Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
CMOS
OPAMPs
Amplifiers
Name
Input
Quan,ty
Output
Quan,ty
Opera3onal
Amplifier
(OPAMP)
Voltage
Voltage
Opera3onal
Transconductance
Voltage
Current
Amplifier
(OTA)
Opera3onal
Current
Amplifier
(OCA)
Current
Current
Current
Mode
Amplifier
Current
Voltage
OPAMPs
• An
OPAMP
is
essen3ally
a
single
pole
amplifier.
It
exchanges
gain
for
bandwidth.
All
other
poles
are
beyond
the
GBW.
• Mul3stage
amplifiers
have
several
poles
and
can
work
properly
at
one
gain.
They
do
not
exchange
gain
for
bandwidth.
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
VDD
Q8 Q5 Q7
Q1 Q2
Vout
Vin- Vin+
Cc
Q3 Q4 Q6
I1
VSS
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
• The
gain
can
be
wriJen
simply
as,
(
A1 = −Gm1R1 = −gm1 r02 r04 )
(
A2 = −Gm 2 R2 = −gm 6 r06 r07 )
A = A1 A2
Rout = r06 r07
€
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
• From
the
previous
discussion
on
frequency
compensa3on,
1
f p1 ≈
2πR1Gm 2 R2CC
Gm 2
fp2 ≈
2πC2
Gm 2
fz ≈
2πCC
⎛ f ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
t −1 −1 f t
PhaseM argin = 90° − tan ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ − tan ⎜ ⎟
⎝ f p 2 ⎠ ⎝ f z ⎠
€
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
• This
zero
is
actually
due
to
the
feedforward
through
the
capacitance.
• The
current
passing
through
the
capacitor
cancels
out
the
output
current
of
the
amplifier,
causing
a
zero.
• To
get
rid
of
this
zero,
we
have
to
make
the
flow
unidirec3onal;
that
is,
cut
the
feedforward,
but
keep
the
feedback.
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
• There
are
several
solu3ons
by
using
source
followers
or
cascodes,
but
they
are
complicated
circuits.
• The
simplest
solu3on
is
to
use
a
resistance
R
in
series
with
CC.
• The
func3onality
of
this
resistor
can
be
easily
understood
if
we
write
the
current
through
CC.
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
• Thus,
Vi2
= Gm 2Vi2
1
R+
sCC
1
• The
new
loca3on
of
the
zero
is
at
s=
⎛ 1 ⎞
CC ⎜ − R⎟
⎝ Gm 2 ⎠
€
• By
selec3ng
R
=
1/Gm2,
the
zero
can
be
eliminated.
€
• Even
if
complete
matching
cannot
be
achieved,
the
zero
can
be
pushed
to
higher
frequencies
or
converted
to
a
nega3ve
zero.
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
• However,
too
large
a
value
should
not
be
chosen
either
since
the
nega3ve
zero
is
beneficial.
Hence
choose
the
zero
to
be
less
than
3GBW.
• Thus,
a
range
for
R
can
be
determined
as,
1 1
<R<
Gm 2 3Gm1
€
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
• Slew
rate
is
generally
due
to
the
first
stage
and
the
compensa3on
capacitance.
• Slew
rate
is
simply
I/CC,
where
I
is
the
tail
current
of
the
first
stage.
• Also,
from
these
equa3ons,
SR
=
VOVωt.
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
• Define
a
Figure
of
Merit
(FOM)
for
our
OPAMP
designs
as
GBWxCL
FOM =
IBIAS
2.5E-‐05
2.0E-‐05
I1
1.5E-‐05
I6
Itot
1.0E-‐05
5.0E-‐06
0.0E+00
0
1E-‐12
2E-‐12
3E-‐12
4E-‐12
5E-‐12
6E-‐12
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
• This
graph
was
drawn
for
GBW
=
1MHz,
CL
=
10pF,
Cn1
=
0.4pF,
VGS
–
VT
=
0.2V,
and
fnd
=
3MHz.
• You
can
play
with
these
values
in
the
excel
chart
to
obtain
your
op3mum.
• Note
that
Cn1
actually
changes
with
the
sizing
of
transistor
M6.
Thus,
this
graph
is
not
exact.
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
• The
second
alterna3ve
is
to
choose
Gm2
first.
The
absolute
minimum
for
this
value
is
3
(GBW)(2π)CL.
• Now,
choose
a
Gm2
which
is
30%
larger
(corresponding
to
CC
=
3Cn1).
Then,
the
parasi3c
Cn1
is
determined
right
away.
One
can
move
from
here
to
calculate
other
variables.
• The
third
alterna3ve
is
to
choose
Gm1
first.
This
is
useful
to
minimize
noise.
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
• Concentrate
the
choices
in
coefficients:
CL = αCC ,CC = βCn1 = βCGS 6 , f nd = γGBW
fT6
€
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
• Choose
α,β,γ
2
3
2
• Calculate
fT6
from
GBW
6.4
GHz
• Calculate
L6
for
VGS
–
VT
of
0.2V
0.5
µm
• Calculate
W6
from
CL
417
µm
– Determine
IDS6
2.3
mA
– Determine
Cn1
0.83
pF
• Calculate
CC
from
CL
and
α
2.5
pF
• Calculate
gm1
and
IDS1
0.63
mA
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
• The
total
current
consump3on
is
3.56
mA.
• The
FOM
is
561
MHzpF/mA.
• Remember
fT
in
ac3ve
region:
µn
fT = 1.5 2 (VGS − VT )
2πL
• And
fT
in
subthreshold
region:
1 It 1 1 ID
fT =
€ 2π kT CD L2 IM
q
€
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
• For
smaller
GBW
values,
the
transistors
can
be
biased
in
weak
inversion
or
in
the
boundary.
• Rewri3ng
the
above
equa3ons
by
using
the
inversion
coefficient
technique,
fT
fTH
( )
= i 1 − e − i ≈ i for
small
i
2 µ kT q
fTH = 2
2πL
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
• Let
us
now
do
a
design
for
GBW
=
1MHz
and
CL
=
5pF.
• The
transistors
are
probably
in
weak
inversion.
• Thus,
it
may
be
a
good
idea
to
use
the
EKV
equa3ons.
Two
Stage
Miller
OPAMP
• Choose
α,
β,
and
γ
2
3
2
• Calculate
minimum
fT6
16
MHz
• Choose
a
channel
length,
L6
0.5
µm
– Calculate
fTH6
2
GHz
• Calculate
inversion
coefficient
0.008
• Calculate
W6
from
CL
417
µm
– Calculate
IDST6
0.33
mA
– Calculate
IDS6
2.7
µA
– Calculate
Cn1
0.83
pF
• Calculate
CC
2.5
pF
• Calculate
gm1
and
IDS1
1.6
µA
OPAMP
Specifica3ons
• Introductory
analysis
– DC
currents
and
voltages
on
all
nodes
– Small
signal
parameters
of
all
transistors
• DC
Analysis
– CM
input
voltage
range
vs
supply
voltage
– Output
voltage
range
vs
supply
voltage
– Maximum
output
current
(sink
and
source)
OPAMP
Specifica3ons
• AC
and
transient
analysis
– AC
resistance
and
capacitance
on
all
nodes
– Gain
vs
frequency
– GBW
vs
biasing
current
– SR
vs
load
capacitance
– Output
voltage
range
vs
frequency
– SeJling
3me
– Input
impedance
vs
frequency
– Output
impedance
vs
frequency
OPAMP
Specifica3ons
• Specifica3ons
related
to
offset
and
noise
– Offset
voltage
vs
CM
input
voltage
– CMRR
vs
frequency
– Input
bias
current
and
offset
– Equivalent
input
noise
voltage
vs
frequency
– Equivalent
input
noise
current
vs
frequency
– Noise
op3miza3on
for
capaci3ve/induc3ve
sources
– PSRR
vs
frequency
– Distor3on
OPAMP
Specifica3ons
• Other
second
order
effects
– Stability
for
induc3ve
loads
– Switching
the
biasing
transistors
– Switching
or
ramping
the
supply
voltages
– Different
supply
voltages,
temperatures,
…
Common
Mode
Input
Voltage
Range
• The
maximum
input
voltage
is
VDD
–
VGS1
–
VDS7
• The
minimum
input
voltage
is
VSS
+
VGS3
+
VDS1
–
VGS1
• We
can
go
closer
to
the
nega3ve
supply
voltage.
• The
opposite
is
true
for
an
NMOS
input
circuit.
Output
Voltage
Range
• If
no
resis3ve
loads
are
present,
the
output
can
go
rail
to
rail.
• Otherwise,
there
is
a
resis3ve
divider
between
the
load
and
the
output
resistors.
Slew
Rate
Revisited
• The
worst
slewing
condi3on
occurs
when
an
ideal
square
wave
is
applied
to
the
OPAMP.
• The
square
wave
is
converted
to
a
triangular
wave
with
VOUT,max
=
SR/4fmax.
• As
discussed
above
SR 4 πIDS1
=
GBW gm1
IDS1 VGS1 − VT
= Strong
inversion
gm1 2
IDS1 nkT
= Weak
inversion
gm1 q
ICE1 kT
= BJT
gm1 q
Slew
Rate
• Actually,
there
are
two
types
of
slew
rate,
external
and
internal.
IB
SRint =
CC
I
SRext = DS 7
CL
€
A
Few
Comments
on
the
Input
Stage
• Choose
p-‐channel
over
n-‐channel
for
input
differen3al
amplifier
due
to
– Lower
noise
– BeJer
slew
rate
– BeJer
GBW
• Noise
op3miza3on
can
be
performed
on
the
first
stage
by
changing
the
NMOS
mirror
dimensions
as
well.
