F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO

Animalia: Porifera, cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Arthropoda and Chordata

Kingdom Animalia

Source: Acehead Biology, Oxford Fajar.

Animal Basic Body Plans

1. ________________ organisms are organisms that have body wall made up of two germ layers:
the ectoderm and endoderm with a jellylike layer between these two layers called mesoglea. Ie. Cnidarians
2. ________________ animals have an additional layer of cells called __________ between the ectoderm and
endoderm but no coelome. i.e Platyhelminthes
3. An __________ animal has no body cavity. Coelom provides space in which internal organs can grow,
develop and function independently of each other.
4. Animals with body cavities have body walls which form the outer tube and are covered with tissues that
develop from the ectoderm. Tissues derived from the endoderm lines the gut which has two openings: the
mouth and the anus. The space that exists between the two tubes is the body cavity.
5. If the body cavity is not completely lined with tissues derived from the mesoderm, it is called
pseudocoelom: pseudocoelomate animals.
6. If the body cavity completely lined with tissues derived from the mesoderm, it is called a true coelom:
coelomate animals.
7. Some animals have __________ symmetry;
8. some animals exhibit __________ symmetry which have:
a. A dorsal (top) side and a ventral (bottom) side
b. A right and left side
c. Anterior (head) and posterior (tail) ends

9. Characteristics of animals:
a. Multicellular organism
b. Eukaryotic cells with no cell wall
c. Non-photosynthetic, hence feed heterotrophically
d. Shows high level of tissue differentiation
e. Have nervous tissue and muscle tissue so they can respond quickly to environmental stimuli
f. Most animals reproduce sexually with the diploid stage usually dominating the life cycle

10. Animalia is divided into 9 phyla:

a. Phylum Porifera e. Phylum Annelida
b. Phylum Cnidaria f. Phylum Arthropoda
c. Phylum Platyhelminthes g. Phylum Mollusca
d. Phylum Nematoda h. Phylum Echinodermata
i. Phylum Chordata

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO

Kingdom Phylum Subphylum Class Examples

Porifera Sponges (Leucosolenia)

Scyphozoa Aurelia (Jellyfish)

Cnidaria
(Coelenterata) Hydrozoa Hydra, Obelia

Anthozoa Corals, sea anemone

Trematoda Fasciola, Schistosoma

Platyhelminthes Turbellaria Planaria

Cestoda Taenia

Animalia Nematoda Ascaris

Polychaeta Nereis (ragworm)

Annelida Oligochaeta Lumbricus (earthworm)

Hirudinea Leeches

Grastopoda Helix (snail), Limax (slug)

Pelycopoda Mussel
Mollusca
Cephalopoda Squids, Octopus

Bivalvia Oyster, Cardium (clamps)

Crustacea Prawn, Crabs, Daphnia

Diplopoda Milipedes

Insecta Insects
Arthropoda
Arachnida Spiders

Chilopoda Lithobius (centipedes)

Merostomata Limulus (horse shoe crab)

Echinodermata Starfish, sea urchins

Cephalochordata Branchiostoma (Lancelets)

Tunicata Sea Squirts

Chordata Chondrichthyes Cartilaginous fish

Osteichthyes Bony fish
Craniata Amphibia Frogs, toads
Aves Birds
Order Monotrema lay eggs, ie: platypus,
porcupine
Mammalia Order Marsupiala No placenta, pouched,
ie: kangaroo, Koala,
opossum
Infraclass Eutheria Placent mammals

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
Kingdom Animalia

A. Phylum Porifera (Sycon)

Charateristics:
1. Sponges are the simplest multicellular animals
2. All sponges are aquatic, mostly marine
3. Some sponges are tiny, but some can reach more than a meter
4. Sponges are __________ animal (live attach to substratum) while the larvae are free
5. Sponges are __________ (live at the bottom of aquatic environment)
6. No differentiated nervous system
7. Exchange of gas and eliminating waste through diffusion

Body of sponges • Asymmetrical, some are radial symmetric

• No germ layer
• No true tissues , organs or system
• Do not have mouth or anus
Spongocoel • Hollow tube inside the body
__________ • A large opening on the top of the body
Outer surface is covered by epithelial cells
Pore cells/ porocytes Span the body wall
Allow water enters the sponges body
Inner layers Mainly made up of collar cells/ __________. The choanocytes have flagella
Flagellated choanocytes By beating flagella, the choanocytes create a current that draws water in
through the pores and out through the __________. Choanocytes also draw
water through its collar of fingerlike projection whereby food particles is
trapped in the mucus and engulfed by phagocytosis.
Mesophyl/ mesoglea • Middle matter between inner and outer layer which contains __________
Amoebocytes Transport nutrients to other cells of the sponge body.
Produce materials such as calcium carbonate for skeletal fibers (spicules) to
give support and protect the sponge from predators.
Becomes any type of sponge cell as needed
Asexual reproduction  by __________ or __________
 Sponges have very strong regenerative ability.
 Broken portion can be replaced and fragments can regenerate to become
new individuals
Sexual reproduction  Mostly Monoecious/__________
Having both female and male sex cells in same individual.
 Male and female gametes arise from amoeboid mesenchyma cells
 Fertilisation occurs in the mesophyll and the zygote develops into a
flagellated larva.
 The flagellated larva is released into the spongocoel and escapes with the
water current through the osculum.,
 The surviving larvae settle on the substratum and develop.

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO

Figure: The structure of a sponge

B. Phylum Cnidaria/ Coelenterata (Hydra)

Characteristics:
1. Examples: Hydra, Obelia, sea anemone, corals, jellyfish
2. Few live in freshwater, nearly all marine
3. __________ symmetrical
4. __________ animals. Hence, they prey with their tentacles.
5. __________ animals:
a. Consists of ectoderm and endoderm with a jelly layer called mesoglea in between
b. The ectoderm in the tentacles has stinging nematocyst
c. The endoderm can produce digestive enzymes and has flagellated cells that can carry out phagocytosis
d. Mesoglea has undifferentiated __________.
6. The body cavity is called coelenteron (__________) where digestion occurs. The mouth is a single body
opening, to ingest and egest like the anus.
7. The nervous system consists of a simple network of sensory cells, which is found within the mesoglea
8. Cnidarian exhibits polymorphism, they exist as either __________ or __________ in their life cycle

