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Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 933 – 940

71st Conference of the Italian Thermal Machines Engineering Association, ATI2016, 14-16
September 2016, Turin, Italy

CFD Study of a MGT Combustor supplied with Syngas

Carmelina Abagnale, Maria Cristina Cameretti*, Roberta De Robbio, Raffaele Tuccillo
Department of Industrial Engineering (D.I.I.), Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy

Abstract

The authors discuss in this paper the potential of a micro gas turbine (MGT) combustor when operated under unconventional
conditions, in terms of variation in the fuel supplied. The authors' expertise in the field of micro-combustor has addressed, in
recent years, some topics of current interest, as the fuelling with gaseous and liquid biofuels and the NOx reduction through the
optimization of the combustor.While the previous authors' works were mainly referring to a tubular combustor of a 100kW MGT,
the present proposal deals with an annular, reverse flow combustor of a 30 kW MGT. In this case the particular location of both
the injectors and of the secondary and diluting holes allows the combustor process to develop under nearly RQL conditions. This
is of special interest when supplying the combustion chamber with low LHV fuels. In addition, recent authors' papers have
demonstrated that the integration of the MGT with a solar field leads the combustor to require a decreased fuel/air equivalence
ratio because of the higher air entry temperature. Under these aspects, the existence of a Rich region within the combustor may
be helpful for the early phases of the oxidation process. The pollutant formation rates should be effectively controlled by the
secondary (Quick-mix) and diluting (Lean) air flows.The authors' methodology relies on an advanced CFD approach that makes
use of a reaction scheme coupled with an accurate study of the turbulent interaction of the reacting species. Extended kinetic
mechanisms are also included in the combustion model. A preliminary set-up of the model will be based on the combustion
analysis with boundary conditions provided by thermodynamic analysis of the micro-turbine.
Several computational examples are discussed, namely:
- The analysis of the combustor response with reduced equivalence ratios or changes in the inlet air conditions;
-The comparison of combustion efficiency and pollutant production with different fuels.

© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility ofthe Scientific Committee of ATI 2016.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ATI 2016.
Keywords:Micro Gas Turbines, Biofuels, CFD

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +39-081-7683299

E-mail address: mc.cameretti@unina.it

1876-6102 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of ATI 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2016.11.118
934 Carmelina Abagnale et al. / Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 933 – 940

