AFloraofManila 10003853

t
L
F I QR A 0
'
“
M AN “A
o ’
4 .
E D ME R R J L QX
. .
u
g
,
e' .
B U R E A U OF P R N T N GI I
"
1 9 12
1 1 1555
Q
I ! “
P U BL I CA T I ON S F OR SA L E BY T HE BU R E A U OF SCI E N CE ,
M AN I L A , P HIL I P P I N E I SL A N DS
E T H N O L OG Y E I II
’ ‘
N OL O G Y — C o nt i n u ed
A VO C A B U L A R Y OF T HE I G ORO T L A N ST U DI E S I N H OB O H I S T OR Y L AW
A N D R E LI G I O N
, ,
G U A G E A S SP OKE N B Y T H E
B O N T O K I G ORO T S
By N AJ E EB M SA L EEBY
B y W L I lI R C L A YT O N C L P
‘
.
'
A
‘ ’
- A P
Od r N 408 P p 89 p g er , a es .
Or d er N o . 405 . P a p er, 1 07 p a ges , 16
r e o.
p os t pa id
. a
p i a t es ,
’
d i a gr a m s , ha l f mo
v r
.
r t E gl i sh
r occ o, pos p a d t i .
T h e o c a b ula y i s gi v en i n i go o -
n
a n d E n gli s h i go o -
rt Th i
o lum e d ea ls
s v
w i t h t h e ea es '
rli t
ritt i
.
w en r ec o r d s o f t h e M o r o s I n M n d anao
r i
.
T h e n a m es o f t h e uler s o f M a g n d a n a o a r e
'
‘
r '
ec o r d ed i n fi v e f o ld i n g d i a gra m s
NAB A L O I A L E CT
.
T HE DI
By OTT O S c u as n an
a nd
r N EG R I T O S OF Z A M B A L E S
e
.
T HE B AT A KS OF P A L A W AN By W I LL I A M /
A LL A N R ar !)
‘
1
bw a a p Y M I LL E R r s
$3
By E Or d er No 402 P ape 62
p a ge
.
. .
, ,
Ord er N o 403 r P a pe h a lf m o
p la te s, $0 25 ; h a lf mo r o c c o,
,
pos t p a i d
.
tp
.
.
l t fr m p h t g ap h m yf f w
.
ro c c o . p os aid .
l i Di l e t ?
'
29 P a es hi h o o o r s, an o c
N a ba o
T he a c ( 65 p a ges
t k f t h i p ub li t i o h w rn
'
t P a la wa n B t ks we
'
i
re a en or s ca n, s
p la es ) a nd of th (7 o o a
/
-
e a a
; m n m ki g fi wi t h b m b
_
t r r
.
m t h u
‘
en s, o s es e a n
p a ges . 6 p la es ) a r e b Oun d un d e o n e c o y e
re a o o,
.
rr w d n e d v i us t yp s
.
b w o d s an a o s, a c s, a n ar o e f
of t h p e p l e t h em elv
e o s es .
N
'
I I u: B ar a DI A L P oT A s A
' ' '
o r T H E P HI L I P P I N E
or L A N GU A G E S N DU ST R I E S
I
B y 01 1 0 S c h e mes .
P H I L I P P IN E HA Tfi
r and
B y (L B J -
R OB I N S ON
JN
.
V" P H ILI P P I N E
”
AND
“ “
F
LA N G U AGE S '
Ord er No . P a p er, 66 p ag s , e 8
t i
“
p la es , po s t p a d
“
4
1
E VERE TT C ON A N I
.
B y C A R L OS ' ‘
is r r r
'
Th
p ape i s /a c o n c i s e
. ec o d of
t he
Ord er N o 407 t
h i s o ry a n d p es en t c o n d t on of h a t r ii ma k n g i
i Il
. .
i n t h e P h i li p p ne s an ds
T h es e t wo p a p er s i s s ued un d e r
.
a re one
co v er . 1 41 p a ges , p os p a d t i .
I E U GA R I N D U S T R Y I N "
'
I
I
i T I
~
S fT I I E
T HE S U B A N U N S o r S I N DA N G A N AY I S L A N D or N E G RO S
‘
B y E M E R ON B C H R I S TI E S .
Or d er No : 41 0 P a p er . 1 21 , p a ges , 1
'
P a pe r , 1 45 p a es ,
i
é 10
l t i lt t i
.
m a p , 29 p at es , pos pa d . p a es, 1 p os pa d : _
S i B a y i s s i ua ed o n t h e h o r h
n d a n ga n t t t C i d ered t om t h e viewp i t cf p ac
ons r o n r
er n c oa s t
o f Z a m b o a n ga P en n s u a T he S u i l ~
t i l ut i lity M W l ker S ug r I d u try
ca r a
’
s a n s
'
t i
.
t he i l f N egr s i s o n e f t h e m t
. .
b a n un s o f t h i s r egi o n wer e s ud ed b y M r . i n d s an o o o os
ti r
C h r i s e d u i n g t wo p er o d s o f fi e a n d s i x i v i m p rt t p p er p ub li h d b y t h e B ur u
an s s
.
k r
wee s , es p ec i ely tv o f S ie e
o
c T h i v lum e i s
nc
a
real n t i b u s o
e
a co r
ea
t t
.
.
T h e 29 p la es i llus t r a e t h e S ub a n un s a t ti t o t h e ub j ct ; i t i
on o t a m re ms e s n e co
k
wo r an d at p la y : t h ei r i n d us t r i es . h o us es ,
' .
pi l t i a f r t h e a ut h r w s i
on , o t h e fi ld a nd o a n e
a lt a r s . a nd m p lem en t s : and i t h e p eo p le u d t d th d it i f wh i h h e
t v
h em s el es .
n
wr i t es
er s a n c s e on ons o c
T HE H I ST OR Y OF S U LU
A MAN UAL OF P HI LI P P I N E S I LK
By N M S A L E E BY CU L T U R E
’
A J EEB .
Or d er No 406
. P a p er . 27 5 p a ges . 4 B y C HA R L E S S BA N KS
t id
.
m a p s , 2 d i a gr a m s , pos pa ~ J
Ord e
r No r
.
In t he p r ep a r a t i o n fo r of h i s m an i pt . 41 3 . Pa pe , 53 p a ges , . 20
it
T h e H s o r y o f S ulu, Do c o S a eeb y s p en t tr l
u scr
t i l
p a t es, p os p a d .
m uc h t i me and effo r i n ga i n i n g a c c es s” t I A M n ua l of P h il i p p i
n Si lk C ultur
a ne e
e ult f s eve l ye r
t o d o c um en t s i n t h e p o s s es s i o n o f t h e S ult a n a re p t ed t h r es en e r s s o ra ’
a s
of S ulu T h i s boo
. i s a h i s o ry of t he k t ,
act u l w k wi t h s il k p r d u i g I
a or t o c n a r vaa ~ c
ri t
-
M o r o s i n t h e P h i li p p i n es f r o m t h e ea l es
t i m es t o t h e A m er i c a n o c c up a i o n t g the w th a d er ip t io n f t h e w P h ili p
a es c r o ne
.
p i n e r ac e .
DE P A RT M E N T OF T HE I NT ERI OR
B U R E A U OF S CI E N C E
M A N IL A
P ub li ca ti on N o . 5
( A ctual d ate of publication , December 31 1 9 1 2)

T A BL E OF CON T E N T S
Prefa ce
Definitions of the T erms u sed in Descriptive B otany
The Infl orescence
C la ssification
T h e P reparation of B otanical S pecimens
T h e Herbarium
Glossary of T echnical T erms
Key to the F amil ies
Descri p tions of the F amil ies Gener a, an d S p ecies
,
P teridophyta : F erns an d F ern l ike P lants-
S p er m a t o p h t a : F lowering Pl ants
Gymnospermae
A ngiospermae
Di co t y led o n ea e
Index
P R E F A CE
T here are definitely known from the P hilippines at the present time
about species of flowering plants and vascula r cryptogams distributed ,
into about genera in 200 families M any of the species are of very
, .
local occu rrence while others a re confined to medium and higher altitudes
,
i n the mountains and are hence never seen by the average resident of the
,
A rchipelago T h e fl ora of the coastal region especially of the po p ul ated

.
,
area s is remarkably uniform practically the same forms being found in

, ,
and about such towns a s Zamboanga C ebu Iloilo A p arri etc a s are , , , , .
,
found about M anila so that for all practical purposes a flora of the
,
vicinity of M anil a i s al so a nearly complete flora for most inhabited regions

at lo w al titudes in all parts of the A rchipel ago A ccordingly while most of .
the pl ants encountered in the settled area s at lo w altitudes will be found

to be described in the present work it will be foun d to be of little value f o r
,
the determination of specimens collected in the forests and on the mountains .
In compiling thi s work an attempt has been made to include all the
species of vascul ar c ryptogams and flowering pl ants growin g naturally
within the area selected a s well as most of the cultivated forms both of
, ,
Phil ipp ine an d of foreign origin T h e area co v ered extends from a point
.
north of M anil a on the bay shore at M al abon inland through B a li n t u a c , ,
S a n F rancisco del M onte etc to P asi g thence to the town of P a ranaque

.
, ,
on the bay shore south of M anil a covering approximately 1 00 square ,
kilometers ( about 40 square miles ) N o part of the area exceed s an .
altitude of 50 meters and no p art of it approaches prime v al condition s

, ,
the vegetation of the entire region h a v ing been profoundly altered by the
presence of man .
T his F lora i s ba sed on botanical material preser v ed in the herbarium

“ ”
of the B ureau of S cience supplemented by an extensi v e series of notes

,
co v eri ng a period of exploration of the area extending over eighteen month s .
U n doubtedly future intensive exploration will add a considerable number

o f species to the list of indigenou s ones while the li st of introduced and
z
.
,
o cultivated s p ecies i s being very rapidly increased S cattered indi v idual s .
b of any species foun d in neighboring provinces at lo w altitudes are to be

at expected within our a rea and a s a matter of fact a considerable number
,
of species are included in the p resent work on the basi s of single plants
observed within the region covered by it In early botanical works various .
,
2
monographs etc many P hilippine species a re credited to t h e A rchi p el ago
.
,
a s having been collect ed in M anila ; very many of these references are

E er r o n eo u s the te rm M anil a ha v ing been u sed more or less syn onymously
j wi t h ,
o the P hilippines M ost of the species so referred to were collected in

.
regi on s remote from the city and very many of them on other islands
,
than Luzon N o species ha s been included unless specimen s have been seen
.
from the a rea selected .

6 A FL OR A OF M A N IL A
With f ew minor exceptions the a rrangement adopted i s that of E ngler

and P r a n t l s Di e N a t i i r li c h en P fl a n zen f a m i li en while the nomencl ature
’ “ ”
,
i s that of the Vienna B otanical C ongress modified by the supplementary

l ist of n o m i n a c o n s er v a n d a adopted by the B russel s B otanical C ongress .
In addition to the a ccepted generic and specific n ame of each species ,
important synonyms have been a dded a s well as selected nati v e S panish , , ,
and E nglish names P late references ha v e been added to the third edition
.
of B lanco s F lora de F ilipinas copies of which are to be found i n most

’ “ ”
,
of the l a rger towns i n the A rchipel ago It has not been considered worth .
while to add l iteratu re references under each species .
T h e bibliography of P hilippine botany is so extensi v e that it is i mpossibl e

more than to mention the more important l ocal works bearing on the
'
subj ect B lanco s F lora de F il i p inas ed 1

.
’ “”
ed 2 written
, . .
in S panish i s long out of p rint and obsolete in arrangement an d no

, ,
m en c la t ur e ; it contains the descriptions of about S pe cies and varieties ,
very many of them so imperfectly described that their status h as not a s

yet been determined with certainty T h e sumptuous third edition of thi s .
work ( 1 877— 1 883 ) i s in six l arge fol io volumes the first three consisting ,
of a reprint of the secon d edition with the addition of a Latin transl ation ;
the fourth volume consists of several a dditional p apers of l ittle value to
the amateur in the determination of m ateri al while the fifth a n d sixth ,
consist of a series of 48 1 colored plates A lthough many of these pl ates .
are erroneou sly named still they are of great value in the determination
,
of specimen s an d references to them have been inclu ded in the p resent

,
work Of V idal s publications the one of chief value i s hi s S inop sis de

.
’ “
famil ias y géneros de pl antas leri o s a s de F ilipinas ”

in which a
'
great m any woody pl ants are figured T h e most important recent works .
on P hilipp ine botany are to be foun d in the publications of the B ureau

of Government Laboratories ( 1 903 the P hilippine Jou rn al of “
S cience B otany , ( 1 906 publ ished by the B ureau Of S cience and ,
E lmer s Leaflets of Philippine B otany In the present wor k

’ “ ”
( 1 906
references are included to the abo v e public ations where indivi du al group s
have been treated systematic al l y F o r the deter mination of forest trees .
”
the most valu abl e publication i s Whitford s F orests of the P hili p pines ’ “
,
1
the second p art of whi ch contains a consideration of the most important

timber trees found in the A rchipel ago with ma n y illustrations ,
.
U nder each family the app roximate number of genera and species for
the entire worl d i s given and their general distribution a s well a s the
, ,
number of each definitely known from t h e Philippines F o r each spec i es .
both the Phil ippine an d extra P hilippine range i s given Indigenou s -

.
species are indicated by bl ack faced type while introduced or presumably ,
introduced ones are indic ated by l ight faced type ; s p ecies introduced and
culti v ated only not having become n aturalized a re in dicated by an
, ,
asterisk T h e time of flowering as gi v en for the individual species will

.
apply only to the vicinity of M anil a or possibly al so to other region s in ,
the A rchipel ago having a simil ar annu al di stribution of rainfall ; the

flowering records are of necessity incomplete as it was foun d to be i m
possible to keep all the species under ob servation throughout an entire
year.
N o n ew species are described no r are any n ew combinations made -

,
exce p t in the case of a f ew v arieties in the present work T h e few , .
F orestry B ureau ( P hili p ) B ull . 10

P R E F A CE 7
apparently undescribed forms encountered during the p reparation of the

m anu script a s well as the f ew n ew combination s made necessary by a
,
stri ct interpretation of the a ccepted code of nomen cl ature wil l be found ,
i n a paper entitl ed N omencl atural an d S ystematic N otes on the Flora of

“
Manila ”
published previous to thi s work A general con sideration of
,
1
.
the more striking characters of the flora the introduced species an d thei r ,
origin etc wil l be found i n the same publ ication

, .
, .
’
In the descriptions of families genera and species the general sequence

, , ,
of characters a s that adopted by Hooker in his F lora of B ritish India ” “
ha s been followed M any of the family and generic descriptions h ave

