Electron A set of four

STRUCTURE OF ATOM
~10–16 cm members
Proton
FUNDA- (neutron) Quark which helps
MENTAL <10–17cm to determine
Niels Henrik David Bohr (Niels Bohr), a Danish physicist who QUANTUM
PARTICLES the complete
is generally regarded as one of the foremost physicists of the 20th Nucleus NUMBERS information
century. He was the first to apply the quantum concept, to the problem Atom ~10–12cm ~10–13cm
~10–8cm about all the e–
of atomic and molecular structure. For that work he received the
in an atom.
Nobel Prize in Physics in 1922. His manifold roles in the origins and
development of quantum physics is his most important contribution.
Symbol Quantum Values Role
Numbers
Rules for Assigning Electrons
n Principal 1, 2, 3,..... Determines the energy (size).
Aufbau principle : e– occupy lowest energy orbital available.


Electromagnetic Wave Theory l Angular 0, 1, 2, .... Special distribution Pauli exclusion principle : Maximum 2 electrons per


n–1 of electron cloud and orbital must have opposite spins.
James Maxwell (1870) suggested that when electrically charged particles

angular momentum.
move under acceleration, alternating electrical and magnetic fields are Hund’s rule : If two or more orbitals of equal energy are

ATOMIC produced and transmitted. These fields are transmitted in the forms of waves, ml Magnetic 0, ±1, ±2, Determines the available, electrons will occupy them singly before filling
MODELS called electromagnetic waves or electromagnetic radiations. .... ±l orientation in space. in pairs.
Electric field
ms Spin ±1/2 Describes the electron
x component spin (magnetic moment).
Energy Level
l 0 1 2 3
Direction of
propagation Sub-shell s p d f
z
4) Orbital present 1 3 5 7
n’s Mo del (190
Thomso y
Magnetic field
Plum pudding model
 component
An atom was a sphere

Electromagnetic Spectrum : The electromagnetic spectrum is a continuum

Bohr’s
of positive electricity in of all electromagnetic waves arranged according to frequency and wavelength.
Model
which number of electrons Cosmic rays < g-rays < X-rays < Ultra-violet rays < Visible < Infrared < First energy level
Energy shells or
were embedded, Micro waves < Radio waves orbitals
sufficient to e
e +e + e An atom consist of a
 Second Electron
neutralize the small heavy positively energy
positive charge. + e
+e +
level
Hydrogen Spectrum
e + e charged nucleus. According to Bohr’s theory, an electron neither emits nor absorbs
K
+ e  Th
e electrons revolve n=1 M
e n=3 energy as long as it stays in a particular orbit.
only in those orbits Nucleus L
n=2 N However, an electron in an atom may jump from normal energy
which have a fixed n=4
level, to some higher energy level. During each such jump, energy
value of energy.
1) is emitted in the form of a photon (hv).
rd’s Mo del (191 E2 – E1 = hν = hc/l
Rutherfo For hydrogen like atoms :
Different excited electrons adopts different routes to return to
Particle Nature of Electromagnetic Radiations
The atom consists of two parts : −1312 Z 2 Z2 various lower energy levels.
Planck’s Quantum Theory : A body can emit or absorb energy only in terms

En = kJ mol–1 = –13.6 eV/atom Lyman series : From n = 2, 3, 4 ........ to n = 1
 Nucleus : Very small in size,
n2 n2
carries positive charge. of integral multiple of a quantum/photon. Balmer series : From n = 3, 4, 5 ........ to n = 2
n2
 Extra-nuclear part,
– E = nhv; Radius : rn = 52.9 pm Paschen series : From n = 4, 5, 6 ........ to n = 3
– Z
i.e., orbit : Space where,n = 1, 2, 3,.... Z Brackett series : From n = 5, 6, 7 ........ to n = 4
around the nucleus in –
+
– Velocity of electrons : vn = 2.188 × 108 cm s–1
n Pfund series : From n = 6, 7, 8 ........ to n = 5
–
which electrons were
distributed. Quantum Mechanical Model
Photoelectric Towards Quantum Mechanical Model
Effect The electrons in an atom have only quantized values of
Black Body Dual nature of matter : Every material particle in motion


energy.
Radiation When radiations with has dual nature (particle and wave nature).
These quantized values of energy are obtained from the
T2 If the substance being frequency greater than a certain h h
de-Broglie wavelength, λ = = solution of Schrodinger wave equation.
heated is a black body (which minimum frequency (v0) strike the mv P
T2 > T1 surface of a metal, the electrons d2Ψ d2Ψ d2Ψ 8 π2m
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle : It is impossible
Intensity

T1
can emit and absorb all + + + (E – V)Ψ = 0
frequencies), the radiation are ejected from the surface of to measure simultaneously the exact position and dx 2 dy 2 dz 2 h2
emitted is called black the metal. This phenomenon momentum of an electron. By finding Ψ2 at different points around the nucleus in an atom,
body radiation. is called photoelectric h we can predict the region of space around the nucleus within
effect. ∆x × ∆p ≥ which the probability of finding the electron is maximum.
Wavelength 4π