2009 World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering
An Integrated GIS Database Server for Malaysian Mapping, Cadastral and
Location-based Systems (LBS)
Teoh Chee Hooi (teohch@utar.edu.my)
Department of IT and Engineering, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (UTAR), Malaysia
Abstract
This paper discusses the design and development of
a Malaysian Geographical Information System (GIS)
database server for location data sources available in
Malaysia, such as the Global Positioning System
(GPS), WGS84, Geocentric Datum for Malaysia
(GDM2000), Geodetic Reference System 1980
(GRS80), local geodetic measurements such as
Malayan Revised Triangulation 1948 (MRT48 or
KERTAU 48), Borneo Triangulation 1948 (TIMBALAI
1948), Malayan Revised Triangulation 1968(MRT68),
Borneo Triangulation 1968 (BT68), local cadastral
information such as the ECadastre Coordinated
Cadastral System (CCS) system developed by JUPEM
and cellular coordinate information based on Cell-
based ID, E-OTD etc It describes the pros and cons of
the abovementioned systems, analyze the accuracies
and tolerance of the data source. It also highlights the
disparities between different systems, and proposes
fast methods to correlate and transform these data into
a unified, reliable data source. Lastly it will cover the
storage and retrieval process for the textual and
graphical GIS data.
1. Introduction
Malaysian survey and mapping system is very
complicated due to the use of multiple projection
techniques for different purposes. This can be traced
back to the history of Malaya until now.
The Malaysian geodetic surveying and mapping is
based on a few standards. Prior to independence (31
August 1957), the system used was called The
Malayan Revised Triangulation (MRT1948), also
known as Kertau 1948. It was based on manual
observations and combined with the Repsold
Triangulation done in 1913-1916 by the British. The
datum format for West Malaysia and Singapore until
1968 was the Kertau 1948, whereas the datum for East
Malaysia, including Sabah and Sarawak was Timbalai
1948 (BT1948). Both mapping of MRT and BT are
978-0-7695-3507-4/08 $25.00 © 2008 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/CSIE.2009.938
done using the Rectified Skew Orthomorphic System
(RSO), which is an oblique mercator projection
technique defined by Hotine in 1947 [1].
The reference ellipsoid used for MRT is the
Modified Everest, with Bukit Kertau as the origin. The
Timbalai 1948 system also is based on the Modified
Everest reference ellipsoid with its origin centered at
Mount Timbalai. The Kertau 1948 system was revised
in 1968 to become the MRT 1968 and the Timbalai
1948 system in East Malaysia was revised to become
the Borneo Triangulation (BT) 1968. In practice, the
Kertau Datum of the MRT is defined in terms of only
the horizontal components (f, l) of the Modified
Everest Ellipsoidal coordinates. However, there is no
explicit definition of the ellipsoidal height (h) [2].
For cadastres however, the Cassini Soldner system
(CS) is employed in Peninsular Malaysia whereas the
same RSO system is used in East Malaysia. The
Cassini projection system is based on local datums and
computed with their corresponding equations and
respective state origin coordinates [3]. The existing
Cassini projection for cadastral mapping was derived
from the RSO system referenced to the Modified
Everest ellipsoid.
2. Issues and Challenges of the Existing
Datum
The use of multiple datums in survey and cadastres
has not only created inconveniences such as lengthy
conversion from RSO to Cassini but also created data
incompatibility issues with newer satellite-based
navigation systems such as Global Positioning Systems
(GPS) [4]. Apart from that, data duplication and
redundancy may exist when generating the conversion
lookup table to speed up the transformation process.
The need for a standardized geodetic infrastructure
for integration of spatial data was first discussed in a
summary report by Kadir et.al.[5].They proposed a
new geocentric datum for the requirements of 3-
dimensional geodetic spatial referencing. The
Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia
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(DSMM) has since taken the initiative to introduce a
geocentric datum format in year 2003 that will
alleviate the problems mentioned above. The standard
is called the Geocentric Datum for Malaysia
(GDM2000) [6]. The GDM2000 is based on the
International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF2000)
and Geodetic Reference System 1980 (GRS80)
reference ellipsoid. It entails deployment of Malaysian
Active GPS Stations (MASS) for that work closely
with the nearby 17 International GPS Service (IGS)
sites for baseline processing. This MASS network will
also double as the Zero Order Geodetic Network for
