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Abortion ls lmmoral \
h; )p...sSr:{: : C :: , l,r .r r : :. :

'")
'r; Abortion, 1997 ti It is' t.'" ;ri'". ' .'" ':'::'"- 'I l':r'''i
9*i"a{r-- .* o., t - ;,".i: ;
Excerpted from Pope John Paul ll's encyclical"Evangelium Vitae," as it appeared in Orgrns, April6,
1995.

In the following viewpoint, John Paul ll, the pope of the Roman Catholic Church, contends that
abortion is a particularly heinous crime because it kills an innocent human being who has yet to
be born. Human life begins the moment an ovum is fertilized, he maintains, and every human
being has a sacred and inviolable right to life.

As you read, consider the following questions:

1. What is the true nature of abortion, according to John Paul ll?

2. Who is responsible for the death of an aborted baby, according to the pope?

3. ln the author's opinion, how do some people try to justify abortion?

Among allthe crimes which can be committed against life, procured abortion has characteristics
6"
" a i"r i. ;,..,
i iV tslrr*
making it particularly serious and deplorable. The Second Vatican Council defines abortion, together ,;:;' ji 1.,
\iir.
with infanticide, as an "unspeakable crime."
J
.' .{,r.

But today in many people's consciences the!_eI9gtjg4 ol its_g1avi!y ha9.b_eco_me progressively

tl 1z' gbse-u1egl The acceptance of abortion in the popular mind, in behavior and even in law itself, is a telling
:1r
. ,":
, sign of an extremely dangerous crisis of the moral sense, which is becoming more and more irrcapable
.;" of distinguishing between good and evil even when the fundamental right to life is at stake. Given such
:..> a grave situation, we need now more than ever to have the courage to look the truth in the eye and to
1t- '. -' callthings by their proper name, without yielding to convenient compromises or to the temptation of
* !.-\\: self-deception. ln this regard the reproach of the prophet is extremely straight-forward: "Woe to thor",-..
I o )!"' '
who call evil good aM good evil, who put darkness for light and light for darkness" (lsaiah 5:20). {9-) 5:i;'r"""
._

rr, , t'fllo v "'

lt, "'
Especiallyinthecaseofabortionthereisaryi9q$Lee.o-99e-o.fambiguousterminology,suchas-,,..
interruption of pregnancy, which tends to hide abortion's true nature and to attenuate--rG=cli6Gilss in !,I,,',-.,',r?:.;, 'or,,
public opinion. Perhaps this linguistic phenomenon is itself a symptom oj g!_L1ngg:!!els_*o-f cory9i911c9
But no word has the power to change the reality of things: Procured abortion is the deliberate and
direct killing, by whatever means it is carried out, of a human being in the initial phase of his or her
existence, extending from conception to birth.

Abortion Murders an Innocent Baby

The moral gravity of procured abortion is 3pgq1e_nt in all its truth if we recognize that we are dealing '&
yv1th mgqdel and, in particular, when we consider the specific elements involved. The one eliminaied is a-1;;,
' li- 'r
human being at the very beginning of life. No one more absolutely innocent could be imagined. ln no r
r\
V; ..:. .. .
way could this human being ever be considered an aggressor, much less an unjust aggressor! He " ' ' "l';.-!-, / i' | {-
or i t -

l'\op-q', r': \ttt !< \- *r r

the
; -
5rEis weat<, defenseless, even to the point of lacking that minimal form of defense consisting in
_ &,.ztr,
''t' ':'i-Fbign#6;eToi a ne*oorn baby's cries and tears. The unborn child is totally entrusted to
Lq*icn u '1G'r
the i:t
'' ,Llr' .'i...',..
protection and care of the woman carrying him or her in the womb. And yet sometimes it is precisely Ir' - :,i ..1 r. :..
.+ it

the mother herself who makes the decision and asks for the child to be eliminated, and who then goes

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about having it done.

', 'W{'i !w
r'.
r' '1.':., It is true that the decision to have an abortion is-gf,tgn tragic and painful for the mother insofar as the
decision to rid herself of the fruit of conception is not made for purely selfish reasons or out of 5r.ap55;1 5 -.,,*-
n .r r: .---
convenience, but out of a desire to protect certain important values such as her own health or a decent
' standard of living for the other members of the family. Sometimes it is feared that the child to be born
would live in such conditions that it would be better if the birth did not take place. Nevertheless, l!t_qs_q
reasons and others like them, however serious and tragic, can never justify the deliberate killing of an
innocent human being.

