Magnetic Circuit

4. Magnetic Circuit

K.N. Labh,

R.C. Agarwal

In a transformer, energy is transferred from one electrical circuit to another

through the magnetic field. Transformer core made of laminated sheets provides
the magnetic circuit for the flow of magnetic flux mutually linking the electrical
circuits. As against the air core, iron core provides a comparatively low reluctance
path to the magnetic flux with consequent benefit of (a) smaller magnetizing
current, (b) increase in the total flux linkage and (c) a high ratio of mutual to
leakage flux resulting in reduction of stray losses. Its design, type and
manufacturing methods have significant bearing on quality, transportability,
operational limitations and guaranteed technical performance of the transformer.

4.1. Material

Some of the very early transformer cores were made of inferior grades of
laminated steels which had inherently higher core losses and showed pronounced
ageing effects, further aggravating the hysteresis component of iron-losses in the
equipment. It was subsequently found that very small quantities of silicon alloyed
with low carbon content steel produced a material with low hysteresis losses and
high permeability. These steel sheets alloyed with silicon mitigated the problem
of ageing and improved the permeability and consequently reducing the
magnetizing current and core losses. In the ever increasing pursuit of increasing
the power ratings and reduction of core-losses, another innovative technique
from steel manufacturers came in the form of cold rolling with orientation of the
grain in the direction of rolling. This core steel known as CRGOS (cold rolled grain
oriented silicon steel) has the minimum epstein losses to the flow of magnetic flux
along the directions of grain orientation and this material is universally used for
the manufacture of transformer cores.

The adoption of CRGOS has brought about considerable reduction in the specific
iron-losses (W/kg) over the earlier grades of core steel. However, CRGOS is
susceptible to increased losses due to flux flow in directions other than that of
grain orientation, effect of mechanical strain due to clamping pressure, bolt
holes, jointing of limb with yokes, 1 etc. Apart from this sensitivity to the direction
of rolling, CRGOS sheets are also very susceptible to impaired performance due
to impact of bending, blanking the cutting. Both surfaces of the core steel sheets
are provided with an insulating of oxide coating (commercially known as Carlite).
The stacking factor of lamination improves by using thicker laminations, but eddy
current loss goes up in proportion to square of the thickness of the lamination.
For reducing the eddy current losses, thinner laminations are preferable even
though the stacking factor goes down. Deburring of the laminations improves the
stacking factor and minimizes the eddy losses. After machining, the material has
to be annealed at 800–900°C in a neutral gas environment. The material
properties of core steel are further discussed in Chapter 3.

4.2. Design of Magnetic Circuit

For a transformer design, the basic governing factors are:

a. Rating of transformer and its performance,

b. Operational conditions,

c. Transport limitations (i.e. height, length, width and weight, etc.)

The design of the magnetic circuit, i.e. transformer core is also based on the
above considerations and it has significant bearing on the overall economy of the
transformer. For CRGOS, saturation may occur at the magnetic flux densities
exceeding 1.9 tesla. Based on the input voltage and frequency variations, a
suitable value of flux density can be adopted to avoid any chance of core
saturation under operating conditions. By increasing the operating value of
magnetic flux density (magnetic loading) the net weight of core can be reduced,
but this leads to corresponding increase in the core losses. One has to compute
an optimum value of the magnetic flux density, keeping in view all the above
considerations.

4.2.1. Constructional Features

The type of transformer core construction depends on the technical particulars of
the transformer and transport considerations. In general it is preferable to
accommodate the windings of all the three phases in a single core frame. Three-
phase transformers are economical over a bank of three single-phase
transformers. Another important advantage of three-phase transformer cores is
that component of the third and its multiple harmonics of mmf cancel each other,
consequently the secondary voltage wave shape are free from distortions due to
the third harmonics in mmf. However, if the three-phase ratings are large enough
and difficult to transport, one has no choice but to go for single-phase
transformer units.

For single-phase and three-phase transformers, the cores can be broadly classed
as:

a. Single-phase three-limbed core

b. Single-phase two-limbed core

c. Three-phase three-limbed core

d. Three-phase five-limbed core.

4.2.1.1. (A) SINGLE-PHASE THREE-LIMBED CORE FIG. 4.1(A)

Figure 4.1. (a) Single-phase three-limbed core. (1) Main limb (2) Top yoke
(3) Bottom yoke (4) Aux. limb
The windings are placed around the central limb, also known as main limb. The
main magnetic flux generated in the central limb gets divided into two parallel
return paths provided by the yokes and auxiliary limbs. For the same magnetic
flux density as that in the main limb, the auxiliary limbs and the yokes need to
have the cross section only half of the main limb. This type of transformer core is
generally preferred for single-phase transformer, as this is more economical than
two limbed construction discussed below.