1. Introduction

The use of synthesis fuels on micro-turbine devices represent an important solution for power generation and
cogeneration, which has not yet reached a level of technological maturity that could allow a large market diffusion.
However, in recent years, the interest in CO 2-free energy systems and the large availability of wastes and biomass
are encouraging the research to increase the efforts in order to improvetheir performances and reliability. The CFD
is used as a key instrument to identify criticalities arising when the gas turbine is fed with syngas instead of natural
gas. In fact, synthesis gases show significant differences in terms of composition, low calorific value, hydrogen
content, tar and particulate matter content, which may turn into ignition problems, combustion instabilities,
difficulties in emission control and fouling.
In the paper [1] the authors have investigated all these aspects, in order to modify existing geometries and to
develop new generation combustion chambers which use low calorific value gases. Moreover, the analysis shows
that the internal temperature hot spots are reduced, but the primary zone flame tends to stabilize closer to the
injector, with possible implications on the emissions release. This investigation is carried out on a specific case,
using a syngas fuel derived from pyrolysis of biomass and a case of syngas and natural gas cofiring. Similar studies
can be found in [2-5].A more detailed study on the changes to the combustion chamber can be read in [6],
particularly on a Winnox-TUD-Combustor with a steady, turbulent, two dimensional, axisymmetric and swirling
flow. Various parameters are changed: ratio of secondary to primary air, ratio of tertiary to primary air, number of
inlets of the secondary air and their direction.In [7] the study is conducted on an annular rich-quench-lean
combustion chamber in two configurations, in order to quantify the advantage of using a dedicated design:the first
configuration consists of the original design for natural gas; the second configuration is characterized by a modified
design optimized for syngas, also in this case pyrolysis gas. The investigation is carried out with a revised kinetic
scheme implemented in the RANS analysis, while the NOx formation mechanism is modeled through a non-
adiabatic PDF approach. As stated, the presence of hydrogen in the fuel is one of the most important characteristic
of these new fuels, because it presents a very high adiabatic temperature of flame, thus it is fundamental to better
understand the combustion performance when a variable fraction of hydrogen is burned. Reference [8] presents the
development and the application of numerical code for gas-turbine combustion with a fuel whose composition is
modeled after a hydrogen-rich synthesis gas; the physical phenomena are simulated with a k-ε turbulence model; an
assumed PDF approach takes effects of temperature and species turbulent fluctuations; and a finite-rate model is
implemented for the chemistry. A comparison between experimental and numerical data shows that the fuel
composition does not influence the overall behavior of the flame, but only shape and dimensions. In [9] the authors
implement a micro gas turbine which is originally designed as a natural gas fired engine, by using
hydrogen/methane blended fuels with a variable volumetric fraction of hydrogen from 0% to 80%. A k-ε model and
PDF for chemical reaction between methane/hydrogen/air mixture were used. The results show the detailed flame
structure including flow fields, distributions of flame temperature, major species and gas emissions.Also the papers
[10] and [11] show that temperatures decrease with a small amount of syngas. Nitric oxides decrease with increasing
syngas percentages, but NOx emissions are higher at higher hydrogen content for the same syngas percentage.
However, higher temperatures in the primary zone benefit the performances, therefore a H2-rich syngas may be a
good solution for the fuel with higher CO content: the produced flame is shorter and concentrated in the primary
zone, resulting in lower exit temperature and lower NO x and CO2 emissions. Also the authors in previous works [12-
14] investigated on a micro-combustor,addressing their research towardthe fuelling with gaseous and liquid biofuels
and the NOx reduction through the optimization of the pilot injector location in LP or LPP micro-combustors.
Nomenclature

LHV Lower Heat Value

fst stoichiometric fuel/air ratio
f overall fuel/air ratio
φ Fuel/air Equivalence Ratio
Tof, Standard Adiabatic Flame Temperature
MGT Micro Gas Turbine
RQL Rich Quickly Lean
 Carmelina Abagnale et al. / Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 933 – 940 935

1. Combustor Design and Meshing

The combustor of C-30 gas turbine is a reverse flow annular combustor. Starting from the combustor geometry
sketches that are available in literature [15, 16, 17], a CAD design (figure 1) has been realized by using Catia
V5R17 tool. The created geometry differs slightly from the real one due to the lack of official data from the
manufacturer. In particular, the first row was added to the aim of analyzing the combustion process by varying
oxidant intake distribution throughout the primary zone. The combustor dimensions were chosen arbitrarily
according to those which could be the most likely, if basing on the size of the whole C30 generator set.
Injector Due to the periodicity of the combustor, it was
possible to carry out the study just on a third of the
domain (a 120° sector), to reduce the computational
effort. The solid geometry was transferred to ANSYS
Workbench to be properly set before proceeding with the
fluid-dynamic computations. In figure 2 the injector
model is shown. The swirl effect is ensured by deviating
the slots from radial direction. Finally, the figure 3 shows
the mesh used for computations after a sensitivity
analysis carried out by varying its resolution. In the same
figure, the mesh size is shown.

