Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Table of Contents
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4
Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................ 5
Methodology and Sample Bias .......................................................................................................... 8
Sample Size ............................................................................................................................................ 8
Methodology ........................................................................................................................................... 8
Social Media Sample ......................................................................................................................... 9
Face-To-Face Interviews .............................................................................................................. 10
Data Cleaning ..................................................................................................................................... 11
Results by Question ............................................................................................................................. 12
Age ........................................................................................................................................................... 12
Gender .................................................................................................................................................... 13
Respondent location ....................................................................................................................... 14
Breakdown by region ................................................................................................................. 14
Breakdown by district ................................................................................................................. 14
Education .............................................................................................................................................. 18
Occupation ........................................................................................................................................... 19
Sample social media users .......................................................................................................... 20
Current social media users .......................................................................................................... 21
Use of social media “OTT” platforms ..................................................................................... 22
Method of social media access after tax implementation ............................................ 23
Tax payment (dependency) ........................................................................................................ 24
What people use social media for in Uganda .................................................................... 25
Ugandan e-commerce .................................................................................................................... 25
Impact of OTT tax on Ugandan e-commerce .................................................................... 27
Inconvenience of OTT tax ............................................................................................................ 29
Inconvenience of Mobile Money tax ....................................................................................... 30
% Sample using Mobile Money ................................................................................................. 31
Change in Mobile Money use after tax implementation ............................................... 32
Mobile Money use breakdown by gender ....................................................................... 33
Change in Mobile Money use by Mobile Money agents .......................................... 33
% Sample that are Mobile Money agents ............................................................................ 34
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Introduction
On Friday the 1st of June, 2018, the Parliament of Uganda passed a 32.4 trillion
shilling 2018/2019 budget1. It included a new 200 shilling (~0.05 USD) tax “per
user per day of access” on “over the top services”2 (OTTs) previously known by
the general public as social media. The same budget introduced an additional tax
on mobile money transactions “of receiving, payments and withdrawals” valued at
1% of the value of these transactions3.
These taxes came into effect at 12am on the 1st of July, 2018. Many Ugandans
found themselves instantly blocked from accessing WhatsApp, Facebook,
Twitter, LinkedIn and other OTT services, and others were shocked to realize
that increasingly popular4 mobile money payments had increased in price.
On July 11th, Ugandan Prime Minister Ruhakana Rugunda announced that the
Government of Uganda would review these taxes. On July 13th at 7pm,
Whitehead Communications released a survey to gather public opinion on the
impact of the taxes in order to contribute a resource for evidence-based research
in their review. The survey was closed at 5pm on July 16th, collecting 2,918
responses (after data clean) and generating the following data for free use by the
public at large. You are welcome to build on these findings, which we have
released quickly.
1
Parliament of Uganda. “Parliament passes shs32.4 trillion National Budget”. Web. 16 July, 2018.
https://www.parliament.go.ug/news/1517/parliament-passes-shs324-trillion-national-budget
2
The Excise Duty (Amendment) Act, 2018, defines over the top services as “the transmission or
receipt of voice or messages over the internet protocol network and includes access to virtual
private networks;” and the levy is listed in 13(b) as “Ushs 200 per user per day of access” in The
Excise Duty (Amendment) Act, 2018.
3
The Excise Duty (Amendment) Act, 2018. 13(f).
4
Ssetimba, I. J. “Mobile Money in Uganda”. Bank of Uganda. March, 2016. Web. 16 July, 2018.
https://www.theigc.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/3.-Ivan-Ssettimba-Bank-of-Uganda.pdf
5
CyberLine together with Daniel Bill Ohio, Silver Kayondo and Raymond Mujuni.
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Executive Summary
The Uganda Social Media and Mobile Money Taxes Survey – a public opinion
survey on the impact of new taxes on social media and Mobile Money – was
conducted by Whitehead Communications in Uganda between the 13th to 16th of
July, 2018, with the purpose of serving as a resource in a consultative and
evidence-based review of social media and mobile money taxes. Results were
collected both online and through face-to-face interviews across the country,
gathering 3,015 responses (more on the methodology and sample in the full
report). This report has been expedited to be released within 36 hours of closing
the survey in order to provide timely information to policy makers, concerned
parties and the general public.
The survey included many questions about the use of social media (OTTs) in
Uganda. 96% of respondents had used social media in the past 6 months. This
number dropped to 85% when asked if they had accessed social media since
July 1st. Of those who reported as using social media since the new tax was
introduced: 40% said they paid the OTT tax; 57% were using VPN; 38% were
using WiFi/Hotspot(s) and 3% selected “other”; many used multiple methods. Of
those paying the tax, 86% paid for themselves, while 3% were paid by an
employer, 3% by family, 3% by a spouse, 3% other and 2% paid for by a friend.
Respondents reported using the following social media platforms (selecting all
that apply): 98% use WhatsApp, 92% use Facebook, 69% use Twitter, 62% use
Instagram, 36% use LinkedIn, 30% use Skype, 24% use Snapchat, 21% use
Google Hangouts, 12% use Telegram, 4% use Tinder, 6% “other” and 3% use
360 Chat.
The survey also gathered insights on the state of e-commerce in Uganda. When
asked what kind of business respondents conduct online, they replied with a wide
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Respondents also indicated how they use social media productively, including:
communicating with colleagues and clients, customer service, employment
searches, online meetings and planning, research and development, publishing,
sending and receiving documents, tendering proposals, international trade and
other activities.
