GRAMMAR

GRAMMAR
6. Directions (cardinal points).
1. ARTICLES ( A, An, The )
1. ARTICLES ( A, An, The ) - the west, the south-east, the north-west.

We Use A/AN with: NO ARTICLE

1. Singular nouns and the first time we refer to a
person, animal or thing. We use NO ARTICLE with:
a child 1. When we refer to general ideas, plurals or
an elephant uncountable nouns we do not use THE.
a television Religion is an important issue. (X = NOT The
religion is an important issue)
A = consonant + uni Mexican food is spicy. (X = NOT The Mexican
An = a , e , i , o , u + ho food is spicy).

2. We don't use A/AN with possessive pronouns,
demonstratives or cardinal numbers.
My shirt is dirty.
This car is expensive.
One person is in the reception.
3. We use ONE (or more) instead of A/AN when the
number is important.
There is only one exit from the airport.
2. Names of people, books and plays (unless it is
part of the title).
I have read Romeo and Juliet.
3. Towns, cities, states and countries.
Cape Town, Montana,Vietnam, ( X = NOT The
Cape Town, The Vietnmam)
(Exceptions – The USA, The UK, The Netherlands,
The Czech Republic, The Philippines).

The Definite Article – THE 4. Lakes, single islands, continents or mountains.

We use THE with:
1. A singular or plural noun when it is clear/obvious
which person or thing we are talking about.
There is a lamp in my bedroom. (we mention the
lamp for the first time)
The lamp is next to the desk.
- Lake Victoria,Jamaica, Asia, Mt Fuji
5. Planets – Mars, Jupiter, Saturn
6. Sports or games - soccer, tennis, skiing,
monopoly

2. Anything which we identify immediately. 7. Meals - breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper

We watched the new Brad Pitt movie last night.
3. Musical instruments (the violin, the guitar, the A An The
drums, the flute, the piccolo). 1. A teacher 1. An aeroplane 1. The boy
2. A doctor 2. An elephant 2. The violin
She plays the piano.
3. A pen 3. An ice-cream 3. The book
4. A pencil 4. An oven 4. The Sun
4.Something that is unique or there is ONLY one. 5. A ruler 5. An umbrella 5. The Black Sea
- the sun, the moon,the internet. 6. A story 6. An apple 6. The West
7. A hot day 7. An old dress 7. The teacher
8. A uniform 8. An hour 8. The chair
5. Names of rivers, seas, oceans, mountain ranges 9. A university 9. An honest boy 9. The man
and deserts (always in capitals). 10. A unicorn 10. An honor 10. The piano
-The Mississippi River,The Black Sea, The Andes,
The Sahara Desert
 11. They arrange the tables and chairs in the
1. ARTICLES ( A, An, The )
1. ARTICLES ( A, An, The ) classroom.

1. I want a pen. 12. They carry the box.

2. I met the boy yesterday. 13. They drop the pencils.
3. I think he is an honest man.
4. You must speak the truth. 14. They laugh at the clowns.
5. Miss Kavitha is an excellent teacher. 15. They study hard for the examination.
6. She is a really good cook.
7. The horse has a unicorn. 16. They sit on the sofa.
8. I went to the airport yesterday.
17. They ride their bicycles.
9. I waited for an hour.
10. She wants a puppy for her birthday 18. They wear their uniforms.
19. They hold their shirts.
2 Common Nouns Proper Nouns 20. They pluck the coconuts using a pole.
1.. doctor 1. Dr. Raju
2.. state 2. Kuala Lumpur
The Simple Present Tense is used to tell
3. street 3. Main Street
4. dog 4. Snoopy something that is true or fact.
5. ocean 5. Indian Ocean 1. Hens lay eggs.
6. day 6. Sunday
2. Cows eat grass.
7. month 7. March
8. stadium 8. Stadium Negara 3. Plants need sunlight to grow well.
9. country 9. Malaysia 4. Birds fly.
10. zoo 10. Zoo Negara
5. Lions roar.

3. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 4. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

3. THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE 4. THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The Simple Present Tense is used to tell about The Simple Past Tense is used to show an action
something that we always do or something that that happened in the past.
always, often or usually happens.
1. I arrange the tables and chairs in the 1. I washed my face.
classroom.
2. I carry the box. 2. I dropped the bag.

3. I drop the pencil. 3. I opened the windows.

4. I laugh at the clown. 4. He kicked the ball.

5. I study hard for the examination. 5. The girl combed her hair.

6. I sit on the sofa. 6. The man worked on the farm.

7. I ride the bicycle. 7. The girl posted a letter.

8. I wear my uniform. 8. The teacher carried the books.

9. I hold the shirt. 9. My mother baked a cake.

10. I pluck the coconuts using a pole. 10. My father listened to the radio.
11. I swam in the pool.
12. I blew the recorder.
13. I played the violin.
14. He told an interesting story.
15. The boy caught a dragonfly.
16. The man broke the glass.
17. My father found a ring.
18. My friend lost some money.
19 . She threw the rubbish into the dustbin.
20. The teacher sat on the bench.
21. The woman drank a cup of coffee.
22. The birds flew above the trees.
24. The gardener burnt the rubbish.
25. The postman brought a parcel.
14. The dog is barking loudly.
15. You are jumping.
16. The girls are dancing in the hall.
17. The boys are swimming in the pool.
18. My brother is decorating the hall with
balloons.
19. The farmer is wearing a hat.
20. My mother is holding a shirt.
21. The rabbit is eating carrots.
22. The dog is chasing the cat.
23. The woman is ironing the blouse.
24. The fishmonger is selling fish.
25. The doctor is examining the patient.

6. COMPOUND WORDS
6. COMPOUND WORDS
5. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
5. THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

A compound word can function as a noun, an

The Present Continuous Tense is used to: adjective or a verb. When we pronounce a
i. To show something that is happening at the time compound word, we stress on the first word.
of speaking. There are three forms of compound word.
ii. It is used with ‘am + ing’, ‘is + ing’ or ‘are + ing’.
1. Words are combined as ONE WORD.
Postman butterfly armchair
1. I am reading a book. Fireman dragonfly dragonfly
2. She is eating an apple. Grandfather hornbill chopsticks
Goalkeeper goldfish wheelbarrow
3. He is singing a song. Sunset footwear tablecloth
Sunflower footprints tablespoon
4. You are learning English. Sunrise footsteps tablemat
5. The cat is eating a fish.
2. Words are joined with a HYPHEN.
6. We are walking to school.
First-aid kit dining-table Son-in-law
7. They are playing football. seat-belts Horse-riding twenty-three
8. The children are waiting for the bus.
9. The boys are catching butterflies. 3. Words are written as TWO SEPARATE WORDS.

10. The ladies are buying vegetables at Post office Milk bottle River bank
the market. Bus stop Fish tank Car park
11. I am writing a letter.
12. Sally is washing the plates.
13. John is carrying the box.
 9. My mother went to the market to buy some
meat.
7. GERUNDS
7. GERUNDS 10. We need vitamins to make us healthy

A gerund is the –‘ing’ form of a verb that is used as 11. I need a pair of scissors to cut the paper.
a noun.
12. My brother and I helped our mother to prepare
Examples: food for dinner
1. Walking is good for your health.
13. The boys are going to play football.
2. My hobby is gardening.
14 . They like to help each other.
3. He has some beautiful singing birds.
15. She helped her mother to bake some cakes.
4. He enjoys swimming.
16. He wants to clean the blackboard.
5. Cooking is an interesting hobby.
17 . We want to pluck the rambutans.
6. Reading books is a good way of passing the
time. 18. His father wants him to wash the car.