Telescopic
Cascode
Amplifier
VDD
Q9
VBIAS1
Q1 Q2
VIN+
Q5 Q6
VIN-
VBIAS2
Q7 Q8
VBIAS3
Q3 Q4
Telescopic
Cascode
Amplifier
• Provides
more
gain
at
low
frequencies.
• GBW
does
not
change.
gm1
GBW =
2πCL
Q9
Q7 Q8
VBIAS4
Q1 Q2
VIN-
VBIAS1
VIN+ VBIAS2 VOUT
Q3 Q4
Q10 Q11
VBIAS3
Folded
Cascode
OTA
• This
circuit
is
symmetrical
since
M1
and
M2
see
the
same
impedance.
• The
output
is
the
only
high
resistance
point;
thus
no
compensa3on
is
necessary.
• The
input
is
again
high-‐swing.
• The
output
swing
is
slightly
higher
(by
one
current
source
voltage)
than
the
telescopic
cascode.
Folded
Cascode
OTA
-‐
DC
• Choose
bias
current
through
M9
as
100
µA
as
an
example.
• M1
and
M2
each
conduct
50
µA.
• Choose
the
currents
through
M10
and
M11
as
100
µA.
Then,
the
rest
of
the
transistors
will
conduct
50
µA.
• It
is
not
a
necessity
to
equate
the
currents
through
M9
and
M10-‐11.
However,
good
choice
for
symmetry.
Folded
Cascode
OTA
• The
power
consump3on
is
thus
twice
the
telescopic
OTA.
• The
Gain
and
GBW
expressions
are
exactly
the
same.
• Why
bother
with
the
folded
cascode
rather
than
the
telescopic
cascode?
Same
performance
at
twice
the
power?
Folded
Cascode
OTA
• The
first
non-‐dominant
pole
comes
from
the
drains
of
M1
and
M2.
They
form
together
one
single
non-‐dominant
pole
at
approximately
fT3/3.
• The
other
non-‐dominant
poles
arising
from
M5-‐M6-‐M7-‐M8
are
followed
immediately
by
zeros
and
are
not
discernible.
• Hence,
this
OTA
has
only
one
important
non-‐
dominant
pole
and
is
quite
easy
to
design.
Folded
Cascode
OTA
• Choose
Vov1,2
as
0.2V
and
Vov10,11
as
0.5V.
• Then,
inputs
can
go
all
the
way
down
to
VSS.
• Hence,
high
input
swing
can
be
achieved.
• Input
and
output
voltage
levels
can
easily
be
matched.
A
Small
Comparison
• GBW
=
100MHz,
CL
=
2pF,
VGS
–
VT
=
0.2V.
VBIAS
Q1 Q2
Vout
Q5 Q3 Q4 Q6
B : 1 1 : B
Symmetrical
CMOS
OTA
• Although
this
has
3
current
mirrors
as
opposed
to
only
one
in
a
simple
single
stage
amplifier,
the
performance
is
in
essence
the
same.
• However,
this
amplifier
is
the
best
you
can
achieve
in
terms
of
symmetry.
• Furthermore,
B
can
be
used
to
obtain
more
gain.
Symmetrical
CMOS
OTA
• The
gain
is
now
gm1RoutB.
• The
BW
is
again
given
by
1
BW =
2πRout CL
• Thus,
GBW
is
gm1
€ GBW = B
2πCL
VBIAS1
Q1 Q2
VIN- VIN+
VBIAS2
VOUT+ VOUT-
Q3 Q4
Fully
Differen3al
Amplifiers
• We
can
use
this
amplifier
for
differen3al
opera3on
which
is
desired
in
most
applica3ons.
• However,
very
good
control
of
biasing
voltages
is
necessary
which
is
typically
not
possible.
• Therefore
Common
Mode
Feedback
(CMFB)
should
be
used.
Fully
Differen3al
Amplifiers
• A
CMFB
circuit
senses
the
common
mode
level
in
the
two
outputs.
Then,
it
feeds
back
a
signal
related
to
this
to
the
tail
current.
• A
typical
sensing
circuitry
can
be
two
resistors
taking
the
average
of
the
two
outputs.
• However,
the
resistors
will
load
the
circuit.
You
may
use
source
followers
to
isolate
the
CMFB
circuit.
• Then,
the
CMFB
signal
can
be
compared
against
a
reference
and
be
fed
back
to
the
tail.
Fully
Differen3al
Amplifiers
• Fully
differen3al
amplifiers
are
almost
always
used
in
prac3ce.
CMFB
is
also
very
commonly
used.
• The
Miller
OPAMP
or
cascode
or
folded
cascode
amplifiers
can
all
be
made
differen3al.
• CMFB
will
be
discussed
later.