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Objectives
Calculate the density of a sugar solution.
Evaluate lab sources of error and their effect on an experiment.
Introduction
The density of an object is defined as the ratio of its mass to its volume. We write this mathematically
by using the equations:
Mass
Density = Equation 1
Volume
For an example of density, consider the following: Imagine a brick that is made of Styrofoam.
Imagine a second brick that is made of lead. Note that even though the bricks take up the same
amount of space - that is, they have the same volume - there is a major difference in their mass. We
would say that the lead is denser, that is it has more mass in the same volume.
It is important to note that water has a density of 1.0 g/mL. Objects that have a density less
than water, that is, less than 1.0 g/mL, will float on the surface of the water. Those that have a density
greater than 1.0 g/mL will sink. Consider our two bricks again. The brick of Styrofoam will float if we
toss it into water. The lead will quickly sink.
Modern ship manufacturers make use of density when designing the ships they build. They
use materials that are denser than water but shape the materials so that they take up enough space
to float. Although the ships weigh several thousand tons, that mass takes up a lot of space. Overall,
the ship has a density less than water and therefore floats.
Two factors have an effect on the density of water:
1) Temperature will have a small effect on the density. For water, density increases as
temperature decreases. See Table 1 for the density of water at different temperatures.
2) If more dense materials are dissolved in the water, the solution density will increase.
We will see this effect in today's lab when we measure the effect of dissolving sucrose
on the density of water.
There are many ways of describing the concentration of a solution. The mass percent of
solute in a solution is given by the symbol (w/w)% and the equation:
Mass of Solute
Mass % = x 100 Equation 2
Total Mass of Solution
The advantage of this type of concentration unit is that it depends only on the mass, which
is accurately measured with an analytical balance. It is not dependent on the temperature.
Note: Volumes are dependent on temperature. For example, a 10.000 mL volume of water will
increase by 0.016 mL when the temperature is raised from 18oC to 25oC. Table 1 gives the density
of water at different temperatures.
Another useful property is using the percent error to determine the amount a measurement is off from
the theoretical value. The equation for finding percent error is:
Graphing Data
It is imperative students learn to properly organize and graph data. Students may
wish to review graphing data and calculating the slope prior to coming to lab this week if it
has been a few years since you have had a math course. A brief review is included here
but may not be sufficient for some students.
Experimental Procedure
1. A student measured the volume and mass of three samples of methanol and obtained the
results given below. Calculate the density for each sample, and then the mean (average) of the
three measurements. [Average = Sum of all densities / number of samples]
4.029 5.10
3.704 4.71
3.952 5.03
Average Density =
3. The student made the solution with the following data. Calculate percent error of the solution if it
should have been 29% w/w sucrose.
Mass of sucrose
Mass of solution
Mass % of solution
Percent Error
Mass Volume
Trial
(g) (mL)
1 24.926
2 24.915
3 24.941
Average Volume =
Percent Error =
5. The above problem is an example of how an instrument (in this case, a pipet) can be
calibrated. We expected the volume to be 25.00 mL, but the actual volume was significantly
less. If you had measured the density of an unknown with this pipet and assumed that V =
25.00 mL, your result would not be correct. Would it be too high or too low? Explain your
answer.
Record all data from the scale and determine the %w/w of the solution made.
Mass of beaker
Mass of sucrose
Mass of solution
Wt % of solution
Temperature of Lab =
Average Density =
Show an example of the calculations necessary to determine the volume of water delivered.
1
(1 x calibrated volume)
2
(2 x calibrated volume)
3
(3 x calibrated volume)
4
(4 x calibrated volume)
5
(5 x calibrated volume)
In the space below: plot a graph of mass on the y-axis versus volume on the x-axis. All graphs must have
each axis clearly labeled with numbers and units. The graph must have a title and legend. Draw a “best fit”
straight line through as many of the points as possible. You should use a ruler to draw the line. This graph
should not simply be a “connect the dots” line.
1. Find the slope of this line by using two of the most widely spaced data points you have measured which
come closest to the best fit straight line that you have drawn with your ruler. Remember,
rise
slope = = Δ y / Δ x = (y2 –y1) / (x2 – x1)
run
Slope of the line (density) __________________ g/mL
2. Calculate the % Error of the Density of the solution you made by comparing it to the theoretical density
in Table 2 from the introduction.
____________________
3. (Next, observe where the line intersects the y-axis. This number should be close to the mass of the
empty beaker containing 0 mL of the solution.
4. Calculate the % error comparing the y intercept value compared to the mass of the empty beaker.
_____________________
2. When performing today’s lab, you measure the temperature of the lab during the
calibration of the graduated cylinder. You record the temperature as 2 degrees higher
than it actually is. How will this error affect the calculated density (will the resulting
calculated density be too high, too low or unaffected)?
3. When making the sucrose solution in Part A you measure the correct amount of sucrose
on the scale. However some of the sucrose was spilled on the balance and not into the
beaker. How will this error affect the calculated density (will the resulting calculated
density be too high, too low or unaffected)?
4. When trying to measure the density of your solution, you do not quantitatively transfer the
solution (there is still some in the graduated cylinder when you obtain the volume in Part
D). How will this error affect the calculated density (will the resulting calculated density
be too high, too low or unaffected)?