7. Cycling is a good form of exercise. 19. The teacher wants you to answer the question.

8. I enjoy listening to the music. 20. The prefect wants to ring the bell.

9. Ramu enjoys fishing during the weekend.

10. We enjoy travelling and nature walk. 9. PRONOUNS

9. PRONOUNS

8. INFINITIVES SUBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE

8. INFINITIVES ADJECTIVES PRONOUNS PRONOUNS
myself
An infinitive is the ‘root’ form of a verb. I my mine
yourself
1. I tried to help the old woman. You your yours
ourselves
2. I borrowed a book to read. We our ours
themselves
3. We came here to ask something. They their theirs
himself
4. She took out the paper to write a letter. He his his
herself
5. The man tried to open the door of the car. She her hers
itself
6. He went to the library to borrow a book. It its its

7. The story is exciting to read.

8. They want a piece of string to tie the parcel.

 10. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES Prepositions of TIME
10. POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
9.30 a.m / midnight / noon /
sunset / night / breakfast /
1. This is my pen. Rani at lunch time / dinner time /
2. That is your book. the beginning of the day /
3. This is our house. the end of the day
4. Those are their rulers. the morning / afternoon /
the evening /(but at night) /
5. That is his bicycle.
Ang Eng January / February / March ...
6. This is her handbag. arrived December / March …
7. This is its tail. in winter / spring / summer /
autumn
11. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS The book was 1996 / 2003 / the twenty first
11. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS written century
Sunday, Monday, Tuesday…/
1. This is my ruler. The ruler is mine. Monday morning / Tuesday/
2. That is your bag. The bag is yours. Idris came on 18th May / 15th April /
3. This is our car. The car is ours. My birthday / Hari Raya
morning
4. Those are their shoes. The shoes are theirs.
PREPOSITIONS OF MOVEMENT AND
5. These are his books. The books are his.
DIRECTION
6. Those are her dresses. The dresses are hers.
1. He is going up the stairs.
12. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
12. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
2. She is going down the stairs.
1. I bought myself a new hat.
3. My mother is going to the market.
2. You cut yourself with the knife.
3. We built ourselves a boat. 4. They are coming from the library.
4. They hurt themselves when they fell down.
5. He hurt himself during the trip. 5. He is walking up the street.
6. She ordered herself an ice-cream.
6. The boat is sailing up the river.
13. PREPOSITIONS
13. PREPOSITIONS 7. The girl is coming into the room.

Prepositions of PLACE/POSITION 8. He is going out of the room.

in / inside the class 9. Ramu is jumping into the river.
under the table
behind the tree 10. Guna is climbing out of the river.
in front of his mother
between his mother and father 11. The boy is walking towards his mother.
at the front of the class
Arul (far away) from home 12. He is rowing against the wind.
near the door
outside the gate 13. They are throwing a ball to each other.
next to/beside Kumar
(sitting) on the stairs 14. The man is walking across/over a bridge.
(walking) around the block
(sitting) opposite Devi
15. He jumps across the drain. 14.
20. The QUESTIONS
water WORD/
is flowing above the level.
14. QUESTIONS WORD/
16. We walked along the street. WH- WORD
WH- WORD
17. The buses are going through the tunnel.
my
18. The cars are going around the roundabout. your
is his name?
19. There is a fence around the house. her
1. What its
20. There is a butterfly among the flowers.
our
PREPOSITIONS are their names?
your
1. We went to Singapore by aeroplane.

2. She left Ipoh by train. am I

3. The boat hit against some rocks. Arul

is Mala
2. When leaving?
4. He leaned the bicycle against the tree. the bus
are they
5. He looked through the telescope.

6. The cat crawled through the gap.

does he
7. The boys are running along the road. she
Shanti
8. There are some tall trees along the road.
3. What toy want?
our I
9. Ali swam across the river.
their they
your you
10. She walks across the paddy field to school.

11. Aminah sits in front of me.

12. There is a frog at the bottom of the well. am I

you leaving?
13. She walked round the classroom giving out
are we
books.
they
4. Why
14. He turned round when I called him.
he laughing?
15. The bird flew over the tree tops. she
is
the dog
16. The light hung over the table. barking?
it

17. He put the pot over the fire.

18. The aero plane flew above the clouds.

19. There is a ceiling fan above the table.

 WH
I Function Example
am word
Azhar
is Way Lee going?
the cat
5. Where

Jazly and Ali

are we hiding?
they

am I?
you?
is those boys?
6. Who they?

Samy?
are she?
he?

book is this?
7. Whose books are these?

