8. Use more distilled water to rinse your beaker, so that all of the solid is collected on the filter paper.

9. Continue suctioning until all of the filtrate (liquid) has moved through the filter paper into the flask.

10. Determine the mass of a clean watch glass and record in the Data Table

11. After you make sure all the carbonate has been removed from the filtrate, turn off the suction. Using
forceps or the tip of a scoopula, carefully remove the wet filter paper with the precipitate onto the watch
glass and then into a drying oven overnight. This will remove any remaining water to ensure accurate
mass measurements of just the precipitate.

12. Once the filter paper has been thoroughly dried, remove the filter paper from the drying oven and measure
its mass using an analytical balance. Record the mass (to three decimal places) in the Data Table and
determine the mass of the calcium carbonate precipitate.

Data
Data Table – Finding the mass of carbonate in an unknown
Mass (g)

Mass of empty beaker

Mass of beaker and capsule contents

Mass of capsule contents

Mass of dry filter paper

Mass of watch glass

Mass of watch glass, dry filter paper, and precipitate

Mass of precipitate
 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 19

Analysis and Conclusions

1. Write the complete, balanced, molecular equation that describes the precipitation reaction that occurs,
including states.

a. Write the balanced net-ionic equation, including states.

2. Show a numerical setup using dimensional analysis and calculate the number of moles of precipitate
formed in the reaction.

3. Show a numerical setup and calculate the mass percent of carbonate ion in the capsule contents.

4. Based on your results, who is most likely the culprit in this assault on Baxter’s life?
 Stoichiometry and Reactions
Unit 2 Page 20

5. In the filtration setup to the right, draw particulate-level pictures of the products being filtered. Use the
particulate key as a guide.

6. How can you determine if any carbonate ions went through the filter? What action should you take if
carbonate ions passed through the filter?