Malaysia.
3. Coordinate Transformations
The standard transformation procedures adopted by
the national Department of Survey and Mapping
Malaysia (DSMM) are discussed below.
3.1. Forward Transformation
According to Heiskanen and Moritz [7], the
forward transformation from geodetic co-ordinates (λ,
φ, h) to geocentric Cartesian co-ordinates (X, Y, Z) is
given by the following:
X = (N + h) cos φ cosλ (1)
Y = (N + h) cos φ sinλ
2 (1+ΔL).
b
Z =( N + h) sin φ
a2
Given that:
a is the semi-major axis of the reference ellipsoid
b is the semi-minor axis of the reference ellipsoid
e is the first eccentricity of the reference ellipsoid
Generally it is not usually necessary to use the
ellipsoid height (h) in equations (1), (2) and (3)
because the forward conversion is only weakly
dependent upon height h.
3.2. Reverse Transformation
Bowring’s method [8] is well known to be the most
efficient and fast method for the reverse transformation
from geocentric Cartesian co-ordinates (X, Y, Z) to
geodetic co-ordinates (λ, φ, h). Although closed (non-
iterative) solution to the reverse transformation exists
by using quartic equations [9], we will use Bowring’s
method due to its speed and convenience.
Z + ε 2b sin 3 u
φ = arctan[ ] (4)
P − e2 a cos3 u
Where a, b and ε are respectively, the semi-major-axis
length, the semi-minor-axis length and the second
numerical eccentricity of the reference ellipsoid
associated with the new datum
P = X 2 +Y2
e2
ε=
1 − e2
The parametric latitude u is given by:
b
u = arctan[ tan φ ]
a
The longitude is given by the closed solution:
Y
λ = arctan[ ] (5)
X
The approximate height h is given by:
h = P cos φ + Z sin φ − a 1 − e 2 sin 2 φ (6)
3.3. The Bursa-Wolf transformation model
The Bursa-Wolf transformation model [10, 11] is a
seven-parameter model for transforming three-
dimensional Cartesian co-ordinates between two
datums. This model is well suited for satellite datums
on a global scale [12]. There are altogether three
geocentric datum shift parameters (ΔX, ΔY, ΔZ), three
(2) rotation elements (Rx, Ry, Rz) and one scale factor
(3)
The matrix-vector form of the model is:
⎡X ⎤ ⎡ΔX ⎤ ⎡1 + ΔL RZ − RY ⎤ ⎡ X ⎤
⎢Y ⎥ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢
⎢ ⎥ = ⎢ ΔY ⎥ ⎢ − RZ 1 + ΔL RX ⎥⎥ ⎢⎢ Y ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ Z ⎥⎦WGS 84 ⎢⎣ ΔZ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ RY − RX 1 + ΔL ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ Z ⎥⎦ MRT
(7)
where the subscripts WGS84 and MRT refer to the
WGS84 and Malaysian geodetic datums, respectively.
In order to convert the geocentric coordinates of
(X,Y,Z) to the geodetic coordinate (λ, φ, h), ellipsoid
properties for the respective datums must be known.
3.4. Geocentric RSO Projection
The Rectified Skew Orthomorphic (RSO)
projection is an Oblique Mercator projection
developed by Hotine in 1947[1, 13]. RSO is used in
surveying of Malaysia since it is a country with large
extend of areas in one single direction. Geocentric
RSO uses GRS80 as its ellipsoid parameter. The
parameters and constants for RSO are excluded to
conserve space.
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RSO Forward Conversion
The following will be computed to find (E, N) from E = FE + v(A-TA3/6) – (8-T + 8C)T * A5/120) (12)
a given (Ø, λ): N = FN + M – M0 +
⎛π φ ⎞ e
t = tan⎜ − c ⎟ /[(1 − e sin φ c ) / (1 + e sin φ c )]2
v tan( φ ) [A2/2 + (5 – T + 6C) A4/24] (13)
⎝4 2⎠ where
Q = H /tB A = (λ-λ0 ) cos ( φ ), T = tan2( φ )
S = (Q − 1 / Q ) / 2 C = e2 / (1-e2) cos 2( φ ) , V = a / (1-e2sin2( φ )) ½
T = (Q + 1 / Q) / 2 M = meridian arc distance
V = sin( B (λ − λ0 )) = a [ (1-e2/4 – 3e4/64 – 5e6/256 - …) φ -
U = −V cos(γ 0 ) + S sin(γ 0 )) / T (3e2/8+3e4/32+45e6/1024 +…) sin 2 φ +
v = A ln[(1 − U ) /(1 + U )] / 2 B
(15e4256+45e6/1024 +…) sin 4 φ -
A ⎡ S cos(γ 0 ) + V sin(γ 0 ) ⎤
u= arctan ⎢ ⎥ (35e6/3072+…) sin 6 φ …]
B ⎣ cos( B(λ − λ0 )) ⎦
with φ in radians.
Hence:
N, E = Computed Cassini coordinates
E = v cos(γ c ) + u sin(γ c ) + FE (8) FE, FN = Cassini State origin coordinates
λ0 = longitude of state origin
N = u cos(γ c ) + v sin(γ c ) + FN (9) λ = longitude of computation point
φ = latitude of computation point
RSO Reverse Conversion
To find (Ø, λ) from a given (E, N), the following Cassini Reverse Conversion
parameters must first be computed: The formula to derive longitude and latitude pair is
v' = ( E − FE ) cos(γ c ) − ( N − FN ) sin(γ c )
shown below:
u ' = ( N − FN ) cos(γ c ) + ( E − FE ) sin(γ c )
φ = φ 1- v1 tan φ 1 /ρ1 [D2/2 – (1 + 3T1) D4/24] (14)
Q' = exp(− Bv' / A)
S ' = (Q'−1 / Q' ) / 2
λ = λ0 + [D – T1D3/3 + (1+3T1).T1. D5/15] / cos φ 1
T ' = (Q'+1 / Q' ) / 2 (15)
U ' = V ' cos(γ 0 ) + S ' sin(γ 0 )) / T '
where,
v1 = a (1-e2) / (1-e2sin2 φ 1) 3/2 ρ1 = a / (1-e2sin2 φ 1) 1/2
[
t ' = H / (1 + U ' ) /(1 − U ' ) ]1/ B

