Chemical Tests

1.   Mucic Acid Test

a.   Determines presence of galactose and lactose
b.   Forms HNO3 (crystal formation)
2.   Barfoed’s Test
a.   Determines presence of monosaccharides
3.   Benedict’s Test
a.   Determines presence of simple carbohydrates (mono- and di-saccharides)
4.   Hinsberg Test
a.   Determines presence of amines
5.   Lucas Test
a.   Differentiates between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols
6.   Iodoform Test
a.   Determines presence of a methyl ketone (of alcohol w/ methyl group)
b.   Reaction of iodine and base with methyl ketone
c.   Appearance of a yellow precipitate
7.   Beilstein Test
a.   Determines presence of halogens
b.   Also known as “frame test”
8.   Tollen’s Test
a.   Determines presence of aldehydes

LEORA
•   Lose e-
•   Oxidized
•   Reducing agent

GEROA
•   Gain e-
•   Reduced
•   Oxidizing agent
First Law of Thermodynamics

Physics

Instruments
•   Galvanometer
 •   Generator
•   Transformer
•   Rectifier

Specific Heat vs Latent Heat

•   Specific heat: the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a substance a certain amount.
o   specific  heat  of  water:  1  calorie/gram  °C  =  4.186  joule/gram  °C  

•   Latent heat: the amount of heat released during a change of state, i.e. the boiling of water or the melting of
ice.

Q = m · c · (Tf – Ti)

Here, m is equal to the amount of mass of the object, c is the objects specific heat capacity which is a
constant unique for every substance, the two Ts are the initial and final temperature and Q tells us how
much energy in Joules we need all together.

Q=P·t