A SEMINAR REPORT ON

POWER QUALITY MONITORING

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 Contents
1) INTRODUCTION TO POWER QUALITY
2) CAUSES OF POOR POWER QUALITY
3) IMPACT OF POOR POWER QUALITY
4) SYMPTOMS OF POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS
5) TYPICAL POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS & THEIR SOURCES
6) Two modern power quality issues – Harmonics & Grounding
7) Grounding
8) Wiring
9) Lightning
10) Techniques to mitigate power quality problems
11)Sources of PQ Problems
12) POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES
13) CAUSES OF DISTURBANCES IN POWER SYSTEMS
14) SOURCES RESPONSIBLE FOR POOR POWER QUALITY
15) CONSEQUENCES OF POOR POWER QUALITY
16) POWER QUALITY MONITORING STANDARADS
17) Conclusion

4
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 ABSTRACT

The power quality is a term used to broadly encompass the entire scope of interaction among
electrical suppliers, the environment, the system and products energized, and the uses of those
systems and products. It is more than the delivery of “clean” electric power that compile with
industry standards. It involves the maintainability of that power, the design, the selection, and
the installation every piece of hardware and software in the electrical energy system.
Stretching from the generation plant to the utility customer, power quality is a measure of
how the elements affect system as a whole.

This paper presents an overview of electric power quality with special emphasis on power
quality problems, its adverse impacts on utilities and customers and the mitigation techniques.
The wide spread usage of power electronic loads aimed at enhancement of energy efficiency
and productivity has resulted in serious power quality problems such as voltage distortion due
to current harmonics, flicker, voltage sag, voltage surges etc., which call for assessment and
solution techniques. Here, we also discuss about two major power quality issues –grounding
and harmonics and some power system components, which correct the harmonics problems.
This paper broadly describes the above features along with the means for improvement of
power quality.

5
1) INTRODUCTION TO POWER QUALITY

The term ‘power quality’ means different things to different people. One definition is the
relative frequency and severity of deviations in the incoming power supplied to electrical
equipment from the customary, steady, 50Hz sinusoidal waveform of voltage or current.
These deviations may affect the safe or reliable operation of equipment such as computers and
electronic instruments. It also refers to the delivery of high grade of electric service
maintaining a sinusoidal load, bus voltage and current at stipulated magnitude and frequency.

As we connect electronic devices to our power system, the “quality” after power is more
important. Quality can be defined in many ways. Stable voltages and undistorted
waveforms are two characteristics, which are very desirable in power systems. Thus
while not having a strict basis of measurement, terms like” Poor Power Quality”
generally mean there is sufficient deviation from norms in the power supply to cause
equipment mis-operation or pre-mature failure.

2) CAUSES OF POOR POWER QUALITY

The causes of poor quality can be attributed to :
 Variations in voltage, magnitude and frequency
 Variations in magnitude can be due to sudden rise or fall of load, outages, repetitive
varying loading pattern in rolling mills, power electronic converters, lightning etc.
 Variations in frequency can rise of out of system dynamics or harmonics injection.

6
Consequently the voltage or current waveforms of a power system ceases to be purely
sinusoidal in nature but consist of harmonics and other noises.

3) IMPACT OF POOR POWER QUALITY:

The effect of these aforesaid poor power quality problems has serious implication on the
utilities and customers. Utility side impacts higher losses in transformers, cables etc. In
conductors the neutral wires can burn due to the presence of third harmonics generated by
non-linear loads. The power factor correction capacitors may puncture due to resonant
conditions at resonant frequencies near lower order harmonics. The energy-meters, which are
calibrated to operate under pure sinusoidal conditions, may give erroneous readings. The
solid-state protective relays can maloperate due to poor power quality. There can be increased
losses in cables, transformers and conductors.
The customer side of the power network also experience adverse effects of poor power
quality. The automatic processes employing adjustable speed drives may shut down because
of nuisance tripping due to even short voltage sags.. The induction synchronous motors can
have increased copper and core loses, pulsating torques and overheating with derating effect.

The non-sinusoidal power supply thus reduces torque and efficiency of the motors. The
computers and telecommunication equipment encounter loss of data and maloperation due to
poor power supply quality. The domestic electronic gadgets such as digital clocks, VCRs and
TVs are also affected by voltage distortions.

4) SYMPTOMS OF POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS

 Electronic controlled systems that stop unexpectedly.
 Many systems reboots required.
 Abnormal failure rate of electronic systems.
 Transformers over heating.
 Motors failing.
 PF capacitors failing.
 Test results unreliable.

5) TYPICAL POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS & THEIR SOURCES

7
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1. Sags: A reduction in r.m.s voltage or current at the power frequency for duration of 0.5
cycles to 1 minute. Also called voltage dip. Events below the equipment: ride through
capability cause load dropout. Voltage sags are originated in lighting strikes, short circuits
and sudden overloads.

Sags are under voltages on the power system and commonly caused by power failures, down
lines, utility recloser operations and storms. They can be corrected by using backup power
source such as UPSs, generators or similar voltage restoration technologies.

2. Surges: Voltage variations are another common source of problems to home computers
and other sensitive electronic equipment. Voltage variations can be positive (higher than
normal) or negative (lower).

Positive voltage variations can be even more troubling than negative ones. If powerful enough
they can destroy components in sensitive electronic equipment. Lighting striking power lines
is a frequent cause, as is load switching (re-routing power around the grid), by utility. Voltage
surges can also be caused by equipment in our home Refrigerator motors, air conditioners,
vacuum cleaners and other electrical loads can generate voltage surges and electrical noise.

8
 Voltage Sag Voltage Swell
3. Transients: The main difficulty with transients is in detection, since they manifest only as
a short duration change in voltage. The switching on and off of the electric motors that
power air conditioners, power tools, furnace ignitions, electrostatic copiers, arc welders
and elevators causes low energy swells. Lighting usually causes larger swells. Electrical
noise is another, milder transient power irregularity that often manifests as a computer
glitch rather than an equipment failure. Essentially, electrical noise is created when one
piece of equipment interacts negative with another, or with building grounding or
wiring. Loose connections or the equipment itself can be responsible for noise. Known
noise-generating equipment includes everything from computers, radios and fluorescent
lights to fax machines, welders and light sockets.

4. Voltage Fluctuations: Flickering lights can be an indication of voltage fluctuations in your

building’s or facilities electrical system. Left unchecked, high and low-voltage conditions can
result in equipment damage, data loss and erroneous readings on monitoring systems.
Overloaded power circuits are typically the cause behind under voltage conditions. Heavily
loaded motors such as air conditioners can result in intermittent low voltages. Less common
but more damaging, facilities with rapidly varying loads can cause over voltage conditions.

6) Two modern power quality issues – Harmonics & Grounding

Voltage Surge Harmonic Penetration
Harmonics: A sinusoidal component of a periodic wave of quality having a frequency that is
an integral multiple of the fundamental frequency. It is a mathematical model, which is used
to analyse distorted waveforms and the current drawn by computers, electronic ballasts;
variable frequency drives and other equipment, which have modern “transformer-less” power
supplies.

The dynamic power system loads produce a time varying amplitude in current waveforms
depending on the load characteristics which consists of the fundamental and harmonics
components. These harmonic components distort the voltage or current waveforms thereby

9
 deteriorating the power quality. The non-linear loads such as inverter fed adjustable speed
drives. UPS (uninterrupted power supply system), rectifiers and furnaces, cyclo-converters
etc., which form the major chunk of industrial loads, contribute to the severe fluctuations in
power quality

The industrial load also consist of large percentage of power factor improvement capacitors
which often create resonance conditions at particular harmonic frequencies generated by non-
linear loads fed from the load bus, producing high oscillating currents at resonant frequency
and there by induces harmonic voltages distorting the pure sinusoidal voltage waveform..

For assessing power quality it is important to know the total harmonic distortion i.e. the
voltage and current distortion factors

V THD = Σ VK & I THD = Σ IK

V1 I1

Vk = Voltage of Kth harmonic, Ik = Current of Kth harmonic

Where V1 and I1 are the r.m.s values of fundamental components of voltage and current
waveforms. The power quality deteriorates if the source has significant impedance causing the
distortion of voltage of the load bus supplying combination of linear and non-linear loads.

Harmonics problems often can be corrected by filtering or resizing power system components
like:

 Harmonic Filters
Filters are sometimes most cost effective in an existing structure where rewiring is
difficult or costly. The filters are used to block or trap the offending currents,
lessening the harmonic loads on the wiring. But the filter design is dependent on the
equipment on which it is installed, and may be ineffective if the particular piece of
equipment is changed. Filtering characteristics need to be carefully designed for a
given installation, and seeking professional design advice is recommended. Filters are
also fairly expensive on a per-kVA basis.