Fig. 1Combustor cross section

Domain Nodes Elements

Core 18436 76845
Injector 45768 213061
Liner 39452 171784
All 103656 461690

Fig 2Injector geometry Fig. 3 Three-Dimensional Mesh

2. Computational Analysis and Results

The CFD analysis was performed with the 3D ANSYS-FLUENT solver of the reacting flow by introducing for
each case the related boundary conditions provided preliminary by a thermal cycle analysis, like reported in table 1.
The aim of this work is to analyse which configuration can give the best results in order to reduce the overall
emissions of pollutants. In the table 2 the examined test cases are shown.
The case 1 is assumed as the basic case because it replicates the real behavior with the first row of holes
closed.The case 2 presents the swirl motion on the principal air and case 3 differs from the first case only for the
number of open holes.The set case that presents the best compromise between the emissions of nitric oxides and
carbon monoxide was taken as a reference for a comparison with three other syngas fuels: from biogas gasification
with oxygen for case 4, from anaerobic digestion for case 5 and pyrolysis of solid waste for case 6.
Finally, in order to check the impact of the wall heat exchange (which was neglected due to the long
computational time required), two cases (7 and 8) were examined by assigning a value of temperature on the wall of
the inner liner according to preliminary results carried out with a finer 2D mesh, where the heat transfer model
between the two parts of the fluid domain which are separated by the internal liner was used.
936 Carmelina Abagnale et al. / Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 933 – 940

Table 1. MGT thermodynamic data

Table 2. Test cases examined
Fuel flow rate [kg/s] 0.0026
Fuel Energy rate [kW] 115.4 Case #1 1^ row of holes closed
Fuel Heat rate [kJ/kWh] 14208 Case #2 1^ row of holes closed - Swirl on principal air
Recovered Heat from exhausts [kW] 51.33 Case #3 All holes open
Fuel Energy Utilization factor 0.695 Case #4 Case1with BIOM O fuel
Case #5 Case1with BIOM (AD) fuel
Overall Electric efficiency 26.05%
Case #6 Case1 with Solid Waste fuel
CO2 [kg/h] (kg/kWh) 24.37
Case #7 Case1 +Closed 3^ row of holes - No heat exchange
(0.812) Case #8 Case1+Closed 3^ row of holes – Twall assigned
The combustion development is modelled by a typical finite rate – eddy dissipation scheme, that founds on a
chemical kinetics set for the oxidation of the several species constituting the fuel (only the CH 4and C3H8 oxidation
proceeds through two steps, i.e. partial and CO oxidation), according to equations (1). The related reaction rates are
compared with those evaluated by the turbulent mixing of the reactants, the latter estimated by a k-w model. The
nitric oxide prediction includes the computation of both thermal and prompt NO, according to the standard models
implement in the FLUENT® flow solver. To represent the results, two different planes were chosen to display the
contours of the most important properties and species, the transversal and the longitudinal plane, both crossing the
injector.In the figure 4 it is possible to notice that theinjector geometry is able to give the swirl motion to fuel in all
cases considered. In the table 3 the results are reported assuming the case 1 as the basic one.The emission values are
expressed as percent variations with respect to the base case, not having available experimental data as reference.

Table 3. Computational results (cases 1, 2, 3).

%ṁ row %ṁ row %ṁ row
Tout [K] Tmax [K] NO [%] CO [%] CH4 [%] %ṁ row 3
1 2 4
Case# 1 1176 2557 -- -- -- -- 51.71 2.69 38.86
Case#2 1161 2707 35.4 -12.8 11.2 -- 51.12 2.71 39.41
Case#3 1203 2682 134 -49.7 16.5 33.63 34.41 1.84 25.68

In this way only the trend of the emissions has been analyzedby varying the geometry. In these three test cases
different air motion is present by varying the air inlet in the primary zone: in the case 3 is evident the vortex in the
plane longitudinal (fig. 5) not present in the other two cases.In fact, varying the inlet air in the primary zone the
vortex pattern variation is noted and, therefore, the residence times change in the combustor core. It is possible to
notice as the first row of air holes open (case 3) influences the NO and CO amount: in this case the NO increases
while the CO decreases. In fact, in the case 3 the peak of CO is drastically reduced while the NO formation is higher
due to the air flow rate from the row 1 (figures 7and 8). This last result has a good correspondence with the
temperature distributions in the figure 6 that, as expected, approximate the pattern in a RQL micro-combustor [18].

