Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Sense of Responsibility
Sense of Self-reliance
Sense of Direction
A Set of Personal Values
Sense of Individuality
Mental Well-Being
Lack of a mental disorder
Cultural and religious considerations
Maria Jahoda (1963) proposed the following
six characteristics of the mentally healthy
individual —
Environmental mastery
Undistorted perception of
reality
Integration
Autonomy
Growth, self-development
and self-actualization
Attitude towards Self
Models of Mental Illness
Spiritual Model
Moral Character Model
The Statistical Model
The Disease/ Medical/ Biological Model
— Genetics
— Neuroimaging
— Neurobiology
Psychological Models
— Psychodynamic Model
— The Behavioural Model
• The Cognitive-behavioural Model
— Existential / Humanistic Model
The Social Model
Psychosocial Model
— The Social Learning Model
Family Therapy Model
Biopsychosocial Model
Thinking Emotional
Processes Processes
Learned Biological
Behaviours Processes
Spiritual Model
The first and oldest explanatory system for mental illness is spiritual.
From a traditional spiritual perspective, consciousness is seen as
resulting from or deeply connected to some supernatural force.
Usually, there is a religious narrative that explains that there are
good and bad forces in the world, and that suffering is a function of
either being possessed by the bad, or through the idea that the
afflicted have fallen out of favor with the good. This generally occurs
because of sin or related concept of immoral behavior that leads to
some form of badness or contamination.
Moral Character Model
Neuroimaging
Psychodynamic Model
The Behavioural Model
The Cognitive-behavioural Model
Humanistic / Existential Model
Psychodynamic Model
The social model suggests that the ways in which societies are
organized, not just biological and psychological characteristics of
individuals, must be considered as causal factors in mental illness. It
does not argue that people should not be held responsible for their
behaviour because they are victims of ―society‖, but they do suggest
that social structure imposes restrictions on behaviour as surely as
biological inheritance and that the effects of social conditions on
mental illness need to be understood, to explain both individual
distress and how that distress might be related to larger forces. The
social model regards social forces as the most important determinants
of mental disorder.
Psychosocial Model
Laing & Esterson (1964) were among the first British writers to express the view
that individuals with mental illness were the victims of a pathological family
process. Family therapy usually begins by an approach that encourages all
members of the family to work together in resolving the conflict. The process is
designed to identify and change relationships where necessary. Attention is paid
to family interactions, especially to alignments and discord and the engagement
and disengagement of the different group members.
Double Bind
Schisms and Skewed Families
Pseudomutual and Pseudohostile Families
Expressed Emotion
Biopsychosocial Model
Integration of:
Biological
Social
Psychological (Esp. cognitive & behavioral)
Abnormality caused by:
Interaction of these factors – no one cause
Relative importance of each factor depends on
individual and environment
Biopsychosocial Model
Feedback Loops
Psychological
Biological Emphasis on
Emphasis on psychological
biological factors, such as early
processes (e.g., childhood
genetics) experience and self-
concept
Learning
of
behaviour Faulty thinking
& perception
Repressed
memories
& emotions
Genetics
Structural
damage
Chemicals
Conclusion
Current trends in delivery of care emphasize a
collaborative team approach
The diverse explanations provide a range of
models that influence and direct current
approaches in the treatment and management
of people with mental health problems. The
dominance of the biomedical model is
increasingly being challenged by other
professional groups.
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