4.2.1.2. (B) SINGLE-PHASE TWO-LIMBED CORE [FIG. 4.1(B)]

Figure 4.1. (b) Single-phase two-limbed core. (1) Main limb (2) Top yoke (3)
Bottom yoke

Sometimes the single-phase power ratings of transformers are so large that if the
windings of full power ratings were to be placed on the central limb, its width
would become too large to be transported. To mitigate such difficulties the
windings are split into two parts and placed around two separate limbs. Here the
cross-sectional area of the legs (limbs) and the yokes are identical. Consequently
these cores are bulkier than the single-phase three-limbed arrangements. Also
the percentage leakage reactance for this type of core construction is
comparatively higher due to distributed nature of the windings in the two limbs
separately.

4.2.1.3. (C) THREE-PHASE THREE-LIMBED CORES (FIG. 4.2)

Figure 4.2. Three-phase three-limbed core: (1) main limbs, (2) top yokes,
(3) bottom yoke.

This type of core is generally used for three-phase power transformer of small
and medium power ratings. Each phase of the winding is placed around one leg.
For each phase of magnetic flux appearing in a limb, the yokes and the remaining
two limbs provide the return path. If the phase fluxes are denoted as ϕ A, ϕ B, ϕ C,
their summation at any instant of time is identically zero, which can be
mathematically stated as ϕ A + ϕ B + ϕ C = 0. In this type of construction, all the
legs and the yokes have identical cross section.

4.2.1.4. (D) THREE-PHASE FIVE-LIMBED CORES (FIG. 4.3)

Figure 4.3. Three-phase five-limbed core: (1) main limbs, (2) top main
yokes, (3) bottom main yokes, (4) auxiliary top yokes, (5) auxiliary bottom
yokes, (6) auxiliary limbs.

For large rating power transformers, cores have to be built in large diameters. In
case of three-phase three-limbed cores, the yokes have the same diameter as the
limbs. In case of large diameter cores, the overall core height will go up leading to
transport problem. For such cases the yoke cross-sections (and consequently
yoke heights) are reduced by approximately 40% or more and auxiliary paths for
the magnetic flux are provided through auxiliary yokes and limbs. The cross-
section and the height of the auxiliary yokes and limbs are lower than that of the
main yokes.

4.3. Optimum Design of Core

For the optimum design of magnetic core, the following aspects have to be
decided.

a. Constructional features

b. Core cross-sectional area

c. Number of oil ducts and location

4.3.1. Core Cross-Section

The ideal shape for the section of the cores is a circle, since this would waste no
space beyond that taken up by the insulation between laminations. A perfectly
circular core section, however, involves making a variation in dimensions for each
successive lamination, which is possible but uneconomical. As a compromise
solution, the core cross-section is made by laminations of varying widths and
packet heights in such a way that the overall section approximates a circle. Such
a typical core cross-section is shown in Fig. 4.4. Oil ducts are needed for cooling
the core, lest the hot-spot temperature rises dangerously and their number
depends on the core diameter and the specific core-losses, which is a function of
operating flux density. Additionally, clamp plates made of steel are needed on
either side of laminations for effectively clamping the laminations. These clamp
plates should be mechanically strong enough to prevent buckling/bending of
laminations and be able to withstand the lifting load of core and windings and
axial short-circuit forces. The steel sheet laminations, oil ducts and the clamp
plates should all lie within the core circle.
Figure 4.4. Circular core cross-section: D—diameter of core, H—total
lamination stack height (1) laminations, (2) oil duct, (3) steel clamp plates.

The net sectional area is calculated from the dimensions of various packets and
an allowance is made for the space lost between laminations (known as stacking
factor) which for sheet steel of 0.28 mm thickness with carlite insulation coatings
is approximately 0.96. Area is also deducted for the oil ducts. The ratio of the net
cross-sectional area and the gross area of the core circle known as utilization
factor (UF). By increasing the number of core steps UF improves. This, however,
also increases the manufacturing cost. Typical cost effective values for the
number steps (i.e. one-half of cross-section from centre line) lie in the range of 6
(for smaller diameters) to 15 (for large diameters). For any particular core
diameter based on other design considerations, this gives out not only the
optimum area and thereby reduction in the flux density and consequently iron-
loss, but also helps the designer to revert to lesser value of core diameter,
wherever the computational margins allow this latitude. Seen from another angle,
improvement in the core utilization factor increases the core area and hence the
value of volts/turn for any particular core diameter and specified flux density.
This, in turn, results in the reduction in winding turns and thus reduction in
copper. Therefore, core area optimization results in better economy of
transformer designs.

