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Capacitors
Basics of a Capacitor
• In its simplest form, a capacitor is an electrical
device constructed of two parallel plates separated
by an insulating material called the dielectric
• In the neutral state, both plates have an equal
number of free electrons
• When a voltage source is connected to the
capacitor, electrons are removed from one plate and
an equal number are deposited on the other plate
• No electrons flow through the dielectric (insulator)
FIGURE 9-1 The basic capacitor.
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Illustration of a capacitor storing charge
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Equivalent circuit for a no ideal capacitor
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Lines of force are created by opposite charges
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Discharging a Capacitor
•This phenomenon often makes it appear that current is passing through the cap
•It does not
•The reversing current goes back to the supply
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Fixed Capacitors
• Stacked-foil mica capacitors are made of alternate layers of metal foil and thin
sheets of mica
• Silver mica are formed by stacking mica sheets with silver electrode material
screened on them
• Range from 1pF to 0.1 uF @ 2500V
Up to 2.2uF @ 6kV
Thomas L. Floyd
Medium Capacitance @ Very High Voltage Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Electrolytic Capacitors
• Two common types of electrolytic
capacitors are Aluminum and Tantalum
electrolytics
• Safety Warning: The voltage polarity of
these devices must be observed, as reversal
of polarity will usually result in complete
destruction of the capacitor
Electrolytic Capacitors
• Electrolytic capacitors have higher capacitance but
lower voltage ratings and higher leakage current
• They come in capacitance values from 1µF to
200,000 µF, with voltage ratings to 350 V
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Electrolytic capacitors
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Construction view of a typical “tear drop” shaped tantalum electrolytic capacitor
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Variable Air Capacitor
CT = 76.7pF
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
•In a DC Circuit, current stops flowing when the smallest cap is charged
•Vs = VC1 + VC2
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Capacitor Voltages – The smallest cap holds the largest voltage
And versa visa (The smallest cap charges first halting all current flow)
FIGURE 9-22 P 406
V x = (CT/Cx)VS
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Parallel Capacitors
• The total parallel capacitance is the sum of all
capacitors in parallel
CT = C1 + C2 + C3 + … + Cn
• This is because the effective plate area increases
FIGURE 9-24
CT = 560 pF
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-26
CT = .133uF
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
FIGURE 9-23 P 407 Capacitors in parallel produce a total capacitance that is the sum of the individual capacitances.
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Charging and Discharging
• The charging curve is an increasing exponential
• The discharging curve is a decreasing exponential
• It takes 5 time constants to change the voltage by
99% (charging or discharging), this is called the
transient time
Charge and discharge curves shown together
Charge v
Charge i
Discharge v & i
Formulas for instantaneous charging and discharge
voltages and currents
* = On Quiz
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Determining the instantaneous voltage during
capacitor charge
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Determining the instantaneous voltage during capacitor
discharge
Formula for XC
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Determine XC in the circuit below
FIGURE 9-41 P 418
1 kHz
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Ohm’s Law for Capacitors
Vrms = I XC
Irms = Vrms/Xc
Xc = VrmsI
Determine the RMS Current in the circuit below
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Capacitors in ac Circuits
• When a sine wave signal is applied to a capacitor,
the instantaneous capacitor current is equal to the
capacitance times the instantaneous rate of change
of the voltage across the capacitor
• This rate of change is a maximum positive when
the rising sine wave crosses zero
• This rate of change is a maximum negative when
the falling sine wave crosses zero
• The rate of change is zero at the maximum and
minimum of the sine wave
The rates of change of a sine wave
The higher the rate of voltage change, the higher the capacitor current
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Analysis of Capacitive ac Circuit
VC ≈ VS
• The current leads the voltage by 90° in
a purely capacitive ac circuit (ICE)
• This is because:
– Current in a capacitor is dependent
upon the rate of voltage change
– The highest rate of change in
voltage is when it crosses zero
volts.
• This is also when the
capacitor is closer to being
discharged and easily accepts
higher current change.
– The least rate of change in voltage
is near the peak voltage
– There is zero rate of change in
voltage at peak.
• This is also when the
capacitor is closest to being
Close Close Close Close
charged and doesn’t easily to to to to
accept much current change. Discharged Charged Discharged Charged
Current is always leading the capacitor voltage by 90°
IC
+90o (Lead)
VS, VC
o
0 (Reference)
Vector Diagram
Ptrue = 0
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Capacitor Applications
• Since capacitors “pass” ac (Signals) and do not
pass DC, they are used for DC blocking and ac
signal coupling between circuit stages
• Capacitors are used for filtering in power supplies
• Capacitors are used to eliminate unwanted ac
signals
An application of a capacitor used to block DC and couple ac in an amplifier
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Basic block diagram and operation of a dc power supply
Capacitors can also be used to filter out unwanted signals or ripple
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Half-wave and full-wave rectifier operation
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Basic operation of a power supply filter capacitor
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
Example of the operation of a bypass capacitor
Input
Output
Thomas L. Floyd
Electronics Fundamentals, 6e Copyright ©2004 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Electric Circuit Fundamentals, 6e All rights reserved.
A typical capacitance meter. (Courtesy of B+K Precision)
Capacitance meters are also included in most modern multimeters too