 Shielded Isolation Transformers

Shielded isolation transformers are filtering devices that lessen feed-through of
harmonic frequencies from the source or the load. They are a plausible retrofit

10
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 technique where power problems have already been encountered, but are also quite
expensive per-kVA.

 K-Rated Transformers
K-rated transformers have beefed-up conductors and sometimes cooling to safely
handle harmonic loads. Alternatively, standard transformers are sometimes de-rated to
allow for the extra heating due to harmonics. Depending on the conditions
encountered, a load limit of as little as 50% of the nameplate rating is observed. This
may be adequate to handle harmonics, but lowers effective transformer efficiency. A
careful comparison of the relative costs of K-rated vs. de-rated standard transformers
should be made.

 Harmonic-Rated Circuit Breakers and Panels Overheating due to harmonics is the

danger here, and beefed-up components used in these elements offer protection.
Neutral buses should be rated for double the phase current.

7) Grounding:
The primary purpose of grounding electrical systems is to protect personnel and property if a
fault (short circuit) were to occur.

Grounding conductors connect all of the non-current carrying parts of the electrical system, or
any metallic parts in the vicinity of the electrical system together. This part includes conduits,
enclosures, supports and other metallic objects. This grounding system has two purposes:

1. Safety. The grounding conductor system provides a low impedance path for fault
currents to flow. This allows the full current to be detected by over current protective
devices (fuses and circuit breakers), safely clearing the fault quickly.
2. Power quality. The grounding system allows all equipment to have the same
reference voltage. This helps the facility electronic equipments operation and helps
prevent the flowing of objectionable currents on communication lines, seals and other
connections.

8) Wiring:

Generally, wiring and grounding problems come in the form of intermittent network failures,
buzzing sounds (corona effect), scorched insulation, intermittent voltages at equipment, and

11
burned panel or junction boxes. The table below illustrates some of the new wiring practices
recommended to achieve a high level of power quality. Many of the "before" practices are
still reflected in building codes today.

Receptacle Before: 13 Recommended: 3 to 6

Outlets per
20 Amp Circuit
Neutrals Before: Full size or downsized
neutral (on 3-phase systems)
Before: One neutral shared among
equipment (on 1-phase branch)
Phase Before: Standard phase conductor
Conductors sizing per code
Circuits Before: Can shared among many
outlets and uses
Grounding Before: Can use metal conduit as
grounding conductor
Before: Downsized grounding
conductor
Before: (Commercial/Industrial)
Must use metal water pipe and a
concrete-encased electrode (if
available)
Before: Use a second ground rod if
first is over 25 ohms (no resistance
measurement required)
Before: Access floor for
equipotential grid in computer
mainframe room
Before: No lightning or surge
protection
Courtesy: Copper org.
Recommended: Use double size
neutral (CBEMA) or larger
Recommended: Separate neutrals
or upsized neutral back to panel
Recommended: Use upsized phase
conductors to minimize heating for
harmonics
Recommended: Use separate
circuits for harmonic-sensitive
loads
Recommended: Use separate
insulated wire as grounding
conductor
Recommended: Use full size or
over size grounding conductor
Recommended: Use a copper
ground ring and multiple
interconnected ground rods
Recommended: Use multiple rods
or ring and measure to ensure very
low resistance to ground
Recommended: Use copper system
for equipotential grid
Recommended: Use lightning and
surge protection

9) Lightning:

Lightning Protection Systems

In simple terms, if part of the "path of least resistance" to ground the lightning sees is through
your wiring or equipment that is where it will flow. Lightning produces very high currents,
for a short time interval, but enough to cause fires or to destroy microcircuits even miles
away. The idea of air terminals, or lightning rods as commonly known, goes back to
Benjamin Franklin. The purpose is to provide a convenient, controlled point for lightning to

12
strike, and then be safely conducted to ground. To provide the least resistive path, heavy-gage
copper wire should be employed in the leaders and down conductors.

Grounding of Lightning Systems

The down conductors tie directly to the ring ground described above, or other grounding
electrode system, along with all building steel and electric service grounds. Use heavy-gage
copper conductors to minimize impedance.

10) Techniques to mitigate power quality problems:

The increasing application of sensitive loads in the power networks has necessitated the need
to mitigate the serious power quality problems. The compensation techniques can be broadly
classified into two main categories viz.: passive and active techniques.

