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1. Forming:
CONFUSION- not certain about
purpose, task and leadership.
The members often depend on a
leader to define purpose, tasks, and
roles.
2. Storming
Conflict and confrontation
(disagreements).
Members develop roles and
relationships.
Conflict, dissatisfaction, and
competition arise on important issues
related to procedures and behavior .
The leader helps the group to
acknowledge the conflict and to
resolve it in a win-win manner.
3. Norming:
The group members define its goals and
rules of behavior.
The group determines what are or are not
acceptable behaviors and attitudes.
The group structure, roles, and relationships
become clearer.
The leader explains standers of
performance and behavior, defines the
group structure, and facilitates relationship
building.
4. Performing:
6. Reforming:
When some major changes takes
place in the environment or goals
of the group that requires the
group to refocus its activities and
recycle through the four stages.
Characteristics of effective group
Participation is broad.
Listening is active and
attentive.
Creativity
and growth occur innovation
and experimentation are encouraged.
Advantages of group participation in
decision making
Consensus
Negotiation
voting
Consensus decision-making
is a group decision making process that
seeks not only the agreement of most
participants but also the resolution or
mitigation of minority objections تقليل عدد
المعارضين.
Collaborative:Participants contribute
to a shared proposal and shape it into
a decision that meets the concerns of
all group members as much as
possible.
Cooperative: Participants in an
effective consensus process should
strive to reach the best possible
decision for the group and all of its
members, rather than competing for
personal preferences.
Egalitarian:متساوىAll
members should
be afforded, as much as possible,
equal input into the process. All
members have the opportunity to
present, and amend تحسينproposals.
Inclusive:As many stakeholders as
possible should be involved in the
consensus decision-making
process.
Participatory:The consensus
process should actively ask the
input and participation of all
decision-makers.
NEGOTIATION
Definition: Negotiation is a problem-
solving process in which two or more
people voluntarily discuss their
differences and attempt to reach a joint
decision on their common concerns.
Negotiation requires participants to
identify issues about which they differ,
educate each other about their needs
and interests.
Most common reasons for choosing to
negotiate
• Buy time;
• Solve a problem.
voting
Definition:
Voting is a method for a group
such as a meeting or an electorate
to make a decision or express an
opinion—often following discussions,
debates, or election campaigns. It is
often found in democracies and
republics جمهوريات
Reasons for voting
Ina representative government, voting
commonly implies election: a way for an
electorate to select among candidates
for office.
In
politics voting is the method by which
the electorate of a democracy appoints
representatives in its government.
Guide lines for leading group
meetings
Begin and end on time.
Createa warm, accepting, and non
threatening climate.
Arrange seating to minimize differences in
power, maximize involvement, and allow
visualization of all meeting activities( e.g.
U-shaped)
Useinteresting and varied visuals and other
aids.
Clarify all terms and concepts.
Foster cooperation in the group.
Establish goals and key objectives.
Keep the group focused.
Focus the discussion on one topic at
time.
Facilitate thoughtful problem solving.
Allocate time for all problem solving
steps.
Promote involvement.
Facilitate integration of material and
ideas.
Facilitateevaluation of the quality of
the discussion.
Elicit
the expression of uncooperative
opinions.
Summarize discussion.
Finalize
the plan of action for
implementing decisions.
Arrange for follow-up.
Conditions that foster group think:
1- High group cohesiveness. Usually
cohesiveness leads to the free
expression of ideas; however, in
groupthink circumstances, the
opposite occurs.
2-The members have an authoritarian-
style leader who tends to argue for
"pet" proposals. Thus, we would not
expect
groupthink to occur in groups that
have a tradition of democratic
leadership.
3- The group is often isolated from
the "real world"; that is, the group is
not forced to deal with what is
happening "out there" beyond the
group.
Cont…….,
4-the group does not have a definite
procedure, or method, for decision
making.
5-The members of the group come from
similar backgrounds and have similar
viewpoints.
6-The group is in a complex decision-
making situation that causes a significant
amount of arousal in each member, and
the members feel that finding an
alternative better than the leader's pet
How group think be avoided: