Project Work

Dimensioning and Coverage of Molyko City by LTE Network using Atoll 3.
General Introduction
The spreading impact of development in the world today is leading to a dynamic change in
areas, from rural to urban. This places Engineers in a tougher situation in knowing how to install
their networks in specific zones on the globe. With the growing application for of wireless services,
and the capacity of 2G networks and 3G is reaching saturation point [3]. Over the last decade, the
world of communication has experienced a tremendous increase in mobile data traffic due to the
growing popularity of mobile internet, mobile TV, IP telephony, multimedia online gaming, etc…
This phenomenon has revealed the inadequacy of 2G networks (GSM, GPRS, and EDGE) and 3G
UMTS to support these requirements in order to remain competitive in the near future, thus forcing
mobile communication industries to engage in the discovery of new technologies that will enhance
user experience by increasing bandwidth and reducing cost per bit usage with higher QoS [4].
In order to address the high speed data and multimedia transport needs of operators, the
3GPP, a collaborative group of international standards bodies and telecommunications companies,
has introduced a new high-speed and low latency radio access method for mobile communications
systems -Long Term Evolution (LTE)/LTE-Advanced [5]. Thanks to Long Term Evolution network
(LTE), the “area change” is solved: by considering adequate parameters and carrying out careful
work and planning, the installation of networks in towns is easier, and they do not suffer loss of
money or equipment. LTE can be designed for every sector: open country, rural, suburb, urban,
metropolitan and Cosmo metropolitan, depending on the density.
LTE networks are intended to bridge the functional data exchange gap between very
high data rate fixed WLANs and very high mobility cellular networks. For LTE network to
experience its full functional capabilities it must be well-planned and deployed effectively. The
dimensioning phase which comprises of two fundamental processes namely the coverage planning
and the capacity planning is a very crucial step in the deployment of any LTE network [6].
With 3GPP freezing Release 8 in 2008, LTE standards are now in a mature state. LTE
systems adopt advanced radio link technologies in the air interface, including OFDM, AMC, and
HARQ. From the perspective of LTE network design, these technologies and algorithms improve
network performance but increase system complexity as well [7].
BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

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Dimensioning and Coverage of Molyko City by LTE Network using Atoll 3.3
Project Layout
The structure of this report is organized as follows:
Chapter 1 introduces the project and highlights its objectives, importance, applications
and assumptions, as well as a background of the research work. The second chapter reveals the
context and problem of the project, talking about a view of LTE network architecture, the problem
statement, the scope of study, and the significance of the study. Chapter three gives a literature
review on the evolution of Radio Network, the various propagation models, and some related works
to the project. The next chapter deals with the methodology put in place for the work, and the
results obtained during the investigation. Chapter five is a discussion in relation with the elements
of the context. Finally, chapter six is the conclusion of the work, with an idea of future scope for
future deployment. Finally we have the references.

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Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the objectives, importance and applications of the project, together
with the assumptions made. It looks at a brief background on mobile communications.
1.2 Background
In this section we shall strengthen our foundations on basic mobile networks and the
cellular concept.
1.2.1 Basic Mobile Network
The word “Telecommunications” can easily be separated into two words: tele- which
means distance, and communications. Therefore, the purpose of a basic telecommunications
network is to transmit user information in any form to another user on the network, through a
certain distance. These users of public networks, for instance, in a telephone network, are called
subscribers.
The understanding of the core or background of anything is primordial to the
understanding of its functioning. The three basic sections that are needed in any
communications network are: transmission, reception and transfer. Transfer has to do with
switching and signaling. Various mediums can be used for communications, such as air, optic
fibers, copper cables or radio waves. Transmission and reception can be done using antennas.
The figure below gives a simplified structure of a basic network system with its
different elements.

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Fig 1: A Basic Mobile Network [5]
The main elements of this network are:

1. Terminals: These are the user devices with which access is gained to the network. They
can represent mobile phones, internet keys, tablets, and so on.
2. Access station: These are the entry points of the network from the terminal’s point of
view. The provide air interface channels with which the terminals can wirelessly hook unto
the network. The channels are assigned through algorithms.
3. Access controller: This entity manages the access stations providing what is known as
terrestrial links to the user. It is this element that implements the channel allocation
algorithms.
4. Switch controller: This is more or less the heart of the mobile network. Indeed, it is this
entity that manages the network’s mobility feature and at the same time switches through
connections sessions. It also interconnects with other networks and of different types like
PSTNs, other mobile networks, internet, and so on.
5. Service manager: This element authenticates users, identifies their service permissions,
assess their access rights, and manages the billing of services. This is a very intelligent
network element, and forms another part of the network’s heart.

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The terminals, access station and controller all belong to the Radio Access Network,
commonly referred to as RAN. The RAN is in charge of providing access to the user, by
providing terrestrial links. These are the physical links with which call sessions are made
to access the network. It uses digital modulation for air interface, and a varied type of
multiple access technologies. The RAN provides the coverage.
The switch controller and service manager all belong to the Core Network. This
networks provides and manages the services and mobility of a mobile network. Switching,
location, charging, authentication, and signaling, are very many of the words used to
identify the functions of the Core Network. This network can serve many RANs,
interconnecting them along the line, and also interconnecting with other Core Networks.
This permits inter-Network communication. Also they connect with PSTNs and Internet
gateways, ensuring a variety of services provided [7].
1.2.2 The Cellular System Concept
The cellular concept was the major breakthrough in solving the problem of spectral
congestion and user capacity. Mobile networks must accommodate a large number of users
over a large geographic area with limited frequency spectrum, i.e., with limited number of
channels. If a single transmitter/ receiver is used with only a single access station, then
sufficient amount of power may not be present at a huge distance from the station.
For a large geographic coverage area, a high powered transmitter therefore has to be
used. But a high power radio transmitter causes harm to environment. Mobile communication
thus calls for replacing the high power transmitters by low power transmitters through
dividing the coverage area into small segments, called cells. Each cell uses a certain number
of the available channels (frequencies) and a group of adjacent cells together use all the
available channels. Such a group is called a cluster. This cluster can repeat itself and hence
the same set of channels can be used again and again. This leads to frequency reuse.
Each cell has a low power transmitter with a coverage area equal to the area of the
cell. It is this concept of frequency reuse that is at the heart of cellular systems [5, 25].
It is also very difficult to define the exact edge of a cell. The signal strength
gradually reduces and towards the edge of the cell performance will fall [25].

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Fig 2: Cellular Concept [5] Fig 3: Frequency Reuse with cluster size N = 7
As the mobiles themselves will have different levels of sensitivity, this adds a
further greying of the edge of the cell. Therefore it is never possible to have a sharp cut-off
between cells. In some areas they may overlap, whereas in others there will be a "hole" in
coverage.
The cellular concept has the following advantages:

 There is large subscriber capacity, and an efficient use of radio spectrum.
 Higher capacity and less transmission power.
 Cellular systems are decentralized and so, more robust against the failure of single
components.
 Interference is only ‘local’ and so quality transmission is observed [7].
 Service to hand-held portables, as well as vehicles.
 High quality telephone and data service to the mobile user at relatively low cost
[25].
1.3 Project Objectives

1.3.1 General Objectives
The ultimate objective of this project is to realize dimensioning and coverage
by LTE Network using ATOLL 3.3 simulation tool with the city of Molyko being

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the case study. With this mission ahead, in this project, a step-by-step method was
followed, starting from gathering parametric information about the city, passing
through the creation of the digital map in other softwares and finally simulation in
Atoll. Prior to that, a brief description of RNP has been given [9].
1.3.2 Specific Objectives

 Specify the different elements of the system.
 Explain the process of wireless network dimensioning.
 Define system parameters and network parameters.
 Know the population, topography and area of Molyko city.
 Indicate the number of e-nodeBs to be installed.
 Create a digital map for the city of Molyko.
 Determine the range for communication between the UE and the BS.
 Determine the cell size required.
 Know the type of zone Molyko is found: urban, suburban, rural or open country.
 Determine which propagation model is best suited in this case.
 Optimize the coverage using antennas.
 Simulate the model using Atoll 3.3 planning software tool.
 Evaluate the performance of the planned, simulated network.
1.4 Advantages of LTE Network System

 LTE supports both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) and Time Division Duplex (TDD)
[10].
 There is enhanced voice fallback (CSFB), VoLTE and LTE Broadcast (eMBMS) [11].
 There is reduced cell size compared to the other cellular networks, hence encouraging
frequency re-use.
 There is high throughput and low latency, supporting only packed switched services, and a
packet optimized radio access technology.
 LTE can reuse existing 3G sites. No additional LTE alone sites are required at the
beginning of its deployment.
 There is high-speed data and bandwidth efficiency.