.
been compl ied from that work more o r less modified to suit the character
,
of the p resent publication ; the descriptions of the species h ave been

rewritten partly from fresh material an d p artly from dried specimens with
, ,
reference to prev i ously published descriptions in variou s standard works .
T his publication contains the descriptions of 1 007 species 59 1 genera , ,
and 1 36 families nearly one sixth of the species definitely known from
,
-
the A rchipel ago at the p resent time Most of these are the very com .
monest and most widely distributed ones in the Philippines an d form the ,
characteristic vegetation of the settled area s at low altitudes in al l parts

of the A rchipelago .
A n examin ation of a number of recent elementary textbooks of botany

ha s convince d me that it i s impossible for the student to gain from them
a su ffi cient knowledge of the technica l names u s ed in descriptive botany ,
properly to u se a volume l ike the present one F o r thi s reason it has .
been consi dered essentia l to in clude a short consideration of the terms more
generally u sed in describing plants in order to ma k e the present work more
,
complete in itself T h e terms defined in the fol l owing p ages will al so be

.
foun d in the Glossary of T echni cal T erms on p age 25 together with many ,
of t h e more unu su al terms that are used to a greater or l ess extent in the
follo wing description s .
E D M ERRILL . . .
Philip Journ S c i 7 ( 1 9 1 2) B o t 227—251

. . . . .
N otes on the F lora of M anil a with S pecial R eference to the Introduced

2“
,
E lement ”
P hi li p J o u r n S c i 7 ( 1 9 1 2) B o t 1 45—208
. . . . . .
A F L OR A OF MA N I L A
By E . D . M ERRIL L
D E F I N I T I ON S OF T HE TE R M S U SE D I N D E S C R I P T I VE B OT A N Y
A work containing descriptions of the different kinds of plants growing

in a country or w ithin some part of a country properly arranged ac cord
, ,
ing to their rel ationships or a ssumed rel ationship s i s called a flor a T h e .
principal obj ect Of a flo r a i s to enable the student or the individual

interested in the study of the vegetation properly to determine the names
of the various kinds of pl ants growing within the area treated by the
work in question and to gain some i deas of the range abundance an d
, , ,
rel ationship s of the variou s forms In order to fa cil itat e the naming of
.
plants botani sts ha v e arranged the different kinds in group s a ccording to

the n atural rel ationship s of the di ff e rent species an d botanical u sage h a s ,
established the values of numerou s technical n ames used in des cribing

pl ants In the following p ages an attempt ha s been made to define the
.
more important an d common terms u sed in descriptive botany ; these ,
with additional les s important ones will also be found in the appended
,
glossary .
T HE P L A N T . A ccording to their habit of growth plants are described

-
a s t re es when they are erect li v ing from y ear to year wi th a l arge

, ,
development of woody tissue ha v ing a single distinct stem or trunk and

, ,
reaching a height of 5 to 6 m or more S h r u b s are really smal l trees .

,
an d thi s term i s frequently applied to tree l ike pl ants less than 5 m in -
height but by other autho ri ties it i s restri cted to small erect woody
, , ,
pl ants which produce se v eral trunks from the base ; small shrubs less
than a meter high a re called u n d ers h r u b s but all intergrades occur ,
between undershrubs shrubs and trees H er b s are pl ants of v arious

, , .
habit whi ch contain but littl e woody ti ssue an d which at least the parts , ,
abo v e ground persist for a year or less ; they vary greatly in size Plant s
, .
that climb either by twi nin g by mean s of special organs for attachment
, ,
o r by sprawlin g ove r other pl ants or obj ec ts are c alled v i n es ; these may

be either woody or herbaceou s according to the development and per
m a n en c e of the woody tissue S ome woody vines are frequently called
.
s c a n d en t s h ru b s especi ally when sprawl ing ove r other pl ants or objects

, ,
with no special adaptations for climbing .
Most plants a re t err es t r i a l th at is growing on the e a rth and rootin g

, ,
in the soil ; those that grow in water either entirel y o r p artly submerged
, ,
are called a q u a t i c ; those th at grow on other pl ants may be either epi p h y tes ,
that i s simply gro w in g on the sup p orting pl ant but taking no nourish
ment from it like most orchids many ferns mosses etc or p a r a s i t es
, , , ,
.
, ,
when takin g pa rt or all of their nourishment from the host plant l ike -
,
9
10 A F LOR A O F M AN I L A
C a ss y t h a , L
or a n t h a ce a e etc C ertain pl ants th at grow on decaying organi c
,
.
matter an d ha v e no green tissue are called s a p ro p h y t es .
P l ants that l ive but a short time a f ew weeks o r months and die , ,
after p I Od uc i n g flowers and seeds are called a n n ua l l ike many herbs ; ,
those that l i v e for two years producing flowers and seeds the second year,
and then dying a re called b i e n n i a l but these although common in te m

'
, , ,
perate countries are rare i n the tropics ; those that l ive from year to
,
year like all t i ces an d shrub s and many herbaceou s pl ants with under
,
ground stems are c alled p er en n i a l

,
.
T HE S T E M T h e stem i s the axis of the pl ant to whi ch are attached

.
-
,
all other parts I n most pl ants the stems are ve r y evident but in some
.
,
species they are entirely underground P l ants that show no Obviou s

-
.
stem abo v e ground but bear only leaves and fl o wer stalks are called
,
-
,
s t e m less or a c a u lesc en t .
S tems abo v e ground may be simple or b ranched T hey are u sually .
composed of n o d es the pl ace on the s t em or its bran ches where one or

,
more lea v es or branches are borne and i n t er n o d es the sp aces between , ,
the nodes .
S pecial kinds of stems or branches h a v e received distinctive n ames ,
such as c u lm the hollow or sol id stems of the grasses with well d efin ed
,
-
nodes an d internodes ; s u c k er a branch arising from the stem or fro m ,
roots undergroun d or from adventitiou s buds on the trunk or l arger

branches of shrub s or trees the l atter being called stem su ckers ; a n d,
-
s t o len , a bran ch from abo v e groun d that becomes prostrate and st r ikes
root at the tip or nodes produ cing n ew pl ants , .
A s to diff erences i n texture s tems are cl assified as h er b a c eo us when,
living for a short period forming n o perm anent woody ti ssue and dying
, ,
after flowering ; s ufi r u t es c en t when more or l ess woody or h alf woody at -

,
l east at the b ase ; an d w oo d y when forming permanent woody ti ssue

l asting from year to year as in al l shrub s and trees .
A s to direction stems are er ec t when they as cend perpend i cul arly

, .
from the b ase ; a s c en d i n g when r ising obliquely ; tlecum b en t when more

or less reclining on the groun d at or near the b ase ; p ros t r a t e when lying
fl at on the ground ; cr eep i n g when clos ely appr essed to the ground an d
rooting at the nodes ; c li m bi n g or sc a n d en t when as cending by means of
the support offered by other pl ants or Obj ects whether by t en d r i ls , ,
special spirally t w i sted o rgans by r ootlets or b y o t h er means V ines , ,

'
.
that cl imb by coiling about other stems or obj ects are called t w i n i n g .
U ndergroun d stems assume variou s forms a n d are frequently con

founded with roots T here are four prin cipal kinds the r h i zo m e o r
.
,
r oo t s t oc k the t u b er the cor m an d the b u lb T h e r h i zo m e or r oo t s t oc k

’
, , ,
.
i s a more or less modified creeping stem growing beneath the surface

of the soil ; the sim p ler forms are slender and consist of nodes an d
in t ernodes bearing scales as in the mint ( y er b a b u en a ) various perenni al
, ,
grasses etc but other forms are thick and fleshy a s in the ginger ( lu y a )
, .
, , .
A t u b er i s a stout thickened portion of a rootstock bearing buds ( eyes )

, ,
on the sides as in the potato but intergrades o ccur between thi s an d the
, ,
preceding A c o r r n i s a short thick fleshy u n d er gr b un d stem usu all y

.
, , , ,
sending o ff numerou s roots from the l ower p art and lea v es an d fl o wer s ,
stalks from t h e u p per a s in the taro ( ga b i ) A b u lb consists of a small

, .
b asal solid part its bulk being made up of thickened scal es ; those in which
,
the scales closely enwrap each other are called t un i c a t ed bulbs as in the ,
DE FI N I T I O N S OF TE R M S 11
onion garl ic etc and those where the sc ales are thick and narrow are
, , .
,
called s c a ly bulbs .
A s to the arrangement of branches and leaves they are o p p os i t e when ,
t wo a r e borne at the same node from opposite sides of the stem ; w h or led
or v er t i ci lla t e when three or more are borne at the same node arranged ,
regularly around the stem ; f a sc i c le d or f a s c i c ula t e when t wo or more

a re borne at the same node on the same side of the stem ; a lt er n a t e when
one i s borne at ea ch node on one side a n d the next above or below on ,
the Opposite side of the s t em ; d i s t i c h o us when regularly arranged one

above another in t wo opposite rows ; a n d s ecun d when a ll are turned
toward one side .
T H E L E A V E S — A typica l com p l ete leaf consists of the b la d e o r la m i n a ,
the broad thin p art of o r dinary leaves the p et i o le or leaf stalk and a ,
-
,
p air of s t i p u les v ariously shaped appendages at the base of the leaf stalk
,
-
or at the nodes whi ch may be l eaf like scal e like or even represented
,
-
,
-
by sheaths o r by spines S tipules are frequently wanting su ch pl ants

.
,
being th en te rmed ex s t i p u la t e T h e end by which the leaf or any other

.
,
p art of a pl ant i s attached i s called the b as e; the Opposite or free end

, ,
the a p ex .
T h e petiol e or leaf stalk is frequently wanting the lea v es being then

-
,
called s ess i le When the leaf base cla sp s the stem it i s called a m p lexi c a u l
.
-
or s t em c la s p i n g; when the lobes meet around the stern so that the bl ade
-
appears a s though it were pierced by the stem it i s called p erfo li a t e , ,
when the edges of the l eaf exten d downward along the s t em as ridges
o r wings it is called d ecu rr en t ; when the base of the bl ade or the petiole
form s a more or less closed ve rtic al c y l inder surrounding the stem it is ,
c alled s h ea t h i n g .
When the le a ves are inserted on a stem or bran ch they are termed ,
c a uli n e ; when they or the flowers are borne on the roots or rhizomes or
v ery close to the base of the stem they are termed r a d i c a l R a dic al , .
l eaves th at spread in a circle on the groun d forming a rosette are called

r os u la t e
.
Leaves are composed of a framework consisting of rib s an d veins , ,
and of the softer tiss ue When there i s only one main vein mu ch .
stronger than the others it i s c all ed the m i d r i b ; the primary divisions

on each side are called the la t er a l v ei n s or n er v es an d the ultimate ,
di v i sions the v ei n let s or n er v u les In c ases where several equally strong

, .
v eins radi ate from the t o p of the petiole they are termed p a lm a t ely or , ,
d i gi t a t ely nerved or veined or in peltate leaves r a d i a t ely nerved

, In .
p almately nerve d l eaves where the veins all start from the b ase they
, ,
are called 3 n er v ed 5 n er v ed etc according to the number of nerves

-
,
-
,
.
, ,
but when some start j ust above the base th ey are c alled 3 p li n er v ed -
,
5 p li n er v ed etc
-
, .
Ven a t i o n i s the term applied to the method of arrangement of the

veins ; there are two prin cip al kinds p a r a llel v ei n ed and n et t ed v ei n ed ,
- -
or r et i c ula t e In p a r a llel v ei n ed leaves the whol e frame work consi sts of

.
-
slender ribs or veins that run parallel to each other either from the ,
base to the apex or from the midrib to the margins not dividing and
, ,
subdi v iding and fo r ming meshes In n et t ed v ei n ed o r r et i c u la t e leaves

.
-
the veins branch and rebranch into finer an d finer v einlets which unite
with each other to form meshes ; this network of vein s i s u sually spoken
o f as the r et i c ula t i o n s S ometimes the n er v es are so obscu red by other
.
12 A F LOR A or M AN I L A
tissues a s not to be evident to t h e n aked eye ; in such cases the nerves

a re spoken of as o b so le t e or wanting .
A s to the outlines of leaves va rious terms ha v e been selected to describe

,
certain shapes T hese terms a re also u sed for any other fl at pa rts of the
.
plant such as petal s sepals some fruits seeds etc Leaves are li n e a r
, , , , , .
when they a re na rrow and se v eral times longer than wide and of about the
same width throughout thei r margins nearly parallel ; la n c eo la t e when
,
three o r more times as long as wide widest below and taper upwa rd or
'
both upward an d downward shaped more or less l ike a l ance ; o b la n

,
c eo la t e the re v erse of l anceol ate

,
broadest above the middle and taper i ng
,
downward ; o b lo n g when t wo or three times as long as broad and not con

s p i c u o u s ly narrowed the sides nearly p arallel ; elli p t i c when shaped like
,
an ellipse equally rounded at both ends ; o v a t e when twi ce or less as lon g

,
a s broad widest below the mi ddl e an d more or less na rrowed upward ;

,
o b o v a t e the reverse of ovate widest above the middle and tapering down
, ,
ward ; o v a l somewhat like elliptic but the breadth distinctly more than one
, ,
half the len gth ; or bi cu la r when circul a r in outline ; s p a t u la t e when n arrow ,
more or less rounded above and tapering from near the apex to the base ;
,
c un ea t e o r w ed ged s h a p ed when broad above tapering by nearly straight

-
,
l ines to the base ; f a lc a t e when more or less curved ; fla b ella t e or f a n

s h a p e d when broa d and rounded at the top n arrowe d below like a fan ; ,
r en i f or m when broader than long sh aped somewhat like a kidney V ariou s, .
combination s l ike o b lo n g o v a t e o b lo n g la n c eo la t e etc are self expl anatory

-
,
-
,
.
, ,
and are used to describe in t ermediate fo rms .
A s to the tip or apex of the leaf it may be ro un d ed when broa d and ,
semici rcula r in outline ; t r un c a t e that is cut o ff square or nearly so ; a c u t e

,
when ending in an acute angle with straight sides ; a c u m i n a t e W hen pointed ,
but the tapering lines incur v ed ; o b t u s e when blunt or narrowly rounded ;

r et u s e when sl ightly notched at the apex ; em a rgi n a t e more p rominently ,
notched ; o b cor d a t e th at i s in v ersely heart s haped an obovate leaf deeply

,
-
,
notched at the apex ; c us p i d a t e tipped with a sh arp point ; m u cro n a t e

,
when abru p tly tipped by a small short point ; and a r i s t a t e when the
mucronate p oint i s extended into a longer and more or less bri stle l ike -
appendage S ome of these terms are also applicable to the base of the
.
leaf an d most or all of them to various other organs of the plant

, .
A s to the base of the leaf it may be cor d a t e or h ea r t s h a p ed when the