e1 = 1 - (1-e2) ½ / 1+ (1-e2) ½ μ1 = M1 / (1-e2sin2 φ 1) 3/2

χ = π / 2 − 2 arctan(t ' )
Hence: φ 1 = μ1 + (3 e1/2 - 27 e13/32 + …)sin2 μ1 +
φ = χ + sin(2 χ )(e2 / 2 + 5e4 / 24 + e6 / 12 + 13e8 / 360) + (21 e12/16 - 55 e14/32 + …)sin4 μ1 +
(151 e13/96 + …)sin6 μ1 +
sin(4 χ )(7e4 / 48 + 29e6 / 240 + 811e8 / 360) + (1097 e14/512 + …)sin8 μ1 + …
sin(6 χ )(7e6 / 120 + 81e8 / 1120) + M1 = M0 + (N – FN)
Note: M0 is the value of M calculated from the
sin(8χ )(4279e8 / 161280) Latitude of the origin
(10)
T1 = tan2 φ 1
⎡ S ' cos(γ c ) − V ' sin(γ c ) ⎤
λ = λ0 − arctan ⎢ ⎥ B (11) D = (E – FE) / v1
⎣ cos( Bu ' / A) ⎦
4. Design and Implementation
3.5. Cassini-Soldner 4.1. GSM Cellular Positioning

