Ee101 Bode 1 PDF

EE101: Bode plots
M. B. Patil
mbpatil@ee.iitb.ac.in
www.ee.iitb.ac.in/~sequel
Department of Electrical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

What is deciBel (dB)?
* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.


* Because of the log scale, dB is convenient for representing numbers that vary in
a wide range.


a wide range.
* log scaling roughly corresponds to human perception of sound and light.


a wide range.
* log scale allows × and ÷ to be replaced by + and − → simpler!


a wide range.
* The unit “Bel” was developed in the 1920s by Bell Labs engineers to quantify
attenuation of an audio signal over one mile of cable.


a wide range.
Interesting facts:
- Alexander Graham Bell, who invented the telephone in 1876, could never talk to his
wife on the phone (she was deaf).


a wide range.
Interesting facts:
- Bell considered the telephone an intrusion and refused to put one in his office.


a wide range.
Interesting facts:
- Bell considered the telephone an intrusion and refused to put one in his office.
* Bel turned out to be too large in practice → deciBel (i.e., one tenth of a Bel).

* dB is a unit that describes a quantity, on a log scale, with respect to a reference

quantity.
X (in dB) = 10 log10 (X /Xref ).


quantity.
For example, if P1 = 20 W and Pref = 1 W ,
P1 = 10 log (20 W /1 W ) = 10 log (20) = 13 dB.


quantity.
P1 = 10 log (20 W /1 W ) = 10 log (20) = 13 dB.
* For voltages or currents, the ratio of squares is taken (since P ∝ V 2 or P ∝ I 2
for a resistor).


quantity.
P1 = 10 log (20 W /1 W ) = 10 log (20) = 13 dB.
for a resistor).
For example, if V1 = 1.2 V , Vref = 1 mV , then
V1 = 10 log (1.2 V /1 mV )2 = 20 log 1.2/10−3 = 61.6 dBm.



quantity.
P1 = 10 log (20 W /1 W ) = 10 log (20) = 13 dB.
for a resistor).
For example, if V1 = 1.2 V , Vref = 1 mV , then
V1 = 10 log (1.2 V /1 mV )2 = 20 log 1.2/10−3 = 61.6 dBm.

* The voltage gain of an amplifier is

AV in dB = 20 log (Vo /Vi ),
with Vi serving as the reference voltage.

Example
Given Vi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB,

Vi Amplifier Vo compute Vo in dBm and in mV.
(Vi and Vo are peak input and peak output voltages, respectively).

Example

Method 1:
2.5 mV

Vi = 20 log = 7.96 dBm
1 mV

Example

Method 1:
2.5 mV

Vi = 20 log = 7.96 dBm
1 mV
Vo = 7.96 + 36.3 = 44.22 dBm

Example

Method 1:
2.5 mV

Vi = 20 log = 7.96 dBm
1 mV
Vo = 7.96 + 36.3 = 44.22 dBm
Vo (in mV )

Since Vo (dBm) = 20 log ,
1 mV
Vo = 10x × 1 mV , where
1
x= Vo (in dBm)
20

Example

Method 1:
2.5 mV

Vi = 20 log = 7.96 dBm
1 mV
Vo = 7.96 + 36.3 = 44.22 dBm
Vo (in mV )

1 mV
1
x= Vo (in dBm)
20
→ Vo = 162.5 mV .

Example

Method 1: Method 2:
2.5 mV

AV = 36.3 dB
Vi = 20 log = 7.96 dBm
1 mV
→ 20 log AV = 36.3 → AV = 65.
Vo = 7.96 + 36.3 = 44.22 dBm
Vo (in mV )

1 mV
1
x= Vo (in dBm)
20
→ Vo = 162.5 mV .

