Writing reference (Paper 2)

Contents
Checklist of key points for writing Model answers, with hints and useful
phrases
Semr-formal letter/email Story Letter/email to a friend Report
Semi-formal letter/email (Part
p.206
p. 206 p. 208
1)
(For work on semi-formal letters and emails, see pages
28 and 140.)
Article
Letter of application
Essay
Review
Set book (article) Useful linking words and phrases Sample answers
p.209 p.210 p.211 p.212 p.213 p.214 p.215 p.216
p.217 p.218 p.219 p.220 p.221 p.222 p.223 p.224
Task
You recently had a short holiday in a large city which you booked through a
company
called Citibreaks. You were very disappointed with the holiday. Read the
CitiBreak
advertisement for the holiday you booked and the notes you have made.
Then write a
letter to CitiBreaks, explaining what the problems were and telling them
what you
want them to do.
Semi-formal letter
Story Letter to a friend
Essay
Report
Article
Review
Enjoy a short holiday in the
capital city.
We offer two nights' accommodation in a four-star hotel in a cgntral Noi
aentral
location. - long way outl
General marking guidelines
Checklist
Answering the question
Have you
...
oo
answered all parts of the question? included all the necessary information?
written
the required number of words? organised your ideas appropriately, using
paragraphs
where necessary? written clearly so that it is easy to read?
All rooms
have their own and a view of the
river.-
bathrooms,
View not river - only car park
Accuracy
Are there any mistakes in grammar, vocabulary, spelling or punctuation?
Range
Have you used
The price of f 150 per person includes all meals as well as Dinner a ticket for a
show of vour choice aost exira in one of the city's teaiing etheatre\ - No
ohoice
of ehow This will be a real holiday to
...
a variety of grammatical structures? a range of interesting vocabulary? a
range of
linking words?
remember!-
\t:ti:t;",
Style ls your language appropriate for the type of writing? (Remember to
think
about who you are writing for.) ls your answer interesting for the reader, and
would it have a positive effect?
..
Write a letter of between 120 and 150 words.
You must use grammatically correct sentences with accurate spelling and
punctuation
in a style appropriate for the situation.
T
\\'riting rel'erence (Papcr 2)
Model answer
don't need to put an address for a letter in either Part or ParI2.
You
Dear Sir,
DO begin by saying why you are writinq. DON'T begin by saying who you are.
1
a short holiday I had recently organised by your company. There were several
problems with the holiday.
I am writing to complain about

DO list your complaints clearly, using linking words to connect your actual
complaint with the details.

First, your advertisement promised a hotel in a central location, whereas in

fact the hotel was a long way from the centre.

You said all rooms had a river view, but my window overlooked a noisy car
park. I had to pay extra for dinner, although you stated that it was included.

To make matters worse, I couldn't choose which show to

go to. I had hoped to go to a new musical, but I had to go to one I had already
seen.

DO make a clear connection between your letter and the task input. DON'T
repeat the exact words in the task input.

When you are writing a letter or an email to someone you don't know, use a
semiformal style. lf you don't know their name, a letter starts with Dear
Sir/Madam
and ends Yours faithfully.

lf you know their name, a letter

usually starts with Dear Mrs/MrlMiss/Ms + surname, and ends Yours
sincerely.

Model

I had been looking forward to my holiday very much, but

It lf you expect a reply to your letter, DO finish
was completely ruined. I therefore feel that you should refund half the cost
of the holiday in compensation for my disappointment.
with this sentence on separate line.
I look forward to hearing from you
Yours faithfully, soon.
Ursine Schmidt
lf you're writing an email, you can use
'Best wishes'.
In a letter, srgn and print your full name.
(149 words)
Useful language
Complaining
........

MODEL
I am writing to you about (several problems related to my city break in lune).
I have been waiting for (two weeks for a reply to my letter. To make matters
worse, (we were informed that there was no record of our cheque being
cashed). I would be grateful if you could (refund my deposit as soon as
possible). I am writing in response to (your advertisement in The Daily
Standard on July 20th). I would be grateful if you could (send me further
details about the position). I am writing to enquire whether (you could let me
have further details about the holiday). I would like to know more about (the
arrangements for the evening meal).

Requesting information
Giving information/Responding to requests for information .

ln response to your query, I would like to inform you that (l passed the FCE in
June).

