Presentation On Fluid

Numerical Simulation of
Hydrodynamics of Gas Liquid

Flows in Bubble Column
Lalit Mohan Kaushik

2007CHD2525
CHD - 770
Department of Chemical Engineering
Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
New Delhi-110 016, India
Outlines
Introduction
Flow Regimes
Modeling approaches for multiphase flows
9 Continuum model (Euler-Euler)
9 Discrete particle model (Euler-Lagrange)
9 Interface tracking models (Front-Tracking, Level set, VOF etc)
Computational Model Used

9 Drag Coefficient Correlations
Objectives
Experimental Set-Up
Computational Domain
Numerical Simulation
Results
Future work Plan
References
Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India
Introduction
Wide range of applications
9 Oil and gas, Chemical/Petrochemicals, Polymers/Plastics,

Pharmaceuticals/Agro-chemicals , Food/Biotechnology, …….
Process equipments/Operations
Heat/Mass transfer equipments, reactors …
Stirred vessels Bubble/slurry bubble columns Packed/Trickle beds Fluidized beds
Ways to achieve performance enhancement

• Better synthesis (chemistry and catalysis)
• Better design and operation
• Better process control
Flow Regimes
The flow regime observed in gas-liquid bubble column reactors:
Flow regime map for air-water system at

Bubble Flow Churn Flow Slug Flow ambient pressure, (Shah et al., 1982)
Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Homogeneous regime occurs at relatively low superficial velocities (less than about 50-80 mm/s)

Modeling approaches for multiphase flows
Continuum model (Euler Euler formulation)
9 Both the phase are taken as a continuous phase.
Computational
Efforts 9 Generally used for large systems where volume fraction> 10%.
9 No trajectory simulation
Discrete particle model (Euler Lagrangian formulation)

9 Motion of individual dispersed phase particle are simulated.
9 Suitable for simulation multiphase flow where volume fraction of
dispersed phase < 10%.
9 Particle level process like reaction, heat transfer around the
bubble can be simulated.
Interface tracking method (Front tracking, Level set, VOF)
Modeling 9 Dispersed phase (bubble, drop) shape and size is explicitly

Efforts simulated.
9 Limited to simulation of only few bubbles or drops. No used for
larger systems.
. Department of Chemical Engineering
Formulation of two phase equations
Assumptions made for derivation of continuity and momentum
equations of motion for two phase flow
9 Each phase is treated as continuum in any size of the domain

under consideration.
9 For any control volume: α G + α L = 1
9 The Gas Phase is dispersed and consists of bubbles, spherical in

shape and uniform size . The Process of coalescence and breaking
are assumed to be absent.
9 No mass transfer occurs between two phase
9 The effect of hydrostatic head on the superficial gas velocity and

bubble size has been assumed to be negligible.
9 When any area is occupied by different phases, the pressure has

been assumed to be shared by phases proportional to fractional
area occupied by phases.

Computational Model used
Eulerian-Eulerian two-fluid model
Mass conservation equation

∂ G ⎛τ ⎞
( )
( ρ k α k ) + ∇ ⋅ ρ k α kU k = ∇ ⎜ k ∇α k ⎟ + S k
∂t ⎝σk ⎠
Momentum Transfer Equation Stress of phase
∂ G G G GG G G
( ) ( )
Interphase
ρ kα kU k + ∇ ⋅ ρ kα kU k ⊗ U k = −α k ∇P + ∇ ⋅τ k + ρ kα k g + M k momentum
∂t
transfer force
Convective
Transient term term
GG ⎛ ∂U ki ∂U kj ⎞ 2 ⎛ ∂U kl ⎞
τ k = α k μ k ,eff ⎜⎜ + ⎟⎟ − (α k μ k ,eff δ ij ) ⎜ ⎟
⎝ j∂x ∂xi ⎠ 3 ⎝ ∂xl ⎠
Mk represent all inter-phase momentum exchange terms
G G D G L G VM
{
Mk = − Mk + MG + MG }
Momentum exchange due to drag force
GD 3 CD G G G G
M G = ( ρ Lα Gα L )
4 dB
UG − U L UG − U L ( )
Eulerian-Eulerian Model
Drag coefficient of a single bubble
⎧⎪ 24 8 ⎛ Eo ⎞ ⎫⎪
CDo = max⎨ (1+ 0.15Re ) ; 3 ⎜⎜ E + 4 ⎟⎟ ⎬
0.687
⎪⎩ Re ⎝ o ⎠ ⎪⎭
Where f (α G ) is correction factor
CD = CDo f (αG )
Closure Law for Turbulence
Turbulent Kinetic energy (k) and Turbulent energy dissipation rate ( ε )

equation
∂ G ⎛ μtm ⎞
( )
( ρmφ ) + ∇ ⋅ ρ mU m,iφ = −∇ ⋅ ⎜⎜ ∇φ ⎟⎟ + Sφ
∂t ⎝ σ φm ⎠
Turbulent Viscosity for mixture Mixture Density
ρ mC μ k 2 n
μ tm = ρm = ∑α q ρq
ε q =1

Drag Coefficient Correlations

Objectives
This work carried out with following objective:
9 Develop computational fluid dynamics based model capable to predict time

average flow properties (gas hold-Up, axial velocity profile, turbulent dissipation
rate) of unsteady gas- liquid flow in a bubble column operated at high superficial
gas velocities varying from 0.1 m/s to 0.4m/s.
9 Study of Different Outlet Boundary Condition and k-ε turbulence model for gas
liquid flow in bubble column.
9 Validate simulation results with experimental results.
9 Develop Computational two bubble class model for gas liquid flows in bubble
column

Experimental Set-up
Steel needle coated with varnish
Conductivity probe
Sieve Plate Sparger: 1.2 inch in Diameter and Pitch: 6mm

Numerical simulation
Computational flow domain
Geometry
9 Diameter of cylinder: 20 cm
9 Dispersion Height of cylinder: 1m
9 Hexahedral Computational cells in grid: 51000 cell
Mean Average Bubble Size: 5 mm
Boundary condition
9 No slip wall boundary condition
9 Top face is taken as velocity inlet
9 Bottom face is taken as velocity inlet
Commercial flow solver Fluent 6.2 is used.
Eulerian-Eulerian Method or Continuum model

Simulation parameters
9 Pressure velocity coupling: SIMPLE
9 Momentum discretization: QUICK
9 Turbulent Model- K-e Standard Mixture
Results
Hydrodynamics of Gas Liquid Flow in Bubble Column
Eulerian-Eulerian Method or Continuum model is used:

9 Drag Correction Factor f (α G ) = (1 − α )
P
Superficial Gas Velocity Value of Correction factor used for simulation - p

(m/s)
0.1 2
0.2 2 and 4
0.3 3 and 4
0.4 0, 2 and 4
Κ−ε model Used:

9 Mixture model, solves two equation turbulence model based on the mixture of all
phases
9 Dispersed Model, solves two equation turbulence model for primary phase and
assumes turbulence quantities for dispersed phase (Tchen Theory, (Hinze theory(1975) )

Computational Domain
Grid Distribution used in Numerical simulation of Gas-Liquid flow in Bubble Column.
Diameter = 20c.m, Height = 1m Number of Computational Cell in Grid= 51000 cells

Grid Independency
Influence of number of computational cells is studied for 0.4 m/s
superficial gas velocity by performing simulation with 18k-67K cells
Grid Resolution
No. of cell in No. of cells No. of cells Total No. Overall Gas
near wall Zone along θ along Axial of Cells Holdup
direction
5 40 50 18K 0.3643
5 48 50 23K 0.3658
5 80 50 50K 0.3647
7 56 50 35K 0.365
10 64 50 51K 0.368
15 64 50 67K 0.368

Grid Independency
Time Averaged Gas Holdup Time Averaged Axial Velocity
0.5 0.5
0.45
0.4
0.4
0.3
Time Averaged Axial Liquid Velocity

0.35
TimeaveragedGas HoldUp
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.25
0
0.2 -0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-0.1
0.15
-0.2
0.1 Grid Size=18k H=0.65
Grid Size= 18k= 40*5*50 H=0.65 23k
0.05
-0.3
23k= 48*5*50 50k
50k= 80*5*50
0 -0.4
-0 .1 -0 .08 -0 .0 6 -0 .04 -0 .0 2 0 0.0 2 0 .0 4 0.0 6 0 .0 8 0 .1
Radial co-ordinate, m
Radial co-ordinate, m 0.35
0.5
0.3
0.45
0.25
Time Averaged Axial Liquid Velocity

0.4
0.2
0.35
Time averaged Gas HoldUp
0.15
0.3
0.1
0.25
0.05
0.2
0
0.15 -0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-0.05
0.1
Grid Size= 51k=64*10*50 H=0.65 -0.1
Grid Size=51k=64*10*50 H=0.65
67k=64*15*50
0.05
35=56*7*50k -0.15 67k=64*15*50
35k=56*7*50
0
-0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-0.2
Radial co-ordinate, m Radial co-ordinate, m
Radial Profile of Time Averaged Gas Holdup and Axial Liquid Velocity at 0.4m/s
superficial velocity at a height of H=0.65m
Grid Independency
Time Averaged Gas Holdup Time Averaged Axial Velocity
0.5
0.3
0.45
0.25
0.4
0.2
0.35
0.15
Axial Liquid Velocity

0.3
0.1
0.25
0.05
0.2
0
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1
0.15
-0.05
0.1
-0.1
0.05 Simulated 48k=56*7*70

-0.15 Simulation 48k=56*7*70
simulated 35k=56*7*50
0 35k=56*7*50
-0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 -0.2
Radial Profile of Time Averaged Gas Holdup and Axial Liquid Velocity at 0.4m/s
superficial velocity at a height of H=0.65m

Effect of Correction Factor (p)
Superficial Gas Grid Size Drag Correction Simulated Experimental
Velocity m/s (1-αG)p Overall Gas Overall Gas
Holdup Holdup
0.1 18k 2 0.20298
0.1 51k 2 0.256 0.235
0.2 18k 2 0.283
0.2 51, 67k 2 0.369
0.2 51, 67k 4 0.2994 0.295
0.3 18k 3 0.3514
0.3 18k 4 0.3275
0.3 51, 67k 4 0.332 0.329
0.4 18k 4 0.3643
0.4 51k 0 0.8227
0.4 51k 2 0.427
0.4 51, 67k 4 0.368 0.368

Superficial Gas Velocity 0.1m/s
Superficial Gas Velocity 0.3m/s
Isosurface gas holdup= 0.4 Isosurface gas holdup= 0.3
Superficial Gas Velocity 0.4m/s Superficial Gas Velocity 0.2m/s

Isosurface gas holdup= 0.4 Isosurface gas holdup= 0.4
and axial liquid velocity vector for superficial gas velocity

Instantaneous snapshots of gas holdup contour, iso-surface
Overall gas holdup
Effect of superficial gas velocity on overall gas holdup
0.4
0.35
0.3
Overall Gas Hold-up
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
Rampure et. al.,2007

simulated (radially node-5)
0.05 simulated (radially node-10)
Experimental camarasa et. al., 1999
Chaumat et. al, 2006 (d=0.5mm)
Experiment rampure et. al., 2007
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
Superficial Gas Velocity, m/s

Time Average Gas Hold Up Characteristics
Radial Profile of Time Average Gas Hold Up at Superficial Gas Velocity 0.1 m/s
0.35 0.3
0.3
0.25
0.25
0.2
Time Averaged Gas HoldUp

0.2
0.15
0.15
0.1
0.1
Simulated at 0.1 m/s at H=0.16

0.05
Rampure et. al., 2007 experimental results
0.05 Simulated 51K Data at 0.1m/s H=0.65 Chaumat et. al.,2006
Rampure et. al.,2007 Experimental Single Tip at H= 0.65
Chaumat et. al., 2006 Simulated 18k
Simulated 18k Simulated Rampure et. al., 2007
0
Simulated Ranade et.al., 2007
0 -0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
-0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 Radial co-ordinate, m
¾ Overall Gas Holdup for 18k simulation with correction factor 2 = 0.20298
¾ Overall Gas Holdup for 17k “Rampure et al., 2007” simulation with correction factor 2 = 0.215
¾ Experimental overall Gas holdup = 0.235

Time Average Axial Liquid Velocity Characteristics
Radial Profile of Time Average Axial Liquid Velocity at Superficial Gas

Velocity 0.1 m/s
0.5 0.3
0.4
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.2

0.1 0
-0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
0
-0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 -0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2
-0.3 -0.3
Simulated 51k at 0.1 m/s at H=0.65
rampure et. al., 2007 simulated Simulated at 0.1m/s at H=0.16
Simulated 18k Simulated Rampure et. al., 2007
-0.4 Simulated 18k
Radial co-ordinate, m -0.4

0.5 0.5
0.45 0.45
0.4 0.4
0.35 0.35

0.3 0.3
0.25 0.25
0.2 0.2
0.15 0.15
0.1 0.1
Simulated 18k Correction-2 H=0.65 Simulated 18k, Correction-2 H=0.16
Rampure et. al., 2007 H=0.16(Rampure et. al., 2007)
0.05 Simulated 51k, Correction-2 0.05 Simulated 51k, Correction-2
simulated 51k, correctuion 4 Simulated 51k, Correction 4
Experimental Experimental
0 0
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1 -0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
¾ Overall Gas Holdup for 17k “Rampure et al., 2007” simulation with correction factor 2 = 0.291

Velocity 0.2 m/s
0.5 0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
Liquid Axial Velocity

0.1
0
0
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1
-0.1 -0.1
-0.2 -0.2
Simulated 18k, correction-2 H=0.65
Rampure et. al., 2007, correction-2 simulated 18k , correction- 2 H=0.16
-0.3
simulated 51k correction- 2 -0.3 rampure et. al.,2007 17k, correction- 2
simulated 51k, correction- 4 simulated 51k, correction- 2
-0.4 simulated 51k, correction- 4

0.5 0.5
0.45 0.45
0.4 0.4
0.35 0.35

0.3 0.3
0.25 0.25
0.2 0.2
0.15 0.15
0.1 0.1
Simulation 18K, correction-4 H=0.65 Simulated 18k, Correction- 4 H=0.16

0.05 0.05
Simulation 18K, Correction-3 Simulated 18k, Correction-3
Simulation 51k, Correcction-4 Simulated 51k, Correction-4
0 0
-0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 -0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
Velocity 0.3 m/s
0.4
0.5
0.4 0.3
0.3 0.2
0.2

0.1
0.1
0
0
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1
-0.1 -0.05 0 0.05 0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2
Simulated 18k, correction- 4 H=0.16

-0.3 -0.3
Simulated 18k, Correction 4 H=0.65 simulated 18k, correction 3
Simulated 18k, Correction- 3 simulated 51k, correction 4
Simulated 51k, correction- 4
-0.4 -0.4

0.5 0.5
0.45 0.45
0.4 0.4
0.35 0.35

0.3 0.3
0.25 0.25
0.2 0.2
0.15 0.15
0.1 0.1
simulated 51k=64*10*50 H=0.65 correction- 4 simulated 51k=64*10*50 H=0.16 correction- 4

0.05 Rampure et. al., 2007 Simulated 0.05 Rampure et al., 2007
Experiment Single Tip probe, Rampure et. al., 2007 Experiment single tip, Rampure et. al., 2007
Simulated 18K Simulated 18K
0 0
-0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 -0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
¾ Overall Gas Holdup for 17k Rampure et al., 2007” simulation with correction factor 4 = 0.369
Velocity 0.4 m/s
0.5 0.4
0.4 0.3
0.3 0.2
0.2

0.1
0.1
0
-0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1
0
-0.1 -0.08 -0.06 -0.04 -0.02 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 -0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2 Simulated Grid Size=51k=64*10*50 H=0.65

Rampure et al., 2007 simulated simulated 51k=64*10*50 H=0.16 correction- 4
Simulated 18K
-0.3
rampure et. al., 2007 simulated
Simulated 35K Simulated 18K
-0.3 Simulated 35k

Dynamics Characteristics of Gas Liquid
Flows
Predicted Time Series of Gas Holdup at three different position along width of column
1
1 H=0.65 X=0.1
X=0.0m H=0.65 H=0.51
X=0.05 H=0.16
0.9
0.9 X=0.1
0.8 0.8
0.7 0.7
Instantaneous Gas HoldUp
Instantaneous Gas HoldUp

0.6 0.6
0.5 0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Superficial gas velocity = 0.1m/s

Flows
Predicted Time Series of Axial Liquid Velocity at three different position along
width of column
0.8 0.8
x=0.0m H=0.65 H=0.65m X=0.1
x=0.05 H=0.51
x=0.1 0.6 H=0.16
0.6
0.4
0.4
Axial Liquid Velocity, m/s

0.2
Axial Liquid Velocity, m/s
0.2
0
0 120 130 140 150 160 170
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 -0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.4
-0.6
-0.6
-0.8
-0.8 -1
Time, s Time, s

Flows
Predicted Time Series of Horizontal Liquid Velocity at three different
position along height of column
0.3
0.2
Horizontal Liquid Velocity, m/s

0.1
0
130 140 150 160 170
-0.1
-0.2
x=0.1-x H=0.65
x=0.05-x
x=0.0-x
-0.3
Time, s
Superficial gas velocity = 0.4m/s at H=0.65m, Plume Oscillation Period = 3.98 sec
Superficial gas velocity = 0.2m/s at H=0.65m, Plume Oscillation period = 3.36 sec
Flows
Predicted Time Series of Pressure fluctuations at three different position along height
of column
1800
1600
1400
1200
Instantaneous Pressure
1000
800
600
400
200 H=0.65m X=0.1

H=0.51
H=0.16
0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170
Time, s

Future Work Plan
To model gas- liquid flow in bubble column at higher superficial gas

velocities, following work will have to done to achieve our objective.
Develop Computational two bubble class model for gas liquid flows in
bubble column.

References
1. Ajbar, A.; Al-Masry, W.; and Ali, E. “Prediction of flow regimes transitions in bubble
columns using passive acoustic measurements”, Chem. Eng. and Process. (2008).
2. Anabtawi, M.Z.A.; Eishah, S.I.; and Hilal, N. “Hydrodynamic studies in both bi-
dimensional and three-dimensional bubble columns with a single sparger”, Chem. Eng.
Process., 42, 403-408 (2003).
3. Buwa, V. V.; Ranade, V. V., “Dynamics of gas-liquid flow in rectangular bubble columns:
Experiments and single/multi-group simulations”. Chem. Eng. Sci. 57, 4715 (2002).
4. Chen, P.; Sanyal, J.; and Dudukovic, M.P. “Numerical simulation of bubble columns
flows: effect of different breakup and coalescence closures” Chem. Eng. Sci., 60,1085-
1101 (2005).
5. Clark, N.N.; Turton, R. “Chord length distribution related to bubble size distributions in
multiphase flows”, Int. J. Multiphase Flow., 14,413 (1988)
6. Ishii, M.; Zuber, N., “Drag coefficient and relative velocity in bubbly, droplet or particulate
flows”. AIChE J., 25, 843 (1979).
7. Pfleger, D.; Gomes, S.; Gilbert, N.; Wagner, H. G. “Hydrodynamic simulations of
laboratory scale bubble columns fundamental studies of the Eulerian-Eulerian modelling
approach”. Chem. Eng. Sci., 54, 5091 (1999).
8. Rampure, M.R., Kulkarni, A.A and Ranade, V.V., “Hydrodynamics of bubble column
reactors at high gas velocity: Experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
simulations”, Chem. Eng. Res. , 46, 8431-8447(2007).
9. Rampure, M.R., Buwa, V.V., Ranade, V.V., “ Modellling of gas- liquid/ Gas-liquid-solid
flows in bubble columns: Experiments and CFD simulations”, J Chem. Eng., 81 (2003)

References
10. Sanyal, J.; Sergio, V.; Roy, S.; Dudukovic, M. P. “Numerical simulation of gas-liquid
dynamics in cylindrical bubble column reactors” Chem. Eng. Sci., 54, 5071 (1999)
11. Tscuchiya, K.; Furumoto, A.; Fan, Liang-Shih.; and Zang, J. “Suspension Viscosity and
bubble rise velocity in liquid- Solid fluidized beds” Chem. Eng. Sci., 52,3053-3066 (1997)


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Numerical Simulation of

Hydrodynamics of Gas Liquid

Lalit Mohan Kaushik

 Computational Model Used

9 Oil and gas, Chemical/Petrochemicals, Polymers/Plastics,

Stirred vessels Bubble/slurry bubble columns Packed/Trickle beds Fluidized beds

 Ways to achieve performance enhancement

Flow regime map for air-water system at

Department of Chemical Engineering

 Discrete particle model (Euler Lagrangian formulation)

 Interface tracking method (Front tracking, Level set, VOF)

Modeling 9 Dispersed phase (bubble, drop) shape and size is explicitly

9 Each phase is treated as continuum in any size of the domain

9 For any control volume: α G + α L = 1

9 The Gas Phase is dispersed and consists of bubbles, spherical in

9 No mass transfer occurs between two phase

9 The effect of hydrostatic head on the superficial gas velocity and

9 When any area is occupied by different phases, the pressure has

Department of Chemical Engineering

 Mass conservation equation

 Closure Law for Turbulence

Turbulent Kinetic energy (k) and Turbulent energy dissipation rate ( ε )

Department of Chemical Engineering

Department of Chemical Engineering

9 Develop computational fluid dynamics based model capable to predict time

9 Validate simulation results with experimental results.

Department of Chemical Engineering

Steel needle coated with varnish

Department of Chemical Engineering

Eulerian-Eulerian Method or Continuum model

Eulerian-Eulerian Method or Continuum model is used:

Superficial Gas Velocity Value of Correction factor used for simulation - p

Κ−ε model Used:

Department of Chemical Engineering

Grid Distribution used in Numerical simulation of Gas-Liquid flow in Bubble Column.

Diameter = 20c.m, Height = 1m Number of Computational Cell in Grid= 51000 cells

Department of Chemical Engineering

Department of Chemical Engineering

Time Averaged Axial Liquid Velocity

Time Averaged Axial Liquid Velocity

Axial Liquid Velocity

0.05 Simulated 48k=56*7*70

Department of Chemical Engineering

Department of Chemical Engineering

Superficial Gas Velocity 0.4m/s Superficial Gas Velocity 0.2m/s

Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi 110 016, India

Rampure et. al.,2007

Superficial Gas Velocity, m/s

Department of Chemical Engineering

Time Averaged Gas HoldUp

Simulated at 0.1 m/s at H=0.16

Department of Chemical Engineering

Radial Profile of Time Average Axial Liquid Velocity at Superficial Gas

Axial Liquid Velocity

Department of Chemical Engineering

Time Averaged Gas HoldUp

Radial Profile of Time Average Axial Liquid Velocity at Superficial Gas

Liquid Axial Velocity

Department of Chemical Engineering

Time Averaged Gas HoldUp

Simulation 18K, correction-4 H=0.65 Simulated 18k, Correction- 4 H=0.16

Axial Liquid Velocity

Computational Model Used

Ways to achieve performance enhancement

Discrete particle model (Euler Lagrangian formulation)

Interface tracking method (Front tracking, Level set, VOF)

Mass conservation equation

Closure Law for Turbulence

Eulerian-Eulerian Method or Continuum model

Eulerian-Eulerian Method or Continuum model is used:

Κ−ε model Used:

0.05 Simulated 48k=56770

simulated 51k=641050 H=0.65 correction- 4 simulated 51k=641050 H=0.16 correction- 4

-0.2 Simulated Grid Size=51k=641050 H=0.65

To model gas- liquid flow in bubble column at higher superficial gas