The survey also provided insights into Mobile Money use in Uganda. 93% of
respondents reported that they had used Mobile Money in the last 6 months.
When asked how their Mobile Money use had changed since the implementation
of the new tax, 4% reported that they were transacting more money in July, 2%
were transacting about the same as before, 44% were transacting less money in
July and 47% reported that they had completely stopped transacting Mobile
Money after the implementation of the new tax. Of the respondents who were
mobile money agents, 36% reported that they had stopped transacting money in
July, suggesting a significant impact on closure of these businesses.
Respondents were asked about the impact of the new Mobile Money tax on their
businesses. 2,334 respondents offered their answers, which fell into the following
thematic groups: delayed payments, general inconvenience, increased cost of
doing business, increased risk, loss of income, reverting to banking and cash
payments.
Those conducting business using social media were asked about the impact that
the OTT tax had on their livelihoods, and 1,640 people offered responses on how
they had been affected, revealing the following trends: delays in conducting
business, disrupted payments, general inconvenience, increase in the cost of
doing business, loss of income, reduced access and a smaller online audience.
When asked, “is the OTT tax on social media inconveniencing you,” 71%
responded that they were “extremely” inconvenienced, 17% very much, 4%
moderately, 2% slightly and 6% not at all. When asked whether they were
inconvenienced by the Mobile Money tax, 83% of respondents said that they
were extremely inconvenienced, 13% very much, 2% moderately, 1% slightly and
2% not at all.
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
When asked, “do you support the social media ‘OTT’ tax”: 1% of respondents
strongly supported the tax, 3% somewhat supported, 2% were undecided or
neutral, 21% did not support and 73% strongly opposed.
When asked, “do you support the Mobile Money tax”: nearly 0% strongly
supported the tax, 1% somewhat supported, 1% were undecided or neutral, 19%
did not support and 79% strongly opposed.
When asked for their opinion on taxes in Uganda, 2459 respondents offered their
views. Several themes were observed, including: accountability, double taxation,
financial inclusion, misuse of tax funds, over taxing, poor planning and the
taxation method of implementation.
We invite the relevant decision makers to review the detailed results of this
survey in full, particularly respondents’ written replies to the questions: how they
are using social media for wealth creation; how their businesses have been
affected by the new taxes on social media and mobile money; and the public’s
opinions on taxation in general. Furthermore, we encourage thorough
consultation among all parties going forward to ensure an informed and equitable
solution.
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
This public opinion survey on the recent social media and mobile money taxes in
Uganda was carried out using a mixed methodology in an effort to reach a
diverse and representative sample of respondents in Uganda. Although this
survey reached a large number of Ugandans and its results seem to confirm what
is being heard on social media and in mainstream media, boda stages and
bufunda across the nation, it is important to remember that surveys have
limitations in how well they represent a population, and this is no exception.
Sample Size
In total, 3,015 people responded to this survey, though after cleaning the data we
were left with 2,918 responses out of a Ugandan population as reported by
UNFPA to be 42.9 million in 20176. Note that our sample also represents a
country with 24.9 million mobile phone subscriptions as of Q4 2017, according to
the Uganda Communication Commission7 (which may include individuals with
multiple phones or internet connections). A simple survey sample calculation
indicates that our sample of 2,918 represents the population of Uganda with a
confidence level of 95% and confidence interval +/-2. Quantitatively speaking, the
sample size is significant.
It should be noted that the survey included logic flow (some questions were
answered based on previous answers) and no questions were mandatory, so the
number of respondents changes from question to question.
Methodology
It is important to note that these results are not perfectly scientific nor entirely
random, and they are likely affected by various response biases. Respondents
volunteered their answers based on exposure to the survey within its 3-day
circulation (from 7pm Friday 13th July to 5pm Monday 16th July, 2018), though
some strategy was employed to collect balanced responses. The survey was
hosted on surveymonkey.com and shared primarily through social media, but it
was also conducted face-to-face by pollsters in all four regions across Uganda.
Within 24 hours after closing the survey, data was cleaned, answers tagged and
6
United Nations Population Fund Uganda. “World Population Dashboard Uganda”. URL:
https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/UG
7
Uganda Communications Commission. “Communication Sector Performance for the Quarter
ending December 2017”. Web. 16 July, 2018. http://www.ucc.co.ug/wp-
content/uploads/2017/09/Quarterly-Market-Report-4Q17-V002.pdf
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
The majority of responses were collected by sharing links to the survey through
social media and encouraging people to respond on their phone, then pass it on.
Social media distribution included primarily WhatsApp9, Facebook and Twitter. It
must be taken into consideration that Uganda has an Internet penetration rate of
only about 30% to 40%10 and so most Ugandans cannot access social media.
Therefore, social media users in Uganda are not representative of the population
as a whole, particularly the millions of Ugandans who live in poverty. In
comparing a social media sample with publicly available data about Uganda, the
results differ in gender, level of education, age, and location.
Typically, social media users in Uganda are around 60% to 75% male11, whereas
the Uganda Bureau of Statistics reports that Uganda’s total population is 51.3%
female (94.8 males per 100 females) as of the 2016/2017 Uganda National
Household Survey12. However, significantly more men than women answered
this survey (73.4% male), which means that women’s views are under-
represented in comparison to the national population. This is despite surveyors
actively preferring female respondents in face-to-face interviews and direct link
shares in an attempt to balance the trend.
8
The young, upcoming team at Whitehead Communications who assisted in this project include
Florence Kakatshozi, Tom Nangosyah, Angella Kizito and others. We chose to release this data
publicly and quickly so that others can build on what we collected.
9
The survey links were shared as WhatsApp direct messages and in groups.
10
There is a commonly used is a figure of 31% Internet penetration in Uganda (13 million users in
2017), which appears on Internet World Stats. “Uganda Internet usage, broadband and
telecommunications reports” here: https://www.internetworldstats.com/af/ug.htm . However,
Uganda’s Ministry of ICT and National Guidance lists the number of Internet users in Uganda at
16 million in its “ICT Sector Statistics” as of 16 July, 2018: http://www.ict.go.ug/
11
Our experience reviewing the analytics of social media pages that we manage at Whitehead
Communications Ltd. in 2017 – 2018, as well as previous survey data and discussions on the
same with professional peers, indicates that social media active users are between 60% - 75%
male, suggesting a gender barrier in accessing social media in Uganda. Facebook Audience
th
Insights lists the Ugandan audience as 61% male as of 16 July, 2018. The Ugandan digital
marketing and communications industry could benefit from further research on this issue.
12
Uganda Bureau of Statistics. “The Uganda National Household Survey 2016/17”. Web. 16 July,
2018. https://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/2017_UNHS_26092017-
Final_Presentation.pdf
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Secondary School level13. Also, our survey removed any responses from people
who reported that they were under the age of 18 in an abundance of caution,
since we did not have parental consent, and yet 54.1% of Uganda’s population is
under 18 according to UBOS 2017 projections14, so children’s voices were also
not represented.
Uganda’s social media users are mostly residing in Kampala and Wakiso
Districts (84.1% according to Facebook Audience Insights), which make up the
urban center around the capital city of Kampala in Uganda’s Central Region15.
While sharing the survey online, our team activity targeted people “upcountry” –
the rural areas in Central, Western, Northern and Eastern Uganda – by
encouraging others to share the survey with their friends outside of Uganda’s
urban centre.
The fact that this survey was hosted online and shared through social media
means that it has over-sampled a digitally literate sub-section of Uganda’s
population, yet there are only about 13 to 16 million Internet users in Uganda16
and only 2.5 million active social media users17 as of 2017. Other sources in
Uganda’s Government and industry can provide updated figures on user activity.
This survey gathers 3,015 voices, and has managed to include a wide spectrum
of public opinion despite systemic challenges.
Face-To-Face Interviews
In order to balance out the “social media effect” (as explained above), we
facilitated 13 volunteer pollsters to conduct face-to-face interviews across
different regions of Uganda. Face-to-face interviews were conducted in the
following locations:
1. Kampala and Wakiso Districts (Central Uganda);
2. Gulu town (Northern Uganda);
3. Karamoja Region, Mbale and Jinja towns (Eastern Uganda);
4. Mbarara, Rukungiri and Ntungamo (Western Uganda).
13
Uganda Bureau of Statistics. “Uganda Facts and Figures on Gender.” Web. 16 July, 2018.
https://www.ubos.org/wp-
content/uploads/publications/04_2018Uganda_Facts_and_Figures_on_Gender_2013.pdf
14
Uganda Bureau of Statistics. “2017 Statistical Abstract”. Web. 16 July, 2018.
https://www.ubos.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/03_20182017_Statistical_Abstract.pdf
15
Facebook Audience Insights indicates that 84.1% of its audience in Uganda is located in
th
Kampala District or its neighbouring Wakiso District as of 16 July, 2018. Web.
https://www.facebook.com/ads/audience-insights
16
The Internet penetration rate is listed by Internet World Stats as 13 million or 31%, but the
Uganda Ministry of ICT and National Guidance “ICT Sector Statistics” report 16 million (39%) as
of 16 July, 2018. http://www.ict.go.ug/
17
Hootsuite. “Digital in 2017: Eastern Africa”. Web. 16 July, 2018.
https://www.slideshare.net/wearesocialsg/digital-in-2017-eastern-africa
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Each pollster’s responses were tracked using a unique link, and they were able
to enter multiple responses on their phone while interviewing subjects. These
responses were mostly collected face-to-face, though pollsters also shared their
links with friends using social media. Through the social media grape vine, we
also managed to reach many respondents outside of Kampala/Wakiso, and
several outside of any city or town (see “Respondent location” below in results by
question).
Data Cleaning
18
The data review, cleaning and analysis team was led by Tom Nangosyah and lead surveyor
Anne Whitehead.
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Results by Question
Age
Response:
46 - 50 51 - 55 56 - 60 61 - 65 66 - 70 76 - 80 80+
2% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 0%
41 - 45
4% 36 - 40
7%
18 - 24
29%
31 - 35
15%
25 - 30
41%
Age
Your Age Freq. Percentage
18 – 24 850 29%
25 – 30 1,183 41%
31 – 35 443 15%
36 – 40 205 7%
41 – 45 115 4%
46 – 50 61 2%
51 – 55 31 1%
56 – 60 16 1%
61 – 65 7 0%
66 – 70 2 0%
76 – 80 1 0%
80+ 4 0%
Total 2,918 100%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Gender
Response:
Other
0%
Female
26%
Male
74%
Gender
Gender Freq. Percentage
Female 768 26%
Male 2,138 73%
Other 7 0.24%
Total 2,913 100%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Respondent location
Response:
Breakdown by region
North
8%
East
5%
West
15%
Central
72%
Breakdown by district
Location by District
District Freq. Percentage
Abim 4 0.14%
Adjumani 2 0.07%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Amuria 2 0.07%
Arua 14 0.48%
Budaka 3 0.10%
Bugiri 9 0.31%
Buikwe 17 0.58%
Bukomansimbi 3 0.10%
Bulambuli 2 0.07%
Buliisa 4 0.14%
Bundibugyo 2 0.07%
Bushenyi 13 0.44%
Busia 3 0.10%
Butaleja 1 0.03%
Butambala 3 0.10%
Buyangabu 1 0.03%
Buyende 2 0.07%
Dokolo 1 0.03%
Gomba 5 0.17%
Ibanda 2 0.07%
Iganga 10 0.34%
Ishaka 1 0.03%
Isingiro 4 0.14%
Jinja 39 1.33%
Kabale 9 0.31%
Kabarole 19 0.65%
Kabong 1 0.03%
Kakumiro 2 0.07%
Kalangala 3 0.10%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Kaliro 2 0.07%
Kalungu 5 0.17%
Kampala 992 33.73%
Kamuli 6 0.20%
Kamwenge 6 0.20%
Kanungu 7 0.24%
Kapchorwa 2 0.07%
Kasese 27 0.92%
Kayunga 5 0.17%
Kibaale 3 0.10%
Kiboga 4 0.14%
Kiruhura 6 0.20%
Kiryandongo 5 0.17%
Kisoro 1 0.03%
Kitgum 1 0.03%
Kole 4 0.14%
Kotido 1 0.03%
Kumi 1 0.03%
Kween 2 0.07%
Kyankwanzi 2 0.07%
Kyenjojo 1 0.03%
Kyotera 8 0.27%
Lamwo 1 0.03%
Lira 26 0.88%
Luuka 4 0.14%
Luweero 22 0.75%
Lwengo 6 0.20%
Lyantonde 3 0.10%
Manafwa 1 0.03%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Maracha 1 0.03%
Masaka 18 0.61%
Masindi 4 0.14%
Mayuge 4 0.14%
Mbale 36 1.22%
Mbarara 108 3.67%
Mitooma 3 0.10%
Mityana 13 0.44%
Moroto 3 0.10%
Moyo 5 0.17%
Mpigi 12 0.41%
Mubende 13 0.44%
Mukono 79 2.69%
Nakaseke 5 0.17%
Nakasongola 6 0.20%
Nebbi 2 0.07%
Ntungamo 171 5.81%
Nwoya 3 0.10%
Omoro 7 0.24%
Pader 2 0.07%
Pakwach 3 0.10%
Paliisa 2 0.07%
Rakai 3 0.10%
Rubanda 2 0.07%
Rubirizi 4 0.14%
Rukungiri 22 0.75%
Sheema 7 0.24%
Sironko 3 0.10%
Soroti 9 0.31%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Tororo 10 0.34%
Wakiso 899 30.57%
Wobulenzi 1 0.03%
Yumbe 1 0.03%
Total 2,941 100%
Education
Response:
Vocational
CertiTicate
9%
Primary Secondary
1% 15%
Graduate School
(Ex. Master's,
PhD)
14%
Level of education
Freq. Percentage
Bachelor's Degree 1,629 56.25
Graduate School (Ex. Master's, PhD) 396 13.67
None 73 2.52
Other (please specify) 73 2.52
Primary 44 1.52
Secondary 427 14.74
Vocational Certificate 254 8.77
Total 2,896 100
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Occupation
Question 5: “What sector do you work in? (Please select all that apply.)”
Response:
Response:
No
4%
Yes
96%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Question 7: “Have you used social media since the OTT tax was implemented
(July 1st, 2018)?”
Response:
No
15%
Yes
85%
Have you used social media since the OTT tax was implemented (July 1st, 2018)?
Freq. Percentage
No 388 15%
Yes 2,269 85%
Total 2,657 100%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Question 8: “Which social media services do you use? (Please select all that
apply.)”
Response:
Telegram
Snapchat
Tinder
Skype
linkedIn Freq. Perecent
Instagram
Twitter
Facebook
WhatsApp
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Number
Which social media services do you use? (Please selects all that apply.)
Freq. Percent
WhatsApp 2658 98%
Facebook 2503 92%
Twitter 1879 69%
Instagram 1671 62%
linkedIn 968 36%
Skype 821 30%
Tinder 106 4%
Snapchat 641 24%
Telegram 334 12%
Google Hangouts 573 21%
360 Chat 75 3%
Other (please specify) 158 6%
Total 2708
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
This question was only asked to those who reported to have accessed social
media in July, 2018, and it allowed multiple entry, reflecting that some users
access in multiple ways.
Question 9: “How are you accessing social media? (Please select all that apply.)”
Response:
I use VPN
How are you accessing social media? ( Please select all that apply.) - OTT tax
Freq. Percent
I paid the OTT tax 1,089 40%
I use VPN 1,545 57%
I use WiFi / Hotspot(s) 1,036 38%
Other 91 3%
Total 2,696
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
This question was only asked to those who reported that they are paying the OTT
tax, or “other”. Its intention was to check the dependency
Response:
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Question 11: “What do you use social media for? (Please select all that apply.)”
Response:
Ugandan e-commerce
Response:
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Question 13: “How has your business been affected by the OTT tax?”
Response:
This question generated 1,640 responses. Several themes were observed in the
open-ended responses, including:
• Delays in conducting business
• Disrupted payments
• Inconvenience
• Increased cost of doing business
• Loss of income
• Reduced access
• Reduced online audience
• Delays
o There is slow communication from customers and am losing some
of them
o Delayed communication to my clients due to poor network with the
mobile money transactions a times
o Can't be online for most of the time like before which has led to
delayed replies and missing out or loosing clients
• Disrupted communication
o Reduced communication with potential buyers
o It has almost kicked me out my customers' response decreased by
almost 80%
o Affected my communication with my project caretaker
• Disrupted payments
o The startup projects we are working on rely on mobile payments
from our users. Because of the new tax, our future isn't as certain
anymore unless we pivot towards using other forms of payment
o We process mobile money payments for SMEs but with all this tax
we can barely make a dime
o Less orders, less traffic which automatically translates to less
money made and given the MM tax, good lord, absolute nightmare
given that that's my only mode of payment. Looking to start having
payment on delivery as an option.
• Loss of income
o Reduced viewers hence reduced customers
o My sales have dropped ever since it started
o It has almost kicked me out my customers’ response decreased by
almost 80%
o Customers can no longer pay for their stock using mobile money
because of the charges incurred
o I can’t access my customers any more since most of them cannot
access social media ,hence I am running broke
• Inconvenience
o My internet expenses have increased; the inconvenience of paying
through mobile money; Using The students that I work with aren't
able to communicate because they now can't afford to go online
o Even though I am able to access the internet, not all my customers
have easy access to my services. My customer base has depleted
as a result. It is inconvenient to most and now I have to find other
ways of making my service more accessible to my customers, this
will be more expensive. I make a plea to the government of Uganda
to reconsider this decision, they need to know that it will negatively
affect as a country, economically. We cannot move steps behind
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
• Reduced access
o No longer online due to inability to pay tax
o My clients are hard to access
o Many of my clients can no longer access media yet it is the easiest
way to communicate
o Affected my communication with my project caretaker
o When I see my liked post on product posts is small. Receive a few
calls from potential customers than I did before and they are fewer
people online. most people I think use social bundles but now it is
not worth using them
o Sales have deteriorated because I hardly access social media and
same applies to potential clients.
Question 14: “Is the OTT Tax on social media inconveniencing you?”
Response:
Very much
Slightly
17%
2%
Not at all
6%
Moderately
4% Extremely
71%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Response:
Slightly
1%
Not at all
Very much
2%
Moderately 12%
2%
Extremely
83%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Question 16: “Have you used Mobile Money in the last 6 months? (Ex. MTN
Mobile Money, Airtel Money, Africell Money.)”
Response:
No
7%
Yes
93%
Have you used Mobile Money in the last 6 months? (Ex.MTN MM, Airtel Money)
No 176 7%
Yes 2,430 93%
Total 2,606 100%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Question 17: “How has your Mobile Money use changed since the Mobile Money
tax was introduced?”
Response:
Stopped
Transacting less
transacting on
money in July
Mobile Money i..
44%
47%
Transacting
about the
same as before
3%
How has your Mobile Money use changed since the Mobile Money tax was
introduced?
Freq. Percentage
Other (please specify) 55 2%
Transacting more money in July 90 4%
Transacting about the same as before 58 2%
Transacting less money in July 1,027 44%
Stopped transacting on Mobile Money in July 1,101 47%
Total 2,331 100%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
800
600
Female
400
200 Male
0 Other
Other (please Stopped Transacting Transacting Transacting
speci.. transacting.. about t.. less mo.. more mo..
Mobile Money Use since Tax was introduced
Your
Gender
How has your Mobile Money use
changed since the Mobile Money
tax was introduced? Female Male Other Total
Other (please specify) 9 46 0 55
Transacting more money in July 16 74 0 90
Transacting about the same 23 35 0 58
Transacting less money in July 270 747 3 1,020
Stopped transacting in July 262 828 2 1,092
Total 580 1730 5 2,315
Transacting Other
more (please
money in specify) Stopped
July 0% transacting
5% on Mobile
Money in
July
Transacting 38%
less money
in July Transacting
57% about the
same as
before
0%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Response:
Yes
8%
No
92%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Your
Gender
Are you a Mobile Money agent? Female Male Other Total
No 518 1,600 5 2,123
Yes 62 134 1 197
Total 580 1,734 5 2,319
Question 19: “How has the Mobile Money tax affected your business?”
Response:
This question generated 2,334 responses. Several themes were observed in the
open-ended responses, including:
• Delayed payment
• Inconvenience
• Increased cost of doing business
• Increased risk
• Loss of income
• Revert to banking
• Revert to cash
• Delayed payments
o I can't send my working capital to the projects caretaker because of
that tax.
o It has delayed my services for example I have to move to take
money to my relatives.
o It has brought about late payments as clients only wait when they
get time and travel to the business premises to pay in cash to avoid
tax charges
o People no longer want to send their payment via mobile money,
they want me to go directly pick it from them yet at times am always
busy, so this affects my work
o It delays my payment's I have to look for people to pay me
physically since they don't want to pay exorbitant charges
• Inconvenience
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
• Increased risk
o Inconvenience We sell and promote different products and services
online the easiest and most affordable means to complete these
Transactions was mobile money with also risks involved with
carrying liquid cash d Taxing during transactions plus commission
on the Transaction makes easy turn to hard in other words it's
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
• Loss of income
o Low commission
o Business is so low that sometimes I don’t work
o It has led to loss of money in its way of withdrawing n deposit..i.e.
the 200 would have done so much in something else’s
o Transaction carried on mobile money have reduced and my clients
don't want to transact with it again
o Let me even talk luganda,business kati mye ffe bakasitoma
abasinga twalina ba mubyalo nga bawereza ssente netubagulira
ebintu netubawereza kati berinyira emotoka nebaja,bagamba
baffisa kingi nga betukidde,okusinga okuzononera mubanga.
• Revert to banking
o I'm transacting way less on Mobile Money, means I have to use the
bank more often.
o Charges are high rather bank it for someone
• Revert to cash
o I stopped using mobile money as payment method because it will
be a loss to me. Then some i can't deal with remote customers
o has inconvenienced me extremely because have been getting
money through it, now most people prefer to use other means.
o I had to go back to gulu to pick my school fee since it was
expensive to use Mobile money.
o Well I was starting to use Mobile Money as an alternative method to
save money as well as send money and pay for services but now I
think I will go back to the old days of having to carry around
physical cash as well as using a piggy bank to save.
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Question 20: “Do you support the social media “OTT” tax?”
Response:
Do not support
21% Somewhat
support
3%
Strongly oppose
73%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Response:
Strongly oppose
79%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
This question generated 2459 responses. Several themes were observed in the
open-ended responses, including:
• Accountability
• Double taxation
• Financial Inclusion
• Misuse of tax funds
• Over taxing
• Planning
• Taxation method of implementation
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Acknowledgements
The Uganda Social Media and Mobile Money Taxes Survey was led by Anne
Whitehead, the author of this report, though it was absolutely a team effort. The
idea to conduct this survey can be credited to Florence Kakatshozi, who also
served as assistant lead coordinator.
Tom Nangosyah and Angella Kitizo assisted in data cleaning, tagging and
editing. Those conducting face-to-face interviews included Ojara Ronald and
Frank Sha Cui (Gulu), Derrick Kabuye and Nakimuli Rytah Flower
(Kampala/Wakiso) and Norman Manley (Mbarara), among others.
We are especially grateful to everyone who helped share the survey and
responded to it themselves. Thank you to the ICT Association of Uganda
(ICTAU) for supporting and sharing this survey. Thank you to everyone who
contributed to the public record. We are also grateful to those who review this
report, forgive any errors and teach us better, share it and put it to good use. If
any further information is required to build on these findings, kindly contact us at
the email below.
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Agro-farming 1 0.1%
Airbnb 1 0.1%
Aircraft charter brokerage. Parts sal.. 1 0.1%
A lot 1 0.1%
Am a blogger 1 0.1%
Am a digital marketer which implies m.. 1 0.1%
Am a farmer too so I use to talk to m.. 1 0.1%
Am a fashion and design person 1 0.1%
Am a village man who grows crops that.. 1 0.1%
Am in the business of communications .. 1 0.1%
Am planning to display my products on.. 1 0.1%
An aero engineer, John is husband to .. 2 0.1%
An online marketing of aluminium prod.. 1 0.1%
An online shop for clothes 1 0.1%
Animational advertising to get projects 1 0.1%
Any kind 1 0.1%
Architectural 1 0.1%
Arts 1 0.1%
As an artist i sell my pieces online .. 1 0.1%
As an entertainer I sell my musical p.. 1 0.1%
As part of my business, I generate le.. 1 0.1%
Awareness of my products 1 0.1%
Bakery 1 0.1%
Bakery Washing bay I promote the ab.. 1 0.1%
Banking 1 0.1%
Benchmarking and tendering, bidding a.. 1 0.1%
Betting and marketin 1 0.1%
Beverages sales 2 0.1%
Binary trading 1 0.1%
Bitcoin 1 0.1%
Bitcoin mining and trading 2 0.1%
Blogger 3 0.2%
Blogging 1 0.1%
Blogging and Entertainment Journalism 1 0.1%
Blogging and social media marketing 1 0.1%
Book reservations, Reach out to clien.. 1 0.1%
Book sales 2 0.1%
Bookings and Reservations 1 0.1%
Bookings and Reservations of hotel ro.. 1 0.1%
Boutique 1 0.1%
Brand awareness 2 0.1%
Brand marketing 1 0.1%
Brand promotion,online buying and sel.. 1 0.1%
Branding 1 0.1%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Communication 3 0.2%
Communication basically 1 0.1%
Communication with clients abroad 1 0.1%
Communication with colleagues 1 0.1%
Communication with customers 2 0.1%
Communication with ma workers in sale.. 1 0.1%
Communication with my consumers 1 0.1%
Communication with my customers and b.. 1 0.1%
Communication with potential clients .. 1 0.1%
Communication,Marketing,Sales 2 0.1%
Comnecting with my customers..and als.. 1 0.1%
Computar accessories 1 0.1%
Concrere works marketing 1 0.1%
Concrete products 2 0.1%
Conduct research 1 0.1%
Construction business 1 0.1%
Construction, baking 1 0.1%
Consultancy 3 0.2%
Consultancy 4 0.2%
Consultancy in mobile phones 1 0.1%
Consultancy, web access tracking and .. 1 0.1%
Consulting 1 0.1%
Consulting services in the financial .. 1 0.1%
Consulting training 1 0.1%
Consulting, Advisory 2 0.1%
Contacting my clients 1 0.1%
Content Creation Agency 1 0.1%
Content development and marketing 1 0.1%
Content development and social media .. 1 0.1%
Cosmetics 1 0.1%
Cosmetics ie ladies' lotions 1 0.1%
Cosmetics online platform 1 0.1%
Couselling, marketing 1 0.1%
Crafts and decorations 1 0.1%
Crypto trading and social media marke.. 2 0.1%
Cryptocurrence(onecoin) second hand c.. 1 0.1%
Cultural entertainment 1 0.1%
Customer care for NWSC. 1 0.1%
Customer experience and product marke.. 1 0.1%
Customer opinions 1 0.1%
Dairy, confectionary 2 0.1%
Data entry and administrative services 1 0.1%
Date entry 1 0.1%
Deal in Electronics,Photography and M.. 2 0.1%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Engineering 1 0.1%
Engineering research 2 0.1%
Entertaining 1 0.1%
Entertainment And News 1 0.1%
Entertainment and news 1 0.1%
Entertainment/music, and general busi.. 1 0.1%
Estate. And property 1 0.1%
Evangelism 1 0.1%
Event promotion 1 0.1%
Events 1 0.1%
Events Panning and Management 1 0.1%
Events management 1 0.1%
Exchanging documents with clients 1 0.1%
Executive coaching thorough Skype I .. 1 0.1%
Facebook advertisements buying stuff .. 1 0.1%
Farming 1 0.1%
Farming Implement 1 0.1%
Fashion 2 0.1%
Fashion advertising 1 0.1%
Fashion model and online selling of i.. 1 0.1%
Fashions and styles 1 0.1%
Finance 2 0.1%
Finance and bysiness consultancy 1 0.1%
Financial inclusion 2 0.1%
Fineart online marketing, 1 0.1%
Fintech Business 1 0.1%
Fintech for SMEs 2 0.1%
Fintech solution to drive access of f.. 2 0.1%
Food business 1 0.1%
Foods and beverages marketing 1 0.1%
Football 1 0.1%
Forex foreign trade 1 0.1%
Forex trade 1 0.1%
Forex trading 2 0.1%
Freelance writing 1 0.1%
Freelance writing 1 0.1%
Freelance writing and transcription 1 0.1%
Freelancer in website development. 1 0.1%
Freelancing 1 0.1%
Fundraising and communication 2 0.1%
Furniture businesss 1 0.1%
Gadgets 1 0.1%
General machandise 1 0.1%
General maintenance of office Equipment 1 0.1%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Marketing 1 0.1%
Marketing 1 0.1%
Marketing & Communication 1 0.1%
Marketing & Publicity 1 0.1%
Marketing Communications 1 0.1%
Marketing Magazine 1 0.1%
Marketing Mostly! 1 0.1%
Marketing advertising sales 2 0.1%
Marketing agency 1 0.1%
Marketing and Brand awareness 1 0.1%
Marketing and Brand engagement 2 0.1%
Marketing and Sales 2 0.1%
Marketing and advertising 2 0.1%
Marketing and advertising 2 0.1%
Marketing and advertising hardware pr.. 1 0.1%
Marketing and advertising my hotel bu.. 1 0.1%
Marketing and brand building 1 0.1%
Marketing and branding 2 0.1%
Marketing and communication 1 0.1%
Marketing and connecting with clients 1 0.1%
Marketing and forex trading 1 0.1%
Marketing and influencing 1 0.1%
Marketing and information 1 0.1%
Marketing and online advertising on F.. 1 0.1%
Marketing and research 1 0.1%
Marketing and sales 3 0.2%
Marketing artworks. 1 0.1%
Marketing available products at our c.. 1 0.1%
Marketing business 2 0.1%
Marketing businesses 2 0.1%
Marketing clothes 1 0.1%
Marketing clothes shoes online 2 0.1%
Marketing consultancy services 1 0.1%
Marketing event 1 0.1%
Marketing farm prodices 1 0.1%
Marketing flight ticket prices and vi.. 2 0.1%
Marketing for my work 1 0.1%
Marketing goods 3 0.2%
Marketing merchandise 1 0.1%
Marketing my Company, Bookings 1 0.1%
Marketing my Engineering Draftsmanshi.. 1 0.1%
Marketing my Poultry products. Buyin.. 1 0.1%
Marketing my business and communicati.. 1 0.1%
Marketing my cake business 2 0.1%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
N.a. 1 0.1%
N/A 3 0.2%
NGO/charity & Consultancy 1 0.1%
Na 1 0.1%
Nature conservation awareness 1 0.1%
Negotiating prices with the clientele 2 0.1%
Network Marketing 2 0.1%
Network Marketing 1 0.1%
Network marketing 4 0.2%
Network marketing 2 0.1%
Network marketting 1 0.1%
Networking 2 0.1%
Networking 4 0.2%
Networking and selling my products on.. 1 0.1%
Networking business 1 0.1%
Networking marketing with alliance in.. 1 0.1%
News 1 0.1%
News Publication 1 0.1%
Nil 3 0.2%
Nlthing 2 0.1%
Non 4 0.2%
Non 1 0.1%
None 2 0.1%
None to be honest. But maybe I do onl.. 1 0.1%
Nothing 1 0.1%
Offer IT services. 1 0.1%
Offer services sale of goods 2 0.1%
Olx 1 0.1%
On line marketing and sales 2 0.1%
On line marketing selling and buying .. 1 0.1%
Online 1 0.1%
Online 2nd hand clothing shope 1 0.1%
Online Communications 2 0.1%
Online Legal Research, Online Advocac.. 1 0.1%
Online Marketing 2 0.1%
Online Marketing 3 0.2%
Online Marketing, Social media admin .. 1 0.1%
Online Shoe and Apparel sales 1 0.1%
Online advertising 1 0.1%
Online adveryisement 1 0.1%
Online banking 1 0.1%
Online business 3 0.2%
Online business, selling items 1 0.1%
Online businesses 1 0.1%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Definately 1 0.1%
Definitely 2 0.1%
Definitely my customers have been aff.. 1 0.1%
Delayed communication 1 0.1%
Delayed payments due to Mobile Money .. 1 0.1%
Delayed response times when the taxes.. 1 0.1%
Delays in responding to my customers 1 0.1%
Demand levels have drastically reduce.. 1 0.1%
Didnt affect 1 0.1%
Difficult in marketting and low custo.. 1 0.1%
Difficult to access news on new produ.. 1 0.1%
Difficulty posting content. Engagemen.. 1 0.1%
Diminishing target audience 1 0.1%
Don’t know 1 0.1%
Drop in number of transactions 2 0.1%
Drop in sales 1 0.1%
Drop in sales since few people are on.. 1 0.1%
Drop in the number of customers on so.. 1 0.1%
Dropped 1 0.1%
Dropped one of my lines to manage costs 2 0.1%
Due to the reduced access and usage o.. 1 0.1%
Encoutered less interactions with pot.. 2 0.1%
Even though I am able to access the i.. 1 0.1%
Evey since OTT tax was introduced th.. 2 0.1%
Expensive 1 0.1%
Expensive to access free books online.. 1 0.1%
Extensively negative. Few likes and n.. 1 0.1%
Extra cost 2 0.1%
Extra expenses in communication 1 0.1%
Facebook content receives very limite.. 1 0.1%
Failer to effectively communicate to .. 1 0.1%
Few are online. Some days I load the .. 1 0.1%
Few buyers 1 0.1%
Few clients 3 0.2%
Few clients 1 0.1%
Few clients are viewing my works 1 0.1%
Few clients cn see my posts about new.. 1 0.1%
Few customers 2 0.1%
Few customers 1 0.1%
Few customers can access my business 1 0.1%
Few customers now 1 0.1%
Few customers online 1 0.1%
Few customers online to see my commod.. 1 0.1%
Few customers reached yet am my busin.. 1 0.1%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
No clients 1 0.1%
No constomers 1 0.1%
No customer 2 0.1%
No customer pays me any more using mo.. 1 0.1%
No customers 2 0.1%
No customers 4 0.2%
No customers coz fares are too high 2 0.1%
No customers for my worker 1 0.1%
No customers, and sending money very .. 1 0.1%
No effect 2 0.1%
No longer receiving payments from cli.. 1 0.1%
No longer use mobile money 1 0.1%
No more business on mm 1 0.1%
No more customer s 1 0.1%
No more customers 2 0.1%
No more customers for my businness 1 0.1%
No more mobile money payments 1 0.1%
No more mobile money, I do not accept.. 1 0.1%
No more sales ..since my businesses a.. 1 0.1%
No more sales as it used to be. 1 0.1%
No more transactions 1 0.1%
No more transactions via mobile money 1 0.1%
No one wants the extra expense so bus.. 1 0.1%
No one wants to transact with you any.. 1 0.1%
No one wants to use it 1 0.1%
No payments 1 0.1%
No payments for now 1 0.1%
No real effect, but am exploring paym.. 2 0.1%
No transaction as a mode of payment 2 0.1%
No transactions 1 0.1%
No transactions, this means no incom.. 1 0.1%
No transcations 1 0.1%
No usual money flow 1 0.1%
No way 1 0.1%
Non at all 1 0.1%
Nope 1 0.1%
Not Applicable to me 1 0.1%
Not Mobile Money agent; Now back to C.. 1 0.1%
Not a businessperson 1 0.1%
Not a lot 1 0.1%
Not a mobile money agent 2 0.1%
Not able to receive payments using mo.. 2 0.1%
Not affected 2 0.1%
Not affordable 1 0.1%
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com
Inquiries: anne@whiteheadcommunications.com