,
-
outline of its rounded base i s turned in forming a s i n u s where the petiole

i s attached ; a uri c led that i s ea r ed h a v ing a p air of small proj ections
, ,
at the base ; s a gi t t a t e or a rro w s h a p ed where the ears or lobes are a cute

-
and turned downwards ; and h a s t a t e where the ba sal lobes are acute and
point outwards A leaf i s p elt a t e or s h i eld s h a p ed when the petiole i s
.
-
attached to the lower surface the rib s or v eins of the leaf radiating from
,
the point of in sertion .
Lea v es are s i m p le when the blade i s of a single piece without regard ,
to h o w much it may be cut up an d co m p o un d when the blade consists of

,
two or more se p arate p arts on a common petiole In compoun d lea v es .
the indi v i du al parts of the leaf bl ade are called lea flet s an d their stal k s
-
the p e t i o lu les ; the extension of the petiole above the l owest leafl ets in
many compound leaves i s called the r a c h i s S ome compound leaves have .
thei r leaflets or petiolul es subten ded by variously shaped u su ally small , ,
appendages corresponding to the sti p ules of the l eaves ; these appendages

are called s t i p els ; leaflets are called s t i p ella t e when these organ s are
present and ers t i p ella t e when they a re absent the wo rds corresponding
'
to stipulate an d exstipulate a s a p pl ied to the enti re leaf .
S imple leaves a s to thei r ma rgins may be e n t i re when the margin i s a

continuou s even line without teeth or notches ; serr a t e when cut into
,
sharp teeth pointing forward l ike the teeth of a s a w ; d e n t a t e or simply

t oo t h e d when the teeth a re sha rp and point outward not forward ; d en t i c u ,
la t e diminutive of dentate ; cre n a t e when the teeth a re rounded ; cren u la t e

, ,
diminuti v e of crenate ; r ep a n d or u n d u la t e when the margin forms a wavy

line bending gently inwa rd and outward ; s i n u a t e when the ma rgin i s
strongly undulate ; i n c i s e d or o ut when cut into deep sharp irregular teeth ; , ,
lo b e d when deeply cut but the i ncision s do not reach much more than
,
half way to the midrib ; c lef t nearly the same as lobed but the incisions
-
, ,
extending more than half way to the midrib ; p a r t e d when the division s
-
extend nearly to the midrib ; an d d i v i d ed when they extend quite to it .
A ccording to the number of lobes clefts etc leaves may be 3 lo b e d 5 c lef t , , .

,
-
,
-
,
m a n y c lef t etc
-
, .
In simple leaves the method of division corresponds to the venation ; in

pinnately veine d leaves the incisions all point toward the midrib and in
-
,
palmately veined ones they point toward the apex of the petiole .
A ccording to the degree of divi sion we may have in p inna t ely veined
leaves p i n n a t ely lo b ed p i n n a t ely c lef t or pi n n a t i fid p i n n a t ely p a r t ed an d
,
-
,
-
, ,
-
,
p i n n a t e ly d i v i d ed or p i n n a t i s ec t leaves and in palmately veined l eaves the

-
,
same combinations with p a lm a t ely substituted for pinnately

, .
T h e number of the l obes or divisions i s frequently u sed and we may ,
have p a lm a t ely 3 lo b ed 3 c lef t or t r i fid 3 p a r t ed leaves etc and with

-
,
- -
,
- -
, .
,
higher numbers p a lm a t ely 5 lo bed m a n y lo bed m a n y c lef t or m u lt i fid etc

-
,
- -
,
- -
,
.
T h e same combination s are made with the substitution of p i n n a t e for

palmate .
In compound h aves the sep arate parts corresponding to the lobes , ,
divi sions etc of simpl e l eaves are c alled lea fl et s T here are t wo princip al
, .
, , .
kinds corresponding to the p rincipal kinds of division in simple leaves

, ,
p i n n a t e ly co m po un d an d p a lm a t ely co m p o un d .
P i n n a t e leaves are those where the leafl ets are a ttached along the sides
of a main stalk or r a c h i s the leaflets corresponding to the lobes of a ,
simple , pinnately lobed leaf When there i s an odd or end leaflet such .
,
leaves are termed u n ev en p i n n a t e o d d p i n n a t e or i m p a r i p i n n a t e; when , ,
there i s no odd terminal leaflet they are termed ev en ly or a b r up t ly p i n n a t e .
S i m p le pi n n a t e leaves are those with a double r o w of leaflets ; t wi c e p i n n a t e

o r 2 p i n n a t e l eaves are thos e where the rachi s bears branches the branches
-
,
bea ring the leaves in which cases the branches are termed p i n n a e; the
,
division may be carried still further and we may have 3 or t r i p i n n a t e l, ,
o r q u a d r i pi n n a t e or p i n n a t ely d eco m p o un d leaves etc , .
I n palmately compoun d leaves we may h ave the division carried further

in t wi ce p a lm a t e or when the division i s in three s t wi c e t er n a t e or
,
’
,
b i t ern a t e ; if the division goes still furthe r it i s called p a lm a t ely d eco m p o un d .
A s to the number of leaflets they may be few to many ; when only one ,
a s in the orange the leaves are c alled 1 fo li o la t e or u n i fo li o la t e; when 2

,
-
, ,
Q f o li o la t e o r b i f o li o la t e ; when 3 3 f o li o la t e or t ri f o li o la t e etc
-
, ,
an d these
-
, ,
.
,
terms are used with both pinnately and p almately compound leaves such ,
a s p i n n a t ely 5 f o li o la t e p a lm a t ely t ri fo li o la t e etc In pinnate leaves the

-
, , .
terms 2 or b i juga t e 3 or t r i juga t e m u lt i j uga t e (juga z p a i r s ) etc are

, , ,
.
,
used to express the number of pairs of leafl ets pinnae etc , , .

'
14 A F LOR A OF M AN I L A
S pecial forms of leaves not included in the above definition s are the
following : E q ui t a n t when the leaves are vertical each overl apping the ,
next beneath a s i f they were fol ded together len gthwise ; c y li n d ri c when
with no definition between bl ade and petiole an d cylinder shaped ; and ,
-
a ci cu la r when very slender an d sharp l ike needles , .
S ometimes the l eaves a re reduced to mere scales and in the axils of the ,
scales are borne green variously shaped branchlets which h a v e the func
,
tion s and a ppearance of leaves a s in A s p a r a gu s ; these special b ranchlets ,
are called c la d op h y lls or c la d o d es .
S ol id not fl at parts of plants such as fruits some stems some fleshy

, , , ,
leaves seeds etc are described by speci al terms such a s av oi d that i s

, , .
, , , ,
egg shaped with the narrow end upward and o bo v o i d egg shaped with
-
, , ,
-
,
the broad end upward corresponding to o v a t e an d o bo v a t e in fl at surfa ces ;

,
glo b os e or s p h eri c a l shaped l ike a ball corresponding to or b i c u la r in fl at

, ,
surfaces ; elli p so i d when a vertical section shows an ellip se ; t u r bi n a t e

when shaped like a top ; co n i c a l when equ ally t a pering upward and ,
o b co n i c a l when tapering downwa rd in both ca ses showing a circle in ,
cross section ; p y r a m i d a l and o bp y r a m i d a l corresponding to conical an d

-
obconic al but showing square or polygon in cross section ; fu s i f or m when

,
-
round an d tapering at both en ds ; t er et e when the transverse section is a

ci rcl e ; t r i go n o u s or t r i q uet ro u s when 3 angled in cross section ; co m p r es s ed - -
when more or less fl at t ened l aterally ; d ep r es s ed when flattened vertically ;

a r t i cu la t e or j o i n t ed if at any period they separate into 2 or more parts
,
placed en d to end .
A s to consisten c e l eaves ( an d other p arts a s well ) may be fl es h y when