Gastrovascular
cavity

Medusa

Polyp

Obelia
Diadumene
Hydra Jelly fish
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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
Polyp Medusa
Hydroid form Jellyfish form
The mouth face __________ The mouth face __________
Cylindrical and __________ form Free swimming form
May be solitary (Hydra) or colonial (Aurelia)
Fig 1: Coelenterata.
The fundamental similarity of the (A) medusa and the (B) polyp is evident.
(C) shows the cross section of the wall of a coelenterate, showing the stinging capsules that are produced only in this phylum

A) Medusa B) Polyp

C) XS of the enteron

Fig 2: Hydra
Fig 3: The tentacles of a Hydra

Fig 4
The nerve net of a hydra. Note the concentration of nerve
cells around the month, this region is the nearest thing to a
brain the hydra has

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
*Info

Fig 5: Structure and life cycle of Obelia, a hydrozoans that has alternating medusa and polyp generations.
i. A medusa makes and releases eggs or sperm. Gametes combine and a zygote forms.
ii. The zygote develops into a ciliated bilateral larva, called __________
iii. The planula settles and develops into a __________
iv. The polyp grows and reproduces asexually (__________), eventually producing a branching body
v. Some branches of the colony are specialised for capturing and eating prey
vi. Other branches produce and release __________ that begin the sexual phase of the life cycle again.

The Different Classes in Cnidaria:

Characteristics Class Hydrozoa Class Scyphozoa Class Anthozoa
Polyp form Dominant, solitary or colonial May present Only polyp, solitary or colonial
Medusoid form Simple form may present Dominant large medusa No medusa
Mesenteries Absent Present in young Present and large
Gullet Absent Absent Present and lined by ectoderm
Gonads found in Ectoderm Endoderm Endoderm
Examples Hydra and Obelia Aurelia jellyfish Sea anemones and corals
Source:Y.K. Foo. 2004

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
C. Phylum Platyhelminthes
Characteristics:
1. Examples are Planaria, Fasciola and Taenia.
2. Platyhelminthes are __________ (also known as tapeworms) that are mostly parasites with some being free-living
3. They __________ symmetrical, dorso-ventrically flattened and are non-segmented
4. __________ (ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm)
5. __________ (lack of body cavity surrounding their guts as the mesoderm completely filled in the space)
6. Shows __________: Have a head (celebro-ganglia) at the anterior and a network of sensory cells
7. Have only one body cavity, the gut or __________ for digestion
8. Have excretory system consists of network of tubules ending with flame cells (function for dialysis)
9. Do not have circulatory system
10. Carry out gaseous exchange by diffusion (flattened body, high TSA/V)
11. Most are __________ (having male and female gametes in same individuals)
12. Usually have larval forms

Fig 6: a) Fasiola, fluke b) Taenia, tapeworm

Gastrovascular
Eyespots cilia cavity Pharynx
Mouth

Digestive system
Fig 7: Platyhelminthes (Planarian)
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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
*Info

Fig 8: A mature proglottid

An example of a flatworm is Taenia:
1. Endoparasites in the intestine of domesticated animals and human.
2. Head is known as __________ that has a hooks and four suckers (for intestinal attachment)
3. Has thin __________ (protection of digestive enzymes of the host)
4. Has a series of repetitive segments called __________
5. Each proglottid can absorb food through the skin and live independently.
6. Proglottids posterior to the scolex are youngest becoming more matured towards the posterior.
7. The most posterior is matured ready to break off.
8. Each matured proglottid is __________
9. It contains ovaries and testes and capable of self-fertilisation.
10. After fertilisation, each egg becomes a __________ and the whole proglottid becomes a bag full of cyst.
11. The proglottid detaches itself and is dispersed together with the faeces on the grass, waiting to be picked
up by the next victim

Fig 9: Life cycle of a tapeworm,

Taenia
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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
Table: The different classes in Platyhelminthes
Characteristics Class Turbellaria Class Trematoda Class Cestoda
Parasite or free living Aquatic, free living Endoparasites Endoparasites
Morphology Soft and leaf-like Leaf-like Tape-like with proglottide
segments
Suckers Usually absent Ventrally placed Four on the scolex
Cuticle and cilia No cuticle, with cilia Thick cuticle, no cilia Thick cuticle, no cilia
Enteron Present Present Absent
Sense organs Present Usually absent Usually absent
Life history Simple Complex Complex
Examples Planaria Liver fluke Fasiola Tapeworm Taenia
Souce: Richard, Y.K., STPM Text Biology Term 3. Pelangi.

*Info: E. Phylum Annelida:

D. Phylum Nematoda:
1. This phylum contains all round worms with no
segments. Example: Ascaris.
2. General taxonomic characteristics:
a. Triploblastic pseudocoelomate
b. Bilateral symmetry.
c. Narrow body; cylindrical and pointed at both ends.
d. Has a mouth, as well as an anus.
e. Cephalisation: The nervous system has a ring of
cerebral ganglion and two nerve cords (dorsal and
ventral).
f. No circular muscles.
g. Dioecious, two sexes are separated
h. Its body is protected by a tough protein cuticle
(syncytial).
i. Reproduction always sexual.
Ascaris:
a. Ascaris is endo paras it ic to the intestines of
domesticated animals and humans.
b. Their epidermis is sy ncy t ial with a thick layer of
cuticle capable of resistance to digestive enzymes of the
host.
c. The male worm is slightly smaller and it has curved
posterior end. Besides that, it has a thread-like testis
neatly folded within the body. At the base of the testis is
a sperm duct and there is an opening leading out to the
cloaca at the curved posterior tip.
d. The female worm has a female pore or vagina in the
middle of the body. It then branches to two uterus and
each leads to an oviduct and a very long thread-like
ovary.
e. Fertilis at io n of the ova in the oviduct occurs and
each ovum become a cyst. The cysts are stored in the
uteri before liberated out with the faeces.
1. Members of this phylum include earthworms,
ringworms (Nereis) and leeches. Leeches are in the
Hirudinea class, while earthworms and ringworms are
in the Polychaeta class.
2. General taxonomic characteristics:
a. Triploblastic coelomate.
b. Bilaterally symmetrical.
c. Metameric segmentations that its body is made up of
many identical segments.
d. Chaetae on every segment.
e. Nerve system consists of a dorsal cerebral ganglion
connected to a ventral nerve cord.
f. Nephridium for urea excretion.
g. Cuticles protecting the body.
h. Gaseous exchange by diffusion through skin or
through gills.
i. Hermaphrodites but they cross-fertilise.
j. Some can reproduce asexually by fragmentation
followed by regeneration.
Pheretima:
a. It is commonly found in moist garden soil and the
colour is darker than a foreign species called
Lumbricus. The dorsal side is darker than the ventral
side.
b. It feeds on decaying vegetable matter inclusive of soil
to extract digestible food.
c. It has a clitellum between 13th to 18th segments, which
are thicker in size. The clitellum serves to secrete more
mucus during mating and also produce the cocoon.
d. It has three pairs of spermathecae openings in each of
the 3rd, 4th and 5th segments. It has two male openings in
18th segment and a female opening in 16th segment.
e. Each segment has four pairs of chaetae, fine bristles,
retractable for locomotion.