In the following, the core optimization is discussed under (a) optimum selection of
laminations (b) optimum oil ducts.
4.3.2. Optimum Selection of Laminations

For any particular core diameter, the first and foremost point to be decided is the
maximum allowable height of the lamination packets. This, in turn, is determined
by the design consideration of clamp plate (see Fig. 4.5) and the pertinent
constraint in accommodating them inside the core circle.

Figure 4.5. Circular cross-section of core-dimensional relationship.

For a circle of diameter D, the length of the cord at distance Y from the centre is
given by

(4.1)

If H is the maximum allowable packet height, the minimum allowable lamination

width is given by

(4.2)
The maximum allowable width of the central packet is usually core diameter less
G mm (to accommodate wooden packing)

(4.3)

If the core is to be built up in Ns number of steps, where widths of laminations of

individual steps are Li, i = 1, 2,... Ns, these values must satisfy the following
relations

(4.4)

For building the circular cross-section of the core in say Ns steps, we have to
decide Ns different widths of laminations to be stacked one over the other as
shown in Fig. 4.4. The packet height of each lamination is computed by the
difference of heights of cords equal to the width of laminations and the adjacent
next width below it. The gross cross-sectional area contributed by individual
lamination packets is obtained by lamination widths times packet height. This is
taken as the return function for selection of a particular width. The optimum
selection of laminations is formulated on the method of dynamic programming.
Recursive relationships are formulated for return function and state transition
function for each step of decision taking. This method gives optimum selection of
laminations for building in Ns number of steps.

Out of the optimum area available by the above method we must deduct areas
for the oil ducts. The individual packet heights should be reduced slightly to allow
for the overall manufacturing tolerance in the core built up. A computer program
has been developed for the optimum selection of lamination packets based on
the above algorithm. The computer program also computes (a) optimum number
of oil ducts and their locations and (b) core lamination dimensions and other
details required for manufacturing activities. This has automated the complete
transformer core design and manufacturing informations.

4.3.3. Computation of Optimum Number of Oil Ducts

Core-losses (iron-losses) take place due to magnetic flux flow in the laminations.
For CRGOS these losses are minimum for flux along the direction of grains
orientation and maximum for flux flow along cross grain directions. Hot
temperature spots are developed inside the core as a result of core-losses and
designers must ensure that the hot-spot temperatures are well below the
permissible values.

Segments of the core cross-section are rectangular as shown in Fig. 4.6. Heat
dissipation takes place along the laminations (x-direction) and across the
laminations (y-direction). The temperature gradients along the two directions are
given by

(4.5)

(4.6)

where

W = specific cross gain loss, W/kg,

K1 = thermal conductivity along the laminations, W/°C/mm,

K2 = thermal conductivity across the laminations W/°C/mm,

h = surface heat transfer coefficient, °C/mm2/W,

Tx = temperature differential from hot spot to oil, assuming that the all heat
flows along the laminations.

Ty = temperature differential from hot spot to oil across lamination, assuming

all heat flows across lamination.
Figure 4.6. Rectangular stack of core laminations heat flow conditions.

The hot-spot temperature gradient

(4.7)

Th (max. permissible) = maximum permissible hot-spot temperature–(oil rise +

ambient temperature)

Equation (4.7) can be rewritten as

(4.8.1)

(4.8.2)

The value of W depends on the type of core construction and remains constant
for a particular type of assembly. The value of Tx increases parabolically with the
value of x. An interesting condition arises when x = x* such that

(4.9)

*
The equality condition of (4.9) implies that y = ∞, i.e. for x = x*, Th will never
achieve its specified maximum value for value of y, and, along the lamination,
dissipation of heat will be sufficient to maintain the value of Th below the
specified maximum permissible value. The second condition that Tx < Th leads to
negative value of Ty, which is not physically possible. This also implies that along
the lamination, dissipation is sufficient to contain the value of Th below the
specified limit. For such conditions as obtainable in relation (4.9), no oil duct is
required for cooling.

We now examine the case when Tx > Th. Equation (4.8.2) can be solved for y as

(4.10)

(4.11)

Here, we introduce the concept of critical height y ≤ y* obtainable from Eq. (4.10).
For any stack height 2y such that y ≤ y* for a specified value of x, the hot-spot
temperature will never exceed the specified value of Th. For actual stack height H
> 2y*, cooling surface (in the form of oil duct) is required if the hot-spot
temperature is not to exceed Th.

For any core diameter D, the minimum number of oil ducts is calculated by
iteratively using the Eqs. (4.10) and (4.11) for computation of critical heights y*
starting from the central packet. Since above formulation stipulates that the
maximum hot-spot temperature in the packet will be less than or equal to the
specified permissible value, the above calculation gives the optimum number of
oil ducts.

4.3.4. Location of Oil Ducts

For more than one oil duct, a suitable criterion is required regarding their location
in the core section. For single duct, the obvious choice is its location at the
centre. Minimum difference of hot-spot temperatures (ideally zero) obtaining in
different regions divided by the oil ducts is adopted here as the criterion of
location of oil ducts. Figure 4.7 represents the case of two oil ducts in the core
cross-section.

Figure 4.7. Two oil ducts in core.

For Zone 1

(4.12)

Where

(4.13)

and Th1 = Hot-spot temperature gradient of zone 1.

For Zone 2
(4.14)

where

(4.15)

(4.15)

and Th2 = Hot-spot temperature gradient of Zone 2.

By equating the hot-spot temperature gradients of zones 1 and 2, we obtain the

following:

(4.16)

By cancelling the common terms and expressing the difference of expressions of

l.h.s. and r.h.s. alongwith a normalizing constant we compute a difference term
as

(4.17)

(4.18)
(4.19)

Since x1 is a constant and y2 and x2 are related to x and y Eq. (4.19), we have

(4.20)

The desired value of y is the one which satisfies C0 ≃ 0. This is obtained by an

iterative procedure on computer. The distance of oil ducts from centre of core
circle are similarly computed for number of oil ducts more than two no similar
principle.

In the foregoing, the broad concepts of optimum design of transformer cores of

circular cross-section has been discussed. Based on the optimum core cross-
sectional area and operating flux density, the windings for individual phases can
be designed and from this the core window size can be worked out. This decides
the overall transformer core frame dimensions for a particular type of core
construction as illustrated in Figs. 4.1, 4.2 and 4.3.

4.4. Manufacturing

By adopting suitable technology for transformer cores and exercising care in

handling of laminations and core building, it is possible to achieve

a. higher reliability

b. reduction in iron-losses and megnetizing current

c. lowering material and labour cost

d. abatement of noise levels

It is necessary to apply quality checks at different stages of manufacturing to

ensure quality and reliability. The core steel samples should be tested regularly
for guaranteed epstein iron-loss values. The laminations should also be visually
inspected and the rusted lot should be rejected. CRGOS sheet steels are
susceptible to impaired losses due to cutting, punching, piercing, bending, etc.
During cutting and piercing the edges develop burrs which may cut, as knife-
edge, the insulation coatings on the adjacent laminations, in addition to lowering
the stacking factor. It is imperative that laminations are deburred and annealed
(for stress relieving), so that iron losses do not increase. For reducing the
transformer noises, the laminations should be tightly clamped together and
punch holes should be avoided as far as possible. The air gap at the joints can be
controlled by working on tight tolerances so that value of magnetizing currents
are kept to a minimum. These manufacturing aspects are discussed in more
detail in the following:

4.4.1. Corner Jointing of Limbs with Yokes

Broadly speaking, the core losses can be split into (a) loss due to magnetic flux
flow along the direction of grain orientation (with grain iron-losses) and (b) flux
flow in cross-grain direction (cross-grain losses) occurring in the zones of jointing
of limbs with yokes. The cross-grain losses depend to a large extent on the type
of joints. The two must commonly used types of corner joints are (a) interleaved,
(b) mitred.

4.4.1.1. (A) INTERLEAVED JOINTS ( FIG. 4.8)

Figure 4.8. Three-phase three-limbed core-interleaved joints

Interleaved joints are the simplest, from the point of view of manufacturing.
However, in the cross-grain zones the magnetic fluxes leave/enter the
laminations in perpendicular direction to the grains and these losses are
comparatively higher. Such type of jointings are usually preferred only for small
rating transformers, where the total core-loss itself is very small.

4.4.1.2. (B) MITRED JOINTS (FIGS 4.9, 4.10 AND 4.11)

Figure 4.9. Three-phase three-limbed core mitred joints.

Figure 4.10. Three-phase five-limbed core mitred joints.

Figure 4.11. Three-phase five-limbed core with mitred joints with split
laminations for large core diameters.

When the corners of the laminations are cut at 45°, the jointing is known as
mitred joint. The cross-grain losses for this type of jointing is minimum, as the
magnetic flux leaving/entering at the joint finds a smooth path of its flow. This,
however, entails extra manufacturing cost for preparing the corner edges of the
individual laminations.
Figure 4.9 shows one arrangement of laying the laminations for three-phase
three-limbed cores with mitred joints. Figure 4.10 shows the laminations laying
arrangement for the three-phase five-limbed cores with mitred joints.

Sometimes there may be constraints in preparation of laminations beyond certain

widths. If lamination widths larger than these are required, as in case of large
diameter cores, these are split into two halves, so that these can be handled
easily in manufacturing. A typical core built with such split laminations is shown
in Fig. 4.11.

4.4.2. Preparation of Lamination Sheets

4.4.2.1. (A) SLITTING

For building the transformer cores, lamination sheets of different widths and
packet heights are needed. The manufacturing schedule may include cores of
different diameters and different types of constructions necessitating slitting
laminations in many widths and lengths. CRGOS rolls cannot be ordered in so
many different widths and quantities. These rolls are available in standard widths
of say 760, 790, 840, 915, 1000 mm, etc. For slitting operation, some widths can
be combined together by suitably adjusting the cutter distances in the slitting
machine. Figure 4.12 (Plate 2) shows slitting operation of laminations.

Figure 4.12.

It is evident that full width of roll cannot be utilized at any time of slitting
operation and the leftover material will vary from stage to stage and depending
on the widths selected in combination during the process of slitting. The
meticulous care in planning is imperative to minimize wastage of core steel.
The slitting operation has been formulated based on the principle of dynamic
programming to compute the optimum schedule. This provides the optimum
combination of different widths to be taken together and the length for slitting,
such that the scrap during slitting operation is minimum.

Figure 4.13 (Plate 2) shows the slitted rolls of different widths, which are collected
at the other end of the slitting operation over a collapsible mandrel.

Figure 4.13.

4.4.2.2. (B) CROPPING OF LAMINATIONS

The different shapes and sizes of laminations needed for core building are
illustrated in Figs. 4.8–4.11 for different types of transformer cores. Figure 4.14
(Plate 2) shows a cropping machine for cutting laminations from slitted rolls.

Figure 4.14.

In case of mitred core laminations, these are first cut in a trapezoidal shape.
Finished shape is given by cutting off the corners (wherever needed) at the
second stage of cutting by employing simple hydraulically operated guillotine
machines.
4.4.2.3. (C) PIERCING OPERATION

The yoke punchings (laminations) usually need holes for bolting the yoke
laminations. These holes are punched after the cropping/guillotine operation by
suitably adjusting the hole piercing positions in the piercing machine and
selecting the right piercing tool for specified hole punch size. Figure 4.15 (Plate 2)
shows a piercing machine. However, some cores are also constructed without
yoke bolts.

Figure 4.15.

4.4.2.4. (D) DEBURRING

During the process of slitting, cutting and piercing of laminations, the cut edges
get some burrs. These burrs are removed by passing the laminations through
deburring operations. Presence of burrs impairs the stacking factor. Also burrs cut
into the insulation coatings and bridge adjacent laminations and thereby increase
the eddy losses.

4.4.2.5. (E) ANNEALING/VARNISHING

If the insulation coatings at the edges are scratched during deburring process or
extra varnish coating is desired, the laminations are processed in a varnishing
plant which provides a thin coating of varnish and quickly dried up at elevated
temperature. However, varnish coating is not considered as necessary if the
carlite insulation coating on the lamination is consistent. During the process of
slitting, cropping, piercing, deburring, etc., mechanical strains are developed
inside the laminations, which disturb the original grain orientation and thereby
increase the iron-losses. This problem is mitigated by annealing the laminations
in an annealing plant [Fig. 4.16 (Plate 2)].
Figure 4.16.

Annealing is done at an elevated temperature of 800–900°C, preferably in a

neutral atmospheric zone and subsequently cooled by a blast of air.

The finished laminations are then taken to the core assembly area.

4.4.3. Core Assembly

Core building from the finished lamination sheets is done in horizontal position on
specially raised platforms. The lamination sheets are susceptible to mechanical
stresses of bending, twisting, impact, etc. A lot of care is exercised while handling
and normally two persons are needed to hold the two ends of the laminations at
the time of laying. Figure 4.17 (Plate 2) shows the core building operations
typically for a three-phase five-limbed core.

Figure 4.17.

At first the clamp plates and end frame structure of one side of the core assembly
are laid out. Guide pins are used at suitable positions for maintaining the proper
alignments during core building process. Oil ducts are formed by sticking strips
on lamination and put in position as required.
For each packet, the laminations are manufactured in two different lengths and
these sets are laid out alternately, keeping at a time two to four laminations
together. The two alternate arrangements provide overlapping at the corner
joints and when the lamination packets are clamped together, these overlapping
edges provide sufficient mechanical strength in holding the edges in tight grip.
After laying out the complete laminations, the clamp plates, and end frame
structure of the other side are laid out and the entire core-end frame structure is
properly secured through bolts and steel bands at a number of positions.

The platform on which the core building takes place is of special design and the
core-end frame assembly can be raised to the vertical position alongwith the
platform which serves as a cradle. Subsequently the platform is disengaged. In
this process, the core assembly is spared from the mechanical strain of lifting and
raising in the vertical position. Small-size cores can however be built up without
these special platforms.

Steel bands used for tightening the laminations is only a temporary arrangement
and are later removed, otherwise these will form short circuited turns. Two
commonly used methods of holding the leg laminations together is their clamping
by either (a) resiglass tape or (b) using skin stressed bakelite cylinders. In case of
resiglass tapes, these are tightly wound around the legs at specified pitch and
cured by heating. The tape shrinks after heating and provides a firm grip. The
tensile strength of resiglass tapes is even higher than that of steel tapes. In the
case of core legs tightened by skin stressed cylinders (base cylinder of innermost
coil), these are lowered from the top and the steel bands and cut progressively.
Wooden wedges are inserted along the packet corners and hammered down, so
that the enveloping bakelite cylinder and the leg laminations are fitting tightly
against each other. Figures 4.18 (Plate 3) and 4.19 show the complete core-end
frame assemblies for single-phase three-limbed and three-phase five-limbed
cores.
Figure 4.18.

Figure 4.19.

Conventionally, the core is assembled along with all the yokes, and after
assembly the top yokes are unlaced after removing the top-end frames for the
purpose of lowering the windings. This takes a lot of labour and manufacturing
time. The latest development is to assemble the core without top yokes and
insert the top yokes after lowering all the windings in the core leg.

4.4.4. Fitting of Core in the Tank

The most commonly used method of putting the core assembly is to rest the core
frame on its feet, which in turn is firmly fixed on the tank base. The extreme end
feet are enclosed in a steel bracket welded on the tank base. The top portion of
core assembly is also suitably locked with the tank cover, so that any possible
magnification of the vibration during transit is fully arrested. An alternative to this
is construction of the tank base in the shape of a channel. The laminations along
with the bottom-end frames are jacket from either side against the channel walls
of the tank. As such, no bolts are needed in the bottom yokes and iron-losses are
comparatively lower because of the absence of these punch holes. Figure 4.20
illustrates this channel type of tank and core assembly fixing arrangement. This
also has the advantage that the core is rigidly fixed to the tank bottom and no
possibility of core assembly shifting exists. As a result of raising the tank base
(Item 1, Fig. 4.20) the inner oil volume inside the tank is reduced. Also, the
windings and the insulation rings and blocks are directly resting on the flat tank
base.
Figure 4.20. Transformer core fitting in channel-shaped tank base

1. Channel-shaped tank base

2. End view of transformer core

3. Bottom end frame

4. Jacking of core end frame against channel walls

5. Tank base stiffener

6. Windings

7. Insulation blocks and rims

4.5. REFERENCES

1. Brechha, H., "Some Aspects of Modern Transformer Core Design", Bulletin

Oerlikon, No. 324, pp. 70–80.

2. Brechna, H. "New Design Trends in Construction of Transformer Cores", Bulletin

Oerlikon, No. 326, pp. 6–14.

3. Austen Stignant and Franklin, J and P Transformer Book , Newness–

Butterworths, 10th Edition, 1973.

4. Bhusan Prabhakar, "Optimum Design of Distribution Trans-formers", M. Tech.

Thesis, 1971, Deptt. of Electrical Engg., IIT Kanpur.
Citation
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