With reference
to your letter of ... (l enclose details of my qualifications). . You asked me to
tell you about (my travel plans and I enclose further details).
m
\Vriting rcference (Paper 2)
Story
(For work on stories, see pages 40 and 152.)
aa
Useful language
We had been (talking about lohn) just before
(he phoned).
It wasn't until (l read the lette) that (l realised how
Task Your teacher has asked you to write a story for the schools English
language
magazine. The story must begin with the following words:
dangerous the situation was). While ( was waiting for my friends, I saw
someone go
into the house
opposite).
a
As soon as (my friends arrived, we went to have a look). I was just about to
(open
the door), when (l heard a noise downstair) By the time (l got back to the
house,
there was no one to be seen). After waiting (for a few minutes, I decided to
climb
in through the
window).
I wanted to do my best, but more than that I wanted the team to win. Write
your
story. (You should write between 120-'180 words.)
A few seconds later, (the lights went
out).
Eventually/After a while, (my friends arrived). At last (l knew what I had to
dd.
Model answer
DO use phrases to show when things happened in your story (e.9. lt was the
last
football game of the season. When the second half started ...)
DON'T make mistakes with narrative tenses.
I wanted to do my best, but more than that wanted the team to win. lt was
the last
football game of the season, and if we won, we would be the champions. As
we ran
onto the pitch, couldn't help feeling nervous. The cheering, but the
opposition
looked strong. lt wasn't going to be easy.
II
DON'T write about a topic if you don't know some specif ic vocabulary
related to it
(e.9. score. goalkeepe4 goal, pitch). DO use interesting vocabulary (e.9.
raced,
DO use direct speech because it makes the story more interestinq to read.
The game started. I got the ball and raced towards the goal. 'Go onl' roared
the
crowd, but I kicked it straight into the hands of the keeper. 'Never
mind,'yelled
my team-mate lGood tryl'We played hard, but at half-time
roared.
the score was 0-0.
When the second half started, it was raining heavily. Our chance of winning
the
championship was slipping away. We struggled to get the ball through the
defence,
but time after time they stopped us. Now there were only two minutes left.
Suddenly
I had the ball. I passed it to Joe, who headed it straight into the goal, just as
the referee blew his whistle. The crowd went crazy. We were the championsl
DO add extra detail to add to the atmosphere
of the story.
DO try to have dramatic end.
a
(179 words)
ffi
$'riting reference (Paper 2)
Letter/email to a friend
(For work on informal letters and emails, see pages
Useful language
Beginning the letter or email
16 and 1 64.) Task You have received a letter from your pen friend inviting
you for
a visit in July. Write a letter to your pen friend, accepting the invitation,
suggesting something you would like to do and asking what you should bring
with
you.
Write your letter. Do not write any postal addresses. (You should write
between
120-180 words.)
Many thanks for your letter (- it was really nice to hear from you again) I
thought
I'd better write (and give you some more details about ...) lt's been such a
long
time since we wrote to each other. How are you and your familyT How are
things with
you? How was (your holiday)? lntroducing the topic . I know you're longing to
hear
all about (my holiday). o You remember I told you in my last letter (that I was
going to ...) Ending the letter or email . once again, (thanks very much for all
your help). . Give my lovelregards to (your family). . Piease write/drop me a
|ine
soon. . I look forward to (meeting up again soon).
o....o
Model
DO invent a name.
Don't write
Dear Pen friend.
Thank.s 3otr.
loc
tTooc
I'm soKtS been reatlj bus3 preparing for mj exams. It's good neurs thaf 3ou've
passed 3o0r driving tast.
Congratulations!
DO think of some specific details to
lefre( - it uras t to hear from I havent Dritten foc aEzs, buf I've
DO mention a letter or email you have received from the person you are
writing to,
or refer to a shared experience.
DO say what you've been doing recently.
include in each paragraph - this will make your letter or email more
interesting.
Thank 3oo so much for jour invitafion to joo toc a v:eeL in 1ut3 - I'd love +o
con\e.
staj Dith I knor,,.l
that jotl have a uronderfol beach near Sour hoo=e, and I'd reatlg en1oj
spending
some +l^e +he(e. I expect that the Loedllne( Dill be Vtol, so I hope De can go
sDimming.
DO mention the next time you will see the person you are writing to.
that I don t need to bring mtlch urith me. l,rJha-l- gort of clolttes should I
pacL? Casual or formal? t,0ould ,1o,,:? I toootd 3orr lik-e me to bring ang-
thing
foc liLe +o bring something special for gou and gour famil3 frorn mj countrS.
Yoo said
T'a better stop nol, and get on urith m3 studjing.
Yvpe ulort'ce enjoging driving taoo( ca(, and I'm looking
forr,oard
I
DO use an appropriate phrase to end your letter or email, e.g.
Love,
lo
seet^g goo in lulj!
ThanLg again
Atl
All the best,
for fhe
invitation.
Best
wshes. DON'T finish your letter or email with
Yours sincerely/
the begt,
faithfully.
Icene
(169 words)
M
$'riting ref'erence (Paper 2)
Report
(For work on reports, see pages 7B and 114.)
Useful language
lntroduction . The aim of this report is to ... . This report is intended to ...
Reporting results
Task The school where you study English has decided to spend some money
on either
buying more computers or improving the library. You have been asked to
write a
report for the school
....
Most people seem to feel that ...
Several people said/told me/suggested/thought that ...
They gave/suggested the
Presenting a list
following
reasons:
director describing the benefits to the school of both these things, and saying
which one you think should be chosen and why. Write your report. (You
should write
between 120-180 words.)
Thef made the following points:
12
... ...
Making recommendations . I would therefore recommend (that we expand
the lt would library/ installing a new coffee machine).

Seem that (banning mobile phones)

is the best idea.