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
clitelium
setae

Fig: Nereis

Anus

Fig: Structure of a nematode as illustrated by Ascaris

female. Ascaris has two ovaries and uteri, which open
to the outside by a common genital pore.

Triploblastic Acoelomate

Triploblastic
Pseudocoelomate
Fig 10: The anatomy of an earthworm

Characteristics Class Oligochaetae Class Polychaetae Class Hirudinea

Habitat Freshwater or damp earth Marine Freshwater ectoparasitic
Head Not distinct Distinct Not distinct
Parapodia and Few chaetae, no parapodia Many chaetae on parapodia No chaetae or parapodia
chaetae
Sexes Hermaphrodite Dioecious Hermaphrodite
Gonads Localised Throughout the segments Localised
Mating In exchange of sperm External fertilisation in In exchange of sperm
Eggs are laid In cocoon water
No cocoon In cocoon
Larval stage No larval stage Free swimming trochophore No larval stage
Examples Pheretima. Lumbricus Nereis marine worm Hirudo leech

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
F. Phylum Mollusca:
Characteristics:
1. This phylum contains about 78,000 species of' __________ animals. The major classes are the class
Gastropoda, class Bivalvia and class Cephalopoda.
2. Class _____________ has spiruled shells on its body, for instance the garden snail (Helix).
3. Class _____________ or Pelecyopoda members include cockles (Cardium), mussels and oysters that
have flat bodies with double valves.
4. Class _____________ (includes all squids and octopus) has tentacles.
5. Main features of mollusca:
a. Unsegmented body, the body can be divided into the head, muscular foot and a visceral mass .
b. __________ symmetry (except snail).
c. __________ may secrete a calcareous shell and forms cavity for gaseous exchange.
d. ______________ with coeloem.
e. Pigment for respiration is __________.
f. Has an open circulatory system, but for some cephalopods, its circulatory system might be a closed
one.
g. Heterotrophic or parasitic nutrition
h. Most molluscs have separate sexes except snails which are hermaphrodites.
i. They are oviparous and produce trochophore larvae.

tentacles

a b
eye
jaws and radula

internal shell
siphon
mantle cavity
gill gut
heart Visceral
mass
Fig 11: Section through a gastropod (a) and cephalopod (b)

Ventral part Has a large muscular mass make up the foot

Dorsal part Has visceral mass where most of the internal organs are housed
Has special epidermal tissue called mantle which secretes the __________ shell
Gaseous Occurs with gills, sometimes with lungs
exchange
Circulatory Most have open circulatory system with haemocyanin as the respiratory pigment
system
Digestive Consists of complete gut with __________ in the mouth (break off food materials)
system
Excretion Excretion via metanephridia (wastes from the coelom are gather and discharge them
into the mantle cavity)
Nervous The nervous system consists of a nerve ring around the oesophagus, ganglia and
system connectives

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO

visceral
bivalve shell mass

gill

foot mantle cavity

Fig 12: a) General structures of Mollusca (snail)

b) Class Bivalvia
Source: Richard, Y,K., 2013

Table : The differences between classes of molluscs.

Characteristics Class Gastropoda Class Peleycyopoda Class Cephalopoda
Habitat Terrestrial, aquatic Aquatic Aquatic
Body symmetry Asymmetrical Bilaterally symmetrical Bilaterally symmetrical
Body shape Twisted with anus anterior No torsion of body No torsion of body
Shell One piece, usually coiled Two pieces / bivalve Internal or absent
Head, tentacles Yes Reduced head, no tentacle Yes
Breathing organ Terrestrial: with lung Gills Gills
Feeding mouth Radula Filter feeder Radula with beak
Fertilisation Internal External Internal
Examples Snail Helix, slug Mussel, oyster Squid, octopus
Source: Richard, Y.K.. 2013

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
G. Phylum Arthropoda
Characteristic:
1. Among the major classes in the phylum are Insecta (mosquitoes, beetle), Crustacea (crabs, prawns,
lobsters, Daphnia), Diplopoda (milipedes), Arachnida (Spiders and scorpions), Chilopoda (centipedes),
and merostomata (horseshoe crabs)
2. Common characteristics:
a. __________ symmetrical, segmented body
b. Have distinct region: __________, __________ and __________
c. Animals with jointed and paired _____________ for locomotion, feeding and sensory purposes
d. Has ____________ formed from layers proteins and chitin which is waterproof, provides protection,
attachment for muscles, locomotion
e. Triploblastic coelomates and their coelom is much reduced
f. Some groups have __________ eyes for vision

Open __________ flows through cavities between internal organs and not through close vessels.
circulatory Haemolymph is pumped through a dorsal artery and into __________surroundings the tissues.
system This fluid then returns passively through __________ in the dorsal heart
Nervous A brain is connected to a ventral solid nerve cord
system They have compound eyes and/or simple eyes to form images of the animal's surroundings in
the brain
Excretory Do not have nephridia
system Eliminate waste products through __________ tubules
Respiratory Marine forms use gills or book gills with vascularised, thin walled tissue specialised for
structure gaseous exchange.
Terrestrial form has book lungs (e.g. spider) or tracheae air tubes (e.g. insects).

g. The members of some arthropods have many segments. In others, the segments have become fused
together into functional groups or tagmata such as head and thorax of an insect. Sometimes the head is
fused with the thorax to form a tagma called the ____________________.

