A B BC calculus

a definitive sheet
by chad valencia, ucla mathematics major a
B
trig in a nutshell
c
sin x =a/c= opposite/hypotenuse
cos x = b/c = adjacent/hypotenuse
sec x = c/b = hypotenuse/adjacent
personal notes

version 2.0.2000, rev 1 x csc x = c/a = hypotenuse/opposite

C b A
tan x = a/b = sin x/cos x = opposite/adjacent

AB
cot x = b/a = cos x/sin x = adjacent/opposite
y
Sample Function f(x) Range:
( - ¥, k ] Odd/Even Identities Double Angle Identities
absolute maximum -¥ < y £ k sin (- x) = - sin x sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
k cos (- x) = cos x cos 2x = cos ² x - sin ² x
tan (- x) = - tan x cos ² x = 1+ cos 2x
3 step test for continuity: cot (- x) = - cot x 2
1. f(c) exists relative maximum
sec (- x) = sec x sin ² x = 1- cos 2x
2. lim exists f '(x)=0
x->c csc (- x) = - csc x 2
3. lim = f(c)
x->c inflection point
f ''(x)=0
sin ² x + cos ² x = 1 cos (a+b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin b
relative minimum 1 + tan ² x = sec ² x sin (a+b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b
f '(x)=0 1 + cot ² x = csc ² x cos (a - b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b
sin (a - b) = sin a cos b - cos a sin b
a b c d e x
zero
f (x)=0 log x = log10x
Domain: logs in a nutshell x
logex = ln x
( - ¥, e ] f (x) = a
ln (xy) = ln x + ln y
-¥ < x £ e 1 f (x) = log a x ln (x/y) = lnx - lny
1 ln x = n ln x
+ - + - + ln e = e ln x = x
f '(x) f ''(x)
b d e c e ln 1 = 0 ln e = 1
b n
if: a b = x lim (1+ 1n
Area = òaf (x) dx log a x = b n ®¥
)= e
derivatives trig derivatives
definition of the derivative: Standard Trig Inverse Trig

f ' (x) = lim f (x + h) - f (x) (d/dx)(csc u) = - csc u cot u

(d/dx)(sec u) = sec u tan u
d
dx sin
-1
1 du
u = 1 - u² dx
h -> 0 h (d/dx)(cot u) = - csc ² u d -1 1
tan u = 1 + u² du
(d/dx)(tan u) = sec ² u dx dx
(d/dx)(cos u) = - sin u 1
d -1 du
(d/dx)(sin u) = cos u
Addition Rule Product Rule Quotient Rule dx sec u = |u| u² - 1 dx
f ' (u + v) = f ' u + f ' v f ' (u v) = udv + vdu u v du - u dv
f'( )=
Power Rule Chain Rule
v v²
(Lo D Hi minus Hi D Lo volumes & areas
f ' ( x c ) = c x c -1 (f o g)' = f ' g ' over Lo Lo)
transcendental derivatives V(sphere) = 4 p r ³ V(cone) = 1 p r ² h
3 3
l’Hôpital’s Rule
When d 1 du d u u du SA(sphere) = 4 p r ² A =s²4 3
f (x) 0 ¥
Mean Value Theorem
dx ln u = u dx dx
e = e dx
lim = 0 OR ¥ f (b) - f (a)
x®a g(x)
b-a
= f ' (c) velocity & motion
lim f (x) = xlim
x®a g(x)
f ' (x)
® a g ' (x)
d u
a =a
u du
ln a ò ò
dx dx
s(t) or x(t) a(t)
position acceleration
integrals trigonometric integrals d v(t)
First Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus
Second Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus
Standard Trig
velocity d
ò sin x dx = - cos x + C ò tan x dx = - ln |cos x| + C
the velocity equation
b (Leibniz's Rule)
òaf (x) dx = F(a) - F(b) v (x) ò cos x dx = sinx + C ò cot x dx = ln |sin x| + C s(t) = ½ g t ² + vO t + sO
d
where F is the
dx òu (x)
f (t) dt ò sec² x dx = tan x + C
ò csc² x dx = - cot x + C
ò sin² x dx = x - sin 2x + C
2 4
g = - 32 ft / s ², - 9.8 m / s ²

antiderivative of f = f (v) dv - f (u) du ò cos² x dx = x + sin 2x + C

dx dx ò sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
ò csc x cot x dx = - csc x + C 2 4
disc & shell methods
Trapezoidal Rule Inverse Trig
T = b - a (y0 + 2y1 + 2y2+ ... + 2yn - 1+ yn ) (Use h(b1+b2)/2 for du du Disc
=1 tan au + C Disc
-1 u -1
2n
a & b = bounds trapezoids of ò a² - u² = sin a + C ò
a Volume Shell
a² + u² (no hole) w/ Hole
n = number of intervals different height) du 1 -1
u
Rectangular Approximation Methods (RAM) òu u² - a²
= a
sec | a
|+ C
b b
2 2
d

(use b x h for approximation) transcendental integrals

X-Axis ò r dx pò(R - r )dx 2pòr h dy
p
a
2
a c
d d b
Y-Axis pò r dy pò(R - r )dy 2pòr h dx
LRAM RRAM MRAM du 2
òu = ln |u| + C 2 2
Power Rule: Average Value
ò ln x dx = x ln x - x + C
a c a
òx dx = xa+1 +C b
Avg. (f (x)) = 1 . f (x) dx u u
u c
ò a du = lnaa+ C
u
a+1
x¹-1
b-a ò a
ò e du = e + C
r = radius R = Outside radius r = radius
r = inside radius h = height

integration by parts partial fractions trig substitutions

òudv = uv - òvdu If you see: Use:
Priority: Tabular Integration px + q = A + B 2 2
Logarithmic ò [(algebraic)(trigonometric/e)]dx
ex: ò 2x³cosx dx
(x+a)(x+b) (x+a) (x+b) a +x x = a tan q
Inverse Trig 2 2
Alternating Signs

2x³ + cosx px + q = A + B a -x
6x² - sinx
(x+a)2 (x+a) (x+a)2
x = a sin q
Algebraic 12x d + -cosx ò 2 2
12 - -sinx
px2 - qx + r = A + Bx + C x -a x = a sec q
Trigonometric 0 cosx
2x³sinx + 6x²cosx - 12x sin x - 12 x cos x +C (x+a)(x2+bx+c) (x+a) (x2+bx+c) solved through trig substitution:
Euler's Constant (e) òsec u du = ln |sec u + tan u| + C
personal notes improper integrals
P Series Test:
¥
1
Comparison Test

if f(x) < convergent function,

A B BC
calculus
a definitive sheet
by chad valencia, ucla mathematics major
1 xp f(x) is convergent version 2.0.2000, rev 1

BC
Converges if p > 1 if f(x) > divergent function,
Diverges if 0 < p < 1

Limit Comparison Test:

f(x) is divergent
¥

Sa
Let f(x) be a known convergent or divergent function: last number
lim f(x)= L 0 < L < ¥ Greek letter sequence
x ® ¥ g(x) sigma

sequences
f(x) & g(x) both converge or both diverge (sum of)
n
Limits of Common Sequences:

Convergence/Divergence:
lim ln n =
n ®¥ n 0 n=0 first number

n
Let L be a finite number x
lim = 0
lim an = L lim
n ®¥

n
n!
|x|<1
x = 0(fraction)
n ®¥
Convergent
n ®¥

lim n n= lim n = 1
n ®¥ n ®¥
1
n
series
lim an¹ L lim (1+ 1n
n
)= e
Geometric Series
Finite Series: Infinite Series:
Nth Term Test for Divergence
Given:
n ®¥ n ®¥
n ¥ ¥ If:
n
Divergent
lim (1+
n ®¥
x
n )= e
x
Sn= a(1-r
(1-r)
) a
a r = 1-rn-1
an lim an ¹
n ®¥ 0
n=1 n=k series is divergent
|r| <1
extraneous bc concepts parametric Integral Test
¥ ¥
if |r| > 1, series diverges

Comparison Test

Arc Length (x-axis): Arc Length (y-axis):

First Derivative: Second Derivative:
dy dy b
Arc Length: an ò ax dx if San < convergent series,
San is convergent
b
dy
d
dx 2
1( ) d ( ) dx 2 dy 2
dt + dt
dt ( ) ( ) n=k k
If integral converges, series converges
a
1+(dx) dx2
c
+ dy dy dy = dt
dx dx
d²y =
dx²
dx
dx
a
If integral diverges, series diverges
if San > divergent series,
San is divergent
dt dt
Surface Area: Limit Comparison Test Alternating Series Test (AST)
b Surface Area (x-axis): Surface Area (y-axis): ¥
2p ay 1+ (dy
dx)
2
dx b
dx 2 dy 2 b
dx 2 dy 2 Let Sbn be a known
(-1) an
n-1
2 y ( ) ( )
a
dt + dt
dt
a
2 x ( ) ( )
dt + dt
dt
convergent or divergent series: n=1

lim San= r
Converges if:
Work
Work = Force x Distance
= Density x Volume x Distance
vectors n ®¥
Sbn
0<r<¥ 1. All terms are positive
2. an > an+1 for all n.
= Density x Sum of Areas x Distance Notation Unit Tangent and Speed San & Sbn 3. lim an = 0
n ®¥
Unit Normal Vectors (dx dy
dt) + (dt)
2 2
v = ai + bj both converge or both diverge
Hooke’s Law for Springs <a,b> T(t) = r ' (t) If T = u1i + u2j Power Series
Force = f(x) = kx Ratio Test
||r ' (t)|| N = -u2i + u1j
(k is a constant, x is the distance) an+1 1. Use ratio test on the
Work = ò f(x)dx, from position A to position B Vector Length Vector Valued Functions
r = nlim
®¥ absolute value of the series.
an Converges if r < 1
(magnitude/norm): r(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j No conclusion if r = 1 2. Set r < 1 to find the interval
r'(t) = x'(t)i + y'(t)j Divergent if r > 1 3. To check bounds, plug
Newton’s Law of Cooling ||v|| = a² + b² òr(t)dt = (òx(t)dt + c)i + (òy(t)dt + c)j Root Test
- kt
into original equation
T - T S= (T0 - TS )e r = nlim
n
an 4. Take ½ of the interval
Unit Vector: Velocity Equation for Vectors: ®¥
to find radius of convergence
T = temperature of object at a given time v (-½ g t² + S0)j + V0 t
Ts = temperature of surroundings
To = temperature at time zero ||v|| where v0 = #( cos t i + sin t j) Error (Alternating Series/Taylor)
t = time # = initial velocity/muzzle speed Error = Actual - Approximate
Error < First Unused Term

Polar Circles
Basic Shapes
(pink = cosine, blue = sine)
Lemniscates Spiral of
Rectangular
y
(x,y)
Polar Conversion
(x,y) <-> (r,q)
taylor/maclaurin series
r = a cos q r² = a cos q Archimedes x² + y² = r² Taylor Polynomial
y
r = a sin q r² = a sin q r = aq x = r cos q tan q =x P(x) = f (a) + f ' (a)(x - a) + f ''(a)(x - a)2 + f ''' (a)(x - a)3 + … + f n (a)(x - a)n
x y = r sin q 2! 3! n!
¥ n n

S f ( a)(x
n =0 n!
- a)

Polar Common MacLaurin Series

(r,q) ¥
Limacons Limacons ( - 1)n x2n
w/ Inner Loop w/ Dimple
Cardioids
r = a + b cos q Polar Slope r
q
2 4

2! 4! 6!
6
cos x = 1- x + x - x + …=
S
n =0
(2n)!
r = a + b cos q r = a + b cos q r = a + b sin q r ' sin q + r cos q ¥ n 2n+1
sin x = x - x + x - x + … = ( - 1) x
r = a + b sin q r = a + b sin q
|a|<|b| |a|>|b|
|a|=|b| r ' cos q - r sin q 3

3! 5! 7!
S (2n+1)!
5 7

n =0

¥ n

Polar Area: Polar Surface Area (x-axis):

x
e = 1 + x + x² + x³+... =
2! 3!
S xn! n =0
1 b2 b 2 dr 2
2 ar
dq 2p r sin q r + dq dq ( ) ¥

Polar Arc Length:

a 1 = 1 + x + x² + x³+... =
1- x n =0
xn S
Roses Polar Surface Area (y-axis):
b ¥
dr 2 b
r = a cos bq
r = a sin bq
If b is odd, b = number of petals
If b is even, 2b = number of petals a
2
( )
r+ dq dq 2p a r cos q r + (dq)
2 dr 2
dq 1 = 1 - x + x² - x³+... =
1+x n =0
(-1)n xn S
Inverse Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
hyperbolic trig functions d -1 1 du
dx cosh u = u² - 1 dx , u > 1 Hyperbolic Trig Integrals
Every function splits
into Even and Odd parts: Standard Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives d -1 1 du
sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x ò sinh u du = cosh u + C
dx sinh u =u² + 1 dx
cosh 2x = cosh ² x - sinh ² x (d/dx)(csch u) = - csch u coth u (du/dx) ò cosh u du = sinh u + C
f(x) = f(x) + f(-x) + f(x) - f(-x) cosh ² x = cosh 2x+1 d -1 1
2 2 2
(d/dx)(sech u) = - sech u tanh u (du/dx) dx
tanh u = 1 - u² du , |u|<1 ò sech² u du = tanh u + C
even odd dx
sinh ² x = cosh 2x - 1 (d/dx)(coth u) = - csch ² u (du/dx) d -1 1 du
cosh x = e x + e x sech x = 2 2 coth u = , |u|>1 ò csch² u du = - coth u + C
(d/dx)(tanh u) = sech ² u (du/dx) dx 1 - u² dx
2 e x + ex cosh² x - sinh² x = 1 1 du ò sech x tanh u du =- sech u + C
sinh x = e x - e x csch x = 2 d -1
dx sech u =u u² - 1 dx , 0<u<1
tanh² x + sech ² x = 1 (d/dx)(cosh u) = sinh u (du/dx)
2 e x - ex coth² x - csch² x = 1 ò csch x coth u du = - csch u + C
tanhx = e x - e x cothx = e x + e x (d/dx)(sinh u) = cosh u (du/dx) d -1 1 du
ex + e -x ex - e -x dx csch u =|u| u² - 1 dx , u ¹0 © 2000 Chad A. Valencia. All Rights Reserved.