Fig.4 Streamlines in the injector. Fig. 5 Streamlines (cases 1, 2, 3).Fig.6 Temperature distributions (cases 1, 2 ,3).
 Carmelina Abagnale et al. / Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 933 – 940 937

3
1) CH 4  O 2 o CO  2 H 2O
2

^R f
§ 1.72 ˜ 10 8 ·
1.659 ˜ 10 12 exp¨ 
¨ RT
¸ >CH @1.46>O @0,5217
¸ 4 2
© ¹
1
2) CO  O 2 l CO2
2

^R f
§ 9.65 ˜ 10  7
7.980 ˜ 10 11 exp¨ 
¨ RT
·
¸ >CO @1.6804>O @1.57
¸ 2
© ¹

^Rb
§ 5.177 ˜ 10 8 ·
2,236 ˜ 10 11 exp¨ 
¨ RT
¸ >CO @
¸ 2
© ¹
7
3) C2 H 6  O 2 o 2 CO2  3 H 2O
2
§ 1,256 ˜ 10 8 ·
^R f 6,186 ˜ 10  09 exp¨ 
¨ RT
¸ >C H @0,1>O @1,65
¸ 2 6 2
© ¹
7
4) C3 H 8  O 2 o 3 CO  4 H 2O
2
§ 1,256 ˜ 10 8 ·
^R f 5,62 ˜ 10  09 exp¨ 
¨ RT
¸ >C H @0,1>O @1,65
¸ 3 8 2
© ¹
13
5) C4 H10  O 2 o 4 CO2  5 H 2O
2
§ 1,256 ˜ 10 8 ·
^R f 4,161 ˜ 10  09 exp¨ 
¨ RT
¸ >C H @0,15>O @1,6
¸ 4 10 2
© ¹
(1)

Fig.7 NO distribution (cases 1, 2 ,3) Fig. 8 CO distribution (cases 1, 2 ,3)

3. Syngas fuels

Finally, three different syngas were tested and the case 1 has been assumed as reference because it presents the
lowest emissions of NO at the cost of a slight increase of CO. In table 4the fuel proprieties are reported.
938 Carmelina Abagnale et al. / Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 933 – 940

Thus the cases 4, 5 and 6 keep the same set of conditions but the fuel type and the mass flow rate are changed
according to table 5. The figure 9 shows that the cases 4 and 6
present distributions with wide zones at high temperature, in Table 4
agreement with the data in table 6 which reports the flame
Fuel Compos. Nat. Gas BIOM
temperature: fuels from biomass with oxygen and from solid (%, molar) (NG)
BIOM O
(AD)
SW
wastes, due to presence of H2, have the highest temperature and CH4 92.00 18.00 65.00 7.00
they produce higher nitrogen oxides. Similar behavior is evident C2H6 3.70 2.00 -- 7.00
for the NO distribution in figure 10. The high temperatures lead to C3H8 1.00 2.00 -- 7.00
a better combustion, with lower CO amount at the outlet even C4H10 0.25 2.00 -- --
N 2.90 8.00 -- --
though carbon monoxide is the species more prevalent in the fuels H2 -- 25.00 -- 18.00
2
(figure 11). For the same reason, for the case 5 there are the CO -- 33.00 -- 61.00
highest values of unburned methane at the outlet: in fact,CH4 is CO2 0.15 10.00 35.00 --
the only reactant specie in the fuel from anaerobic digestion. H O -- -- -- --
2
However, even if CH4presents a lower concentration than NG, it
does not burn completely, thanks to the absence of hydrogen and
the presence of carbon monoxide, which does not participate to Mol. Mass, g/mol 17.34 21.92 25.83 23.76
combustion and probablyit also reduces the temperature in the LHV, kJ/kg 47182 19198 20183 21697
combustion chamber, by absorbing the heat from reaction. fst 0.0620 0.1680 0.145 0.1530
To reduce the computational effort, the calculations described Tof, K 2220 2231 2126 2300
before don't provide the heat transfer model to simulate the heat f 0.0087 0.0208 0.0198 0.0184
φ 0.137 0.123 0.136 0.1203
exchange through the walls of the inner liner.

