RESERVOIR QUALITY

Storage capacity
 Pore quantity

Deliverability
 Pore geometry
 RESERVOIR QUALITY
Methods:
 Macroscopic  Seismic attribute
 Mesoscopic  - Core
- Porosities
- Permeabilities
- Capilary Pressure (PC)
 Microscopic  - Petrographic
- SEM
- XRD
- etc
PORE
>
 Sandstone Pore system

 Intergranular
 Microporosity
 Dissolution
 Fracture
Idealized sandstone porosity system showing four basic pore types: intergranular,
microporosity, dissolution, and fracture.
Carbonate Pore System
Carbonate Pore System
 Influence of Texture on Porosity

 Porosity independent of grain size

 Change of grain size  grain shape and sorting
 Grain shape  porosity
 Grain size indirectly affect porosity
PERMEABILITY
Where:
K = Permeability
Q = water flow rate
m = constant
A = cross-sectional area of the sand pack
∆P = P1-P2 = difference in height between the water levels in the manometers
L = length (cm)
 Factor Controlling Permeability

 Pore geometry
Sandstone pore geometry:
 Grain size
 Grain orientation

 Packing

 Arrangement

 Cementation

 Clay content

 Grain size distribution and sorting

 Factor Controlling Permeability

 Pore geometry
Carbonate pore geometry:
 Degree of mineral alteration (dolomitization)
 Porosity development

 Fractures

 Bedding
 Permeability perpendicular to bedding plane
 Permeability parallel to bedding plane

 Kv < K h
 Darcys

Relationship among permeability, sorting, and grain size

(From Pettijohn, 1975; after Krumbein and Monk, 1942)
 Relative Permeability

 Relative permeability's quantify the interaction

between two or more fluids as the flow through
porous media.
 Relative permeability data one of the most
important parameter for estimating reservoir
performance
 Relative permeability is saturation independent
function involving the ratio of effective permeability
of a phase to base permeability
 Wettability

 Wettability represent a balance of force that occur at

the interface between 3 phases, one of which is
solid. The equation describing this balance:
σos – σws + σ ow cos θc = 0
where:
σos = interfacial energy between oil and solid
σws = interfacial energy between water and solid
σow= interfacial tension between oil and solid
θc = contact angle
 Young, 1908 (Adamson, 1908)
Wettability and Relative Permeability
 Capillary Pressure
 Capillary pressure concept can be used by geologist,
petrophysicist, and petroleum engineer to evaluate:
 Reservoir rock quality
 Pay Vs Nonpay
 Expected fluid saturation
 Seal capacity
 Depth of reservoir fluid contact
 Thickness of transition zone
 Approximation of the recovery efficiency
 Capillary Pressure Concepts
 Capillary pressure results from interactions of forces
acting within and between fluid and either bounding
solids. Including Cohesive Force (CF) and Adhesive
Force (AF).
 If AF > CF  liquid is wetting
 If AF < CF  liquid is non wetting
 The relative wettability of the fluid is described by
angle θ, which is the angle between the solid and
fluid-fluid interface.
 Capillary Pressure (Pc) is defined as the
difference in pressure across the meniscus in
capillary tube or
 Capillary Pressure (Pc) is the amount of extra
pressure required to force the non wetting
phase to displace the wetting phase in the
capillary.
HATUR NUHUN