,
thick an d soft ; s u ccu len t with about the same meaning but w ith r ather
,
more j uice ; cor i a c eo us when fi r m or tough like leather ; c h a r t a c eo u s when

p aper like in texture ; and m em b r a n a c eo u s when thin and more or less
-
flexible . e
S urfaces of leaves stems f r uits an d other p arts of the pl ant are

, , ,
describe d a s gla b ro us i f entirely smooth without hairs or proj ections of ,
any kin d ; r ugos e when w r inkl ed or m arked with i rregul ar raise d and
depressed lines ; s t ri a t e when marked wi th p ar allel l ines s c a b ri d when ,
roughened by sm all proj ections ; t u b er cu la t e when covered wi th smal l

wart like proj ections ; m ur i c a t e when the protuberan ces are hard and
-
pointe d ; and ec h i n a t e when they are sti ffer and longer almost a wn like ,
-
.
T h e indumentum or covering of leaves an d other organs i s variou s the ,
principle forms being : P u b es c en t when rather softly hairy ; p u b er u len t

when the hairs are v ery short and soft ; pi los e when the hairs are long
and soft ; h i r s u t e when the hairs are sti ff and spreading ; h i s p i d when the
h airs are still stiffer ; s t r i gos e when the hair s are short and Sti ff and
are closely appressed to the surfa ce all pointing in one direction ; t o m en ,
t os e w oo lly or la n a t e when the hairs are soft an d mor e or less m atted

, ,
together ; c a n esc en t when the hairs are grayish an d not distin ct to the '
n aked eye ; m e a ly or fa r i n os e when the indumentum i s of very short hairs

with the appearan ce of meal readily r ubbing Off ; gla u co us when p ale ,
bluish often with a waxy bloom and fu rfur a c eo u s when covered with small
, , ,
spreading scales .
Hairs may be s i m p le or b r a n c h ed ; if the branches are r adiately

a r ranged they are called s t ella t e; if l ike a feather in t wo ranks they
, , ,
are called p lum os e B esides hairs leaves and other organ s may be more
.
,
or less covered with small waxy gl ands and are described as gla n d u la r , ,
or with minute rounded ap p ressed s cal es being then described a s lep i d o t e

, , .
The outer row or whorl is known as the c a ly x and is commonly green , ,
firmer in texture and smaller than the next inner r o w ; the individual
,
parts a re called sep a ls T h e next inner r o w or whorl i s kno w n as the

.
co r o lla which i s commonly l arger than the calyx of thinner texture and
, , ,
frequently white or variously col ored ; the individual p arts are called
p e t a ls . C ertain flowers in cultivate d pl ants consist wholly of floral
en v elopes and these are known a s d o u b le flo w ers as in the rose some
, , ,
culti vated species Of Hi bi s cu s ( gom a m ela ) etc , .
T h e next inner whorl consi sts of the s t a m en s or male o rgans A , .
typical s t a m en consi sts Of t wo p a rts a stalk known as the fila m en t

'
, , ,
which bears a variously shaped bod y filled with a fine yellow d uSt l ike , ,
-
s ubstance the p o llen , this body being called the a n t h er

, .
T h e innermost r o w o r whorl frequently a single body i s the p i s t i l , , ,
or female organ whi ch when comple t e consists of three p arts the o v a r y

, , , , ,
s t y le and s t i gm a ; a simple pistil i s called a c a rp el T h e o v a r y is the

,
.
b asal u sually enl arged and hollow part which contains one or more
, ,
o v u les or rudimentary seeds ; an ovary m ay be from 1 to many celled -

.
T h e s t y le i s the u su ally taperin g p a r t above the ovary T h e s t i gm a i s .
a variou sly shaped often small u sually api cal p art of the styl e with a
, ,
moist su r face to which the pollen may adhere .
A s noted above a co m p let e flower i s one in whi ch all four of the above
sets of organs are present In very many flowers from one to three .
of the sets of organ s are absent such flowers being i n co m p let e A p erf ect , .
,
bi s ex u a l o r h er m a p h r o d i t e flower is one in whi ch the two sets of essenti al

,
organs stamens an d pistils a r e present and fully developed althou gh

, , ,
the perianth m ay be present or absent ; an i m p er f ec t or un i s ex u a l flower

i s one in whi ch either the stamen s o r the pistil s are imperfect o r wanti n g .
F lowers with stamens and no or only rudimentary pistil s are c alled

s t a m i n a t e or m a le and those w ith pistil s and no or only rudimentary
,
s t amen s are called p i s t i lla t e or f em a le .
U n i s ex u a l or i m p er f ec t flowers are said to b e m o n o eci o us when bo th

male and female flowers are produ ced by the s ame in divi dual as in ,
R i ci n u s co m m u n i s ( t a n ga n t a n ga n ) ; d i o eci o us when m al e flowers are

-
borne on one pl ant an d femal e fl owers on anoth er as in A n t i d es m a

( bi gn a y ) ; an d p o ly ga m o us when some flowers a r e perfe ct an d some male ,
or female on the sam e pl ant .
Incomplete flowers are s ai d to be n a k ed when they have neither calyx

nor corolla and a p et a lo u s when the coroll a i s absent When there i s but
,
.
one set of floral envelopes present it i s always considered to be the c alyx .
F lowers are r egu la r when a ll the p a r t s o f each set of organs are of

,
'
l ike size and shape ; i r r egu la r when some p arts of one or more sets of ,
organs di ff er from other parts of the same set either in sh ape or size or ,
both .
A s y m m et r i c a l flower i s one in whi ch the p arts of all sets of organs

are the same in number or in multiples Of the prevailing number ; an
un s y m m et r i c a l flower i s one in whi ch there is a variation from the
standard number in one or more sets of o rgans .
In the u se of numeral s i n desc ribin g the p arts of flowers they are

term ed 3 m er o us o r t r i m ero u s when the p art s are in threes 5 m er ous or
-
, ,
-
p en t a m ero u s when the p arts are in fives etc Pl ants wi th 1 2 3 or , .

, , ,
many stamens are described as m on a n d ro u s d i a n d ro u s t r i a n d r o us p o ly

, , , ,
a n d ro u s etc ; if with 1 2 3 or many petal s as m o n opet a lo us d i p et a lo us

, .
, , , , , ,
t r i p et a lo us p o lyp et a lo us etc
, ,
.
By the union of parts flowers are va r i ousl y modified T h e term co n n a t e .
is used to express union of pa rt s of the s ame set of organ s and a d n a t e ,
when organ s of one set are more o r less un ited with those of another set .
A s to the perianth an d its p arts when the sepal s are more or less
_ ,
united the calyx i s described as ga m os ep a lo u s and when they are quite ,
free from each other a s p o ly sep a lo us or c h o ri sep a lo us ; with the coroll a

, ,
when the parts are united it i s desc ribed as ga m o p e t a lo u s o r s y m p et a lo u s ,
an d when the petal s are qu ite free from each o t her a s p o ly p e t a lo u s or

c h o r i p e t a lo us .
T HE COR OL L A — A s to shape the coroll a varies greatly in different

.
species necessitating variou s n ames to describe the many forms A mong .
these special names are t ubu la r when elongated an d S haped l ike a tube ,
or cylinder ; fun n el s h a p ed when gradually spreading from near the base