Example

Method 1: Method 2:
2.5 mV

AV = 36.3 dB
Vi = 20 log = 7.96 dBm
1 mV
→ 20 log AV = 36.3 → AV = 65.
Vo = 7.96 + 36.3 = 44.22 dBm
Vo = AV × Vi = 65 × 2.5 mV = 162.5 mV .
Vo (in mV )

1 mV
1
x= Vo (in dBm)
20
→ Vo = 162.5 mV .

dB in audio measurements
* When sound intensity is specified in dB, the reference pressure is Pref = 20 µPa
(our hearing threshold).
If the pressure corresponding to the sound being measured is P, we say that it is
20 log (P/Pref ) dB.

* Some interesting numbers:
mosquito 3 m away 0 dB

whisper 20 dB

whisper 20 dB
normal conversation 60 to 70 dB

whisper 20 dB
noisy factory 90 to 100 dB

whisper 20 dB
loud thunder 110 dB

whisper 20 dB
loud thunder 110 dB
loudest sound human ear can tolerate 120 dB

whisper 20 dB
loud thunder 110 dB
loudest sound human ear can tolerate 120 dB
windows break 163 dB

Bode plots
Vi (s) H(s) Vo (s)

Bode plots
Vi (s) H(s) Vo (s)
* The transfer function of a circuit such as an amplifier or a filter is given by,

H(s) = Vo (s)/Vi (s), s = jω.
K K
e.g., H(s) = =
1 + sτ 1 + jωτ

Bode plots
Vi (s) H(s) Vo (s)

H(s) = Vo (s)/Vi (s), s = jω.
K K
e.g., H(s) = =
1 + sτ 1 + jωτ
* H(jω) is a complex number, and a complete description of H(jω) involves
(a) a plot of |H(jω)| versus ω.
(b) a plot of ∠H(jω) versus ω.

Bode plots
Vi (s) H(s) Vo (s)

H(s) = Vo (s)/Vi (s), s = jω.
K K
e.g., H(s) = =
1 + sτ 1 + jωτ
* H(jω) is a complex number, and a complete description of H(jω) involves
(a) a plot of |H(jω)| versus ω.
(b) a plot of ∠H(jω) versus ω.
* Bode gave simple rules which allow construction of the above “Bode plots” in an
approximate (asymptotic) manner.

A simple transfer function
R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC
* The circuit behaves like a low-pass filter.

For ω ω0 , |H(jω)| → 1.
For ω ω0 , |H(jω)| ∝ 1/ω.

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC

For ω ω0 , |H(jω)| → 1.
For ω ω0 , |H(jω)| ∝ 1/ω.
* The magnitude and phase of H(jω| are given by,
1

ω
|H(jω)| = p , ∠H(jω) = − tan−1 .
1 + (ω/ω0 )2 ω 0

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC

For ω ω0 , |H(jω)| → 1.
For ω ω0 , |H(jω)| ∝ 1/ω.
1

ω
|H(jω)| = p , ∠H(jω) = − tan−1 .
1 + (ω/ω0 )2 ω 0
* We are generally interested in a large variation in ω (several orders), and its

effect on |H| and ∠H.

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC

For ω ω0 , |H(jω)| → 1.
For ω ω0 , |H(jω)| ∝ 1/ω.
1

ω
|H(jω)| = p , ∠H(jω) = − tan−1 .
1 + (ω/ω0 )2 ω 0
* We are generally interested in a large variation in ω (several orders), and its

effect on |H| and ∠H.
* The magnitude (|H|) varies by orders of magnitude as well.
The phase (∠H) varies from 0 (for ω ω0 ) to −π/2 (for ω ω0 ).

A simple transfer function: magnitude
R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC
ω0
1 100 100
10−1 10−1
10−2 10−2
0 10−3 10−3
0 106 0 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC
ω0
1 100 100
10−1 10−1
10−2 10−2
0 10−3 10−3
0 106 0 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Since ω and |H(j ω)| vary by several orders of magnitude, a linear ω- or |H|-axis is not
appropriate → log |H| is plotted against log ω.

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
Vs 1 1
C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC
ω0
0
10 0
10−1 −20
|H| (dB)
|H|
10−2 −40
10−3 −60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (rad/s)

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
Vs 1 1
C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC
ω0
0
10 0
10−1 −20
|H| (dB)
|H|
10−2 −40
10−3 −60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Note that the shape of the plot does not change.

|H| (dB) = 20 log |H| is simply a scaled version of log |H|.

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC
ω0
0 0
−20 −20
|H| (dB)
|H| (dB)
−40 −40
−60 −60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (Hz)

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC
ω0
0 0
−20 −20
|H| (dB)
|H| (dB)
−40 −40
−60 −60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s) Frequency (Hz)
Since ω = 2π f , the shape of the plot does not change.

A simple transfer function: phase
R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC
ω0
0◦ 0◦
−90◦ −90◦
0 106 0 100 101 102 103 104 105 106

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC
ω0
0◦ 0◦
−90◦ −90◦
0 106 0 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
* Since ∠H = − tan−1 (ω/ω0 ) varies in a limited range (0◦ to −90◦ in this

example), a linear axis is appropriate for ∠H.

R
(1/s C)
Vo = Vs ,
R + (1/s C)
1 1
Vs C Vo → H(s) = = ,
1+s RC 1 + (j ω/ω0)
1
ω0 = .
RC
ω0
0◦ 0◦
−90◦ −90◦
0 106 0 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
* Since ∠H = − tan−1 (ω/ω0 ) varies in a limited range (0◦ to −90◦ in this

example), a linear axis is appropriate for ∠H.
* As in the magnitude plot, we use a log axis for ω, since we are interested in a
wide range of ω.
Construction of Bode plots
K (1 + s/z1 )(1 + s/z2 ) · · · (1 + s/zM )

Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 )(1 + s/p2 ) · · · (1 + s/pN )

K (1 + s/z1 )(1 + s/z2 ) · · · (1 + s/zM )

Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 )(1 + s/p2 ) · · · (1 + s/pN )
−z1 , −z2 , · · · are called the “zeros” of H(s).
−p1 , −p2 , · · · are called the “poles” of H(s).
(In addition, there could be terms like s, s 2 , · · · in the numerator.)
We will assume, for simplicity, that the zeros (and poles) are real and distinct.
Construction of Bode plots involves

K (1 + s/z1 )(1 + s/z2 ) · · · (1 + s/zM )

Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 )(1 + s/p2 ) · · · (1 + s/pN )

(a) computing approximate contribution of each pole/zero as a function ω.

K (1 + s/z1 )(1 + s/z2 ) · · · (1 + s/zM )

Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 )(1 + s/p2 ) · · · (1 + s/pN )

(a) computing approximate contribution of each pole/zero as a function ω.
(b) combining the various contributions to obtain |H| and ∠H versus ω.

Contribution of a pole: magnitude
p
20
asymptote 1
asymptote 2
0
|H| (dB)
exact
−20
−40
−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
1 1 1
Consider H(s) = → H(jω) = , |H(jω)| = p .
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) 1 + (ω/p)2

p
20
asymptote 1
asymptote 2
0
|H| (dB)
exact
−20
−40
−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
1 1 1
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) 1 + (ω/p)2
Asymptote 1: ω p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

p
20
asymptote 1
asymptote 2
0
|H| (dB)
exact
−20
−40
−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
1 1 1
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) 1 + (ω/p)2

1 p
Asymptote 2: ω p: |H| → = → |H| = 20 log p − 20 log ω (dB)
ω/p ω

p
20
asymptote 1
asymptote 2
0
|H| (dB)
exact
−20
−40
−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
1 1 1
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) 1 + (ω/p)2

1 p
ω/p ω
Consider two values of ω: ω1 and 10 ω1 .
|H|1 = 20 log p − 20 log ω1 (dB)
|H|2 = 20 log p − 20 log (10 ω1 ) (dB)

p
20
asymptote 1
asymptote 2
0
|H| (dB)
exact
−20
−40
−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
1 1 1
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) 1 + (ω/p)2

1 p
ω/p ω
|H|1 = 20 log p − 20 log ω1 (dB)
|H|2 = 20 log p − 20 log (10 ω1 ) (dB)
ω1
|H|1 − |H|2 = −20 log = 20 dB.
10 ω1

p
20
asymptote 1
asymptote 2
0
|H| (dB)
exact
−20
−40
−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
1 1 1
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) 1 + (ω/p)2

1 p
ω/p ω
|H|1 = 20 log p − 20 log ω1 (dB)
|H|2 = 20 log p − 20 log (10 ω1 ) (dB)
ω1
|H|1 − |H|2 = −20 log = 20 dB.
10 ω1
→ |H| versus ω has a slope of −20 dB/decade.
√
Note that, at ω = p, the actual value of |H| is 1/ 2 (i.e., −3 dB).
Contribution of a pole: phase
p
asymptote 1
0◦
exact
asymptote 3
asymptote 2
◦
−90
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
1 1

−1 ω
Consider H(s) = = → ∠H = − tan
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) p

p
asymptote 1
0◦
exact
asymptote 3
asymptote 2
◦
−90
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
1 1

−1 ω
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) p
Asymptote 1: ω p (say, ω < p/10): ∠H = 0.

p
asymptote 1
0◦
exact
asymptote 3
asymptote 2
◦
−90
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
1 1

−1 ω
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) p

Asymptote 2: ω p (say, ω > 10 p): ∠H = −π/2.

p
asymptote 1
0◦
exact
asymptote 3
asymptote 2
◦
−90
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
1 1

−1 ω
1 + s/p 1 + j (ω/p) p

Asymptote 2: ω p (say, ω > 10 p): ∠H = −π/2.
Asymptote 3: For p/10 < ω < 10 p , ∠H is assumed to vary linearly with log ω
→ at ω = p, ∠H = −π/4 (which is also the actual value of ∠H).

Contribution of a zero: magnitude
z
60
40
|H| (dB)
20
exact
0
asymptote 2
asymptote 1
−20
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
p
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z → H(jω) = 1 + j (ω/z) , |H(jω)| = 1 + (ω/z)2 .

z
60
40
|H| (dB)
20
exact
0
asymptote 2
asymptote 1
−20
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
p

z
60
40
|H| (dB)
20
exact
0
asymptote 2
asymptote 1
−20
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
p

ω
Asymptote 2: ω p: |H| → → |H| = 20 log ω − 20 log z (dB)
z

z
60
40
|H| (dB)
20
exact
0
asymptote 2
asymptote 1
−20
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
p

ω
z
|H|1 = 20 log ω1 − 20 log z (dB)
|H|2 = 20 log (10 ω1 ) − 20 log z (dB)

z
60
40
|H| (dB)
20
exact
0
asymptote 2
asymptote 1
−20
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
p

ω
z
|H|1 = 20 log ω1 − 20 log z (dB)
|H|2 = 20 log (10 ω1 ) − 20 log z (dB)
ω1
|H|1 − |H|2 = 20 log = −20 dB.
10 ω1

z
60
40
|H| (dB)
20
exact
0
asymptote 2
asymptote 1
−20
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
p

ω
z
|H|1 = 20 log ω1 − 20 log z (dB)
|H|2 = 20 log (10 ω1 ) − 20 log z (dB)
ω1
|H|1 − |H|2 = 20 log = −20 dB.
10 ω1
→ |H| versus ω has a slope of +20 dB/decade.
√
Note that, at ω = z, the actual value of |H| is 2 (i.e., 3 dB).
Contribution of a zero: phase
90◦
exact
asymptote 2
asymptote 3
asymptote 1
◦
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)

ω
Consider H(s) = 1 + s/z = 1 + j (ω/z) → ∠H = tan−1
z

90◦
exact
asymptote 2
asymptote 3
asymptote 1
◦
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)

ω
z
Asymptote 1: ω z (say, ω < z/10): ∠H = 0.

90◦
exact
asymptote 2
asymptote 3
asymptote 1
◦
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)

ω
z

Asymptote 2: ω z (say, ω > 10 z): ∠H = π/2.

90◦
exact
asymptote 2
asymptote 3
asymptote 1
◦
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)

ω
z

Asymptote 2: ω z (say, ω > 10 z): ∠H = π/2.
Asymptote 3: For z/10 < ω < 10 z , ∠H is assumed to vary linearly with log ω
→ at ω = z, ∠H = π/4 (which is also the actual value of ∠H).

Contribution of K (constant), s, and s 2
For H(s) = K , 20 log |H| = 20 log K (a constant), and ∠H = 0 .

60 120
40 80
|s2 | (dB)
|s| (dB)
20 40
0 0
100 101 102 103 100 101 102 103

60 120
40 80
|s2 | (dB)
|s| (dB)
20 40
0 0
100 101 102 103 100 101 102 103
For H(s) = s, i.e., H(jω) = jω, |H| = ω.

60 120
40 80
|s2 | (dB)
|s| (dB)
20 40
0 0
100 101 102 103 100 101 102 103
→ 20 log |H| = 20 log ω,

60 120
40 80
|s2 | (dB)
|s| (dB)
20 40
0 0
100 101 102 103 100 101 102 103
→ 20 log |H| = 20 log ω,
i.e., a straight line in the |H| (dB)-log ω plane with a slope of 20 dB/decade,
passing through (1, 0).

60 120
40 80
|s2 | (dB)
|s| (dB)
20 40
0 0
100 101 102 103 100 101 102 103
→ 20 log |H| = 20 log ω,
∠H = π/2 (irrespective of ω).

60 120
40 80
|s2 | (dB)
|s| (dB)
20 40
0 0
100 101 102 103 100 101 102 103
→ 20 log |H| = 20 log ω,
For H(s) = s 2 , i.e., H(jω) = −ω 2 , |H| = ω 2 .

60 120
40 80
|s2 | (dB)
|s| (dB)
20 40
0 0
100 101 102 103 100 101 102 103
→ 20 log |H| = 20 log ω,
For H(s) = s 2 , i.e., H(jω) = −ω 2 , |H| = ω 2 .

→ 20 log |H| = 40 log ω,

60 120
40 80
|s2 | (dB)
|s| (dB)
20 40
0 0
100 101 102 103 100 101 102 103
→ 20 log |H| = 20 log ω,
For H(s) = s 2 , i.e., H(jω) = −ω 2 , |H| = ω 2 .

→ 20 log |H| = 40 log ω,

60 120
40 80
|s2 | (dB)
|s| (dB)
20 40
0 0
100 101 102 103 100 101 102 103
→ 20 log |H| = 20 log ω,
For H(s) = s 2 , i.e., H(jω) = −ω 2 , |H| = ω 2 .

→ 20 log |H| = 40 log ω,
∠H = π (irrespective of ω).
Combining different terms
Consider H(s) = H1 (s) × H2 (s).

Magnitude:
|H(jω)| = |H1 (jω)| × |H2 (jω)|.

20 log |H| = 20 log |H1 | + 20 log |H2 |.

Magnitude:
|H(jω)| = |H1 (jω)| × |H2 (jω)|.

20 log |H| = 20 log |H1 | + 20 log |H2 |.
→ In the Bode magnitude plot, the contributions due to H1 and H2 simply get added.

Magnitude:
|H(jω)| = |H1 (jω)| × |H2 (jω)|.

20 log |H| = 20 log |H1 | + 20 log |H2 |.
Phase:
H1 (jω) and H2 (jω) are complex numbers.

At a given ω, let H1 = K1 ∠α = K1 e jα , and H2 = K2 ∠β = K2 e jβ .
Then, H1 H2 = K1 K2 e j(α+β) = K1 K2 ∠ (α + β) .
i.e., ∠H = ∠H1 + ∠H2 .

Magnitude:
|H(jω)| = |H1 (jω)| × |H2 (jω)|.

20 log |H| = 20 log |H1 | + 20 log |H2 |.
Phase:

i.e., ∠H = ∠H1 + ∠H2 .
In the Bode phase plot, the contributions due to H1 and H2 also get added.

Magnitude:
|H(jω)| = |H1 (jω)| × |H2 (jω)|.

20 log |H| = 20 log |H1 | + 20 log |H2 |.
Phase:

i.e., ∠H = ∠H1 + ∠H2 .
In the Bode phase plot, the contributions due to H1 and H2 also get added.
The same reasoning applies to more than two terms as well.

Combining different terms: example
10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )

10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )
Let H(s) = H1 (s) H2 (s) H3 (s) H4 (s) , where
H1 (s) = 10 ,
H2 (s) = s ,
1
H3 (s) = , p1 = 102 rad/s,
1 + s/p1
1
H4 (s) = , p2 = 105 rad/s.
1 + s/p2

10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )
Let H(s) = H1 (s) H2 (s) H3 (s) H4 (s) , where
H1 (s) = 10 ,
H2 (s) = s ,
1
H3 (s) = , p1 = 102 rad/s,
1 + s/p1
1
H4 (s) = , p2 = 105 rad/s.
1 + s/p2
We can now plot the magnitude and phase of H1 , H2 , H3 , H4 individually versus ω
and then simply add them to obtain |H| and ∠H.

Magnitude plot (|H| in dB)
80
H1 (s) = 10
60
40
20
0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s)
80 80
H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
80 80
H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
20
−20
−40 1
H3 (s) =
1 + s/102
−60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s)
80 80
H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
60 60
40 40
20 20
0 0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 1 −40 1
H3 (s) = H4 (s) =
1 + s/102 1 + s/105
−60 −60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
80 80 80
H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
60 60 60
40 40 40
20 20 20 10 s
H(s) =
(1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )
0 0 0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
20 20
0 0
−20 −20
−40 1 −40 1
H3 (s) = H4 (s) =
1 + s/102 1 + s/105
−60 −60
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
80 80 80
H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
60 60 60
40 40 40
20 20 20 10 s
H(s) =
(1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )
0 0 0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
20 20 80
approx.
0 0 60
exact
−20 −20 40
−40 1 −40 1 20 10 s
H3 (s) = H4 (s) = H(s) =
1 + s/102 1 + s/105 (1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )
−60 −60 0
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

Phase plot
90◦
45◦
0◦
−45◦
H1 (s) = 10
−90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s)
Phase plot
90◦ 90◦
45◦ 45◦
◦
0 0◦
−45◦ −45◦
H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
◦
−90 −90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Phase plot
90◦ 90◦
45◦ 45◦
◦
0 0◦
−45◦ −45◦
H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
◦
−90 −90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
90◦ 1
H3 (s) =
1 + s/102
45◦
0◦
−45◦
−90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Frequency (rad/s)
Phase plot
90◦ 90◦
45◦ 45◦
◦
0 0◦
−45◦ −45◦
H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
◦
−90 −90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
90◦ 1 90◦ 1
H3 (s) = H4 (s) =
◦
1 + s/102 1 + s/105
45 45◦
0◦ 0◦
−45◦ −45◦
◦
−90 −90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Phase plot
90◦ 90◦ 90◦ 10 s

H(s) =
(1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )
45◦ 45◦ 45◦
0◦ 0◦ 0◦
−45◦ −45◦ −45◦

H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
◦ ◦
−90 −90 −90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
90◦ 1 90◦ 1
H3 (s) = H4 (s) =
◦
1 + s/102 1 + s/105
45 45◦
0◦ 0◦
−45◦ −45◦
◦
−90 −90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
Phase plot
90◦ 90◦ 90◦ 10 s

H(s) =
(1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )
45◦ 45◦ 45◦
0◦ 0◦ 0◦
−45◦ −45◦ −45◦

H1 (s) = 10 H2 (s) = s
◦ ◦
−90 −90 −90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
90◦ 1 90◦ 1 90◦ 10 s

H3 (s) = H4 (s) = H(s) =
◦
1 + s/102 ◦
1 + s/105 (1 + s/102 ) (1 + s/105 )
45 45 45◦
0◦ 0◦ 0◦ exact
−45◦ −45◦ −45◦

approx.
◦ ◦
−90 −90 −90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107

How good are the approximations?
* As we have seen, the contribution of a pole to the magnitude and phase plots is
well represented by the asymptotes when ω p or ω p (similarly for a zero).

* Near ω = p (or ω = z), there is some error.

* If two poles p1 and p2 are close to each other (say, separated by less than a
decade in ω), the error becomes larger (next slide).

* If two poles p1 and p2 are close to each other (say, separated by less than a
decade in ω), the error becomes larger (next slide).
* When the poles and zeros are not sufficiently separated, the Bode approximation
should be used only for a rough estimate, follwed by a numerical calculation.
However, even in such cases, it does give a good idea of the asymptotic
magnitude and phase plots, which is valuable in amplifier design.

10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 ) (1 + s/p2 )
approx. p1 = 102
60 p2 = 104
exact
|H| (dB)
40
20
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 ) (1 + s/p2 )
approx. p1 = 102 p1 = 102

60 p2 = 104 p2 = 103
exact
|H| (dB)
40
20
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 ) (1 + s/p2 )
approx. p1 = 102 p1 = 102 p1 = 102

60 p2 = 104 p2 = 103 p2 = 5 × 102
exact
|H| (dB)
40
20
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106

10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 ) (1 + s/p2 )
90◦ p1 = 102
p2 = 104
45◦
0◦
−45◦
−90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106
Frequency (rad/s)
10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 ) (1 + s/p2 )
90◦ p1 = 102 p1 = 102

p2 = 104 p2 = 103
45◦
0◦
−45◦
−90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106
10 s
Consider H(s) = .
(1 + s/p1 ) (1 + s/p2 )
90◦ p1 = 102 p1 = 102 p1 = 102

p2 = 104 p2 = 103 p2 = 5 × 102
45◦
0◦
−45◦
−90◦
100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 100 101 102 103 104 105 106

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EE101: Bode plots

Department of Electrical Engineering

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* The unit dB is used to represent quantities on a logarithmic scale.

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* dB is a unit that describes a quantity, on a log scale, with respect to a reference

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* dB is a unit that describes a quantity, on a log scale, with respect to a reference

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* dB is a unit that describes a quantity, on a log scale, with respect to a reference

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* dB is a unit that describes a quantity, on a log scale, with respect to a reference

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

* dB is a unit that describes a quantity, on a log scale, with respect to a reference

* The voltage gain of an amplifier is

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Given Vi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Given Vi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Given Vi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Given Vi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Given Vi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Given Vi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Given Vi = 2.5 mV and AV = 36.3 dB,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Vi (s) H(s) Vo (s)

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Vi (s) H(s) Vo (s)

* The transfer function of a circuit such as an amplifier or a filter is given by,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Vi (s) H(s) Vo (s)

* The transfer function of a circuit such as an amplifier or a filter is given by,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Vi (s) H(s) Vo (s)

* The transfer function of a circuit such as an amplifier or a filter is given by,

M. B. Patil, IIT Bombay

Asymptote 1: ω p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

Asymptote 1: ω p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

Asymptote 1: ω p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

Asymptote 1: ω p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

Asymptote 1: ω p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

Asymptote 1: ω p (say, ω < p/10): ∠H = 0.

Asymptote 1: ω p (say, ω < p/10): ∠H = 0.

Asymptote 1: ω p (say, ω < p/10): ∠H = 0.

Asymptote 1: ω p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

Asymptote 1: ω p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

Asymptote 1: ω p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

Asymptote 1: ω p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.

Asymptote 1: ω p: |H| → 1, 20 log |H| = 0 dB.