Others Who Bear Responsibility

s , .. A" well as the mother, there are often other people too who decide upon the death of tire child in the
- ".,, ,womb. ln the first place, the fa'lhEi oi ifre cniU mai ne io blame, not only when he directly pressures

I.,,,,i ,.:,.,. the woman to have an abortion, but also when he indirectly encourages such a decision on her part by
,. . leaving her alone to face the problems of pregnancy: I n this way the family is thus mortally wounded
r. .., ,
,
ii.:,-,."Fod profaned in its nature as a community of love and in its vocation to be the "sanctuary of life." Nor
r : it can one overlook tl'e pressures which sometimes come from !]p w_!e1 family circle and frgm friends.
!, tt '' ,,, ltt
Sometimes the woman is subjected to srch strong pressure that she feels psychologically forced to
t4t.vL, have an abortion: C_ertainly in this case moral responsibility lies particularly with those who have directly
orl$tlectly obliged her to have an abortion. O*gglglg*il9 1'g-_s_e: are also responsible when they place
at the service of death skills which were acquired for promoting life.

But responsibility likerruise-falls on the legislators who have promoted and approved abortion laws and, lir,'6:,.1
t?
to the extent that they have a say in the matter, on the administrators of the health care centers where i {-, !-

abortions are performed. A general and no less serious responsibility lies with those who have '''l . i
encouraged the spread of an attitude of sexual permissiveness and a lack of esteem for motherhood,
.,:--.". and with those who should have ensured-but did not-effective family and social policies in support of
c fP Yu".'3
\ 'i',''1 ' ' ,
families, especially larger families and those with particular financial and educational needs. Finally, ore
;nfii overlobk the network of complicity which reaches out to include international institutions, .
fggQat.g4s q.rd ass.ociations whiqh systematically campaign for the legalization and spread of abortion
in the world. ln this sense abortion goes beyond the responsibility of individuals and beyond the harm
done to them, and takes on a distinciiy JoCiaiOimendion. lt is a most serious wound inflicted on society
i.t t...
and its culture by the very people who onght to be society's promoters and defenders. As I wrote in my
r
Lefter to Families, "We are facing an immense threat to life: not only to the life of individuals but also to
that of civilization itself." We are facing what can be called a "structure of sin" which opposes human life
llr,
not yet born.

The Embryo ls a Human Life

Some people try to justify abortion.by claiming that the_result of conception, at least !p to a certain
yet !e considered a personal human life. But in fact, the Congregation for the
B!.b-e1 of days, cannot
Doctrine of Faith's Declaration on Procured Abortion proclaims, "from the time that the ovum is
fertilized, a life is begun which is neither that of the father nor the mother; it is rather the life of a new
human being with his own growth. lt w-og]( ngver be hyman if*it were not human qlleady This has
13d9
always been clear, and ... modern genetic science offers clear confirmation. lt has demonstrated that
from the first instant there is established the program of what this livinO bei!-glry!ll_p,9-'? pegol,.thg

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individual per-s-gn with his characteristic aspects already well determined. Right from fertilization the
i?-." r
j adventure of a human life begins, and each of its capacities requires time-a rather lengthy time to find
I '. , I its place and to be in a position to act." The Church maintains in Donum Vitae that even if the presence
,,i.: of a spiritual soul cannot be ascertained by empirical data, the results themdbTvEls of screniiflC ieseirch
\ i'r:e on the human embryo provide "a valuable indication for discerning by the use of reason a personal
' '- preser'lce at the moment of the first appearance of a human life: How could a human individual not be a
t""
"' human person?"

Furthermore, what is at stake is so important that, from the standpoint of moral obligation, the mere
probability that a human person is involved would suffice to justify an absolutely clear prohibition of any
intervention aimed at killing a human embryo....

Human Life ls Sacred

ir)
I l\_
:
Ji ', :..;- The texts of Sacred Scripture never address the question of deliberate abortion and so do not directly
y ind specifically'condemn it. But they show such great respect for the human being in the mother's
womb that they require as a logical consequence that God's commandment "yollshall not kill" be
extended to the unborn child as well.
.

every moment of exstence, including the initial phase which ,f,,' ,,..
fu,mgn lifg 1s sacred. and inviolable at
precedes birth. All human beings, from their mothers' womb, belong to God who searches them and :
--

knows them, who forms them and knits them together with his own hands, who gazes on them when
they are tiny shapeless embryos and already sees in them the adults of tomorrow whose days are
numbered and whose vocation is even now written in the "book of life" (cf. Psalms 139:1, 13-16). There
too, w_hen they ar9 still in their mothers' womb-as many passages of the Bible bear witness-ahey are
the personal objects of God's loving and fatherly providence.