-
t o the apex ; c a m p a n u la t e when the tube i s broad an d rather short widen ,
ing upwar d like a bell ; s a lv er s h a p ed when the lower part i s cylindric

-
an d the upper p a rt or l imb S preads horizontal ly ; u rc eo la t e when the tube

i s ovoi d or globose contracte d above i nto a short neck and again exp anded
,
in a n arrow limb l ike an urn ; and r o t a t e or s t ella t e when the lobes sp read
radiately from nea r the b ase like a wheel or sta r .
A gamopetalou s coroll a u su ally shows differently shaped p arts the ,
contra cted p art below called the t ub e the spreading p art above called ,
the li m b and the j unction of the t wo c alled the t h r o a t

, , .
I rregul ar flowers may be p a pi li o n a c eo u s a s in the flowers of various

beans consisting of a large upper an d outer petal the s t a n d a r d or v ex i llum
, , ,
t w o l a t eral petal s u sually mu ch sm a ller than the stan dard and very
'
diff erent in S hape cal l ed the w i n gs an d the k eel con si sting of the two , ,
l ower and u sually s m a ller p et a ls often slightl y conn ate an d somewhat

'
resembling the prow of a boat A nother type i s the la b i a t e coroll a in .

,
which it is more or l ess 2 l ipped the t wo upper lobes more or less -

,
uniting to form the upper lip the three l ower ones to form the lower l ip
,
.
T h e li gu la t e or s t r a p s h a p ed coroll a i s found in some of the C o m p os i t a e

-
,
the base being a sho rt tube opening out into an elongated n arrow flat
, , ,
strap l ike appendage

-
.
T h e arran gement of the petal s and sep al s in the bud i s important ;

they are v a lv a t e when thei r edges touch each other but do not overl ap ,
and i m b r i c a t e when to a greater or less degree they overlap T hey are .
p li c a t e when folded i n l ongitudinal pl aits .
S ome petal s are distin ctly stalked and S peci al terms are u sed to ,
indicate the different p arts ; the stalk i s called the c la w an d the broad ,
part the la m i n a .
T HE ST A M E N S — I n a few c ases the stamen s p ass by gradual inter

.
gradation s into the petal s but u sually they are very distinct T h e .
princip al parts of the stamen are the fila m en t and a n t h er described above .
C ol lecti v ely the stamen s form the a n d ro ec i u m .
S tamens are most genera lly quite free from ea ch other or d i s t i n c t or , ,
they m ay be v ariously un ited When united by thei r fil aments in a .
single cluster they are called m o n a d elp h o u s ; when in two clusters d i a

d elp h o u s ; when in three clusters t r i a d elp h o us etc When the anthers are ,
.
uni t ed an d the filaments are free they are c alled s y n ge n es i o us I n some ,

.
ca ses the fil aments are enti rely united forming a globose or cyl indri c ,
tube known a s the s t a m i n a l t u b e bearin g the anthers either on the i nside

, ,
or at its apex S tamen s are said to be e x s er t e d when they extend beyond

.
the perianth .
1 1 1 555 2
A s to their pl ace Of attachment stamen s are ep i p et a lo u s when inserted

on the coroll a ; h y p o gy n o u s when inserted on the re ceptacle ; p er i gy n o u s
when inserted on the calyx ; an d epi gy n o u s when apparently bor ne on
the ovary .
T h e a n t h er i s the essential p a rt of t h e stamen T h e fil ament i s .
frequently wanting the anther then being desc ribed a s s es s i le A s to its

,
.
attachment it i s a d n a t e when attached by its b ase and v ers a t i le when ,
atta ched by a point near the middle When i t faces inwar d it i s called .
i n t rors e and when outward it i s called ex t rors e

,
T h e anther usually .
consists Of t wo cell s but som e have 1 3 or 4 T h e fil ament i s frequently

, , , .
prolonged between the cell s this p rolongation being called the co n n ec t i v e

,
.
T h e cell s Open to allow the escape of the polle n by longitudin al slits by ,
val ves or by pores Imperfect stamens are called s t a m i n o d es

, . .
T H E P I ST I L — A s a n d ro eci u m is a general term to in clu de the entire

.
mal e organs so gy n a e c i um i s a term u sed to include all the female organs

,
.
T h e principal parts of the pistil are the o v a r y s t y le and s t i gm a as de , ,
scribed above ( p T h e ovary i s the essenti al p a rt a s it contains

.
the rudimentary seeds or o v u les ; the style i s frequently wantin g the

'
stigm a then being described as s essi le .
If the flora l organ s appear a s though they were inserte d on the top
of the ovary the l atter i s then des cribed as i n f er i o r ; if the ovary is
,
inserted on the receptacle and free from the othe r flor a l organs it is
,
described as s up er i o r ; intergr adation s occur and we m ay have a h a lf

i n f er i o r or h a lf s up er i o r ovary
,
-
When the ovary i s superior the c alyx
.
i s Often describe d as i n fer i o r an d when the ovary i s inferior the calyx

,
i s spoken Of as s up er i o r .
A pistil may be simpl e or compound A s i m p le p i s t i l i s one with a .
1 celled ovary bearin g a single ovule or row Of ovules

-
A co m p o un d pi s t i l .
or s y n c a r p o us o v a r y i s one in whi ch two or more ca r pel s are more or

'
less united forming one body It m ay be 1 t o many celled .

-
.
T h e surface on whi ch the ovules a r e borne i s call ed the p la c en t a ; thi s

may be b a s a l when situ ated at the botto m Of cell ; p a r i et a l when situa t ed
,
on the wall ; or a x i le when the ovules are attached to t h e cen t er or axis

.
in se v eral celle d ovaries

-
.
In most flowering plants the ovu l e s are enclosed in t h e ov a ry these ,
pl ants being known a s the A n gi o s p er m a e or angiosperms but in one ,
group the ovules a r e n aked this group being known a s the Gy m n o s p er m a e

,
or gymnosperms .
In regard to thei r direction ovul es are er ec t wh en rising upright from

the base Of the cell ; p en d ulo u s when hanging from the sid e o r near the
top ; s us p en ded when hanging from the apex Of the cell ; and h o r i zo n t a l
when directed neither u p nor down .
In their development they are o r t h o t r op o us or s t r a i gh t when they do

not curve o r turn ; c a m py lo t r o p ous or i n cur v ed when by greater growth
on one side they become kidney shaped bringing the orifice down near -
,
the b ase ; a m p hi t rop o u s when the ovul e i s apparen t ly attached l aterally ;

an d a n a t r o p o u s when it has continued adn ate to its sto ck whi ch remains
straight the ovule becoming entirely inverted
,
.
T H E F R U I T — T h e fr u i t consists Of the m atured ovary and frequently

.
other u su ally enl arged an d variously altered pa rts Of the flow er that
-
,
persist until the seed s are ri pe T hey may be s i m p le those resulting .