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 LTE provides multimedia unicast and multimedia broadcast services [12].

 There is the use of plug and play.
 There is an improved end-user experience.
 LTE supports scalable bandwidths, from 1.4MHz to 20MHz [1].
 LTE has a simple architecture resulting in low cost operations [13].
 The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of at least 100 Mbps and an uplink of
at least 50 Mbps [1].
 Mobile 4G LTE delivers more data capacity [14].
 LTE will also support seamless passing to cell towers with older network technology such
as GSM, CDMA-One, W-CDMA (UMTS), and CDMA2000.
 Web surfing is immediate, and download is very fast, faster than UMTS and other
networks [15].
1.5 Applications of the Project

 This project can be used to effectively determine the dimensioning and coverage of any
urban area, not only Molyko.
 Network operators like NEXTELL who are switching from 3G to 4G can use this project
work to know and understand how to install or extend their 4G in the areas of their study.
1.6 Assumptions made during the project

 The Overbooking Factor (OBF) was assumed to be 50 for optimum results, considering the
parameters of the city of Molyko.
 The surface area of Molyko was estimated. The area used might not be the exact
dimension.
 The inter-eNB distance was considered to be 500m, since we are dealing with femto cells.
 The 4G LTE band used was the LTE 2600 MHz, since it is the standard.
1.7 Conclusion
We have seen a background on LTE Network, as well as the objectives and applications
of the project. In the next chapter we will present the context of the project together with the
problem statement and the scope of study.

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Chapter 2: CONTEXT AND PROBLEM
2.1 Introduction
In this chapter, we shall see the architecture of LTE Network and the technologies used,
the problem statement, the scope of the study and the significance of the study. It defines LTE’s
usage and working principle.
2.2 LTE Technical Overview
2.2.1 LTE Network Architecture

LTE is the evolution of the radio access Universal Mobile Telecommunications Systems
(UMTS), also known as Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), whereas the evolution of the non-radio
part including the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) is known as the System Architecture.
LTE-Uu
Fig 4: Simplified LTE Network Architecture [7]

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The architecture of the core network is a little bit more complex as is it composed of
different pieces of equipment. A detailed LTE network is shown below with many more features
in a more precise diagram. We shall consider the simplified structure for a better understanding.
Fig 5: Detailed LTE Network Architecture [8]
From Fig 4 above, the EPC is made up of 5 main elements, which are:
 The MME- Mobile Management Entry
 The S-GW- Service Gateway
 The P-GW- Package Data Network (PDN) Gateway
 The HSS- Home Subscriber Service, and
 The PCRF- Police Control and Charging Rules Function
The E-UTRAN Network consists of the user equipments and the eNBs. There are various
interfaces in this network, which will be seen subsequently.

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2.2.2 Functioning Aspects
A. The Core Network
1. Mobile Management Entity (MME):

 It is the control node that is responsible for the signaling between the UE and the core
network.
 It deals with the control plane, and it is considered the termination point of the Non
Access Stratum (NAS) which plays a key role in initiating and maintaining the EPS
bearers. It has a major role in registering UE in a network, handling mobility functions
between UE and core network, and creating and keeping IP connectivity.
 NAS is carried over LTE-Uu which is the air interface between UE and eNB and the S1-
MME interfaces between the eNB and the MME. On the other hand, Access Stratum
(AS) protocols are those that run between eNodeBs and UE.
 In conclusion, NAS functions between a core network and the user equipment; whereas,
AS functions between the radio network and the user equipment.
 There are two classifications for the main functions supported by the MME: (15) bearer
management and (16) connection management. The former is handled by the session
management layer in the NAS protocol and is related to the establishing, maintaining and
releasing bearers; but the latter is handled by the connection or mobility management
layer in the NAS protocol and is related to establishing connection between the network
and the UE along with providing security. In fact, the MME is responsible for distributing
the paging messages to the eNBs, security, mobility control for users in idle state, control
of bearers, and protecting NAS signaling integrity and ciphering [7].
2. Serving Gateway (S-GW):

 It is the local mobility anchor that holds data when the UE are moving between eNodeBs
during handover and deals with the user plane. S-GW is the connection between the radio
part and the EPC.
 It is the hub on which all IP packets are transferred through; it transports the IP data
traffic between UE and the external networks.

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 Moreover, it keeps information about the bearers when the UE is idle and it works as a
buffer for downlink data when the MME is initiating paging of the UE for bearers’
reestablishment.
 S-GW has different administrative tasks in the network; it gathers data for charging such
as the traffic on the link whether sent or received by a user.
 In addition, it works as mobility anchor for internetworking with other 3GPP
technologies like UMTS and GPRS. Logically, this gateway is connected to the PDN
gateway.
3. PDN Gateway (P-GW):

 It is the interconnection point between the EPC and the external IP networks and it is
mainly in charge of assigning and distributing the IP addresses for the UE, besides
enforcing the QoS and flow based charging that is based on PCRF rules.
 The PDN gateway has the responsibility to distribute and sort out the IP packets in the
downstream into different QoS based channels and bearers based on the Traffic Flow
Templates (TFTs).
 It also has the ability to work as a mobility anchor for internetworking with non 3GPP
technologies like High Rate Packet Data (HRPD) (aka 1xEV-DO) and Wi-Fi. P-GW is
considered the default gateway as well; it performs packet filtering and lawful
interception which includes analyzing the signaling data in addition to the network
management information.
4. Home Subscriber Service (HSS):

 It holds dynamic information to keep track of the MME identities to which users are
connected.
 HSS also includes data for the user’s System Architecture Evolution (SAE) subscription
such as the QoS profile and any roaming access restrictions.
 Moreover, it has the Packet Data Network (PDNs) information that allows users to
connect to the PDN such as Internet, IM.
 It also plays a role in authentication and security due to its ability to integrate the
Authentication Center (AuC) which formulates security keys and authentication vectors.

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5. Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF):

One of its tasks is to control the Policy Control and Charging Enforcement
Function (PCEF) functionalities that are flow-based and residing in the P-GW. The QoS
authorization, which is consisting of the QoS Class Identifiers (QCI) and bit rates, defines
the PCEF treatment for certain data flows in harmony and agreement with the user’s
subscription profile.
B. The Access Network
The architecture of the access network is pretty simple as it is composed of a single

type of node called enhanced NodeB (eNodeB or eNB). These advanced base stations are
used to connect the User Equipment (UE) to the network. The E-UTRAN is considered a flat
architecture because it has no centralized controllers.
As shown in Figure 6, the E-UTRAN architecture consists of a network of eNodeBs
that are interconnected with each other by X2 interfaces that allow communication between
the different eNBs and connected to the EPC by S1 interfaces; S1-U user plane interface
used between the eNB and the S-GW and S1-C (S1-MME) interface which allows
communication between the eNB and the MME. All the following active UE radio functions
are run by the E-UTRAN : IP packet header compression, security and data encryption, and
connecting to the EPC.
Fig 6: LTE Access Network [5]

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UE Categories: They are simply the devices through which the user penetrates the network.
They can be mobile phones, fixed phones, iPads, palmtops, internet keys or smart computers.
These radio access capabilities are defined in 3GPP 36.306 release.
In particular, the handset-type groups vary in maximum possible throughput (the
maximum number of DL-SCH transport blocks bits received within a Time Transmission
Interval (TTI)). Assuming a TTI of 1ms for category 1, the maximum possible throughput is
10296 bits/1ms which is approximately 10Mbps of physical layer DL throughput including
the RLC/MAC header information so the payload throughput will be slightly less.
The table below shows the different categories of user equipments and their
characteristics. Category 5 mobiles are the only handsets that support 64 QAM.
UE Category Maximum number Maximum number Appropriate

of UL-SCH of bits of a DL-SCH maximum bit rate
transport block bits transport block DL (Mbps)
received within a received within a
TTI TTI
Category 1 10,296 10,296 10
Category 2 51,024 51,024 50
Category 3 102,048 75,376 75
Category 4 150,752 75,376 75
Category 5 302,752 151,376 150
Table 2: UE Categories and DL Capabilities (according to 3GPP 36.306) [7]
2.2.3 LTE Signaling and Interfaces
As shown in Fig 6, the names of the interfaces are standardized.

 The S1-U interface connects the eNB and the S-GW for user plane traffic (i.e.
bearers’ tunneling, inter-eNB handover).
 The S1-C (currently referred to as S1-MME) connects the eNB with the MME for
control processes and signaling messages between the eNB and the MME.

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 S11 connects the MME to the S-GW.

 S6 (currently referred to as S6a) connects the MME and the HSS.
 S5 connects the S-GW to the P-GW.
 In addition to that, the S7 (currently referred to as Gx) connects the P-GW (PCEF)
to the PCRF, and the SGi is the interface between the P-GW and the packet data
network such as Internet or IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem).
 The eNB is connected to the core network on the S1 interface. The S1 interface
allows the eNB to communicate with the MME via the S1-MME interface and the
SGW via the S1 interface. The interfaces support a many-to-many relationship
between eNB and SGW/MME.
 The eNBs are also networked together using the X2 interface. The X2 interface is
based on the same set of protocols as the S1 and is primarily in place to allow user
plane tunneling of packets during handover to minimize packet loss.
LTE Parameter Description
Frequency bands They are the different choices of frequency in the LTE
Standard
Preferred Channel Bandwidth They are six choices in the LTE Standard
Throughput It is the spectral efficiency of a modulation scheme
Overbooking Factor (OBF) OBF is the average number of users sharing a given
channel or capacity at the same time
Tab 3: LTE Network Deployment Parameters

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2.3 Multi Carrier Technology
LTE network uses OFDMA in downlink and SC-FDMA in uplink transmissions. They
are briefly explained below:
OFDMA: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
 OFDM subdivides the bandwidth available for signal transmission into a multitude
of narrowband subcarriers, arranged to be mutually orthogonal, which either
individually or in groups can carry independent information streams [2].
 OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission.

The basic LTE downlink physical resource can be seen as a time-frequency grid, as
illustrated below. A Resource Block corresponds to twelve OFDM sub-carriers
during one 0.5 ms slot. The smallest unit that can be allocated by the scheduler is
two consecutive Resource Blocks i.e. 12 subcarrier per 1ms.
 An OFDMA system allows multiple users to simultaneously access the system.

For example, User 1 can use subcarrier fi and User 2 can use the subcarrier f2 to
receive data from the base station at the same time instant t\. A pure OFDM system
allows DL transmission to just one user at a time, using all the available subcarriers
for the selected user [5].
Fig 7: LTE Physical Resource based on OFDMA

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Fig 8: OFDM Symbol Time Structure [35]
The reasons and advantages of using OFDMA technology for UL are because:
 There is improved spectral efficiency.

 There is reduced ISI effect by multipath.
 OFDMA provides better protection against frequency selective fading.
SC-FDMA: Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access
 SC-FDMA is well suited to the LTE uplink requirements because the data transmitted
is consecutive and reduce Peak-to Average Power Ratio PAPR. In OFDMA this was
high, so SC-FDMA was sought. It is a variation of OFDMA, and relies upon Discrete
Fourier Transform signal processing to modify the nature of the transmitted signal,
leading to a reduction in the PAPR.
 SC-FDMA's main drawback is increased complexity of the transmitter and receiver
due to extra processing related to Discrete Fourier Transform, DFT in which data
symbols in the time domain are converted to the frequency, and then in the frequency
domain they are mapped to the desired location in the overall channel bandwidth
before being converted back to the time domain using an inverse FFT (IFFT). Because
SC-FDMA uses this technique, it is sometimes called discrete Fourier transform
spread OFDM or (DFT-SOFDM).

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Fig 9: Comparison of how OFDMA and SC-FDMA transmit a sequence of QPSK data
symbols [2]
2.4 Problem Statement
The cellular branch is growing. Most cellular networks are diving into 4G and more,
since 3G is becoming obsolete in the world today! Areas become more urbanized, and
technology is advancing. Rapid increase in the demand for data and network services such as
VoIP, web browsing, videos telephony and video streaming, with constraints on delays and
bandwidth requirements, poses new challenges in the design of the future generation cellular
networks [5]. This has pushed wireless operators to invest in new technologies. Operators
capitalize a major portion of their money in their network infrastructure to be able to improve
on the QoS of new services and at lower rates.
To survive in such a competitive market, they look for network planning tools which
can design an optimized network with low cost. Furthermore, an optimized network requires
less maintenance cost, meaning more saving [7]. Proper planning would really help in an
accurate budgeting and control of the network.
The 3GPP introduced the Long Term Evolution (LTE) specifications as an answer to
this need, aiming at ambitious performance goals and defining new packet-optimized and all-IP
architectures for the radio access and the core networks. The primary goal of LTE network

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planning tools is to provide an optimum topology for the network. According to statistics, there
are already more than 20 LTE cellular operators worldwide and more than 100 million LTE
subscribers are foreseen by 2018.
2.5 Scope of the Study

To realize this project with brilliance, a vast work needs to be done, both in theory and
practice, especially in practice. Its scope considers:
 Proper understanding of the LTE network system is vital for a mastery of the subject.
 The choice of the propagation model to be implemented is critical for optimum results.
 A good knowledge of the software tool used.ie, Atoll 3.3, Google Earth and Global
Mapper are necessary in order to get the best results.
2.6 Significance of the Study
This project work signifies a lot to the Telecommunications Engineer. Entering into the
professional world would no more be dreaded, since practical knowledge leads to freedom.
This might be used to settle cases with network operators who want to install their network in
some areas, using specific network-generation technologies.
2.7 Conclusion
We have seen with precision the elements of LTE network architecture, the definition of
the problem, the scope of the study and the significance of the study. In the next chapter we
shall take a look on the state of literature review.

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Chapter 3: STATE OF LITTERATURE

REVIEW
3.1 Introduction
In this chapter we shall go across the generations to understand the evolution of

cellular networks, and we shall also discuss about some propagation models that exist in
Radio Communications. From the results we shall deduce which is best suited for the
project.
3.2 Related Works
In [1] coverage and capacity dimensioning was carried out for Dhaka city. The Radio
Network Planning Process was performed, together with the coverage analysis and
capacity analysis. In [2] and [3], Long Term Evolution Networking was carried out with
case study being the city of Addis Ababa, and the results included both coverage and
capacity, using the MIMO scheme. Reference [5] a comparison is made between UMTS
and LTE Network with the case study of Alazhary city in Khartoum , Sudan. Simulations
went on very well. In [6] LTE network planning and performance were made for the city
of Tripoli. Much other works were carried out, similar to the one in this project. They can
be found in [4, 9, 37].
3.3 Cellular Network Evolution
Changes differentiate ages. The ability to communicate with people on the move has
evolved remarkably since Guglielmo Marconi first demonstrated radio’s ability to provide
continuous contact with ships sailing the English Channel. (Marconi won the Nobel Prize
in Physics in 1990 for his efforts) [3]. That was in 1897, and since then wireless
communications methods and services have been enthusiastically adopted by people
around the world [8].

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Fig 10: Mobile Technology Evolution [8]
3.2.1 1G Networks
We begin with the standard for 1G cellular phones, whose main characteristics are
summarized in Tab 6. Systems based on these standards were widely deployed in the 1980s. Many
countries deployed first generation cellular systems based on frequency division multiple access
(FDMA) and analog FM technology. With FDMA there is a single channel per carrier [1].While
many of these systems have been replaced by digital cellular systems, there are many places
throughout the world where this analog systems are still in use! The best known standard is the
Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) introduced by Bell Laboratories in the 1970s, and first
used commercially in the US in 1983. After its US deployment, many other countries deployed it as
well. AMPS has a narrow band version, narrow band AMPS (N-AMPS), with voice channels that
are one-third the bandwidth of regular AMPS [2].
Japan deployed the first commercial cellular phone system in 1979 with the NTT
standard (MCS-L1) based on AMPS, but at a higher frequency and voice channels of slightly lower
bandwidth. Europe developed a similar standard to AMPS called the Total Access Communication
System (TACS). TACS operate at a higher frequency and lower bandwidth channels than AMPS. It
was deployed in the U.K. and in other European countries and even out of Europe. The frequency
range for TACS was extended in the U.K. to obtain more channels, leading to a variation called
ETACS. A variation of the TACS system called JTACS was deployed in the metropolitan cities of

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Japan in 1989 to provide higher capacity than the NTT system. JTACS operate at a slightly higher
frequency than TACS and ETACS, and has a bandwidth-efficient version called NTACS, where
voice channels occupy half the bandwidth of the channels in JTACS.
In addition to TACS, countries in Europe had different incompatible standards at
different frequencies for analog cellular, including the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) standard in
Scandinavia, the Radiocom 2000 (RC2000) in France, and the C-450 standard in Germany and
Portugal. The incompatibility made it possible to roam across European countries with a single
phone, which motivated the need for one unified standard cellular standard and frequency allocation
through Europe [2].
AMPS TACS NMT NTT C-450 RC200

(450/900)
UL frequencies 824-849 890-915 453-458/ 890- 925-940 450- 414.8-
(MHz) 915 475.74 418
DL frequencies 869-894 935-960 463-468/ 935- 870-885 460- 424.8-
(MHz) 960 465.74 428
Modulation FM FM FM FM FM FM
Channel Spacing 30 25 25/12.5 25 10 12.5

(kHz)
Number of 832 1000 180/1999 600 573 256
Channels
Multiple Access FDMA FDMA FDMA FDMA FDMA FDMA
Tab 4: 1G Analog Cellular Phone Standards
3.2.2 2G Networks
Next we consider the 2G digital cellular phone standards, whose characteristics are
shown in Tab 7. These systems were mostly developed in the early 1990s. Due to incompatibilities
in the 1G analog cellular system, in 1982 the Groupe Spécial Mobile (GSM) was launched to
develop a unique digital cellular system for all of Europe. The TAC system spectrum in the 900
MHz band was allocated for GSM operations across Europe to facilitate roaming between countries.
1989 the GSM specification was finalized and the system was launched in 1991, although
availability was unveiled in 1992. The GSM standard is used in about 66% of the world’s cell

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phones with more than 470 GSM operators in 172 countries, supporting over a billion users. As the
GSM standard become more global, the meaning of the acronym was changed to Global System for
Mobile Communications.
Although Europe got an early jump on the developing 2G digital systems, US was
not far behind. In 1992 the 1S-54 digital cellular standard was finalized, with its commercial
deployment beginning in 1994. This standard uses the same channel spacing, 30 kHz, as AMPS, to
facilitate the analog-to-digital transition for wireless operators, along with TDMA multiple access
scheme to improve handoff and control signaling over analog FDMA. The IS-54 standard, also
known as the North America Digital Cellular Standard, was improved over time and these
improvements evolved into the IS-136 standard, which subsumed the original standard. Similar to
the GSM standard, the IS-136 standard uses parity check codes, convolutional codes, interleaving,
and equalization.
A competing standard for 2G systems based on CDMA was proposed by Qualcomm
in the early 1990s. The standard, called IS-95 or IS-95 a, was finalized in 1993 and deployed
commercially under the name CDMAOne, in 1995. Like IS-136, IS-95 was designed to be
compatible with AMPS so that the two systems could co-exist in the same frequency band. The 2G
digital cellular standard in Japan called the Personal Digital Cellular (PDC) standard, was
established in 1991 and deployed in 1994. It is similar to the IS-136 standard, but with 25 kHz voice
channels, for compatibility.
In the late 1990s, 2G systems evolved in two directions: they were ported to higher
frequencies as more cellular bandwidth became available in Europe and in the US, and they were
modified to support data services. GSM evolved into GPRS and EDGE networks, meanwhile the
IS-95 standard was modified to the 1S-95b standard, to provide data services by assigning multiple
orthogonal Walsh functions to a single user. GPRS and EDGE are compatible with IS-136 as well
as GSM, and thus provide a convergent upgrade for both of these systems.
GSM IS-136 IS-95 PDC

(CDMA One)
UL Frequencies (MHz) 890-915 824-849 824-849 810-830,
1429-1453
DL Frequencies (MHz) 935-960 869-894 869-894 940-960,
1477-1501
Carrier Separation (kHz) 200 30 1250 25
Number of Channels 1000 2500 ~ 2500 3000

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Modulation GMSK π/4 DQPSK BPSK/QPSK π/4 DQPSK

Compressed Speech Rate 13 7.95 1.2-9.6 (variable) 6.7
(kbps)
Channel Data Rate (kbps) 270.833 48.6 1.288 Mchips/s 42
Data Code Rate 1/2 1/2 1/2 (DL), 1/3 (UL) 1/2
ISI Reduction/Diversity Equalizer Equalizer RAKE, SHO Equalizer
Multiple Access TDMA/ TDMA CDMA TDMA
Slow FH
Tab 5: 2G Digital Cellular Phone Standards
2G Standard GSM GSM / IS-136 IS-95

2.5G HSCSD GPRS EDGE IS-95b
Enhancement
Technique Aggregate Aggregate GPRS with Aggregate with
Timeslots Timeslots with variable mod. Walsh
Packet Switching /cod. functions
Data Rates: 57.6/ 14.4- 140.8/ 56 kbps 384/ 200 kbps 115/ 64 kbps
Max/Actual 57.6 kbps
Tab 6: 2G Enhancements to support 2.5G capabilities
3.2.3 3G Networks
The fragmentation of standards and frequency bands associated with 2G systems led the ITU
in the late 1990s to formulate a plan for a single global frequency band and standard for SG digital
cellular systems. The standard was named the International Mobile Telephone 2000 (IMT-2000)
standard with a desired system rollout in the 2000 timeframe, to provide Mbps data frames for
demanding applications. Two such standards stood out: the cdma2000 (backward compatible with
cdmaOne) supported by the 3PP, and wideband CDMA supported by 3GPP 1.
The cdma2000 standard builds on cdmaOne to provide an evolutionary path to 3G. The core
of the cdma2000 standard is referred to as cdma2000 1X or cdma2000 1XRTT, indicating that the
Radio Transmission Technology (RTT) operates in one pair of 1.25 MHz radio channels, and is
thus compatible with cdmaOne systems. The two evolutions of cdma2000 1X are referred to as

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cdma2000 1XEV. The first one, cdma2000 1XEV-DO (Data Only), enhances the cdmaOne system
using a separate 1.25 MHz dedicated high-speed data channel that supports DL data rates up to 3
Mbps and UL data rates up to 1.8 Mbps for an averaged combined rate of 2.4 Mbps. The second
phase of the evolution, cdma2000 1XEV-DV (Data and Voice), is projected to support up to 4.8
Mbps data rates as well as legacy 1X voice users, 1XRTT data users and 1XEV-DO data users, all
within the same radio channel.
3G Standard cdma2000 W-CDMA

Subclass 1X 1XEV- 1XEV- 3X s FOMA J-Phone
DO DV
Channel 1.25 1.25 3.75 5
Bandwidth (MHz)
Chip Rate (Mbps) 1.2288 3.6864 3.84
Peak Data Rate 1.44 2.4 4.8 5-8 2.4 (8-10 with HSDPA)
(Mbps)
Modulation QPSK (DL), BPSK (UL)
Coding Convolutional (low rate), Turbo (high rate)
Power Control 800 Hz 1500 Hz
Tab 7: 3G Digital Cellular Phone Standards
3.2.4 4G Networks
The 4G digital network standard is among the latest standards in the world today. It is
the evolution of the UMTS and CDMA technologies in 3G. The first 4G network release was done
by 3GPP release 8 in 2008, introducing the 4G LTE network. Two main categories are involved
here: LTE and LTE Advanced.
The evolution of LTE network led to the deployment of LTE Advanced, which is an
evolution built for the long haul [8]. On the heels of the tremendous success of LTE, Industry
leaders have already gotten a head start in LTE’s next step—LTE Advanced. The first step of LTE
Advanced—carrier aggregation—was launched in June 2013, powered by third-generation

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Qualcomm GobiTM modems integrated into Qualcomm Snapdragon TM 800 chipsets, from
Qualcomm Technologies, Inc. [8].
LTE Advanced, true to its name, packs an impressive collection of advanced features that
can meaningfully grouped in to three categories:
 Carrier aggregation that bonds multiple carriers together to provide extremely high data
rates across the cell coverage age.
 Advanced antenna techniques to improve spectral efficiency.
 Above all, HetNet optimizations to bring more out of small cells.
The various characteristics of the LTE network are described below;
Characteristic Value
Spectral Efficiency 1.57 bit/s/Hz
Peak Data Rate 170 Mbit/s
Sector Capacity 31.4 Mbit/s
No of transceivers per cell 1
Latency round trip time Approximately 10 ms
RTT User plane 5 ms
Call Setup time 50 ms
Mobility 350 km/h
Bandwidth Scalable up to 20 MHz
Maximum DL speed 100 Mbps
Maximum UL speed 50 Mbps
Access Methodology OFDMA/ SC-FDMA
Tab 8: LTE Network Characteristics [4, 5]
Carrier aggregation from its humble beginning of two 10 MHz that was launched in June
2013, will evolve in to many directions, many bands, many types so that operators can utilize all
spectrum assets they have access to. Advanced antenna techniques leverage more antennas on the
device to offer higher data rates and capacity. HetNet optimizations such as “Range expansion”

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made possible through advanced interference coordination and cancellation ensure that increase in
capacity scales with the densification of small cells.
Fig 11: Strong LTE Network Evolution [8]
As can be seen, the evolution of LTE is a well thought-out roadmap with releases providing
successively improving capabilities that result in higher and more consistent data rates for users,
higher capacity, and a better overall user experience. LTE’s successful run and its growth continue
unabated. On the heels of a successful LTE launch, LTE Advanced is making its foray. Also, the
5G Network is surely at hand.
3.4 Propagation Models
3.3.1 Okumura model

 The Okumura model is based on measurements made in Tokyo in 1960, between 200
and 1920MHz [17–20]. While not representative of modern U.S. cities, the data and
model are still widely used as a basis of comparison.
 The model is empirical, being based solely on the measured data. The actual path
loss predictions are made based on graphs of Okumura’s results, with various
correction factors applied for some parameters.
 It is developed for macro cells.
 It is radio propagation models for urban areas.

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Frequency Range 150-1920 MHz

Base Station Height 30-1000 m
Mobile Height 1-10 m
Distance Range 1-100 km
Tab 9: Coverage Parameters of the Okumura model
Okuruma’s expression for media path loss:
𝑳 = 𝑳𝑭𝑺𝑳 + 𝑨𝑴𝑼 − 𝑯𝑴𝑮 − 𝑯𝑩𝑮 − 𝚺𝑲𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ……………………………..eqn. 1
Where:
 L = Median Path Loss. Unit: the decibel (dB)
 𝑳𝑭𝑺𝑳 = The Free Space path loss. Unit: Decibel (dB)
 𝑨𝑴𝑼 = Median Attenuation. Unit: Decibel (dB)
 𝑯𝑴𝑮 = Mobile Station Antenna height gain factor.
 𝑯𝑩𝑮 = Base Station Antenna height gain factor.
 𝑲𝒄𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =Correction factor gain (such as type of environment, water
surfaces, isolated obstacle, etc…).
The free space loss term 𝑳𝑭𝑺𝑳 can be calculated analytically using:
𝑳𝑭𝑺𝑳 = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟔𝒅𝑩 − 𝟐𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒇𝑴𝑯𝒛 ) − 𝟐𝟎𝒍𝒐𝒈(𝒅𝒎 ) ......................................................................eqn. 2
Where:
 d = distance between transmitter and receiver in km
 f = Operating frequency in MHz
 𝐺𝑡 = Transmitter antenna gain in dB
 𝐺𝑟 = Receiver antenna gain in dB
Applications of the Okumura model:

 Its ideal case are cities with urban structures but not tall building structures.
 Okuruma’s model is considered to be among the simplest and best in terms of accuracy in
path loss for mature cellular and land mobile radio systems in clustered environments.

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 It is practical and has become a standard for system planning in modern land mobile radio
systems in Japan.
3.3.2 Hata model

 It is also known as the Okumura-Hata model.
 Hata established empirical mathematical relationships to describe the graphical
information given by Okumura.
 Hata’s formulation is limited to certain ranges of input parameters and is applicable
only over quasi-smooth terrain.
 Hata model is not suitable for microcell planning where antenna is below roof height
and its maximum carrier frequency is 1500 MHz. It is not valid for 1800 MHz and
1900 MHz systems.

Tab 14: Coverage Parameters of the Hata model
Hata’s expression for media path loss:

1) Path loss for urban center:
𝑳𝒑 (𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒂𝒏) = 𝟔𝟗. 𝟓𝟓 + 𝟐𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝒇𝒄 ) − 𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟐𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝒉𝒃 ) − 𝜶(𝒉𝒎 ) + (𝟒𝟒. 𝟗 −
𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝒉𝒃 )) 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝒅) ………………………………………….....……..eqn. 3
𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝜶(𝒉𝒎 ) = (𝟏. 𝟏𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝒇𝒄 ) − 𝟎. 𝟕)𝒉𝒎 − (𝟏. 𝟓𝟔 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝒇𝒄 ) − 𝟎. 𝟖) … . 𝒆𝒒𝒏. 𝟒
2) Path loss for suburban center:

𝟐
𝒇
𝑳𝒑 (𝒔𝒖𝒃𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒂𝒏) = 𝑳𝒑 (𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒂𝒏) − 𝟐 (𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝟐𝟖𝒄 )) − 𝟓. 𝟒…………………………eqn. 5

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3) Path loss for open country:
𝟐
𝑳𝒑 (𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒚) = 𝑳𝒑 (𝒖𝒓𝒃𝒂𝒏) − 𝟒. 𝟕𝟖(𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝒇𝒄 )) + 𝟏𝟖. 𝟑𝟑(𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝒇𝒄 )) − 𝟒𝟎. 𝟗𝟒…eqn 6
Where:
 𝑷𝒕 = Transmitted power in dBm
 𝑮𝒕 = Transmit antenna gain in the direction of the receiver in dB
 𝒇 = Operating frequency MHz
 𝒉𝒃𝒆 = Effective base station antenna height in m
 𝒉𝒐 = Reference base station antenna height, selected as 1m.
 𝜶(𝒉𝒎 ) = Mobile antenna height correction in dB
 𝑹 = Distance between the bin and the transmitter in km
 𝑹𝑶 = Reference distance. In Hata model it is always set to 0.62 miles (1km)
 𝑨𝒂 = Area adjustment factor in dB
Applications of Hata model:

 This model is suited for both point-to-point and broadcast transmissions.
 Urban area version is applicable for high dense cities including tall buildings.
 Sub-urban area version is applicable for places outside cities, rural areas. Open area
version is applicable where there are no obstacles.
3.3.3 COST-231 model

 The COST 231 model is an enhanced version of the Hata model with the 1800-1900
MHz included.
 This model consists of three components: the Free Space model, taking the general
attenuation between Base Station (BS) and Mobile Terminal (MT) into account; one
over rooftops, accounting for the multiple diffraction on the rooftops of the buildings
in between the BS and the street where the MT is located; and the inside street one,
considering the propagation from the rooftop to the MT, where the walls form a
canyon.

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 The second component, and this general approach, originated from the research group
led by Henry Bertoni, while the third is taken from Ikegami & co.
 The development of the COST 231 involved the measurement campaigns, performed
by several groups participating in the project, in Radio propagation modeling on 433
MHz several European cities. The model was finalized in 1991. Nowadays, the model
still needs improvements.
 COST 231 models are for propagation in the PCS band. Path losses experienced at 845
MHz are about 10 dB larger than those experienced at 955 MHz.
 It contains corrections for urban, suburban and rural (flat) environments. Although its
frequency range is outside that of the measurements, its simplicity and the availability
of correction factors has seen it widely used for path loss prediction at this frequency
band.

Tab 13: Coverage Parameters of the COST-231 model
COST 231 expression for path loss:
𝑳𝒑 (𝒅𝑩) = 𝑨 + 𝑩𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝒅) + 𝑪………………………………………………………eqn. 7

Where:
 𝐴 = 46.3 + 33.9𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑓𝑐 ) − 13.82𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (ℎ𝑏 ) − 𝛼(ℎ𝑚 )

 𝐵 = 44.9 − 6.55𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (ℎ𝑏 )
0, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
 𝐶={
3, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠

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Applications of the COST-231 model:
 COST-231 model can be used for urban towns with high frequency ranges.
3.3.4 CCIR model

 It is also known as the ITU Model. CCIR stands for Comité International des Radio
Communication
 The CCIR method is based on the statistical analysis of a considerable amount of
experimental data obtained by measurements in many countries.

Tab 14: Coverage Parameters of the CCIR model
CCIR expression for path loss:
𝑳𝑷 𝑪𝑪𝑰𝑹 = 𝑨 + 𝑩 ∗ 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝒅) − 𝑬…………………………………………eqn. 8
Where A and B are defined in the Okumura-Hata model with 𝛼(ℎ𝑚 ) being the medium or small city
value:
ℎ
𝐴 = 69.55 − 26.16 log(𝑓) + 13.82𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ℎ𝑏𝑒 ) + 𝛼(ℎ𝑚 )
𝑜
B = 44.9 − 6.55 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (ℎ𝑏 )
𝜶(𝒉𝒎 ) = (𝟏. 𝟏𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝒇𝒄 ) − 𝟎. 𝟕)𝒉𝒎 − (𝟏. 𝟓𝟔 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝒇𝒄 ) − 𝟎. 𝟖) ………………eqn. 9
This correction factor is for small city, medium city, open area, rural area and suburban area.

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The element E stands for the degree of urbanization and is given by
𝐸 = 30 − 25𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑃𝐵) …………………………………………………….. eqn. 10
Where PB is the % of area covered by buildings.
E = 0 when the area is covered by approximately 16% buildings.
For Urban Area PB ≥ 16% and hence, E is set to 0 for urban area.
For Sub-Urban Area PB < 16% (typical PB =8%).
For Rural Area PB < 16% (typical PB =3%).
Applications of the CCIR model:

 Due to its simplicity the model is used for frequency coordination and frequency planning
purposes in the border areas (for example, between countries).
In reference number [13], simulations were done with MATLAB to compare between the
Okumura-Hata model and the COST-231 model, to evaluate their performance, and results show
that the COST-231 model is better suited for urban areas than the others mentioned in this
review. So for this work, the COST-231 model shall be used.
3.5 Conclusion
We have journeyed on the way of mobile generation standards, revised related works
and have seen some propagation models, though not all. In Chapter 4 we shall dive into the
core of the matter proper.

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Chapter 4: METHODOLOGY AND

RESULTS OBTAINED
4.1 Introduction
This chapter opens the heart of the project. It is here that we shall comprehend the work
done and the results obtained by simulation with Atoll 3.3. Other softwares were used, and
they include Global Mapper and Google Earth. Detailed and nominal planning of coverage
dimensioning were done.
4.2 Site Survey on Molyko City
Pic 1: Molyko Digital Map viewed from Google Earth

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Molyko City is found in the very heart of Buea. It begins at Mile 17 and ends at
Checkpoint, towards the Cameroon G.C.E Board. Its breath goes as far as the Faculty of
Health Sciences in the north, to the University of Buea in the south. Sandpit, Great and Small
Soppo, Bomaka, Muea and Buea Town, are not part of Molyko. They are simply boundaries. The
diagram below shows is a map of the Buea municipality. The Buea municipality has a surface area
of 870 Sq.km, 67 villages, four distinct identified urban spaces as per outlined criteria (Buea station,
Soppo, Molyko/Mile 17 and Muea). It is a highly complex community caught between a blend of
urban, semi urban, rural and traditional settings. The population of Buea in 2005, according to the
UN project, was 200,000 inhabitants with an annual growth rate of 5%. Therefore, in 2018, the
population in Buea can be estimated to 330,000 people, with that of Molyko about 100,000 people.
Fig 12: Map of Buea Municipality

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Area 4.5 km2

Perimeter 8.33 km
Population 100,000 inhabitants
Annual Growth Rate 5%
Clutter type Urban
Topography  Plain hill descent with tall buildings and many minicités.
 Undulating high and low lands with many rocks and
gravels due to volcanic eruption.
Longitude line 9o 17’ 19.5677’’ E

Latitude line 4o 09’ 20.1636’’ N
Azimuth 345
Propagation model used COST-231 Hata model
Tab
7: Dimensions and Parameters of Molyko
Pic 2: Altitude Elevation of Molyko City from Google Earth

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4.3 Project Methodology
4.3.1 LTE RNP Coverage Dimensioning
Fig 13: LTE RNP Main Steps [12]
Radio Network Planning contains number of phases:

1. Initial phase-which includes collection of pre-planning information and starting network
dimensioning i.e. Link Budget preparation, coverage calculation by running simulations.
2. Nominal and detailed planning- which includes selection and use of radio planning tool.
This step involves propagation model tuning, defining thresholds from Link budget, creating
detailed radio plan based on the thresholds, checking network capacity against more detailed
traffic estimates, Configuration planning, Site surveys, Site revalidation and Site validation,
eNodeB parameter planning.
3. Defining KPIs and Parameter Planning- using eNodeB system parameters and counters,
defining performance KPIs and its target values based on vendor’s promise, verification of
the KPIs and target values using planning and dimensioning tools nominally along with pre
and post-launch optimization [1].
Here we are dealing only with coverage dimensioning, not capacity dimensioning!

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Fig 14: LTE Coverage Flowchart
In our case, we shall use

Omni sites to calculate the area of a
given cell.
3√3𝑅 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 =
2
∴ 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑶𝒎𝒏𝒊 𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒆 = 𝟐. 𝟔 𝑹
Fig 15: Site Configuration and Coverage Area Derivation [2]

The aim of coverage is:
 To obtain the cell radius and cell area.
 To estimate the eNB number for the cell’s requirement.

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4.3.1 Link Budget Calculation
One of the main aims of calculating a link budget is to determine the maximum
allowed signal attenuation, called path loss, between the mobile and the base station antenna [1,
2]. The maximum path loss allows the maximum cell range to be estimated with a suitable
propagation model, such as Okumura–Hata. The cell range gives the number of base station sites
required to cover the target geographical area. The link budget calculation can also be used to
compare the relative coverage of the different systems. The propagation model used will be the
COST-231 Hata model.
There are two main reasons for establishing the RF link budget for LTE network:
 To establish the system designs for all gains and losses that may occur.
 To calculate the Maximum Allowed Path Loss (MAPL).
Link budget uses various parameters. Some of them are cited below:
I. Transmitting end:
 Cell edge user throughput

 Transmitting power
 Transmitting antenna gain
 Cable loss
 TMA insertion loss
 Body loss
II. Receiving end:
 UE Noise figure
 Thermal Noise
 Required SINR
 Receiver sensitivity
The gains and losses in propagation are defined below:

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1. EIRP: It stands for Effective Isotropic Radiated Power. The term is used to express how
much transmitted power is radiated in the desired direction. It takes into account the losses
in transmission cables and connectors and includes the gain of the transmitter antenna as:
𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 = 𝑃𝑇𝑋 + 𝐺𝑇𝑋 − ∑ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑋 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 ………………………………. eqn. 11
Where: 𝑃𝑇𝑋 = Power transmitted
𝐺𝑇𝑋 = Gain of transmitter
2. Thermal Noise: It is noise due to heat. It is given by:
N = KBT…………………………………………………………… eqn.12
Where:
 K = Boltzmann constant (1.38 x 10-23 J/K)
 T = Absolute temperature at 290K
 B = Channel bandwidth, which is 20 MHz
3. Receiver Sensitivity: It indicates the minimum signal strength required for decoding by the
eNB or UE if there is no interference. Its formula is:
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 + 𝑆𝐼𝑁𝑅 + 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒………………. eqn. 13
Where:
 SINR = Signal-to-Interference Noise Ratio
 Noise figure is the ratio of SINR at the input end to the SINR at the output end of the
receiver and is used to measure the performance of the receiver.
4. Minimum Signal Reception Strength: It used to formulate the receiver side losses and
margin such as body loss, cable loss and marginal gain to receiver sensitivity and calculated
as:
𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 𝑅𝑆 + 𝐼𝑀 + 𝐿𝑅 − 𝑅𝐴𝐺 …………… eqn 14
Where:
 RS is receiver sensitivity
 IM is interference Margin

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 LR is receiver body loss + Cable loss

 𝑅𝐴𝐺 is receiver antenna gain
5. Maximum Allowable Path Loss (MAPL): It is the maximum cell range to be estimated
with a suitable propagation model which provides the number of base station sites required
to cover the targeted area. Its equation is given by:
𝑀𝐴𝑃𝐿 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 − 𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ − 𝑃𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 −

𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛……………………………………………………… eqn. 15
6. Penetration loss: Penetration loss indicates the fading of radio signals from an indoor
terminal to a base station due to obstruction by a building.
7. Body loss: Body loss indicates the loss generated due to signal blocking and absorption
when a terminal antenna is close to the body.
8. Feeder Loss: Feeder loss indicates the signal loss caused by various devices that are located
on the path of the antenna to the receiver. Any device using an external antenna for service
provision at either the base station side or terminal side must consider feeder loss.
9. Transmitter Power: It includes the base station affecting downlink budget and terminal
sides which affects the uplink budget.
10. Antenna Gain: indicates the degree to which an antenna transmits input power in
concentration and can be increase by reduce the lobe width of the radiation at the vertical
plan and maintain the Omni-directional radiation performance at the horizontal plane. The
relationship between antenna gain, horizontal beamwidth, and vertical beamwidth is as
follows:
G dBi = 10log A (3200)B ………………………………………………………… eqn. 16
Where A and B indicate the horizontal beamwidth and vertical beamwidth and G indicates
antenna gain.
11. Beamwidth: The beamwidth is also called the half power beamwidth, including horizontal
beamwidth and vertical beamwidth. The horizontal beamwidth and vertical beamwidth is the
beamwidth between two points where the power is lower 50% (3dB) than the maximum

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radiation power. The common horizontal beamwidth of eNodeB antennas includes 360°,
90°, 65°, 60°, and 33°. The common vertical beamwidth of eNodeB antennas includes 6.5°,
7°, 10°, 13°, and 16°.
12. Interference Margin: Interference margin accounts for the increase in the terminal noise
level caused by the interference from other users and it indicates the degradation of system
receive performance caused by internal interference in the system due to system traffic. In
fact, due to the frequency division nature of LTE, there is also a close correlation between
actual traffic load and interference margin experienced by the network.
13. Slow Fading Margin: Shadow fading indicates the fading brought by obstruction due to a
building or a natural feature. Shadow fading changes slowly, thus the name “slow fading”.
Statistics repeatedly show that the median levels of received signals follow log-normal
distribution with the time and location at a certain distance. Fading caused by location
mainly from obstruction far exceeds fading caused by time. Therefore, the major concern for
shadow fading is those caused by location changes.
Fig 16: LTE UL Budget Procedure [10]

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Fig 17: LTE DL Budget Procedure
The main aim of link budget calculation is to obtain the cell radius. However, in our case
the cell radius has been assumed to be 500 m because we are dealing with femto cells.
Therefore the link budget was not calculated, since its final aim is to get the cell radius.
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐺𝑜𝑜𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐸𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑘𝑜 = 4.5 𝑘𝑚2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑙 = 2.6 𝑅 = 2.6 × 500 𝑚 = 1.3 𝑘𝑚2
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒌𝒐 𝟒. 𝟓
∴ 𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒅𝒆 𝑩𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒍 = = = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟕
𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒐𝒏𝒆 𝒄𝒆𝒍𝒍 𝟏. 𝟑
Therefore, 3 sites were chosen to save cost and for economy purposes.

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4.4 Work Done
4.4.1 Work Done in USGS Website:
In the USGS website, the topographic map of Molyko was extracted in a .tiff
format, hence the map needed to be converted to the .grd (grid) format. The following
are the steps which were undertaken:
Step 1: Connect to the USGS website at earthexplorer.usgs.gov. and register an

account.
Step 2: Search for “Molyko” in the search box provided and choose a coordinate
displayed.
Step 3: Zoom into the map to view the precise location of Molyko.
Step 4: Extract of select points on the map that belong to the coordinates of Molyko.
Step 5: Open “Data Sets”.
Step 6: Choose “Digital Elevation Data” among the lists of data sets, and select the
ASTER DEM format and the GEOTOPO format.
Step 7: Download these formats. They will appear in geo tiff format. One ASTER
rectangle is around 18MB, and it has 30 m resolution.
4.4.2 Work Done in Google Earth:
In Google Earth, the map or area of Molyko was carved out and the sketch
was saved in .kmz and .jpg format. The various steps undertaken are as follows:
Step 1: Open the version of Google Earth. (Internet connection is required).

Step 2: Zoom into Molyko, Buea.
Step 3: Type in the Search Box “Molyko” in order to get the necessary major
structures.
Step 4: Select the Sketch button and carve out the map of Molyko.
Step 5: Name and save the sketch in .kmz format.
Step 6: Name and save the image in .jpg format.

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Pic 3: Step 2- Zooming
Pic 4: Step 4- Molyko Sketch (in red)

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4.4.3 Work Done in Global Mapper:

In Global Mapper, the .tiff format file from USGS website is now converted to
.grd grid format which can be opened in Atoll. The various steps are given below:
Step 1: Open Global Mapper.

Step 2: Change the configuration of Global Mapper from “Geographic Latitude to UTM.
Step 3: Open the .tiff data file downloaded from the USGS website and load it to Global
Mapper. Zone 32 should be used because it is the zone of Molyko.
Step 4: Go to File, then to Export, and select “Export Elevation Grid”. The most suitable
elevation grid form to be exported is in the Vertical Mapper Grid format, then click
OK. Pic below gives the Digital Elevation Grid Format of Molyko
Pic 5: Digital Elevation Grid Format in Global Mapper

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4.4.4 Work Done in ATOLL:
The following steps were undertaken:
Step 1: Open Atoll.

Step 2: Go to File, then to New, then to use Existing Template.
Step 3: Choose the LTE option.
Step 4: Configure the document properties by going to Document, then selecting Properties.
Step 5: In the Coordinate system use the WGS84/UTM zone 32 coordinate system as
projection, and use the Worldwide WGS84 as Datum.
Pic 6: Step 5- Defining Properties
Step 6: Go to “Online Data Maps” in Atoll, and create a new online data map with name “Google
Hybrid (Map +Satellite)” and URL server.
http://mt.google.com/vt/lyrs=y&hl=en&x=%x&y=%y&z=%z and click select. This
requires internet connection.
Step 7: Zoom to get the best position of Molyko on the map.
Step 8: Select the icon and add 3 sites on the map. Link the sites by using the icon.

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Step 9: Create a polygon to carve out the dimensions of Molyko by going to Geo, then Zones, and
right-click on zones and choose “Draw polygon”.
Pic 7: Steps 8 and 9- Creation of sites and drawing of polygon
Step 10: Go to Network, then to Transmitters, and right-click to modify the properties of the
transmitters. Use the COST-231 Hata propagation model, and change the cell radius to
500m, and the resolution to 10m.
Step 11: Go to Predictions in Network, and right-click to “New Prediction. Then the predictions we
want to use can be chosen.

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4.5 Simulation and Results Obtained

Simulations were done in Atoll, and the following results were obtained. The legend
are for the pictures directly above them.
Pic 8: Coverage by Signal Level (DL): Receiver

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Pic 9: Throughput Analysis (DL) with is legend below

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Pic 10: Throughput Analysis (UL) with is legend below

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Pic : Coverage by Transmitter with is legend below

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Pic : Zones of Interference that might exist, with the legend below
4.6 Conclusion
We have seen the predictions in LTE offered by Atoll. In the next chapter we shall
consider the interpretation of results.

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Chapter 5: DISCUSSION IN RELATION

WITH THE ELEMENTS OF
THE CONTEXT
5.1 Introduction
In this chapter we shall view the impacts of the simulation.
5.2 Analysis of Simulation Results
From the simulations we can see that:
 There is little or no interference, hence LTE simulation was well chosen.

 More than 82% of the area covered by optimum signal strength i.e. greater than -90dBm
[2]. This can be seen from Pic 8.
 LTE provides a better coverage than HSPDA+. This is demonstrated in the diagram
below:
 Interference levels and signal-to-interference levels a challenge for radio network
planning. C/(I+N) level calculates the co-channel interference as well as the adjacent
channel interference.
 From the analysis the carrier to interference plus noise ratio for both uplink and downlink
are greater than 18dB for more than 96% of target area

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Fig 17: Coverage Comparison between HSPA+ and LTE
5.3 Conclusion
The operation has been simulated, the results ran, and now the work has been fully
met. LTE Network has proven to be stronger and better in quality than the preceding 3G
Networks, even HSPDA. However, LTE+ Network is at hand and can be used when its
finalization is complete. Next for us to see the conclusion of the whole matter.

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Chapter 6: CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion
The ultimate objectives of the present study of LTE radio network planning
guidelines are to introduce the relevant LTE features, to define the basic models for radio
propagation planning, to estimate coverage and network element count. The prepared
guideline may assist in the development of various tools used in RNP. In detail Atoll
simulations have been run on Molyko city digital map.
6.2 Recommendations
These studies should be useful for optimizing the recently launched LTE
networks in Cameroon and spreading the coverage all over the country. LTE network can be
recommended for deployment in cities, villages and towns, since using the COST-231 Hata
model can support al localities. LTE network is highly recommended instead of GSM and
UMTS/ CDMA in providing the best radio planning results.
6.3 Future Scope
For future deployment, we can use the LTE-Advance Network Technology

because it has higher efficiency, more spectrum, and uses HetNet to bring most benefit on
smaller cells, thereby increasing capacity on per coverage area basis (bps/Hz/km2). The
quality of deployment and data transmission would surely be better off using LTE-
Advanced [8].
Radio Network Dimensioning alone does not bring customer satisfaction i.e. it
needs to provide the service with affordable price based on the network traffic analysis
and dynamic tariff. So study on this and other value added services (VAS) is
recommended to manage the available resource and generate extra money in addition to
customer satisfaction.

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[9] Bethelhem Seifu, “LTE Radio Network Planning: Modeling Approaches for the Case of Addis
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[20] Hyoungju Ji, Younsun Kim, Juho Lee, Eko Onggosanusi, Younghan Nam Jianzhong
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[29] Marwa Elbagir Mohammed and Khalid Hamid Bilal, “LTE Radio Planning Using Atoll
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[39] Forsk Company, “Atoll, Wireless Engineering Network Software 3.3”, 7, rue des briquetiers,
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Dimensioning and Coverage of Molyko City by LTE Network using Atoll 3.

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

The structure of this report is organized as follows:

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

1.2.1 Basic Mobile Network

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

Fig 1: A Basic Mobile Network [5]

The main elements of this network are:

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

1.2.2 The Cellular System Concept

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

The cellular concept has the following advantages:

1.3 Project Objectives

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

1.4 Advantages of LTE Network System

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

 LTE provides multimedia unicast and multimedia broadcast services [12].

1.5 Applications of the Project

1.6 Assumptions made during the project

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

Chapter 2: CONTEXT AND PROBLEM

2.2 LTE Technical Overview

2.2.1 LTE Network Architecture

Fig 4: Simplified LTE Network Architecture [7]

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

Fig 5: Detailed LTE Network Architecture [8]

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

2.2.2 Functioning Aspects

A. The Core Network

1. Mobile Management Entity (MME):

2. Serving Gateway (S-GW):

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

3. PDN Gateway (P-GW):

4. Home Subscriber Service (HSS):

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

5. Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF):

B. The Access Network

The architecture of the access network is pretty simple as it is composed of a single

Fig 6: LTE Access Network [5]

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

UE Category Maximum number Maximum number Appropriate

Table 2: UE Categories and DL Capabilities (according to 3GPP 36.306) [7]

2.2.3 LTE Signaling and Interfaces

As shown in Fig 6, the names of the interfaces are standardized.

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

 S11 connects the MME to the S-GW.

LTE Parameter Description

Throughput It is the spectral efficiency of a modulation scheme

Tab 3: LTE Network Deployment Parameters

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

2.3 Multi Carrier Technology

 OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission.

 An OFDMA system allows multiple users to simultaneously access the system.

Fig 7: LTE Physical Resource based on OFDMA

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

Fig 8: OFDM Symbol Time Structure [35]

 There is improved spectral efficiency.

SC-FDMA: Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

2.4 Problem Statement

BATCHANOU TATAP PERETS ARNAUD

2.5 Scope of the Study

2.6 Significance of the Study