 Passive techniques: these techniques employ following devices:

 Passive shunt L-C Filters
 Power Factor Correction Capacitors.
 Active techniques: these techniques employ the following devices:
 PWM (VSI/CSI ) Active Filters.

Thus, finally the following steps may prevent most of the power quality problems from
occurring:

 Use double-size neutral conductors or separate neutrals for each phase.

 Specify a separate, insulated full-size grounding conductor, rather than relying on the
conduit alone.

 Use an isolated grounding conductor for sensitive equipment.

 Segregate sensitive loads on separate branch circuits, fed from a separate panelboard,
fed from separate feeders (and even separate transformers if possible).

 Run a separate branch circuit for every 4 to 6 duplex outlets.

 Use an outside copper ground ring and multiple ground rods as part of the grounding
electrode to achieve lowest practical resistance to ground. Measure ground resistance.

13
 Use harmonic-rated circuit breakers, panelboards, and transformers.

 Use surge and lightning protection.

 Oversize phase conductors to minimize voltage drop. (This will save energy too, and
may even pay for itself through lower I2R losses.)

 Choose materials based on superior connect ability. Poor quality connections are a
major consideration. This is where all-copper wiring excels over other materials.

11) Sources of PQ Problems

Internal Sources

• Individual Loads –Lighting, Elevators, Coolers, HVAC

14
 • Uninterruptible Power Supplies
• Variable Frequency Drives
• Battery Chargers
• Large Motors During Startup
• Electronic Dimming Systems
• Lighting Ballasts (esp. Electronic)
• Arc Welders, and Other Arc Devices
• Medical Equipment, e.g. MRIs and X-Ray Machines
• Office Equipment and Computers
• Wiring

Utility Sources

• Lightning
• PF Correction Equipment
• Faults
• Switching

12) POWER QUALITY DISTURBANCES:

Power quality is the set of parameters defining the properties of power supply delivered to the
users in normal operating conditions in terms of continuity of supply and characteristics such
as harmonic content in the waveform, variations in voltage (magnitude, frequency, and
symmetry), transient disturbances and flicker etc.
Power Quality can be defined as the measure, analysis, and improvement of the bus voltage to
maintain a sinusoidal waveform at rated voltage and frequency. Ideally the power signal
waveforms supplied by the utility are not clean 50 Hz sine wave as specified by the national
standards or system specifications. It can generally deviate at least in the following ways.
• A voltage dip is a reduction in the RMS voltage in the range of 0.1 to 0.9 pu (retained)
for duration greater than half a mains cycle and less than 1 minute. Often referred to as
‘sag’ caused by faults, increased load demand and transitional events such as large
motor starting.

15
 • A voltage swell is an increase in the RMS voltage of 1.1 to 1.8 pu for a duration
greater than half a mains cycle and less than 1 minute caused by system faults, loads
switching and capacitor switching.
• A transient is an undesirable momentary duration of the supply voltage or load current
transients, which are generally classified in two categories: Impulsive and Oscillatory.
• Harmonics are periodic sinusoidal distortions of the supply voltage or load current
caused by nonlinear loads. Harmonics are measured in integer multiples of the
fundamental supply frequency.
• Distorted voltage or current waveforms containing periodic distortions of a sinusoidal
nature that are not integer multiples of the fundamental supply frequency are termed
as inter-harmonics.
• Flicker is a term used to describe the visual effect of small voltage variations on
electrical lightning equipment. The frequency range of disturbances affecting lightning
appliances, which are detectable by the human eye, is 1-30HZ.
• Voltage imbalance is defined as a deviation in the magnitude and/or phase of one or
more of the phases of a three-phase supply, with respect to the magnitude of the other
phases and the normal phase angle (120 deg).
• Frequency deviation is a variation in frequency from the nominal supply frequency
above/below a predetermined level normally plus or minus 1%.
• A transient interruption is defined as a reduction in the supply voltage, or load current,
to a level less than 0.1pu for a time of not more than 1minute. Interruption can be
caused by system faults, system equipment failures or control and protection
malfunctions.
• An outage is defined as interruption that has duration lasting in excess of 1 minute.

13) CAUSES OF DISTURBANCES IN POWER SYSTEMS:

Due to the power system impedance, any current (or voltage) harmonic will result in the
generation and propagation of voltage (or current) harmonic and effects the entire power
system. Fig.1.1 illustrates the impact of current harmonics generated by a nonlinear load on a
typical power system with linear loads.

