eng_ahmadhussein@yahoo.

com Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

Jan-08 ETC ٤١
 eng_ahmadhussein@yahoo.com Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

Jan-08 ETC ٤٢
 eng_ahmadhussein@yahoo.com Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

Jan-08 ETC ٤٣
 eng_ahmadhussein@yahoo.com Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

Jan-08 ETC ٤٤
 eng_ahmadhussein@yahoo.com Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

„ Touch Voltage Derive:

⎛ R ⎞
Et = ⎜ Rb + ⎟⋅
f
⎜ 2 ⎟ IB
⎝ ⎠

Jan-08 ETC ٤٥
 eng_ahmadhussein@yahoo.com Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

Jan-08 ETC ٤٦
 eng_ahmadhussein@yahoo.com Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

Jan-08 ETC ٤٧
 eng_ahmadhussein@yahoo.com Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

„ Step Voltage Derive:

Es = (R + 2 ⋅ R )⋅ I
b f B

Jan-08 ETC ٤٨
 eng_ahmadhussein@yahoo.com Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

⎛ R ⎞
Et = ⎜ Rb + ⎟⋅
f
⎜ 2 ⎟ IB
⎝ ⎠

Es = (R + 2 ⋅ R )⋅ I
b f B

„ Estep: Step Voltage.

„ Etouch:Touch Voltage.
„ Rb: Resistance of human body to electric current
current,
Rb is generally assumed to be 1000Ω.
„ Rf:Ground resistance of one foot.
Jan-08 ETC ٤٩
 eng_ahmadhussein@yahoo.com Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

R = 3 ⋅C ⋅ ρ
f s s

„ Cs: is the surface layer derating factor based on the

thickness of the protective surface layer spread
above the earth grade at a substation. If no
protecti e la
protective layer
er is used,
sed then Cs=1. 1
„ ρs: Is the resistivity of the protective surface layer
used at the substation in Ω-m. if no p protective layer
y
is used then ρs= ρ; resistivity of homogenous earth
as calculated previously

Jan-08 ETC ٥٠
 eng_ahmadhussein@yahoo.com Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

„ Substitute IB, Rf and Rb in the touch and step

voltage equations:

„ ts: is the clearing time of fault, the faster the clearing time, the
less risk to personal in SS.
„ To ensure a high margin of safety use the backup clearance
time in the design.

Jan-08 ETC ٥١
 eng_ahmadhussein@yahoo.com Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

P t ti Surface
Protective S f Material
M t i l & Reduction
R d ti Factor
F t Cs.
ƒ A thin layer of highly resistive protective surface material such
as ggravel spread
p above the earth ggrade at a substation can
greatly reduce the available shock current at a substation. The
surface material increases the contact resistance between the
soil and the feet of people in the substation.

ƒ generally 0.08 to 0.15 meter (3 to 6 inches) in depth and

extends 0.91 to 1.22 meters (3 to 4 feet) outside the substation
fence. If the surface material does not extend outside the
substation fence, then the touch voltage may become
dangerously high.

Jan-08 ETC ٥٢
 eng_ahmadhussein@yahoo.com Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

Jan-08 ETC ٥٣
 eng_ahmadhussein@yahoo.com Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

An analytical
y expression
p for the g
ground resistance of the foot on a
thin layer of surface material can be obtained from following
equation

Jan-08 ETC ٥٤
 eng_ahmadhussein@yahoo.com Ahmad Hussein, +962795103071

Tolerable Step & Touch Voltage

¾ For b=0.08 here is the Cs Factor is obtained in the following

gggraph
p :

Jan-08 ETC ٥٥