Christian tradition-as the declaration issued by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith points
ofr-so well--is clear and unanimous from the beginning up to our own day in describing abortion as a W )+r-.. -.
particularly grave moral disorder. From its first contacts with the Greco-Roman world, where abortion = ,'
I ui-:"
and infanticide were g$ely practiced, the first Ctistian-colryILlity, by its teaching and practice ,.. ,
,.,, ,

l)t radically opposed theEstoms rampant in that society. Among the Greek ecclesiasticalwriters, :'
(-ll I :: 1i-i
$v* id =.*--;-aOortifacient
Athenagoras records that Christians consider as murderesses women who have recourse to

]" .
.'.'i.i5
medicines, because children, even if they are still in their mothers' womb, "are already
.l of divine providence." Among the Latin authors, Tertullian affirms: "lt is anticipated
r' ''r. murder to prevent someone from being born; it makes liitte oiiferen"" ffrh"th", one kills a soul already
under the protection
ti

born or puts it to death at birth. He who will o1g_=d-ay_be a 1n3n is a man already."

Throughout Christianity's 2,000-year history, this same doctrine has been constantly taught by the
fithers of the Church and by her pastors and doctors. Even scientific and philosophical discussions ,.;)

about the moral condemnation of abortion.

';1j-'
,4.-'.

'.;.'o
The Ghurch's Gondem nations
; { -'

. '. o The more recent papal magisterium has vigorously reaffirmed this common doctrine. Pius Xl in
particular, in his encyclical Casti Connubii, rejected the specious justifications of abortion. Pius Xll
t'
\i
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: excluded all direct abortion, i.e., every act tending directly to destroy human life in the womb "whether

' - such destruction is intended as an end or only as a means to an end." John XXlll reaffirmed that human
life is sacred because "from its very beginning it directly involves God's creative activity." The Second
.].,+, .' ' Vatican Council, as mentioned earlier, sternly condemned abortion: "From the moment of its conception
life must be guarded with the greatest care, while abortion and infanticide are unspeakable crimes."

The Church's canonical discipline from the earliest centuries has inflicted penal sanctions on those guilty j.,
of abortion. This practice, with more or less severe penalties, has been confirmed in various periods of
history. T)'r9 19j7 Code of Canon Law punished abortion with excommunication. The reMsed canonical
legislation continues this tradition when it decrees that "a person who actually procures an abortion
incurs automatic (latae sententiae) excommunication." The excommunication affects all those who
commit this crime with knowledge of the penalty attached and thus includes those accomplices without
whose help the crime would not have been committed. By this reiterated sanction, the Church makes
clear that abortion is a most serious and dangerous crime, thereby encouraging those who commit it to
seek without delay the path of conversion. ln the Church the purpose of the penalty of excommunication
is to make an individual fully aware of the gravity of a certain sin and then to foster genuine conversion
and repentance. t

A Grave Moral Disorder

Given such unanimity in the doctrinal and disciplinary tradition of the Church, Paul Vl was able to
declare that this tradition is unchanged and unchangeable. Therefore, by the authority which Christ
conferied upon Feter and his successors, in communion with the bishops-who on various occasions
have condemned abortion and who in the aforementioned consultation, albeit dispersed throughout the
world, have shown unanimous agreement concerning this doctrine- I declare that direct aboftion, /haf q .

is, abortion willed as an end or as a means, always constitutes a grave moral disorder, since it is the
deliberate killing of an innocent human being. Ttris doctrine is based upon the natural law and upon the
written word of God, is transmitted by the Church's tradition and taught by tl're ordinary and universal
magisterium.

No circumstance, no purpose, no law whatsoever can ever make licit an act which is intrinsically illicit,
since it is contrary t<j the law of God which is written in every numa-n heart, knowable by reason itself
.' .l
and proclaimed by the Church.
l,:

'. i
Further Readings
Books
o RandY Alcorn. Pro Life Answers to Pro Choice Arguments. Sisters, OR: Multnomah Books, '1992.

. Robert M. Baird and Stuart E. Rosenbaum, eds. The Ethics of Abortion: Pro-Life vs. Pro-Choice.
Rev. ed. Buffalo: Prometheus Books, 1993.

. Angela Bonavoglia, ed. The Choices We Made: Twenty-five Women and Men Speak Out About
Abortion. New York: Random House, '1991.

o Miriam Claire. The Abortion Dilemma: Personal Views on a Public /ssue. New York: Plenum Press,
1 995.

o Ruth Colker. Abortion and Dialogue: Pro-Choice, Pro-Life, and American Law. Bloomington:

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Indiana University Press, 1992.

o Gary Crum and Thelma McCormack. Abortion: Pro-Choice or Pro-Life? Washington, DC: American
University Press, 1 992.

. Mark Crutcher. Lime 5: Exploited by Choice. Denton, TX: Life Dynamics, 1996.

o Barbara Duden. Disembodying Women: Perspectives on Pregnancy and the Unborn. Cambridge,
MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.

o Ronald M. Dworkin. Life's Dominion: An Argument About Abortion, Euthanasia, and lndividual
Freedom. New York: Knopf, 1993.

o Anne Eggebroten, ed. Abortion-My Choice, God's Grace: Christian Women Tell Their Sfories.
Pasadena, CA: New Paradigm Books, 1994.

o Joseph Lapsley Foreman. Shaftering the Darkness: Ihe Crisrs of fhe Cross in the Church Today.
Montreat, NC: Cooling Spring Press, 1992.

o David J. Garrow. Liberty and Sexuality: The Right to Privacy and the Making of Roe v. Wade. New
York: Macmillan, 1994.

o Sue Hertz. Caught in the Crossfire: A Year on Abortion's Front Line. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice
Hall, 1991.

o Sumi Hoshiko. Our Choices: Women's PersonalDecisions About Abortion. Binghamton, NY:
Harrington Park Press, 1993.

o Carole Joffe. Doctors of Conscience: The Struggle to Provide Abortion Before and After Roe v.
Wade. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.

o Donald P. Judges. Hard Choices, Losf Voices: How the Abortion Conflict Has Divided America,
Distofted Constitutional Rights, and Damaged the Courts. Chicago: lvan R. Dee, 1993.

o Frances Myrna Kamm. Creation and Abortion: A Study in Moral and Legal Philosophy. New York:
Oxford University Press, 1992.

o Andrew Kimbrell. The Human Body Shop: The Engineering and Marketing of Life. San Francisco:
Harper, 1993.

o Pam Koerbel. Abortion's Second Victim. Rev. ed. Chattanooga, TN:AMG Publishers, 1991.

o Lawrence Lader. A Private Mafter: RU 486 and the Aboriion Crisis. Amherst, NY: Prometheus
Books,1995.

o Lawrence Lader. RU 486: The Pill That Could End the Abortion Wars and Why American Women
Don't Have /t. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1991.

o J. William Langston and Jon Palfreman. The Case of the Frozen Addicts. New York: Pantheon
Books,1995.

o Philip Lawler. Operation Rescue.' A Challenge to the Nation's Conscience. Huntington, lN: Our
Sunday Visitor Press, 1992.

o Patricia W. Lunneborg. Abortion: A Positive Decision. New York: Bergin & Garvey, 1992.

o David Mall, ed. When Life and Choice Collide: Essays on Rhetoric and Abortion Libertyville, lL:
Kairos Books, 1994.

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o Kate Maloy and Maggie Jones Patterson. Birth or Abortion? Private Sfrugg/es in a Political World.
New York: Plenum Press, 1992.

. Michael T. Mannion, ed. Post-Abortion Aftermafh. Kansas City, MO: Sheed & Ward, 1994.

. Steven Maynard-Moody. The Dilemma of the Fetus: Fetal Research, Medical Progress, and Moral
Politics. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995.

o Norma McCorvey with Andy Meisler. I Am Roe: My Life, Roe v. Wade, and Freedom of Choice.
New York: HarperCollins, 1994.

o Michelle McKeegan. Abortion Politics: Mutiny in the Ranks of the Right. New York: Free Press,
1 992.

o Elizabeth Mensch and Alan Freeman. The Politics of Virtue: ls Abortion Debatable? Durham, NC:
Duke University Press, 1993.

o Ellen Messer and Kathryn E. May. Back Rooms: Voices from the lllegal Abortion Era. Buffalo:
Prometheus Books, 1994.

o Patricia G. Miller. The Worst of Times. New York: HarperCollins, 1993.

o Harold J. Morowitz and James S. Trefil. The Facts of Life: Science and the Abortion Controversy.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

o Marvin Olasky. A Social History of Abortion in America. Wheaton, lL: Crossway Books, 1993.

o Eric Pastuszek. ls the Fetus Human? Rockford, lL: Tan Publishers, 1993.

. Srzanne Rini. Beyond Abortion: AChronicle of Fetal Experimentafion. Rockford, lL: Tan
Publishers, 1993.

o Lawrence F. Roberge. The Cost of Abortion: An Analysis of the Social, Economic, and
Demographic Effects of Abortion in the United Sfafes. LaGrange, GA: Four Winds Publications,
1995.

. Roger Rosenblatt. Life ltself: Abortion in the American Mind. New York: Random House, 1992.

o Eva R. Rubin, ed. The Abortion Controversy: A Documentary History. Westport, CT: Greenwood
Press, 1994.

o Lewis M. Sclrwartz. Arguing AboutAbortion. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1993.

o Don Sloan with Paula Hartz. Abortion: A Doctor's Perspective/AWoman's Dilemma. New York:
Donald l. Fine, 1992.

o Rickie Solinger. The Abortionist: AWoman Against the Law. New York: Free Press, 1994.

o Lloyd Steffan. Life/Choice: The Theory of Just Abortion. Cleveland: Pilgrim Press, 1994.

. Bonnie Steinbock. Life Before Birth: The Moral and Legal Status of Embryos and Fefuses. New
York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

o RandallA. Terry. Operation Rescue. Springdale, PA: Whitaker House, 1988.

o RandallA. Terry. Why Does a Nice Guy Like Me Keep Getting Thrown in Jail? Lafayette, l-A:
Huntington House, 1993.

o Oliver Trager, ed. Abortion: Choice and Conflict. New York: Facts On File, 1993.

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o Laurence H. Tribe. Abortion: The Clash of Absolutes. Rev. ed. New York: Norton, 1992.

e U.S. Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources. Finding Medical Cures: The Promises of
Fetal Tissue Transplantation Research. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1992.

o JeanetteVought. Post-Abortion Trauma:Nine Sfeps to Recovery. Grand Rapids, Ml: Zondervan,

1991.

o Sara Ragle Weddington. A Question of Choice. New York: Penguin, 1993.

o Peter S. Werz. Abortion Righfs as Religious Freedom. Philadelphia: Temple University Press,
1992.

o Kathleen Winkler. When the Crying Sfops: Abortion, the Pain and the Healing. Milwaukee:
Northwestern Publishing House, 1992.

Periodicals
o Hadley Arkes. "Abortion Facts and Feelings," First Things, April 1994. Arailable from PO Box 3000,
Dept. FT, Denville, NJ 07834.

o J. Bottum. "Facing Up to lnfanticide," Firsf Things, February 1996.

o Mona Charen. "A New MoralView on Abortion?" Conservative Chronicle, January 19, 1994.
Available from Box 29, Hampton, lA50441.

o Candace C. Crandall. "The Fetus Beat Us," Women's Quafterly, Winter 1996. Available from 2111
Wilson Blvd., Suite 550, Arlingto n, YA 22201 -3057 .

o Crisls'Another January 22," Jantary 1994. Available from PO Box 1006, Notre Dame, lN 46556.

r Ronald M. Dworkin. "ife ls Sacred. That's the Easy Part," New York Times Magazine, May 16,
1993.

. EllenWilson Fielding. "Going Far Enough," Human Life Review, Spring 1994. Available from 150 E.
35th St., Rm. 840, New York, NY 10016.

. Paul Greenberg. "Culture of Death," Weekly Standard, October 9, 1995. Available from PO Box
96153, Washington, DC 20090-6153.

o James W. Huston. "Just When ls Killing a Fetus Murder?" Human Life Review, Fall 1994.

o Ralph Mclnerny. "Choice," Crsis, February 1995.

r William Murchison. "Middle Class Amorality," Human Life Review, Fall 1995.

. Charley Reese. "The Boundaries of Abortion." Conseruative Chronicle, December 21, 1994.

o James Q. Wilson. "OnAbortion," Commentary, January 1994.

o NaomiWolf. "Our Bodies, Our Souls," New Republlc, October 16, 1995.

FullText: COPYRIGHT 1997 Greenhaven Press, COPYRIGHT 2006 Gale.

Source Citation:
Paul, John, ll. "Abortion ls lmmoral." Abortion. Ed. Tamara L. Roleff. San Diego:

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Greenhaven Press, 1997. Opposing Viewpoints. Gale Opposing Viewpoints ln Context.

Web.27 July 2011.

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