Model answer
Use
DON'T begin and end your report wrth Dear Sir/Madam. like a letter.
of money for school improvements
lntroduction
The aim of this report is to compare the advantages of additional computers
and of
improving the library, and to suggest which of these would be best. I
interviewed a
number of students to find out their views.
DO say how you collected the information.
DO use headings because this makes it easier for the reader to find the main
information.
Buying more computers Some of the students thought that this was a good
idea, saying computers were useful for:
DO include two or three points under each heading. DO use numbering or
bullet points to hiqhliqht main points.
practising writing using the lnternet o playing games. However, other
students said
that they preferred to use their own computers at home.
..
DO use a range of specific vocabulary or set phrases e.g. Some thought this
was a
good idea.../other
students said they preferred ..., bur DON'T use lots of adjectives and dramatic
language as you do in a story. A report gives factual information.
lmproving the library Most of the students preferred this suggestion, giving
the
following reasons: 1 Many students do not have a quiet place to study at
home. The
library would be a good place for private study, but at present there are not
enough tables and
chairs there. 2 They feel that up-to-date dictionaries and reference books are
needed. 3 They want to be able to read modern books written for young
people.
DON'T include irrelevant details or description.
Recommendations
Both ideas have benefits, but the majority of students felt that improving the
library would be more useful. I would therefore recommend this. (179 words)
DO express opinions impersonally. DON'T express recommendations
or opinions until the
conclusion.
ffi#
\\'ritinA reference (Paper 2)
Article
Useful language
(For work on articles, see pages 52, 102 and 126.) lnvolving the reader
Task You see this advertisement in a local English
....
Are you thinking of (getting married in the near future)? I'm sure you'll agree
(it
was a great idea).
Developing your points Let's start with (why it is so important to take plenty
of
exercise).
Another advantage (of using a computer is that ...)
...
Heyl
imPortant in your a celebration that is Write us an article about it-itpott'nt
and
describing country, explaining *hy vou wirl what peopre do. rrvour in a citY of
Your choice'
for artic.les magazine is looking worl.d' the about celebrations around .
o On top ofthat,
Giving your own opinion . I think tha/nn my opinion (traditional celebrations
are
very
tht;il;;tion
?,tifiI-i,f:l.gj['rffi::'"'' ilfi;tk".d
.
important). ,f seems to me that (people are much more aware importance of
a good
diet nowadays).
of the
Write your article. (You should write between 120-180 words.)
Model answer
DO think of an
Olinda's carnival
-
something for everyone
interesting title, DON'T start and finish your article in the same way as a
letter.
When most people think of Carnival, they think of Rio de Janeiro. But Rio isn't
the
only city in Brazil that knows how to have parties. I live in Olinda, a lovely city
in the north-east of Brazil. What can we say about the carnival at Olinda? Just
that it's the best in the world!
Carnival has its origins in ancient Egyptian and Roman festivals. lt was
introduced
to Brazil by the Portuguese, and was influenced by African rhythms and
lndian
costumes. Now its a big national
celebration. Once Carnival starts, the whole town goes crazy! Everyone's
singing
and dancing. Parades of people wearing costumes typical of our north-
eastern
folklore dance through the streets. I love the giant street dolls, both the
traditional ones such as 'the man of midnight' and the new ones that appear
each
year. The best thing about our carnival is that no one has to pay and there
are no
big stars. Everyone takes part, rich and poor, old and young, residents and
tourists. lf you come, I promise you'll never forget it!
DO try to involve your readers, e.g. by using a question.
DO use informal language to involve the
reader.
DO finish your article by summarising your main point and giving your
opinion or
expressing your feelings.
(179 words)
\\'riting rcf'erence (Paper 2)
Letter of application
(For work on writing applications, see page 140.)
Useful language
..
I have always been interested in (using English in my
work).
One
of the main reasons I am applying for this job
(l want to work in England).
is
Task You see this advertisement in a local English language newspaper.
......
that
I have a lot of experience of (dealing with the public). I am available to start
work (at any timelfrom the end of
the month).
,o"Ji*o,no*i"g'
Goocl
of English to We are looking for students the a week helPing in local tourist
office' pn artd conditiotrs for the right applicartts'
Thank you for considering my application. I would be grateful if you would
(send me
further details
oI
about your Write to us, giving information you level of engtistr' and
explaining.
Yhy job' would be suitable for the
of the job). can he contacted (on 0849 58 48 43) at any time. I can be
contacted
(at the above address). I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Write your application. Do not write any postal addresses. (You should write
between 120-180 words.)
Model answer
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to apply for one of the positions helping in the local tourist office
which were advertised in 'Kent Weeklyl
on August 23rd.
DO organise your application so that you mention each of the areas in the
advertisement.
I am 19 years old and come from Switzerland. German is my mother tongue
and I have
been learning English and French for five years at a comprehensive school. At
the
ent I'm a student at English International, studying for the FCE.
I have always been interested in working with people. As I have already spent
three
months in England, I know the local tourist attractions quite well. I would also
say that I have a good knowledge of history and old places, because I have
read a
lot about the subject recently In the near future, I would like to continue
studying English, and so the job in your tourist office would be a great
opportunity for me to improve my speaking. I am available for interview at
any
time. I can be contacted on 0795 51 32 4I after 6 p.m. every evening. Thank
you for
considering my application. I look forward to hearing from you.
Yours faithfully,
DO say which job you are applying for and where and when you saw it
advertised. You
can invent a newspaper and date if you need to.
DON'T make mistakes with time expressions and tenses.
DON'T forget to mention why you
think you are
suitable.
DO say when and
how you can be contacted.
DO begin and end your
letter as you would other
formal letters.
6aurie.\\a Danie.\s
Gabriella Daniels
(183 words)
ffi
$'riting refcrence (Paper 2)
Essay
(For work on essays, see pages 90 and 176.)
years of your life).
Useful language
Some people claim that (your teenage years are the best
Task You have been doing a class project on technology. Your teacher has
asked you
to write an essay giving
your opinron on the following statement:
People in the modern world depend too much on computers.
It is often said that (TV is a bad influence on young people). HoweveE in my
view/opinion, ... Firstly, it is clear that (money cannot buy happiness). While
it
is true that (computer games are stimulating, they may not be good for you
in the
long term). From my point of view, (job satisfaction is more important
than a large salary).
Finally, it is important
to
remember that ...
...
Write your essay. (You should write between
On balance then, I feel that ...
To sum
120-180 words.)
up/ln conclusion, it seems to me that
Model answer
DO state the topic in
your first sentence, but use your own words.
In today's world, nearly every aspect of life is affected by computer
technology.
Computers are used for business, public services, education and
entertainment.
Some people are concerned by this development. They fear that vital skills
are
being lost as computer technology replaces traditional ways of r,vorking in a
wide
variety of areas, from art and design to banking and commerce. They point
out the
chaos that can occur r,vhen computer systems fail, leading to the breakdown
of
essential services such as transport, law and order.
DON'T start by saying / agree with th6 - your essay should present your own
argument.
DO include supporting detail for the points in each paragraph.
DO use linking expressions to introduce points.
However, people could not continue to enjoy their present standard of living
without computer technology. There are now far more people in the world
than there
were a generation ago. The fact that there is enough food for them, that they
can
travel safely from one place to another, and that they can be provided with
medical
care, is largely due to computer technology.
DON'T forget to express your opinion in the conclusion.
In my opinion, therefore, we have to accept our dependence on computers,
but at the
same time we should work to find ways of making this dependence
less dangerous.
('178 words)
2,'
ffiH
\Yriting reference (Papcr 2)
Review
(For work on reviews, see pages 15 and 64.) lntroduction
Useful language
.........
lwould like to review is ... The last film I saw / book I read was ...
The (film)
Task
Summarising the story
lt's set in . ..
The story is based
You recently saw this announcement in an English language magazine called
Film
Scene.
on (a book) ...
lt's about ... There are many memorable characters
on films today' We need a young person's perspective saw' Include Write us
a.evie*
of the last film you any special and characters information on the story'
would you
whether features of the film, and say will review best people' The
recommend the
film to other of the magazine' be published in next month's edition
including ... The main theme of the film is
What the film is nying is ...
..
.
Recommending the film
I would recomend this film to anyone.
o Although I enjoyed it, I would not recommend it for ...
a
Write your review. (You should write between 120-180 words.)
It's one of the best (shows) l've ever seen. Although I am not normally keen
on
(musicals), l'm glad that I decided to go. The (film) lifts you out of your
everyday life.
Model answer The last film I saw was not new, in fact it was The Lord of the
Rings.
DO say what it is about, but not in too
much detail.
It is based on the well-known book, and tells the story of a creature called a
hobbit who takes a dangerous magic
ring back to the place where it was made in order to destroy it. There are
many
memorable characters apart from the hobbit and his friends, including
awrzard
called Gandalf and a suspicious creature called Gollum.
This is a film about friendship and loyalty. However, it is the special effects
that make it truly magical. There are vivid battle scenes with fantastic
animals
and birds, and sets that are so imaginative that you want to believe they are
real.
But as well as this, the actual locations are beautiful, too.
DO remember
to mention
important or memorable characters, but don't
spend too much time just describing them.
DO try
to use a range ol
interesting vocabulary,
to bring the film to life
for the reader.
DO remember to link ideas clearly, and to link paragraphs together.
I would recommend this film to anyone, even those who do not usually enjoy
fantasy
films. What I would say to them is - go and try it! Like me, you might find that
the film lifts you out of your everyday life into a world you will not want to
leave.
(180 words)
DO remember to give your opinion clearly, as this is the purpose of a revieW
but
not until the end.
n
\\'ritin€ reference (Paper 2)
Set book
About the exam: ln Question 5, you answer one of two questions based on
your
reading of one of the set books. You may be asked to write an essay, an
article, a
report or a letter.
You do not have to answer Question 5. lf you do, make sure that you know
the book
well enough to be able to answer the question properly. Here is a suggested
procedure for writing about the set text.
1 Read the book all the way through,
Task a series of articles on interesting characters in fiction, and has asked
readers to send in their suggestions. Write an article on the character you
found
most interesting in the book you have read, saying who the character is and
why you
think they are so interesting.
(a) An international student magazine is running
(b) Your friend is going on holiday and wants to take
will enjoy it. Model answer (article)
a book to
read on the journey. Write a letter to your friend, recommending the book
you have
read and giving reasons why you think they
to
get a general idea of the story and the characters - and to enjoy it! 2 Read the
book again, this time more carefully. Make notes under the following
headings.
Plot: include the main events and the order they come in the story.
Characters: include information about what they are like and how important
they are
in the story. Relationships: include information about who likes/dislikes who,
and
the things that
affect thei r relationsh ips. Places: include quick descriptions of the most
A lady with no name
DO focus on
what you It seems strange to experience a story through the eyes have been
'Rebecca', of a nameless person - but this is the case in asked to do. by
Daphne du
Maurier. Rebecca is the name of the first DON'T just tell the story wife of
Maxim
de Winter. She dies before the story of the book. begins, and the novel is
narrated
by Maxim's second wife, whose name we never learn, but who is to me the
most
interesting character in the book. As we read, we learn of her feelings for
Maxim,
and of what she discovers about his past life and the wife she has replaced.
DO
make links
So why do I think the narrator is such an interesting character? Although she
is
nameless, she has a strong personality. She is emotronal and her
between paragraphs clear.
important places. Your own reactions: write down your feelings about the
book, with
some reasons for your opinion. 3 Make a list of the kind of questions you
might be
asked to write about, and
discuss
feelings are vividly described, so that you feelsorry for her. She has not had
an
easy life, and you want her to be happy, in spite of the strange things that
happen
after her marrrage.
DO describe a
characteristic and then say why you like it so much.
All in all, her lack of an identity makes her all the more memorable - and
perhaps
that is why I find her so
fascinating.
them with other students. Here
r
.
are some ideas: What makes the book interesting/ exciting? Describe an
exciting or
memorable moment in the book. Choose the most interesting character.
Describe him/her. ls this your favourite character? ls the title a good one for
the
book? Why? Does the book have a good ending? Explain why/why not. Do
you think the
book would make a good film? Explain your reasons.
Useful language
.
...
.
Would you recommend the book to friend? Say why/why not.
a
The book is really exciting because (it starts with a murder). best moment is
when
(the murderer is revealed). c The book tells the story of (a family who have
been
separated). . The first thing that happens is (Sarah leaves home). . The main
charader, (Marian, is a teenager who ...) . The most interesting character is
(Joe,
the young man who lives ...) . The title is really good, because (it is mysterious
and it makes you want to find out what it really means). . The story takes
place in
(the South of France). . Events revolve around (a robbery). . The ending is
very
exciting because (it is completely unexpected). . lt would make (a really good
film), because (it is such an exciting story). o The best thing about the book is
that (the characters are so interesting). o I would recommend this book
because (it
is easy to read).
o The
m
$'riting reference (Paper' 2)
Useful linking words and phrases
Time sequencers before, after, after a while, eventually, late4 then, finally, as
soon as, at first, at last, when, while I immediately phoned the police. While I
was waiting for them to arrive, I watched the house. At first, no one got out
of
the car, but after a while the driver's door opened. And then lfinally found
what
lwas looking for.
I love travelling. I don't enjoy long flights,
however. although, even though, though
These expressions introduce a subordinate clause of contrast. lf the
subordinate
clause comes first, it is separated from the main clause by a comma.
Although he
practised every day, he didn't manage to improve.
Listing points
first, firstly, first of all, to begin with, secondly, thirdly, finally Our holiday
was spoiled, firstly because the hotel was uncomfortable and secondly
because the
weather was
bad.
I walked home even though it took me two hours. Note: though can be used
after a
comma at the end of a separate sentence that expresses something
surprising. We
lived in the middle of a city. We still had a large garden, though. whereas,
while
Whereas and while are used to compare two things and show how they are
different.
She likes football whereas I prefer tennis. My sister is very like my father
while
I take after
Adding information/emphasising points
as well as (that), in addition (to), moreove4 furthermore,
not only ... (but also) ..., what's more, on top of that, to make matters worse,
in
fact, as a matter of fact The hotel was miles from the beach. On top of that,
the
view from our bedroom window was terrible. Not only was the hotel miles
from the
beach, but the view from our bedroom window was terrible too! ln fact,
everyone is
different when it comes to personal
taste.
my mother. While is also used in the same way as although. While computers
are
important, we shouldn't let them rule our lives.
Giving examples for example, for instance, such as I like pop groups such as
The
Backstreet Boys. My town has a lot of things for young people to do. For
example,
there are three cinemas.
Reasons, causes and results
as a result, because, because
in spite of (the fact that), despite (the fact that) These expressions must be
followed by a noun or -ing f orm. Despite is slightly more formal. In spite of
the
fact that they are expensive, many people want to buy designer clothes.
Despite all
the research that has been done, we still haven't found a cure for cancer.
in fact, the fact of the matter
is
I have visited Britain several times and, as English is quite good.
of (this), so, therefore a result, my
This is used when you are saying what the real truth of a situation is.
According
to the brochure, the service is free for students. ln fact, students are charged
at
the same
rate as everyone else. On (the) one hand .... On the other hand ... These
expressions are used to introduce an opposite point in a discussion. (On the
one
hand,) if I take the job in Milan, l'll be able to go to the opera. On the other
hand, if I take the job in Barcelona, l'll be able to go to the beach. otherwise
This is used to say what will happen if something else does not happen first.
You
have to choose your holiday carefully. Otherwise, you could be disappointed.
By the end of the day, you haven't managed to find anything that you like.
So, you
go home frustrated.
Contrast
1 but
But links two contrasting ideas. lt is not normally used at the beginning of the
sentence. Many people argue that TV is bad for you, but I
disagree with this.
2
I
however However can come at the beginning or end of a sentence. lt must be
separated off by commas. The advert claimed that there were huge discounts
for
students. However, the discount was only 5ok.
$Titing reference (paper 2)
Sample answers
scripts were written by students. ]he fo!lowing paper 2 generat .1" marking
g.iid"tin", on the l"?9 lnstqe back coveL and use them to help you
Sample answer
evaluate each answer and decide on iti strong and weak points. Then read
the
comments liven and the suggested band score, ."rf"re your ideas. "nU
ta
Mrs Tl,ova7son, Thank yatr very vrnuch {ar the letter. a ava vev.y Tleased ihai
I've wan the 7v'ze. a would like ta
Dear
go
Semi-formal letter (part
Task
San Fvancisc,o bec,ause I have nevev been ta the USA befare. Howevev,
there are
seveval Xestions I waurld like ta ask.
1)
You recently entered a competition for learners of English, and have just
received
a letter from the organisers of the competition. you have made some notes
on the
letter.
firsi aS all, 1 wourld like ta knaw whether the retuna {light ls a divecl {light ar
nai. 1 watrld like lo booV a dlvecl {light becruse ii is vrauch rrnare covrlovlble.
like ta knaw haw long we ave being teached evevy day and i{ ihere are classes
in
the vnanning ar the u++evvoot.,. Is ihere a /ifferenae between Vancouvev md
3m
Fv*lc,sco
S,ec,orrdlyt
f.
waurld
colc,emirvg
this
paint?
Congratulations! you have won first prize in our competition - a two_week
trip to
Vancouver or San Francisco.
Your prize includes
You
wole
aboul a
lvee rccovrrnodallor wiih
a
favnily. Are the vraeals included avl/ov do llnave
l\e o77o*unity ia
Direct flight?
cooL by v'nysel{? Please also knaw the distance fvavtr the schoal.
lef
vrne
return fligh.to rhe ciff of your choice : * FREE two-week course at the
Vancouver
or San Francisco School of International English * Two week's FREE
accommodation
with a family
TII
Frnally, 1 wourld like ia asV- yo,t, i+ i+ is Tossible to stay at schaol lov m
extra week. If it is passible Tlease let vrae know the Trlc;e 7- V,ave lo 7ay.
I
like ta thank yara in dvanee
aad
lor youv assistance l loo! lovwavd ta hearing Grovn'1or.r, soon.
Youvs sincerelp
We need. to know your choice of city, your preferred dates, and if you would
hk! us
to make any special arrangements for vou.
Lennari lAosev
tickets and further details.
Yours sincerely
we rook rorward ," n.u*-!T"?J y"",?r:6{:: have the information we wllt
senjyou your
week?
Comments information and the student .nr*.o .tt'purt, ot the question. He
makes a
couple of grammatical mistakes (e.g. we are being teachedla iree
accommodation),
but these don,t cJuse problems in understanding the meaning. H" ,r., u wide
range
of structures, althlugh f,. {r,t. t.nJ, to repeat I would like to know. Voclbulary
is
This is rather long, but there is no irrelevant
Jacky
Thornpson
Jacky Thompson Competition Manager
Write a letter of between 120 and 150 words in an appropriate style. Do not
write
any postal
addresses.
nave a very positrve effect on the reader.
\e.9. concerning this point) but the letter would
5
appropriate and ideas are organised in 2lear paragraphs. The style is
sometimes too
formal
Band
\\i'iting rcfcrcrrce (Papcr 2)
Story
Task Your teacher has asked you to write a short story for the schools English
language magazine. Your story must begin with the following words:
It was not easy, but Carol knew she had to do it.
Write your story.
Sample answers A
B
to do It uras ncrr ea53, bur Carol trnea sYe krad dith river' bi3 it. In front of
l'rer lle-(e Lod3 this and thi5 Datef that r,a5 ronning vecr3 fas'f'
could hear the rubbe( dingh3. behina W'( sVpi5 onlS abour 8c guide
exPtaining thaf
the Dater thaf iar^. F.rrtt'eft^o(e, he fold to Cacol's grouP l|rerT *PCe d(e
5ome
dangecoos places' aYece 1te thaf' After Stlide have to +arLe 3Pectal cd(e'
moment'
one For smifed and c(\edt'Le;l'3 go!' b\fi thi3 riverCacol uras thinLing of an
escape' from her ratnng toor Da5 her birthda3 P(e*-(* She uras the friends,
and
-rhe3 dece all +\'e(e' 5a-t dodn last one oho got into the boaf' and join at the
bacL of it' She tried to 5mile andvefj tle- ollecs Plear3o(e' U''.)De'rec' 5he
Da5nt eues and the boaf !'occe35l;ful. SY\e clol/'d rle( the *+ ol*. Afrer a
dhile,
Carol began to en1o5 end' the at and fun' tcip. In facf, it aas g(ea:t declded fo
booL a next r,ohen theS arrived, Cd(ol triP tDo aeeLs latet '
she cou/dn'l spea/< lfoJ;a.n, was nol Sood el lla),:an
geo3raphV
ll wtts nol ettsV, but Carol knew she had i'l she waj jn Trieste, tl&/L/ She cene
lo do lhere lo vis;l her {riend }lij nene ij Sle{ano who she nlt ;n, I.h1,r
klnSuaSe school ;n eq/a.nd Actua)/y she d;dn't kro,^t aboul ltoJt/ unlil she
nef-'rt;a.
-Lhe
56
As
w&s c/ose
she gave upt she cou/dn'f ueet h;ri br" h^ lo CAll hin// evenfuoJll she was
ab/e to
loJk w,lh h;n. -rhree hours laler Ste{ano Cone lo her al lhe ourpor-l She
ehouled
{or "ste{an)//
hour Pa-sf ... and she /ea-rned
up.
how lo cal/. connunica-fed w,fh llal;an people with body laryuage natrV t;nes,
She
d,dn,f q,ve
/<now
dtdn'l
/,ved in Trento, ne&r Verontt. She shou/d haye Used a d,{{erenf Atrpor-t.
Tr;este
tu:rporl NAt +tile sna//. Jhe wasn'f ab/e .lo {;nd a person who can speo-k
engl;sh.
As lhe bggest qi5lake, she couldn'l cLJ/ hit4// She usuoJ/V confactec/ w,lh
h,:a bq
ena./s, so she
{t:rsl nisle/<e, she lhoughl _lhel T7,p37s lo h;s house, but it wes his {au/t. tle
3he fr;ec/
to
l{
I nisied you//"
1oy
Comments A This answers the question and gives some detail, and there is a
clear
beginning, middle and end. There
is some good accurate use
of language (Behind her
she could hear the guide explaining; After a while, Carol began to enjoy the
trip)
but there are several
mistakes with reported speech (e.9. he told te Carol's group that there are
some
dangerous p/aces) and other mistakes (e.9. ar+ escape, a next tnp). There is
some
use of direct speech to add interest and there quite a good range of
vocabulary,
but the student has not divided the story into paragraphs. lt has a positive
effect
on the reader.
is
B This is a lively story. There are quite a lot of grammar mistakes (e.9. who
she
met rnstead of and she had met him, she tried to communicated with).
However, the
student also uses a range of structures accurately (e.9. She should have used;
She
didn't give up.) There are some mistakes in vocabulary so that the meaning is
not
always clear (e.9. it was his fault instead of He'd made a mistake; she learned
how
instead of she found out houz). Linking of ideas and sentences is not always
clear.
However, there is good use of direct speech and a strong ending which has a
positive effect on the reader.
Band 4
Band 4 (low)
re
\\i'itillg
rct'crcncc (l)aper 2)
Letter to a friend
Task
You have received a letter from a pen friend who is planning to visit you in
July.
Write a letter to your pen friend, describing the activities you have planned
for
his/her visit. Give them advice on what to brrng and ask about any special
requests.
Write your letter. Do not write any postal addresses. Sample answers A
Deav Cawla,
Dear Di.go,
Hi! How are
you? Thank you
for
your
,u,""
lo
{ratt' yaa' I'rn sa s'rr7rised *F*, t^ say that'you've comehere this tu"l-""' i
haut'to
ir'l"rt
aYe
ot ld'^v vtall
vaode
letterl 1'rn uery happy about your planl OK! If you let rne know lour arrival
tirne, l will corne to you, at Narita airport. lie thought about our plan in
Japan.
i know you really like football!
So, how about visiting stadiurns of the World Cup? You can visit a locker
roorn
a good
i.r.tt
so(Ae Tlaces all, 1 worald like to vecommend .y.o\^ "e rtriss such as-seniosa
island' for'r can have different sha,rldn'i like hav'n9^sunbathivrg' 1 rciiviiies
llreve' For "'o-Ptt, i{ you wa'rld ',s +h; besi *'lit" +o relax' Dorn'i lovgel
J?'bt'"g' orld'
decis\on.
where yat't
in
Yokoharna Jnternational StaJiurt
can
ili.l;*"
don'i swiv'rwearr borina 1 l,ave lo
It's grte +f^i* ll"a Park is aEo.od 7lrce to visii' are L Lo"tst lo sa'1
thai'iowever i{ you really avo+trd' *i."it+,tl ir visiting there 1 "*la showl^^
e4'1ay ihe tt^"rr:Tl N" i{'y* ihe b"t;;:;;itt" seco'rdly, ii's -r. table i" 'ury'
There{are, L cw' aiv,,"ne ihe shoTTing big sale #[;t';' on haw lnteresting lov ,
1a.1 will be ,"n' ,i,:it" i' tf^"* yot'r
l
W
where the final was held, and lou see aulographs of Brazilian national tearn
rnernbers. In Jul5, Japan is very hot, but
in here!
;;;;;
1{
t*-t{+ Tlrat's becu"tse you io 7'"7o'" some vnove evnTl'1 can h,rv ihenn here,
oot't {orgJt
think your
need
lo
bv\v9.1/ sreclll
suitcale lov
yo''^r
ya,r have any 1^esi ihevn,
'b.,Pjj*
ask rtre' 1'll do vny besl
lo
solve
i;i',
rrra,"g lovuard to hearirg {rav'r you 4pin!
sornetirnes there is a heavy rain so you have to bring an urnbrella. And there
are
lots of rnosquitoes, you rnust bring a rnedical crearn to protect yourself
against
thern. Do you haue any special requests? If you have any, please let rne
know. J'll
try to do itl I'rn looking forward to your repl5 and to rneeting you in Jul5! Lots
of love,
Best wishes,
Cavel
Yuka
Comments
A This is a full answer to the question, with a fairly good range of grammar,
but
there are quite a few grammatical problems (e.9. recommend you some
places where
you instead of recommend some places to you which; interestingin instead of
interested in). Vocabulary problems sometimes make the meaning
you). Paragraphs and connecting words are well used and the style is
generally
suitable for a letter from a friend. lt has a satisfactory effect on the reader.
Band 3
unclear (e.9. I can arrange the shopping table
B All parts of the question are dealt wrth, in an
for
informal style. There are some grammatical mistakes (e.9. there isa heavy
rain)and
problems in pronoun use (e.9. l'll try to do it!) but the student uses tenses
accurately and shows a good range of vocabulary, and the paragraphs are
clear and
well constructed. The letter has a positive effect on the reader. Band 4
2t$H.{+,&ifsi
\\'riting rcfercnce (Paper 2)
Essay
Task You have had a class discussion on what people do in their free time.
Your
teacher has now asked you to write an essay, giving your opinions on the
following
statement: Shopping has little value as Write your essay.
a leisure
activity.
B
Sample answers A
De.s shopping have. /itt/e. vqtue. 4s q te.isvFe. aclivifi? 1 +hir:,R nesl- p.op/e,
ar^e. re.a//y Reeh oh sh-,pFing &t+ is it re.a/r\1 v*.fv/? For exqr^ple., if twe
atsR s+vlen+s wAaf i'ley'ne goiag lo lo in a 6ig c-ifi, |he a?swe.rs +re. alatos+
ahways 'shoppingt, 4n/ fley /on'i +hinR a&otrf going to upsev.^s anl sght-
see.ittg.
/i,osi- |ovrisls go shopf;rtg so.aeti.^e insleal of lo ee. lle fdtdts plqees a4/ so
*Aey loh'i le.qr4 a$ov+ ptaee.s tley visil. I'loweven, Fople who e-t1ioy
shoppittg /iRe eve.ry st4ge. a6ov| sh.,pfing, froa winlow do2piet l.ryitp c-
lo/hzs
oh, +hihRitlg if |hey s,/lc,t/H by or t1o+, to 6"yiry. 11e. finat st49e. is to k
sqtisfie.l wil.h eeiag whai they have bughl in the;. hovse or wearing it ih fron+
of t)*.in ainor like a fasAion sAow. 1\is aelivity is pnove.l io 6e d eoaplele.
leigtre. aetivill. Ia/ee/, 7 neql 4h qFtiele. in a newspafr-.n c-a//e/ t Shopping
is a .w1y +o ne.lqx'. Y{e shon/l 4// vse this niee Fe./qxalioh 4h/ ,p+ fee./
gvilty. Dohtt yov
thihR so?
meefing On
I believe thaf shopping can be one of ttre importanf fhings people do, liLe
eatng
and sleeping, and for .sorne shopping is t#tc chance fo do their favourH re
fhings
like dalking and friends. the one hand, I
think-
1o ao rhe3 Dant, and rten ir is an e3cdpe from doing fhings the3 should do. f
mean
people go shopping instead of do aocV_.
shopping ha.s no value in sare lifestSles. peoVle think of skopping ontg as a
chance
that
i.5
true thaf
y:y
Hotrever, o-the(3 think_
of if
a.5
[?.n: i"#;:r d':cuss
lleics. ff can
make
aocv- vcessore and oklo krave a hard
a
chance
to
if
_.Llpff: l-" eve(3 da,3 problems
- for
example,
*^"
3ou have gof some problems, in that shopping time 3ou mighf listen +o
oll_te(s
problems and fhinL that uJoo(3 a:ce nothing compa.ed to
it's tcur u,r p"op"'#l*ll?hi.'.ln means that sknpping (,ill be priceless fo(
*ft.
In
="" 1ob and lifesnlle.
i:?:"[il ";:rX
conclusion,
varue,
t*
some.
Comments
These answers are both Band 4, for different reasons. A This has clear
organisation. with paragraphs giving points for and against the statement.
However,
first sentence just repeats the task. There are good expressions (e.9. if we
ask ... the answers almost always'shopping') but also some grammatical
mistakes
(e.g.go shopping sometime instead of see). There is quite a good range of
vocabulary, but the style is too informal in places Don't you think so?).lt has a
posrtive effect on the
the some are
B
This answers the question clearly and uses a wide range of vocabulary and
some good
expressions (e.g.
think that yours are nothing compared to theirs).
However, there are grammatical mistakes (e.g. instead of do work). The style
is
appropriate. The conclusion clearly returns to the question and gives a nice
summary of the writer's opinion. lt has a positive
to topic-related (e.g.
effect on the reader.
reader.
mffi;
\\'riting reference (Paper 2)
Report
Task The owner of the school where you study English has decided to make
some
changes to the school classrooms. He has asked for ideas from students
about what
should be done to make the classrooms better places to study in. Write a
report
making suggestions for how the classrooms could be improved.
Write your report.
Sample answer
Tdroducliot
ltnis reporl is lo suVVesl wt*al we qeed
lo
wnKe
llne classroons beller
it
otrr scl*ool.
B^cKqro4'^d
f asfed"iludeqls lor llneir
sllualiot
ideas.
Mir,sideavoodsch"ooI.classrooy'"sis|v,^||heyaIIt,,"ave
aII ltne eauipneql sludeqls niql*f qeed slarliqq trow lt*e esse"+tfia!
lni.nVs !.i!."'c,rair, blac0boards, #to,rn,^V wiIh acLssories !-iQe teLevisioryts.
Suq,aeslio'rrs
l'cf,r+aillrlr1 believe lhal lwo ttn,illls qeed
to slart our p!.ar lo
iwprwe
tlte
school claslroows, lhey aLre rLo,yleT"atd qood na+aqewe+tf , Mq idea ot
i,,prwi,w
lhe classrooLs is fo *i+t *hal *"Uhav" o^d %" what ry,eeds rep!.aeed with a
+tew lo
be ripared a+td whal .t.;as lo"tflr+ be lhrowt ^w^T ^'nd eauiowery,l aryd
<owe
cowpl+ers lnal lne sfudlery.ts niqhl teed a!.so havi+q a
r,Jhssiu, !.iberrary is o+r'ot lhe nore inporta+f +ninV! lhatt sfude+tts reoueq.l .