The Cassini-Soldner is a non-conformal transverse
cylindrical projection method [13]. It has the
advantage of ease of implementation but is eventually
being replaced by conformal transverse Mercator.
Cassini Forward Conversion
The formula to derive Easting and Northing (E, N)
are relatively simple, as shown below:
This project leverages on public GSM cell-based
ID database information at Telematica Instituut,
Netherlands [14]. It leverages on public contribution to
estimate the location of GSM cells based on all
measurements of people that have traversed through
that cell. The database contains Malaysia’s Celcom’s
GSM network. A total of 247 cell-positions are
observed with an average cell distance of 949m, all

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with up to 90% signal strength. To determine a cellular source geographical information system are GRASS
location1 we just need to access the getLocation (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System)
method in the CellStore2 database. [16], and MapServer [17], and PostGIS [18]. We have
The 9 parameters has the following form: finally chosen MySQL to experiment with the
{CountryID (Integer), NetworkID (Integer), Cell geometry and binary large object (blob) data type.
Name (String), Date (Long), GPS-track positions
regarding specified cell, Latitude(Double), Longitude 4.5. Transformation and Conversion Engine
(Double), Range(Integer), LocalAreaCode (Integer),
signalStrength(Integer)} The transformation engine architecture is illustrated
in Figure 1. There are several important
4.2. Coordinate Positioning considerations, namely:
1. Speed of conversion –Some formula has large
There are 13 different datum transformation asymptotic (or more commonly known as
parameters values and 7 different coordinate operation computational complexity) or is iterative and
parameters to be maintained for map projections, as hence require a lot of computation time. Formula
shown in Table 1 and Table 2. such as φreverse RSO has an order of (e8).
2. If decent speed cannot be achieved, it may be best
Table 1. Datum Transformation Parameters to precompute the parameters and values and put
them in a lookup table.
Coordinate operation
3D
Coordinate Operation Method
Bursa- Geocentric
3. Data storage requirements arising from storage of
parameter name Geographic Wolf Coord. System precomputed values.
Coord. 3D model
System 4. The delay time may increase for long lookup
Type Ellipsoidal Cartesian Cartesian tables so care must be taken to minimize such
Coordinates Coord. Coord.2
Latitude of system(Øs) 1 effect.
Longitude of system(λs)
Ellipsoidal height of system(hs)
2
3
Cell-ID and GPS data can be consumed directly as
Datum shift parameter (Δx) 1 it is normally embedded with positioning information.
Datum shift parameter (Δy) 2 The positioning information can be conveniently
Datum shift parameter (Δz) 3
Rotation element (Rx) 4 converted into WGS84 format and later transform to
Rotation element (Ry)
Rotation element (Rz)
5
6
geocentric datum or the non-geocentric RSO or
Scale factor (1+ΔL) 7 Cassini. This will allow potential use of GPS enabled
Geocentric coordinate X
Geocentric coordinate Y
1
2
mobile device to become an auxiliary device for
Geocentric coordinate Z 3 surveying and mapping.

4.3. Coordinated Cadastral System (CCS) Table 2. Map Projection Parameters

Coordinate operation parameter Coordinate Operation Method
name RSO Cassini Soldner
The DSMM and UTM has started the development Type Map Projection Map Projection
of a Coordinated Cadastral System (CCS) and national (survey) (cadastral)
Latitude of natural origin (Ø0) 1
Digital Cadastral Data Base (DCDB)in 2002 [15]. We Longitude of natural origin (λ0) 2
will focus on extracting only coordinates of area of Latitude of projection centre (Øc) 1
Longitude of projection centre (λc) 2
interest. The rest of the data structures such as lot, Scale factor on initial line (k ) 3
stone and boundary will not be included in our Azimuth of initial line (αc)
c
4
database design to avoid data duplications. Angle from rectified to skew grid (γc) 5
False Easting (FE) 6 3
False Northing (FN) 7 4
4.4. Spatial Database
4.6. Data Transformation Issues
Spatial databases have a different set of requirements
from conventional databases. We have decided to use
Since RSO and Cassini conversions are
open source database platform rather than commercial
undoubtedly slow, it is better to precompute and build
products like Oracle Spatial database, Boeing’s Spatial
lookup tables for faster results. To save storage space,
Query Server etc. Among the popular choices of open
we can filter the data along the coastline boundaries
leaving only the land.
1
http://cellid.telin.nl/wasp/services/CellStore2Service GPS uses WGS84 as its coordinate reference
2
with its center at earth’s centre of mass frame, i.e. reference ellipsoid GRS80. The difference

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between WGS84 and GDM2000 is negligible, due to
the fact that their parameter and values are very similar
(a, f). For simple application that does not require high
precision, the GPS readings can be directly used with
the geocentric GDM2000. Proper conversion is still
required for scientific applications such as tide gauge
or gravity computation.
Another concern is the induced error due to the
inaccuracy of the parameters. This can be amplified
during transformation from one coordinate system to
another. Errors can also be increased with the increase
of transformation steps. It is important to keep the
transformation straightforward and minimal.
The use of Geocentric Cassini and Geocentric RSO
has simplified many of the surveying tasks as the point
surveyed using GPS can now be directly projected to
LBS normally will require the support of data
aggregator and value added supplier, which in turn will
favor the use of rule-based processing for data
conflation in cartography and centralized rules-
repository for quality control [21].
This will necessitate the use of rules database to
support rule-based processing. Rule based processing
is centered on the Fact-Pattern-Action dynamics. Rule-
based processing is not new in GIS systems [22].
Detailed description of the role of rules-based
processing in spatial data management and update is
given by Woodsford [23].
RSO new Cassininew
(N, E) (N, E)

their respective geocentric plane. Support for the

existing non-geocentric Cassini and RSO are also GDM2000
(λ, φ, h)
GDM2000
(λ, φ, h)

maintained in our system to support backward

compatibility. GDM2000
(X, Y, Z)
Another problem that may arise is the positional
shift when converting from non-geocentric datum such Bursa-Wolf Bursa-Wolf

as RSOMRT1948 to geocentric datum such as 7 parameter 7 parameter

RSOGDM2000. Table 3 shows the disparity between the WGS84

results of RSOMRT1948 and RSOGDM2000. This has (X, Y, Z)

resulted in a projection shift with direction = 271o 31’

Cell-ID GPS WGS84 WGS84
25” and magnitude = 193.82m. This shift is also (λ, φ, r) (λ, φ, h) (λ, φ, h) (λ, φ, h)

subjected to amplification by the map scale used in the

projection. For example, a point on a map with a scale Bursa-Wolf Bursa -Wolf

of 1:50000 were shifted by 3.8764mm whereas on a 6 parameter 7 para meter

town sheet of scale 1:10000, the shift can be amplified MRT1948 BT1968
to as big as 1.982cm! (λ, φ, h) (λ, φ, h)

Table 3. Differences between M RSOold

(N, E)
BRSO old
(N, E)

RSOMRT1948 and RSOGDM2000

Parameter ΔE ΔN Cassini old
(N, E)
Cassiniold
(N, E)
Mean -193.75 6.09
Standard Dev, σ 0.73 0.47 Peninsular Borneo
Root Mean Square 0.72 0.47

4.7. Location-based System (LBS) Support Figure 1. Transformation Engine

Location based System allows a user to search,
identify and check for location information. Two
components that can support location determination for
LBS are present in our system – GPS and GSM
localization, making it a suitable candidate for location
finding services. Two components that can support
location determination for LBS are present in our
system – GPS and GSM localization, making it a
suitable candidate for location finding services. The
user actions may include orientation and localization,
search for point of interest (POI), people or subjects,
navigation, identification, and event check [20].
4.8. Open XML support
A web front-end written in Java is created to offer
search and lookup services to the external clients. A set
of lookup web service is also created for client
application to directly connect to the GIS database and
manipulate the data. To reduce compatibility problem
and facilitate ease of transfer, an open XML standard
needs to be defined. A few candidates have been
implemented for our system, Keyhole Markup
Language (KML) and Geography Markup Language
(GML) and Scalable Vector Graphic (SVG). By

166
following the above open standard our system is able Summary Report submitted to Dept. of Surveying and
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