8. Whom should I talk to ?

I
do we
they
9. How go to school?
she
does Raju
Mary
1. What asking for information What is your
about something name? Questions Short Answers
asking for repetition or What? I can't
confirmation hear you. Am I? Yes, you are / No, you aren’t .
You did what?
you Yes, I am / No, I’m not.
What...for asking for a reason, What did you Yes, we are / No, we aren’t.
asking why do that for? Are we
Yes, they are / No, they aren’t
2. When asking about time When did he they late
leave? he Yes, he is / No, he isn’t.
3. Where asking in or at what Where do they she Yes, she is / No, she isn’t.
Is
place or position live? it Yes, it is / No, it isn’t.
4. Which asking about choice Which colour
do you want?
5. Who asking what or which Who opened Questions Short Answers
person or people the door?
(subject) I? Yes, you do / No, you don’t .
6. Whom asking what or which Whom did you you Yes, I do / No, I don’t .
person or people see? Do
we Yes, we do / No, we don’t .
(object) they Yes, they do / No, they don’t .
work?
7. Whose asking about Whose are
ownership these keys? he Yes, he does / No, he doesn’t.
Whose turn is Does she Yes, she does / No, she doesn’t.
it? it Yes, it does / No, it doesn’t.
8. Why asking for reason, Why do you
asking what...for say that?
Why don't making a suggestion Why don't I Questions Short Answers
help you? Yes, you have / No, you
I?
9. How asking about manner How does this haven’t .
work? you Yes, I have / No, I haven’t .
asking about condition How was your Have we Yes, we have / No, we
or quality exam? they got a haven’t .
How + asking about extent or see examples book?
Yes, they have / No, they
Adj/Adv degree below haven’t .
How far distance How far is
he Yes, he has / No, he hasn’t.
Putrayajaya
from Melaka?
she Yes, she has / No, she hasn’t.
Has
How long length (time or space) How long will the got a
Yes, it has / No, it hasn’t
it take? cat tail?
How many quantity (countable) How many
cars are there?
How much quantity (uncountable) How much
money do you
have?
How old age How old are
you?
How come asking for reason, How come I
(Informal) asking why can't see her?

15. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 16. QUESTIONS TAGS

15. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 16. QUESTIONS TAGS
 movie
is
POSITIVE STATEMENT + NEGATIVE TAG book
The interesting.
movies
1. It is very hot, isn’t it? are
books
2. They are pretty, aren’t they ?
3. You play golf, don’t you? I
4. Pooja lives here, doesn’t she? You study
5. I gave the book to you, didn’t I? They sing
6. Owls can see in the dark, can’t they? We
7. They have bought the books, haven’t they?
8. It’ll be great, won’t it? He
every night.
She movies
NEGATIVE STATEMENT + POSITIVE TAG Lee books
Liza
1. It isn’t very hot, is it ?
It
2. They are not pretty, are they? barks
The dog
3. You don’t play golf, do you?
4. Pooja doesn’t lives here, does she?
5. I didn’t give the book to you, did I ? Swimming my
6. Owls can’t see in the dark, can they? your
7. They haven’t bought the books, have they? Collecting stamps our
is their hobby.
8. It won’t be great, will it?
Cycling his
Verbs Contracted forms of Pronoun her
am I’m
are you’re / we’re / they’re Everyone
Everybody has a book.
is he’s / she’s / it’s
has he’s / she’s / it’s Some one wants to see you now.
have I’ve / you’ve / we’ve / they’ve Everything is expensive.
I’d / you’d / she’d /it’d /we’d
had
/they’d /
I’d / you’d / she’d /it’d /we’d One of the girls likes swimming.
would
/they’d / Each of the
I’ll / you’ll / we’ll / they’ll / he’ll / students has a book.
will Every one of the
she’ll / it’ll /
shall I’ll / we’ll /
All of the girls
have books.
Negative forms of short forms Most of the students
is not isn’t do not don’t
are not aren’t does not doesn’t Each interesting.
book and magazine is
was not wasn’t did not didn’t
were not weren’t will not won’t Each girl has a book.
has not hasn’t cannot can’t Each student needs a pencil.
have not haven’t shall not shan’t

17. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT

17. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT