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INTRODUCTION TO RHEOLOGY
– The science of rheology is concerned with the deformation of flow of matter and with the
response of the materials to the application of mechanical force (stress) or to deformation
– Such responses include irreversible (viscous) flow and reversible (elastic) deformation or a
combination of both
– Examples include response of glass when hit with hammer, rubber band and when hung
with load
– A knowledge of colloid science is important in understanding rheology of emulsions,
suspensions and dispersions as polymer science is to rheology of polymer melts
TYPES OF COLLOIDS
Dispersed Dispersed in Gas Dispersed in Liquid Dispersed in Solid
Material
Gas (bubbles) Not possible Foams: soda pop; whipped Solid foams: plaster,
cream; beaten egg whites pumice
Solid ( grains) Smokes: dust; Sols and gels: gelatin; Solid sol: pearl;
industrial smoke muddy water; starch colored glass;
solution porcelain; paper
– The control of rheology is essential to the manufacture and usage of large numbers of
products in a modern industrial society
For example
– The smoothening of cosmetic cream on the face
– The taste and texture of foodstuffs such as sauces and mayonnaise
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ChE EL 22: PAINTS AND COATINGS
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ChE EL 22: PAINTS AND COATINGS
– Shear rate is the rate of change of velocity at which one layer of fluid passes over an
adjacent layer
Viscosity Measurement
– In the paint industry, viscosity is determined by a variety of measurement techniques,
from simple flow cup to compute controlled rotation viscometers
1. DIP CUPS
– Dip cups are engineered for determining efflux times for paints and similar fluids rapidly
and approximately at paint manufacturers and paint user sites
2. Flow Cups
- Knowledge about the absolute viscosity of a paint system is crucial for many applications
and parameters allowing for a relative classification and calculation is often needed. The
measurement of the efflux time in seconds has been established as a practical solution
- The efflux time is measured by flow cups of different designs, which are outlined in the
appropriate international/ national standards. These cups hold a defined volume of liquid
that flows through an orifice. The reproducibility of such measurements relies on the
following factors
a. The Newtonian flow behavior of the liquid
b. A constant temperature during measurement
c. The accuracy of the size of the cup
3. Bubble Viscometer
- The Direct Time Method employs a single 3 line timer tube to determine the ‘ bubble
seconds” needed for an air bubble to travel a known vertical distance through a bore of
known diameter. These “bubble seconds” may then be converted to stokes. Both
techniques are subject to changes according to the following variables:
a. Temperature: ±1°C = 10% error
b. Vertical Control ±5°C slant = 10% error
c. Tube I.D. Control ±0.1 mm = 2% error
4. Rotational Viscometers
- Many different rotational viscometers are used to determine the viscosity of non-
Newtonian liquids, which show different viscosities based on the applied shear rate
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ChE EL 22: PAINTS AND COATINGS
So, how much of a coating product do you need for a particular object?
– Say you are using a product that has 100 percent solids and will cover 1,604 square feet at 1-mil
thickness. If you need a dry coating of 4 mils, you need to divide 1,604 by 4 to learn the product
will cover only 401 square feet at that thickness
Wet- film thickness can be measured by a variety of gauges, but notch ( also known as step or comb
gauges) are inexpensive and the most commonly used field gauges
– A notch gauge has calibrated notches on its edges. You place the gauge squarely into the film
and on the substrate when the coating is wet. When you remove the gauge, look at the notches.
The film’s thickness lies halfway between the last coated notch and the adjacent uncoated
notch. While not precise, notch gauges are good for approximating film thickness and they come
in aluminum, steel or plastic.
– If the measurement of the wet coating is more critical, other devices, such as an eccentric roller
gauge, lens gauge or needle micrometer can be used.
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ChE EL 22: PAINTS AND COATINGS
- Magnetic Gauges measure the attractive force between the magnet in the gauge and the steel
substrate. As the coating thickness increases, the magnet becomes easier to pull away
- By measuring the pull- off force, you can determine the film thickness. “ The weaker the force,
the thicker the coating.”
- Electronic and eddy current gauges are more expensive, but also more accurate, with a typical
tolerance of plus - or- minus one percent. Plus, “ they are faster and provide a variety of options
such as the ability to download stored measurement results to a printer or computer.”
Destructive Tests
– To measure film thickness generally require cutting through the coating to the substrate.
The coating is then measured with a micrometer or by viewing it microscopically. Another
method is to weigh a section of the substrate before and after coating. Laboratories are
best suited to handle these tests.
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