14) SOURCES RESPONSIBLE FOR POOR POWER QUALITY:

POWER ELECTRONIC DEVICES:

16
The non-linear loads such as adjustable speed drives, electronic ballasts for fluorescent lamps,
and power supplies for welding machines have become sources of poor power quality. Often
the nonlinearity of the load results in the generation of harmonics that cause overheating of
electrical equipment and distort the voltage wave.
IT AND OFFICE EQUIPMENT:
IT equipment power supplies consist of a switched mode power supply (SMPS) and are the
cause of a significant increase in the level of 3 , 5 and 7 harmonics voltage distortion in
rd th th

recent years.
ARCING DEVICES:
Electric arc furnaces, arc welders and electric discharge lamps are all forms of electric arcing
devices. All arcing devices are sources of harmonic distortion. Arc welders commonly cause
transients in the local network due to the intermittent switching and therefore some electronic
equipment may require protection from the impulsive spikes generated.
LOAD SWITCHING:
The effect of heavy load switching on the local network is a fairly common problem causing
transients to propagate through to other ‘electrically close’ equipments.
LARGE MOTOR STARTING:
In starting mode of operation, induction machines draw current which can be as high as six
times the normal rated current which has the effect of causing voltage dip on the local
network.
EMBEDDED GENERATION:
Increased levels of embedded generation predicted in the future are likely to have an effect of
poor power quality. An increased level of embedded generation will lead to increased fault
current level in the feeders. This increased fault level is one of the major concerns while
considering embedded generation issues.
SENSITIVE EQUIPMENT:
If it were not for the use of increasing levels of sophisticated equipment which tends to be
more sensitive, power quality would not have become such an issue in recent years.
STORM AND ENVIRONMENTAL RELATED DAMAGE:
Lightning strikes are a cause of transient over-voltages often leading to faults on the electric
supply networks. High winds and storm conditions cause widespread disruption to the supply
networks. Snow and ice building up have a severe effect on the reliability of overhead lines.

METHODOLOGY:

17
In the present study, graphical programming of LabVIEW software has been utilized to
develop power quality analyzer and also to monitor power quality disturbances (like voltage
sag, swell, interruption, frequency variation etc.) using ADVANTECH DAQ Card (inserted in
PC).Use of virtual instrumentation for the measurement and monitoring power system
improves the performance and reliability of the system. Virtual instrumentation saves extra
cost, time and energy that are incurred while setting up traditional instrumentation system. It
is a latest form of modern measurement/monitoring technology where all types of
measurements are done on front panels created on PC screen.
In real situations data can be collected with the help of data acquisition technique and given to
PC through specific interfacing device. Then this raw data can be processed or analyzed by
using VI software, LabVIEW. The VI software is powerful, and can acquire, analyze and
present any signal efficiently and hence this can be very helpful for devising methods to avoid
their harmful effects.

15) CONSEQUENCES OF POOR POWER QUALITY:

Poor electric power quality has many harmful effects on power system devices and end users.
Even if failures do not occur, poor power quality and harmonics increase losses and decrease
the lifetime of power system components and end users devices. Some of the main
detrimental effects of poor power quality include the following.
• Harmonics add to the rms and peak values of the waveform. This means equipment
could receive a damagingly high peak voltage and may be susceptible to failure.

• There are adverse effects from heating, noise, and reduced life on capacitors, surge
suppressors, rotating machines, cables and transformers, fuses and customer
equipments as well as malfunction of controllers and protective devices such as fuses
and relays.

• Additional losses of transmission lines, cables, generators, AC motors and

transformers may occur due to harmonics.

• Failure of power system components and customer loads may occur due to
unpredicted disturbances such as voltage and / or current magnifications due to
parallel resonance and Ferro-resonance.

18
 • Utility companies are particularly concerned that distribution transformers may need
to be derated to avoid permanent failure due to overheating (caused by harmonics).

• Inter harmonics may occur which can perturb ripple control signals and cause flicker
at sub-harmonic levels.

• Harmonic instability may be caused by large and unpredicted harmonic sources such
as arc furnaces.

• Harmonic, sub-harmonic, and inter-harmonic torques may arise.