Fig 13: The Penaeus

3. Arthropods can be classified into six classes:
i. Class Crustacea Example: Penaeus (prawn)
ii. Class Chilopoda Example: Lithobius (centipede)
iii. Class Diplopoda Example: Lulus (millipede)
iv. Class Insecta Example: Periplaneta (cockroach)
v. Class Arachnida Example: Lycosa (spider)
vi. Class Merostomata Exampl: Limulus (horseshoe crab)

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
G. Phylum Arthropoda:
i. Class Insecta
Main characteristics:
 __________ pairs of legs.
 Body can be divided into head, thorax and abdomen.
 A pair of __________ on its head.
 __________ system for breathing. Crab
 One pair of __________ eyes

ii. Class Crustacea

Characteristics of the classs Crustacea :
 __________ pairs of antennae Daphnia
 __________ compound eyes.
 Head and thorax fused to form __________.
 __________ at the end of abdomen.
 __________ for breathing.
 Outer skeleton hardened with __________. Fig 14: Member of Crustacea
 Parts of body enclosed in __________.

iii. Class Diplopoda

Main characteristics
Fig 15: A millipede
 No poisonous __________.
 The number of legs exceeds eight. Each segment has ___ pairs of leg.
 ___ pair of antennae
 Numerous body segments
 __________ eyes only
Tarantula

iv. Class Arachnida

Main characteristics:
 Head and thorax are joined to form ________________. Tick
 ___ pairs of walking legs are attached to the cephalothoraxes. Velvet water mite

 Gaseous exchange through books lung

Fig 16: Member of class Arachnida
 __________ eyes only.
Scorpion

v. Class Chilopoda
Main features:
 A pair of poisonous stings.
 Many pairs of legs (15 to 20 pairs); a pair of leg for every segment.
 Distinct head with one pair of poison claw. Fig 17: A chilopods, the centipede
 A pair of antennae Hinge Carapace

 Numerous body segments Opisthosoma/

abdomen
vi. Class Merostomata
1. Among the member of this class is the horseshoe crab,
Limulus that lives along North American coasts that faces
the Atlantic Ocean, the coast of southern Japan and the
Telson
coast of South Asian beaches. Eye
2. During mating season, these crabs will come up to the
beach during high tide to mate. Its eggs are deposited in the beach. Fig 18: Dorsal view of a Horseshoe crab, Limulus

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
3. Taxonomic characteristics of class Merostomata :
 Body is protected by __________.
 Head and thorax are fused to form cephalothorax.
 One pair of eyes.
 Have six pairs of __________, of which four pairs of these appendages are legs.
 The last segments of the abdomen are fused into a __________.
 _______________ coelomate

Fig 19: Ventral view of a Horseshoe crab, Limulus

Table: The common orders of insects

Order Example Characteristic
Anoplura Lice Wingless ectoparasites with flattened bodies
Coleoptera Beetles Two pairs of wings (hard forewings- elytra and membranous hindwings),
Dermapetera Earwigs Winged or wingless. Elongate bodies and slender many-jointed antennae and a
pair of large pincers at the rear of the abdomen, large mandible on head
Diptera Flies, 2 pairs of wings with the 2nd pair modified into halters (aids in balancing),
Mosquitoes hairy body
Hemiptera True bugs, Posterior thorax is triangular (scutellum)
leaf hopper
Hymenoptera Bees, wasps 2 pairs of membranous wings, with sting. Narrow waist connects thorax and
abdomen
Isoptera Termites Soft body and short antenna, 2 pairs of membranous wings or wingless. Live in
colonies
Lepidoptera Butterflies, 2 pairs of scaly large wings, siphoning mouthparts coiled under head
moths
Odonata Dragonflies, 2 pairs of long spread out membranous wings
damselflies Dragonflies hold clear wings spread perpendicular to body at rest whereas
Damselflies hold clear wings together over abdomen at rest.
Orthoptera Grasshoppers, 2 pairs of long wings (1 leathery and 1 soft), Very long bodies, Rear legs
crickets, modified for jumping
Siphonaptera Fleas Wingless, laterally compressed, blood sucking ectoparasite, enlarged hind
jumping legs, Very short antenna
Trichoptera Caddis flies 2 pairs of hairy wings, larvae aquatic
Thysonaptera Thrips Two pairs of fringed wings, feed on plant sap
Thysanura Silverfish Flat, long bodies, Long antennae with three, long, tail-like appendages
Plecoptera Stoneflies Aquatic nymphs, aerial adults are short lived. Make drumming sound to find
mates.
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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO

Stink bug (Hemiptera) Bee (Hymenoptera)

Housefly (Diptera) Lice (Anoplura) Termite (Isoptera)

Butterfly (Lepidoptera) Beetle (Coleoptera) Bristle tail (Thysanura) Flea (Siphonaptera) Grasshopper (Orthoptera) Earwig (Dermaptera)

Fig 20: The insect

Table: The differences between the classes in arthropods

Characteristics Insecta Arachnida/ Merostomata Chilopoda/ Diplopoda Crustacea

Habitat Mainly terrestial Terrestial / aquatic Terrestial Mainly aquatic

Body divisions Head, thorax and Prosoma, Head and long Cephalothorax and
abdomen opisthosoma or two main abdomen abdomen
divisions
Antenna One pair No antenna One pair Two pairs
Compound or One pair of simple eyes simple eyes One pair of stalked
simple eyes compound eyes or compound eyes
simple eyes
Mouthparts Three pairs No true mouthparts One pair At least three pairs
Walking legs 3 pairs 4 pairs Many pairs 5 pairs
Abdomens 11 segments 13 segments (fused) Many segments 11 segments

Sex pores End of abdomen Beginning of abdomen Middle of body In thorax

Gut May be coiled Highly specialised Straight Straight

Larval form May have No larval form No larval form Nauplius / other form

Breathing by Trachea Lung, 'gill' or trachea Trachea Gills

Source: Richard, Y.K. STPM Text Biology Term 3. Pelangi

*Info: Example of Orthoptera

Fig 21: Body plan of a female grasshopper

Source: ralphmag.org and mhhe.com

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
Nerve cord The insect nervous system has a pair of ventral nerve cords with several segmented
ganglia
Cerebral ganglion The two nerve cords meet in the head, where the ganglia of several anterior segments
are fused into a cerebral ganglion. The antennae, eyes and other sense organs are
concentrated on the head.
Heart The tubular heart drives hemolymph through an open circulatory system.
Mouth parts The mouthparts are formed from several pairs of modified appendages.
The mouthparts are adapted for particular kinds of eating, for example, for __________
plant material (in grasshoppers); for ________ and ________ prey (praying mantis); for
_______ up fluids (houseflies); or for _________ into and sucking the fluids of plants
(aphids) or animals (mosquitoes).
Tracheal tubes Gas exchange in insects is accomplished by a tracheal system of branched, chitin-lined
tubes that infiltrate the body and carry oxygen directly to cells.
The tracheal system opens to the outside of the body through spiracles, pores that can
control air flow and water loss by opening or closing
Malpighian Metabolic wastes are removed from the hemolymph by malpighian tubules which are
tubules outpocketing of the digestive tract.

H. Phylum Chordata a)
1. There are three subphyla under the phylum Chordata:
a. Subphylum Craniata.
 Back bone is a ____________________;
 brain enclosed in cranium
 All fishes, birds, reptiles and mammals are __________.
b. Subphylum Tunieata.
 Adults: no spinal chord
 Examples of Tunicates are the sea squirts.
c. Subphylum Cephalochordata,
 Notochord is still maintained in an adult.
 ie. Lancelets(Amphioxus).

2. Four exclusive taxonomic characteristics for phylum Chordata are: b)

a. Possessing a __________ in at least one stage of life cycle.
 Notochord is sender, stiff but flexible rod of tightly
packed, vacuolated cells held together within a firm sheath
 Located just below nerve cord and originates from
__________
 Notochord runs along the back in the embryo of all
chordates
 It persists in primitive chordate but in most vertebrates it is
replaced by the vertebral column

b. Dorsal hollow nerve cord with a

central canal.
c. Have __________ / visceral clefts
(gill slits) in at least one stage of
lifecyle. Fig 22: a) A tunicates
d. _____________ tail at some stage b) A lancelets
of life cycle, which may reduced
Fig 23: Basic chordate features
or lost in some adult chordates

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
3. Other characteristics for Chordates are:
a. __________ symmetrical
b. Triploblastic __________
c. Heart located in the __________position of its body.
d. Have __________ circulatory system
e. Blood flows to the front of the body ventrally and to the back of the body dorsally.
f. There are muscle blocks on both sides of its body. The muscles are arranged in segmented blocks
(__________) which allow rapid, versatile movements.
g. __________, sexes are separated

4. Major classes of chordates include :

a. class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish, like Carcharodon ),
b. class Osteichthyes (bony fishes like Tilapia)
c. class Amphibia (Rana and toads),
d. class Reptilia (Naja, crocodiles, lizards and turtles),
e. class Aves (Columba, myna birds, parrot)
f. class Mammalia (animals with fur that nourishes its young with milk from its own body like Rattus).

5. Class Chondrichthyes includes all cartilaginous fishes like sharks and rays.
Main features:
a) Cartilaginous skeleton
b) No swim bladder
c) No operculum; gills with separate _______.
d) Skin with __________ scales
e) Two pairs of fleshy fin.
f) Mouth is in a ventral position. Skate (Raja)

6. Main features of class Osteichthyes:

a) Bony skeleton
b) Swim bladder
c) Gills covered by operculum
d) __________ scales covering body
e) Paired fins supported by bony rays
f) Mouth is terminal

7. Main characteristics of class Amphibia:

a) Soft moist skin with glands. A bony fish
Source:Charlie Lok et al. 2008.
b) External __________
c) Gaseous exchange through skin and lungs in adults: through gills in tadpole.
d) Gill slits are found in tadpoles only.
e) They have four __________ limbs. Longer muscular hind limbs than the forelimbs allow them to leap
well.
f) The tongue is attached to the anterior part of the mouth.
g) External fertilization.

(a) (b) (c) (d)

Fig 24 a) fire salamander, b) african bullfrog, c) alpine newt, d) asian climbing toad
44
F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
8. Taxonomic characteristics of class Reptilia:
a) Dry skin with rough scales or plates.
b) Oviparous or ovoviviparous. Eggs fertilized internally and laid on land
c) Eggs with leathery shell.
d) Gaseous exchange using lungs
e) Paired pentadactyl limbs

Fig 25 a) Leatherback turtle b) Iguana c) Crocodile d) Python

9. Taxonomic characteristics of class Aves:

a) Feathers on its body.
b) __________ on its legs.
c) Has a __________, but is toothless.
d) Fore-limbs developed into wings
e) Paired __________ hind limbs Finch
f) __________
g) Gaseous exchange using lungs.
h) Air sacs found in the bones. Puffin

10. Taxonomic characteristics of class Mammalia:

a) Skin with hairs.
b) Sweat and sebaceous glands in skin.
c) Organisms have __________.
d) __________ separating the thorax and abdomen.
e) Heterodont (many types of teeth).
f) __________ (giving birth to youngs)
g) Young fed on milk.

11. Order Monotremata includes egg laying like platypus and porcupines. Order Marsupiala includes
non-placental, pouched mammals like koala, opossum and kangaroo. Infraclass Eutheria includes placental
mammals.

12. Orders of placental mammals (Euthena) and representatives of each

a. Insectivora: shrews, moles h. Odd-toed ungulates zebra, horse rhinoceros
b. Scaly anteaters i. Even toed ungulates: camels, Elk, giraffe,
c. Edentata: armadillos bison, sheep, hippopotamus
d. Chiroptera: bats j. Cetacea: whales, dolphins, porpoises
e. Rodentia: squirrels, rats mice, beaver k. Sirema: manatee, dugong
f. Lagcmorpha: rabbits and hares l. Proboscidea: elephants
g. Carnivora: lion, cats dogs, skunk, walrus, m. Primates: lemurs. New World monkeys, Old
sea lion World monkeys, great apes, humans

45
F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
Table The differences Classes of Chordates
Class Class Class Class Class Class
Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia
Cartilaginous Bony skeleton Bony skeleton Bony skeleton Bony skeleton Bony
skeleton skeleton with
diaphragm
Skin with placoid Skin with Skin is soft Dry skin with Skin has Skin has hair
scales cycloid scales scales or plates feathers legs and 2 types
have scales of glands

Paired fleshy Paired pectoral 2 pairs Usually have Forelimbs 2 pairs

pectoral and pelvic and pelvic fins pentadactyl pentadactyl form wings; pentadactyl
fins with rays limbs limbs Hindlimbs limbs
pentadactyl
Visceral clefts as Visceral clefts Visceral clefts Visceral clefts Visceral clefts Visceral
gill openings with as gill openings only present in present in present in clefts present
no gill cover with gill cover tadpole, not embryo, no gill embryo, no in embryo,
adult gill no gill
Lateral line well Lateral line well Lateral line No lateral line No lateral line No lateral
developed developed only in tadpole line
stage
With inner ear With inner ear Inner and Inner and Inner and All 3 present
only only middle, no middle, no middle, no with 3
external ear external ear external ear ossicles
No larval stage With larval With larval No larval stage No larval stage No larval
stage stage stage
Eggs externally Eggs externally Eggs Oviparous or Oviparous Viviparous
fertilised fertilised externally ovoviviparous
fertilised
e.g. shark e.g. bony fish e.g. frog e.g. Snake e.g. pigeon e.g. rat
Carcharodon Tilapia Rana Naja Columba Rattus
Source: Richard, Y.K. 2012.

28
F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
*Info:
I. Phylum Echinodermata
1. Examples are: Starfish, sea urchin and sea cucumber.
2. General taxonomic characteristics are:
a) Body of adult is pentaradial symmetrical, and bilateral symmetry in larva stage
b) Its anus is located above the mouth,
Star fish
c) Triploblastic with coelomate
d) Has spiny skin due to the endoskeleton hardened with calcite called ossicles (just under the skin)
e) No metameric segmentation or head .
f) it has tube-like foot.
g) Simple gut
h) It has water vascular system which is a network of fluid-filled tubes that surround the mouth and pass into
the arms.
i) reproduce both asexually (regeneration) and sexually (external fertilisation).
3. The tube feet extend when fluid is pumped into them through water vascular system. At the other end the
tube foot is a suction pump-like structure which adheres to surface. The grip of the tube feet is so strong that
they can pry open shells of bivalves.
4. The water vascular system is used in a number of processes, such as locomotion, respiration and feeding. A
diagram of the water vascular system and the tube feet is shown below.

Figure: Water vascular system in star fish
(only two arm are shown)
The tube feet are on the lower surface of the
echinoderm. Each row of tube feet is connected
to the central ring canal which opens to the
exterior via a short tube with a sieve-like
Madreporite at its end.
Figure: T.S of one arm
The tube feet are connected to a fluid-filled ampulla.
Contraction of the ampulla closes a valve connecting it
to the rest of the system. Thus fluid is forced into the
tube feet and extends them.

There are five major classes of phylum Echinodermata:

Sea lily

29
F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
*Info: Example of endoparasitic platyhelminths such as blood fluke (Schostosoma), Tapeworm (Taenia) and
fluke (Fasciola) which affects human.

1. Fasciola hepatica is a liver fluke that belongs to the class Trematoda of the phylum Platyhelminthes. It is
endoparasitic and lives in the bile ducts of its primary hosts, that are sheep, cattle and sometimes humans.
2. The first larval stage of the fluke, which is the miracidium stage, allows it to attach to the foot of a
secondary host, the freshwater snail.
3. Here its gland secretes protein-digesting enzymes onto the surface of the snail that help it to penetrate the
host's tissues. With the help of muscle cells, it is able to migrate to the digestive glands of its host to begin
the feeding stage, which is the redia stage.
4. In this stage, its muscular pharynx sucks fluids and tissues from the digestive glands of its host for it to grow
and multiply into the cercaria stage.
5. In this stage, it has oral and ventral suckers similar to the adult fluke that allows it to attach on to grass
and be ingested by grazing sheep or cattle. The ingested cercaria releases protein-digesting enzymes for
digesting a hole in its cyst wall to emerge in the sheep's intestine.
6. The young fluke then migrates to the liver of its primary host to feed on liver tissue. The mouth of the fluke
takes in food particles and digests them using its digestive system.
7. In humans who consume the meat of infected sheep or cattle, they also face the risk of becoming a primary
host of the liver fluke. In sheep or cattle, liver rot will result from the fluke and reduce the number of sheep
or cattle reared. The farmers' live stocks will be affected and they will suffer economic losses.

True coelom which is completely lined by tissue derived Pseudocoelom which is not completely lined by
From mesoderm in a segmented worm tissue derived from mesoderm in a roundworm.

No body cavity or acoelom reveals that a body that is

solid except for the cavity of the digestive sac.

Source: Reece, J. B. et al. 2012.

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
Multiple Choice Questions:

1. The taxa Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and Mammalia are of the same (STPM 2008/42)
A. class but of different orders
B. order but of different families
C. kingdom but of different phyla
D. phylum but of different classes

2. Which taxon and example do not correspond? [STPM 2007/44]

A. Phylum : Chordata
B. Class: Mammalia\
C. Order : Hominidae
D. Species : sapiens

3. The table below shows the taxonomic hierarchy from kingdom to genus for three different organisms.
[STPM 2007/48]
Taxonomic hierarchy Examples of organisms

Kingdom Plantae Animalia Animalia

Phylum X Annelida Z
Class Dicotyledoneae Y Mammalia
Order Ranales Terricolae Primates
Family Ranunculacae Lumbricidae Hominidae
Genus Ranunculus Lumbricus Homo

What do X, Y and Z represent?

X Y Z
A. Angiospermophyta Anthozoa Echinodermata
B. Angiospermophyta Oligochaeta Chordata
C. Bryophyta Nematoda Mollusca
D. Coniferophyta Cestoda Cnidaria

4. Which of the following is not true about the taxon of the housefly? [STPM 2004/45]
A. Class:Insecta
B. Genus: Musca
C. Order: Lepidoptera
D. Phylum: Arthropoda

5. Which of the following is the important contribution of Carolus Linnaeus to the field of Taxonomy? [STPM
2001/41]
A. Classifying organisms into seven categories
B. Inventing the phylogenetic classification system
C. Defining the term 'species' accurately .
D. Inventing the binomial nomenclature system

6. Which of the following is the scientific name of a frog which is written as in Linnaeus Binomial System?
[STPM 2000/47]
A. Rana Temporaria
B. Rana temporaria
C. Rana Temporaria
D. Rana temporaria
E. rana temporaria
31
F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
7. Three taxons that are lower than order are [STPM 1999/45]
A. phylum, genus, species
B. class, phylum, genus
C. family, species, genus
D. species, class, family
E. family, class, genus

8. Which of the following statement(s) is/ are true about taxon in taxonomy? [STPM 2000/48]
I. Division is equivalent to phylum.
II. Organisms of the same family belong to the same order.
III. Organisms of the same genus are the species that are closely evolutionary related'.
IV. The species that interbreed is closely evolutionary related compared to the organisms of the same genus.
A. I only
B. III only
C. I and IV
D. II and IV
E. I, II, III, and IV

9. The kingdoms Fungi and Animalia share the following characteristics except [STPM 2009/40]
A. both are eukaryotic organisms
B. both are heterotrophic organisms
C. both store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen
D. both are either unicellular or multicellular organisms

10. Which organism corresponds to its phylum? [STPM 2009/42]

A. Jelly fish - Cnidaria
B. Flatworm - Nematoda
C. Sea cucumber - Mollusca
D. Roundworm – Platyhelminthes

11. The skeleton of vertebrates differs from that of arthropods in terms of [STPM 2008/43]
A. support
B. shedding
C. protection
D. muscle attachment

12. Helianthus and Zea are different from Pinus and Dryopteris because they have [STPM 2007/43]
A. seeds
B. flowers
C. vascular systems
D. dominant sporophytic phases

13. Which phylum is not a group of green plants that have the vascular systems, leaves with cuticle and
unclear gametophytes? [STPM 2007/45]
A. Bryophyta
B. Filicinophyta
C. Coniferophyta
D. Angiospermophyta

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
14. Which of the following are true of kingdom Fungi? [STPM 2006/44]
I. Autotroph
II. Chitinous cell wall
III. Non-motile
IV. Reproduced by means of spores
A. I, II and III
B. I, II and IV
C. I, III and IV
D. II, III and IV

15. Based on the table below, match the phyla of organisms to their characteristics. [STPM 2005/44]
Phylum Characteristic
I. Cnidaria P Body divided into head, muscular foot and visceral mass
II. Arthropoda Q Diploblastic body, polymorphism
III. Mollusca R Segmented legs, chitinous exoskeleton
IV. Nematoda S Body covered with thin and elastic cuticle, pseudocoelom

I II III IV
A P Q S R
B Q R P S
C R S Q P
D S R P Q

16. Which of the following enables the Filicinophyta to live successfully on land? [STPM 2004/46]
I. The presence of root, stem and leaf.
II. The existence of the dominant gamgtophyte generation.
III. The vascular elements consist of tracheid and sieve cells.
IV. The protective, vascular, mechanical, storage and photosynthetic tissue are clearly present.
A. I and II
B. III and IV
C. I, III and IV
D. I, II, III and IV

17. The table below shows four organisms and their specific structures. [STPM 2003/43]

Organism Specific structure

1 Pheretima (a) Setae
II Euglena (b) Radula
III Penoeus (c) Chloroplast
IV Helix (d) Telson

Which of the following is correct for the organisms and their specific structures?

I II III IV
A a c d b
B b a c d
C b d c a
D d a b c

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
18. The following features characterise a group of plants. [STPM 2003/44]
 Rhizoid is unicellular.
 They are ancestors of terrestrial plants.
 Gametophyte stage is dominant.
 Spores are contained within a sporangium.
 Haploid spores germinate into gametophytes.
These plants belong to the phylum
A. Algae
B. Bryophyta
C. Coniferophyta
D. Angiospermophyta

19. The following are the characteristics of an organism. [STPM 2003/46]

 It is triploblastic.
 Reproduction is sexual.
 There is no metameric segmentation.
 Mantle produces shell and forms cavities for gaseous exchange.
 It has a small coelom which is divided into parts around the heart, renals, and reproductive system.

The organism belongs to the phylum

A. Porifera
B. Mollusca
C. Arlhropoda
D. Cnidaria

20. The table below shows four phyla of plants and their examples. [STPM 2003/45]
Phylum Example
1 Bryophyta (a) Pinus
II Filicinophyta (b) Marchantia
III Coniferophyta (c) Dryopteris
IV Angiospermophyta (d) Helianthus

Which of the following is correct for the phyla of plants and their examples?
I II III IV
A a b d c
B b c a d
C c d a b
D d a c b

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
21. The table below shows four plant phyla and their examples. [STPM 2002/40]
Phylum Example
1 Fungi (a) Helianthus
II Bryophyta (b) Dryopteris
III Filicinophyta (c) Marchantia
IV Angiospermophyta (d) Mucor

Which of the following is the correct match for the above four phyla and their examples?
I II III IV
A a b c d
B d c b a
C c d a b
D d a b c

22. Which of these pairs are homologous structures of Angiospermophyta and Filicinophyta plants? [STPM
2002/44]
Angiospermophyta Filicinophyta
A Ovule Female gametophyte
B Pollen Male gametophyte
C Ovary Megasporangium
D Anther Microsporangium

23. Taxonomists took out Mucor from the kingdom Plantae and put it under the kingdom Fungi because
[STPM 2001/42]
Mucor is mycelia
Mucor is heterotrophic
Mucor reproduces by means of spores production
Mucor does not produce flowers, seeds or fruits

24. Which of the following is the plant organ that can be used to classify plants into subclass of
monocotyledonae and dicotyledonae?
I. Leaves
II. Flowers
III. Stems
IV. Roots

A. I and IV
B. II and III
C. I, III and IV
D. II, III and IV
E. I, II, III and IV

35
F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
Structure Questions:
1. Figure 1 shows the structure of an arthropod. It has the chitinous exoskeleton which is characteristic of all
arthropods.

Figure 1

a. State two other features, visible in the drawing, which are characteristic of arthropods. [2]

b. State the class of arthropod to which the example shown in Fig. 1 belongs, with three diagnostic features
of the class that are visible in the figure. [3]

c. State the name of one structure, visible in Fig. 1, that is used for gaseous exchange. [1]

d. State the names of two structures, visible in Fig. 1, that are used for sensing of external stimuli. [2]

Q2:
a. Explain the meaning of the term triploblastic acoelomates with reference to platyhelminths. [3]
b. Describe the external and internal features that you could use to distinguish between an
annelid and a platyhelminth. [7]
c. Describe how a named endoparasitic platyhelminth feeds and dis cuss the possible implications
of this for humans. [9]

Q3. Figure 2 shows a longitudinal section through the cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. The enlargement
shows the cells in the body wall.

a. Name the parts A to D. [2]

b. State one feature, visible in the
diagrams, that is a diagnostic
feature of cnidarians. [1]
A c. Describe how cnidarians
i. obtain their food; [3]
ii. digest and absorb their food.
[4]
d. When hydra is not capturing
food, cells around the mouth
region join together, closing the
mouth.
Suggest the functional
Figure 2 significance of this action. [2]

36
F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
Q4. In the table below, there are five phyla of animals. Give an example of organism in its scientific name for
each phyla. State the structure , which is exclusively found in each phyla.
Phyla Scientific name Exclusive structure

Platyhelminthes

Cnidaria

Arthropoda

Mollusca

Chordata

Q5. The figure shows the organisms from Kingdom Fungi

Rhizopus Agaricus

a. Label structure A, B and C [3M]

b. List three unique characteristics of Fungi. [3M]

c. State two importances of fungi. [2M]

Q6. The figure shows organisms that belong to different phyla.

a. Name the phylum for Organism A and Organism B. [2M]

b. Organism A is a dimorphic organism. State two types of body forms that can be found in organism A. [2M]

c. Complete the table below:

Aspect Organism A Organism B

Level of organisation
Body symmetry
Germ layers

37
F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
Q7. The diagram below shows an example of each from two phylum under kingdom Animalia.

a. Define taxonomy [1M]

b. Give one importance of taxonomy [1M]
c. Name the phylum and give one identifying morphological characteristic for each phylum. [4M]
Phylum X: _________________________________________________________________________
Characteristic: ______________________________________________________________________
Phylum Y: _________________________________________________________________________
Characteristic: ______________________________________________________________________

d. In the kingdom Plantae, Coniferophyta are evolutionarily ranked higher than Filicinophyta. Give two
morphological evidence to support the above statement. [2M]
Coniferophyta Filicinophyta

Q8. Diagram below shows the life cycle of Dryopteris.

a. Name the parts labelled P. Q, R. S, T and U. [3M]

b. In the life cycle shown, which generation is considered the dominant generation? Why? [2M]

c. Which generation is considered the phase of sexual reproduction? Why? [2M]

d. State the differences in terms of living dependency between the sporophyte of Bryophyta and Filicinophyta.
[3M]

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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
Essay:
1. Describe the unique characteristic in Chordata [15M]
a. ___________________ slits
 The ______ which opens to the outside of the animal through several slits.
 The slits and the structure that support them are modified for __________________, jaw
support, hearing and other functions during vertebrate evolution.
 In terrestrial vertebrates, the pharyngeal slits usually disappear before birth or hatching.
b. Dorsal hollow ____________
 Develops from the ____________ plate and rolls into a tube and is located along the dorsal
midline, to the ______.
 Develops into __________________.
c. ________ circulatory system
 Have a ventral heart (2-4 chambers).
 Closed blood vessel system of __________, __________ and __________.
 Blood fluid contains red blood cells with haemoglobin and white blood cells.
d. Post-anal _______
 Tail extends posterior to the anus.
 A post-anal tail occurs in all chordates, at least in the embryo.
 The post-anal tail and pharyngeal slits in the embryo of humans and other terrestrial vertebrates are
assumed as the effects of our __________ from aquatic vertebrates with tails.
e. Myotomes
 Bands of __________ muscles that are common in vertebrates and some invertebrate chordates.
 Muscle are attached to the skeleton to provide __________.

2. Describe the characteristics of Mollusca. [10M]

 Soft, moist muscular body supported by the ____________ skeleton.
Some protect their body with a shell made of __________________.
 The body has three main parts: ____________, ____________ and ____________.
The visceral mass contains most of the ____________.
The ______ is a fold of tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and secretes a shell.
The muscular foot is usually used for ____________.
 Have ______ circulatory systems.
 ____________ as excretory organs that help remove metabolic waste from the haemolymph.
 Use ____________ to scrape up food.
 Separate sexes: ovaries or testes are located in the visceral mass.
 Gastropod: have torsion-protection for delicate head and foot by pulling them into the mantle cavity.

3. Describe the characteristics that make the arthropods a successful group. [10M]
a. Hardened exoskeleton as it is composed of __________.
Function for protection, attachment for muscles, locomotion, prevent water loss (desiccation).
b. Segmentation
Each segment bears a pair of __________.
The segments are often fused into body regions called _________ (head, thorax and abdomen) and
_______________ (head and thorax).
This allows specialisation of body part for specific function such as feeding, locomotion, sensory
perception and visceral functions.
c. Jointed appendages
Allow the animals to move away from adverse conditions, thus allowing greater chance of survival and
adaptation.
Can be specialised for walking, swimming, reproducing and defense.
d. Variety of respiratory structures for gaseous exchange
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F6 Biology Sem 3 Chapter 14 Taxonomy and Biodiversity WTKHOO
Most aquatic species have __________ whereas the terrestrial species have the __________system.
e. Metamorphosis
Change in _____ and __________ that occurs as an immature stage called larva becomes an adult
Each stage needs different food and lives in different environment that can reduce __________
and allow more members of a species to exist at one time.

4. Compare and contrast between angiosperms and gymnosperms. [10M]

Both are _________ seed plants.
Both are adapted for the _________ habitat.
The _________ generation is dominant and the gametophyte is more reduced in size and dependent on the
sporophyte.
Both are heterosporous.
Both replace swimming with _________ as the mechanism for delivering sperm to egg.
Differences between angiosperms and gymnosperms
Angiosperms Gymnosperms
Ovules are enclosed in ______. Ovules are exposed.
Seeds are enclosed in ______. Seeds are exposed.
Flowering plants. Non-flowering plants.
Phloem is composed of _________and Phloem is composed of _________only (have no
____________. companion cells).
Xylem is composed of _______________ Xylem is composed of _______________only.
and _________.
_________fertilisation occurs. Double fertilisation does not occur.
Pollination agent can be varied. Pollination agent is ______.

5. Describe the classification of Fungi into three major phyla with examples. [10M]
a. ____________
____________ hyphae
Sexual reproduction by zygospores
e.g. ____________
b. ____________
____________ hyphae
Sexual reproduction by ascospores
e.g. ____________
c. ____________
____________ hyphae
Sexual reproduction by basidiospores
e.g. ____________

40