Table 5. Syngas flow rates

LHV [kJ/kg] LHVGN/LHVsyngas For this reason, a last simulation has been
Fuel mass flow [kg/s]
GN 47182 1 0.0026realized assigning to the walls a temperature equal to
BIOM O 13198 2.46 1000 K, value obtained by preliminary test cases
0.006393
BIOM (AD) 20183 2.34 0.006081
performed with a 2D mesh with reduced
SW 21697 2.17 0.005655
computational times. A comparison was made
between two cases (with and without heat transfer), carried out with a simpler geometry in which the holes of row 3
were deleted because their diameters caused the presence of a high number of small cells and therefore to evaluate
only the effect of the wall heat transfer.

Table 6. Computational results (cases 1, 4, 5 and 6).

Tout [K] Tmax [K] NO [%] CO [%] CH4 [%] %ṁ row 1 %ṁ row 2 %ṁ row 3 %ṁ row 4
Case #1 1176 2557 -- -- -- -- 51.71 2.69 38.86
Case #4 1140 2735 50.6 -8.3 -27.7 -- 53.57 2.81 40.27
Case #5 1165 2511 -31.6 14.7 44.2 -- 52.04 2.72 39.06
Case #6 1183 2689 39.8 -1.8 -93.0 -- 53.08 2.79 40.05

Fig. 9 Temperature distribution (cases 1, 4, 5 and 6). Fig. 10 NO distribution (cases 1, 4, 5 and 6).
 Carmelina Abagnale et al. / Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 933 – 940 939

Fig. 11CO mass fraction distributions (cases 1, 4, 5 and 6).

Tab. 7 Computational results (cases 7, 8)

CH4 [%] CO [%] NO [%] Tmax [K] As expected, the table 7 confirms that,activating the heat
Tout [K]
Case #7 -- -- -- 2686 exchange,
1193 the maximum temperature decreases by about 200
Case #8 -7.6 8.1 -51.3 2499 K,with a consequent NO reduction (about of
1133
50%).Moreover, the figure 12 displays the fluid layer near
the wall,which allows not only to reduce the peaks but also the extension of the zone at high temperature. The NO
distributions follow the temperature ones, as shown in the same figure.

4. Conclusions

The authors examined in this paper the response of a micro

gas turbine (MGT) combustor when supplied with gaseous
fuels from biomass treatment. A CFD study was carried out by
using the 3-D Fluent code. Actually, a sort of off-design
operation is induced by the employment of low calorific value
fuels in the combustor.
The objective is to optimize the combustor behaviour under
the point of view of combustion efficiency and pollutant
control. To this aim, several solutions are experienced, by
varying the number of liner holes.
In fact, different configurations of the combustor have been
investigated on a three-dimensional geometry,with a detailed
injector, by varying the number of holes or by assigning swirl
motion on the inlet air flow.
Results show that the best configuration is the one in which
the row of holes near the primary zone is closed, so that less air
is added reducing the NO formation.
This configuration was further examined by changing only
the fuel. The calculations indicate that using a different fuel
does not mean a reduction of pollutants; in fact, the two syngas
obtained from biomass gasification and pyrolysis present a
Fig. 12 Temperature and NO distributions (cases 7, 8).strong increase of nitrogen oxides, but a better combustion of
940 Carmelina Abagnale et al. / Energy Procedia 101 (2016) 933 – 940

reactant species.On the contrary, the syngas from anaerobic digestion has an opposite behavior: lower NO and
higher CO. It agrees with the flame temperature, which is influenced by the presence of hydrogen in the fuel. The
above information, besides encouraging the use of fuels from renewable sources, suggests the need for further
improvements in terms of control of nitric oxide emissions.
Finally, a last comparison was performed between two cases, with and without the wall heat transfer model.
Clearly the cases with the heat transfer allows to reduce drastically pollutant emissions. The computational results
return expected trends and to achieve more and more actual results a relevant heat transfer model must be
introduced.The future authors' work, besides continuing the numerical approach for optimizing the combustion in
this gas turbine, will be supported by experimental tests in the Micro Gas Turbine Laboratory at the Ce.S.M.A
(Center of Service for Advanced Measurements) of the University of Naples.

Acknowledgements

The CFD calculations are performed by the ANSYS-FLUENT flow solver.

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