POWER QUALITY MEASUREMENT TOOLS:

Power quality monitoring is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting raw
measurement data into useful information. The process of gathering data is usually carried out
by continuous measurement of voltage, current and frequency over an extended period.
Obviously, we would like to monitor locations at virtually all locations throughout the system
to completely understand the overall power quality. However, such monitoring may be
prohibitively expensive. Fortunately, taking measurements from all possible locations is
usually not necessary since measurements taken from strategic locations can be used to
determine characteristic of the overall system.
16) POWER QUALITY MONITORING STANDARADS:
Standards are very important in the area of power quality monitoring. Power quality levels
must be defined consistently and characterized using the same methods if they are going to be
compared from one site to another and from one system to another .IEEE 1159 is the IEEE
working group that coordinates the development of power quality monitoring standards. The
existing IEEE 1159 provides general guidelines and definitions for monitoring power quality
much of this work is coordinated with IEC activities so that the monitoring requirements can
be more consistent internationally. This section describes the most important IEEE and IEC
standards. IEEE 1159 guide for power quality monitoring:
After publication of the basic monitoring guidelines, working groups were established for
development of more advanced guides for power quality monitoring.
The IEEE 1159.1 working group is developing guidelines for instrumentation requirements
associated with different types of power quality phenomena like sampling rate requirements,
synchronization, A/D sampling accuracy, and number of cycles and sample.

19
The IEEE 1159.2 working group is developing guidelines for characterizing different power
quality phenomena. Single task force is being coordinated with the development of an
international standard for characterizing power quality variations with monitoring equipment-
IEC 61000-4-30.
The IEEE 1159.3 working group is defined an interchange format that can be used to
exchange power quality monitoring information between different applications.

Table 1.1 Suggested Monitoring Thresholds from IEEE 1159

OBJECTIVES OF THIS DISSERTATION:
Objective of this dissertation is
1) First objective is to develop a single indicator, designated power quality factor (PQF), in
the range between zero to one, which integrally reflects the power transfer quality of a general
three-phase network feeding unbalanced nonlinear loads. PQF varies between 0 to 1. For a
balanced loaded network, with sinusoidal currents and voltages and zero phase displacements
yield an ideal PQF 1. A low value of PQF indicates a low degree of utilization of the power
capacity of the source and/or a high level of harmonic and/or a high degree of unbalance
between the phases.

Power-quality Factor
Power quality, like quality in other goods and services, is difficult to quantify. There is no
single accepted definition of “quality power”. There are standards for voltage and other
technical criteria that may be measured, but the ultimate measure of power quality is
determined by the performance and productivity of end-user equipment. If the electric power
is inadequate for those needs, then the “quality” is lacking. While the common term for
describing the subject of this chapter is power quality, it is actually the quality of the voltage
that is being addressed in most cases. Technically, in engineering terms, power is the rate of
delivery or energy and is proportional to the product of the voltage and current. It would be
difficult to define the quality of this quantity in any meaningful manner. The power supply
system can only control the quality of the voltage; it has no control over the currents that
particular loads might draw. Therefore, the standards in the power quality area are devoted to
maintaining the voltage within certain limits. Alternating-current power systems are designed
to operate at a sinusoidal voltage of a given frequency (typically 50 or 60 Hz) and magnitude.
Any significant deviation in the magnitude, frequency, or purity of waveform is a potential
power-quality problem. Of course, there is always a close relationship between voltage and

20
current in any practical power system. Although the generators may provide a near-perfect
sine-wave voltage, the current passing through the impedance of the system can cause a
variety of disturbances to the voltage. For example, the current resulting from short-circuit
causes the voltage to sag, or disappear completely, as the case may be. Distorted currents
from harmonic-producing loads also distort the voltage as they pass through the system
impedance. Thus a distorted voltage is presented to other end-users. Therefore, while it is the
voltage with which we are ultimately concerned, in some situations we must address
phenomena in the current to understand the bases of many power-quality problems.

21
22
23
12) CONCLUSION:

The wide spread applications of non-linear power electronics loads nave brought but
degradation of power quality in the electric network. This paper has focused broadly on the
power quality issues, the implications on the utilities and customers in the power system. At
the same time, the paper has discussed in brief the assessment of power quality. The effective
means of compensation through various techniques have also been highlighted.

24
REFERENCES:

1. Power quality and Harmonics: JOHN H. WAGGONER.

2. Inside PQ: MAX McGRANAGHAN.
3. Grounding and lightening protection: ROBISON, M.D.
4. Electric Power Quality: problems and means to improve them: S.MOHANTY,
B.R.MISHRA, Dr. D.S. CHAUHAN.

25
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