Aeali+tx arytd air co+difio+ir,V .yLecess yt +o w^Ke +he ^ye alunosph"r" iu fn"
c{assroon"s co1..
?ersoryra!- ooiryrioryr + Ttt co+clusio+t, lhe cha+tce 0
disfa.otce,
iry,\acf il ist'| ,
^
vert6
a'vtd
of haviuv a vood c{assroor"s !,ooKs east lron thalu *euwust lry lo 1;^d ltnt
bun!,n^"t
schoo!.
a
befwee+, ltavi'tw
Vood
a+d
tot
spell.d;+',V loo wucl*.
Comments
This report makes some relevant points, but the style is more suitable for a
composition than a report. lt would be much better in bullet points. It is not
easy
to identify the main suggestions because of problems with sentence
linking and punctualion. My idea of ... isto startwith whatwe haveis good. The
problem is the sentence is too long and needs splitting up, e.g. My idea of
improving the classrooms is to start with what we have. Then we can see ... .
There
are some problems with passive forms (e.9. what it's need instead of what rs
needed) but also some good expressions (e.9. to start with what we have; we
must
try to find the balance between). The student has a good range of vocabulary
although this is not always appropriately used (e.9. massive, cosy) and there
are
some spelling mistakes (e.9. repared, liberrary). lt has a satisfactory effect on
the reader.
Band 3
$'riting reference (Paper 2)
Article
Task You have seen this advertisement in a magazine for young people.
ao.ao.."t'ooto"'ootttt: ao
Sample answer
z. I'd ao
: I w.it" an article about something : saYing : I uou would like to have' have it ;
to like would ;hY : You woulo : I and what difference-.lt to Your life' *utte : i :
article i- ,n, writer of the best '*rU comPuter' i. ,in o tiP-nP : ::
!.aa.'oor..t'oo"o'o""'
love to have
''
'
I'd /ove lo have /of 6,{ none/ a/though I :L lh;nk a6ns, nof o p"rf"":f"lltu1_
.;o
want o"cautJ"tt' ,:t^'X 1?-:,tu1' ;n olher
i":;:""^'"J: fo do Above aJ/, I
1y;*',',t =nl/ of
ol t-;L;;;l,lqh,on"v,
fh;rys wh;cl t wanf
coonfr;eo,
Write your article.
/,1.e
-,t"iil,i", t hope ,leurs iI;[ ft":;,:,r:n:" fhen re/ax and ep,1oy
;;
;; ;;,: ,'Hff, l!"d;,;,.c 19tr;i;"", -/he {ee o{ aboul "1^327 .j,1"i1lr',r"'rr"
li?.i"fL on// ConcenfrAfe on efudl'ng at io'3 as I do nv besf. second/l, ,
,*,o-:l: {or ny pa.ren,fs t/fioqh-tl") l1,,e,ecare a /ove/y :o-uu, 4;oyn,1 t3^j:^n1
al at/, t fhtnk' ii"" ""rfrot \,.--r,,c. zeryices ;e^so hard to con_t,;nue al
,
,i'
lheir
fo,';:;,';;7i' :^:.t, onrv lo oPPortunitl others
!e/p fhe ott,er ", "* lron /ack n{ {ood, ;- .;ulter'n3 ", ,y t, o-,,""^u, rZ o!!5'
jfr:, : lo e, "s, a, r " 1, " t were ,'"'' t ['ozti = ',i1r!!!':L ;::i2*,,
Sonefinee, nonea .t aut-'i'ii,'|-:,";y be usgd ;n a bad wav,
On fhe olher ho.nd, peop/e 'i//neee who are su_
j
i
:rry"r,;r:y
then'
Comments
This answer gives relevant information and answers the question. There is
qurte a
good range of structures and vocabulary but these are not always used very
accurately (e.g. lf I am a rich person, I will spend them on not only for me
instead of lf I were rich, I wouldn't just spend the money on myselfl.lt is also
difficult to understand exactly what she wants to say about her parents in the
line
Although they didn't say to me at all, I think .... The paragraphs are well
planned
but there are mistakes with linking words (e.9. On the other hand instead of,
e.g.
As well as that) and with punctuation. There is a mixture of informal language
(e.9. Of course nofl)and formal language (e.9. Therefore).lt has a satisfactory
effect on the reader.
Band 3
T
\\'riting rcference (Paper 2)
Review
Task Reviews needed! of your on films today' Write us a review We need a
young
person's perspective features the story, characters and any.special favorite
film.
Include information on people' you would recommend the film to other
of the film and say why
Thebestreviewwillbepublishedinnextmonth'seditionofthemagazine.
Write your review.
A
B
in lfalS' fo tell 3oo abotrt a movie ced\\ Cng-o3*'d Muccino &abciele b5
'L'Uttimo
bacio' (:-It'e Last Kiso) d\(ected in 2001. game ttme in dhich lt is <-+ in an
Ifalian citS in tte i5 faLe a dclo(3 Pb3, in lac+, s\p- dl(ecld's Po(Po3e us aboul
fett rnovie The plausibte p,J*" ol g'opd-'s life' '+)e b3 trc dor(ied cft=j3 of
tu.ro difFsrent gsr\eration5 thei( resPor\5ibilif5' di+ticuttS o+ grot^) uP and
faLe I
r.oanf
tlV {avour;le {;/n ;s coJ/ed ,$ on/y,. besl 76a11n1,:g {i/n I have ever seen.
l.l
,s
the
of life brf ead and fhinL dedding liLe an imPocranf change of doing it' &t()\ts,
'tYY<-relqe 1\P'1 d(e verS friSkrtened tteif 5olving el4' lo pceleccing an atFair
urith =orneorre
cotPle's Probtems'
Crr
onJtgorekBrvl,.ttr.(ed(e-thicrSSearsotdPeoPteDk|o
lhere ;s & greal cha-nce o{ l/v,;j with her a3a,:n. tr,nally he cin apprec,:ate
her, bul sad/q he has lo d;e ;nsleed o{ t";s g;rt{r;"na
surpr;sihghy'
(tnd lalks wilh h;n ttbou.l lheir love lte'rJL,r", iotnelhtng but ,l's -loo /a/e
beceuse his girl{riend d;es by cer &cctc/enl. lte re3rets .r")il,rg,
Out
se-l in London and aboul a ho-rd-work,:t3 A /ove// vio/;n,,sl NonAn. -The nAn
;s
loo busl lo lrtke care hi5 /ove lte lh;nks work i5 nore ;nporlan-l lhrtn hts !;r/
{riend. On the concerl o{ her Sraduation-he neels e lot; dr,ver
bus;nessnAn And
l'l's
fie crther hand, ht+'7 Szacs otd
pe'opta
are frigkrtened
of gfoding old'
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sifuation, l+e acic'.-'performarrce a g(eaf fitm I i5 Af*rotrgfr diatq3ue5 ace
+dl'r and accufate this is brrl mu5f admit thaf it i5 a bK foo 5ktoufed'
Mecirro's
st5te.
{ocus on cherac-ler,s
i.t 5 l;nes. Unl;/ I saw ;l J_q l,:nes *": Ju>-/ /ove slorV w,lh ilrarge ojlualion,
'! /esl /,:as, I can {ee/ Character,i {eeLnqs.- bul so ;l was a rettllq ronrtnlic
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b;t arti{icia/ and {ar_{etcrca iui ii'ro,
I
htlve seen
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or /;ke ronance lou,// love lhis
Comments A This review is a bit long, has some style problems B This is a bit
long,
but is organised and easy to and is not always easy to follow. On the one
hand /
follow. The style and paragraphing are both generally On the other hand
does not
link well Io two different appropriate, and the writer has given her opinion.
generations. There is a good range of vocabulary There is some interesting
vocabulary although some (plausible picture, taking responsibility,
widespread
words are misused, e.g. precept. The sentences are situation) but some
words are
misused, e.g. too simple, but there is a range of structures including present
perfect and modals. Mistakes do not usually shouted. There are basic
Arammatical
mistakes, e.g. -ing form after prepositions (difficulty of grow impede
communication. The review generally has a up). The review only has a
satisfactory
effect on the satisfactory effect on the reader. reader. Band 3 Band 3
n