,
from the ripening Of a singl e o v ary or a ggr ega t e when several to many , ,
carpel s of a sin gle flower in development become crowded into a mass ,

a s in anon a ( a t es A co llec t i v e fruit is one formed Of the carpel s

,
Of several to many flowers united into a mass a s in the j ak fruit ( la n c a ) .
T h e wall Of a fruit i s called the p e r i c ar p and when the several l ayers ,
a re di stinct the innermost l ayer i s called the en d oc a rp the outermost

, ,
l ayer the e x oc a r p and the intermediate l ayer the m esoc a rp

,
.
F ru its that Open at maturity are called d e h i sce n t while those that ,
remain closed a re called i n d e h i s c en t .
A s to texture fruits are desc ribed a s s u cc u le n t or fl es h y when soft

,
an d j uicy throughout an d d r y when they contain no pulp A ll inter, , .
grades occur .
T h e principal kinds Of fruits that h ave recei v ed distinctive n ames

are the b e r r y o r b a cc a t e fruit th e whol e pul p soft and fleshy with few
, ,
to m any seeds imbedded i n the pulp ; the d r up e the outer p art more or
.
“
less soft an d fleshy the inner p a rt hard and stone like ; the a c h en e a
,
-
s m a ll d r y
, .
indehiscent one seeded see d like fruit like those Of the C om
, ,
-
,
-
,
p o s i t a e ; u t r i c le S imila r to an achene but the peri carp l oose and bl adder

,
like ultimatel y dehi scent ; c a r y o p s i s or gr a/i n l ike the fruits Of grasses

, , ,
the seeds adhering to the thin peri carp throughout ; n u t a d ry hard , ,
indehiscent fru it ; the legum e or p o d consistin g of a 1 c e11ed fruit S plitting ,

-
regul arly into two valves generally by both sutures a s i n many L egum i ,
n o s a e or Often indehiscent ; follicle

, the fruit Of a single c arpel dehiscing ,
by the ventral sutu re ; c a p s u le the dry dehi scent or indehiscent fruit of ,
a compoun d ovary In dehis cent fru its the cel l s open chiefly in one or
.
two ways ; if splitting through the dors al suture directly into each cel l
it i s called locu li c i d a l; if splitting through the p artition s it i s c alled
s ep t i ci d a l T hose that open by a circular li d at the apex are c alled
.
c i rc um s c i s s .
Othe r forms of fruits are su ch as the co n e a multiple fruit con sisting ,
chiefly of overlapping app ressed scales each scal e bearing one or two ,
seeds on its inner face ; the p ep o represented by the squash ( c a la b a za ) , ,
which i s really a kind Of berry ; the h es p er i d i u m su ch a s the orange , ,
really a berry with a thick skin ; the p o m e su ch as the apple in which ,
t h e bulk i s made up chiefly of the mu ch thi c k ened calyx etc -

, .
S ome fru its are va riou sly appendaged chiefly for purposes of d i s t r i b u ,
tion T hey may be co v ered wi th hooked o r barbed bristles or with

.
v isci d gl ands or supplied with fl attened appendages called w i n gs o r with

, ,
tufts of lon g or shor t h airs c alled t h e co m a as in many C o m p os i t a e etc

, , ,
.
T HE SE E D — T h e seed i s the fertilized and developed ovule an d i s ,
exce edingly variabl e in siz e and shape from t h e minute and almost du st ,
like seeds Of the orchids t o the ve r y l arge seed of the coconut , .
T h e seed coats usu ally con si st of t wo l ayers

-
an outer thicker one ,
known a s the t es t a and an inner more del icate one known as the t egm en
'
, .
T h e sca r where the seed was attached i s called the h i lum .
E xternally seeds may be smooth pitted wrinkled or marked in various , , ,
other ways hairy as in the cotton winged or supplied with a tuft Of

, , ,
hairs called a co m a Variou s appendages h ave received special names

. ,
such a s the prominent wart l ike growt h at the hilum in such seeds as -
R i ci n u s ( t a n ga n t a n ga n ) known a s the c a r un c le ; an Often fl eshy colored

-
, ,
entire o r variously divided appendage that in part or entirely encl oses

some seeds i s called th e a r i l seeds suppl ied with this or gan being called ,
a r i lla t e .
In the fully developed embryo the most prominent part i s the seed lea v es -
,
known as the co t y led o n s In accordance with the number Of these the .

20 A FL OR A OF M A N I L A
la rgest group Of flowering pl ants i s subdivided into t wo great d i v isions ,
the m o n oco t y le d o n s if one cotyledon be present and the d i co t y led o n s if

, , ,
t wo be p resent When the embryo proper contains its o wn store Of pl ant

.
food the seed i s called ex a lb um i n o u s but when the plant food i s stored
, ,
outside Of the embryo the seed i s called a lbum i n o u s an d the food deposit ,
-
i s c alled the en d osp erm I n descriptive botany the endosperm i s described

.
a s m ea ly when granul ar l ike meal h or n y when hard an d bone like c o n ,

-
,
t i n uo us when smooth and uninterrup t ed and r u m i n a t ed when penetrated ,
with i rre gul ar dep ressions as if chewed as in the betel nut , ,
C L A SSI F I CA T I ON
R ecent estimates show that t h er e a r e at present known in all group s .
of pl ants about different kinds or species hence it is evi dent that ,
some kin d of systematic cl assification i s necessary to indicate the rel ation

ship s Of thi s enormous number Of forms F o r convenience botanists have .
cla ssified pl ants according to their rel ationships or a ssumed relationship s

into species genera families orders etc all fin ally being included under the
, , , , .
,
comprehensive term Vegetabl e Kingdom .
A s p ec i es comprises all the individual s that so closely resembl e each

other that we may conclu de that they have all been descended from a
common p arent from f ew to many generations b ack S pecific identity i s
, .
inferred when different specimens closely resemble each other i n all essential
characters for no t wo indivi dual s are exactly alike there always being a
, ,
tendency to vari ation ; under S pecies some botanists recognize s u b s p eci es ,
v a r i et i es,and f o r m s but it i s frequently if not always a matter Of personal

,
Opinion whether any constant charac t er o r set Of characters by which one

pl ant di ff ers from other allied ones con stitutes a specific di ff erence or , ,
whether the differences shoul d be con sidered only a s the b asis Of a sub
species a variety or a form
, , .
T o facilitate cl assification a number Of S pecies h aving certain characters

in common are grouped in a gen u s ; the generi c name corresponding to
,
a person s family name and the specific name to hi s given one ; a genus
’
,
may consist Of a single S pecies or Of any number up to s everal hun dred , .
Genera are frequently subdivi ded into subgenera or sections or both , .
Genera still being far too numerou s properly to s tudy without other
arrangement have been grouped into famil ies ea c h f a m i ly having its
, , ,
distincti v e n ame ; for instance the P a lm a e or p alm family fo rm a very ,
n atural group the l imits Of which are evident even to non botanic a l Ob
,
-
servers ; the grasses form another equ ally well marked family the sedges -
,
another etc F amilies may contain f ew t o many genera and are f r e

, .
,
quently divided into subfamilies and tribes or they may consist of a ,
single genus with but few or sometimes only a single S pecies ,

.
F amilies themsel v es Of which about 28 5 are n o w generally recognized

,
in the fl owering pl ants are again a rranged i n or d er s ; the grasses an d

,
sedges for example being two distinct families but with certain characters
, ,
in common that are not found i n other group s are hence cl assified i n the ,
natural order G lu m a les or G lum i flo r a e Orders are a rranged i n C la sses .

,
the Order G lu m a les falling in the C lass M on o c o t y led o n ea e with many

others that i s pl ants which p roduce seeds with but a single cotyledon
, ,
.
A gain C l asses are grouped in Di v isions the C l ass M o n o c o t y led on ea e forming ,
a S ubdi v ision Of the A n gi os p er m a e that i s pl ants with ovules borne in , ,
closed o v aries of the Di v ision S p erm a t o p h y t a that is all pl ants th at

, , ,
p roduce seeds T h e V egetable Kingdom i s made up of four Di v isions

. .
C L A SS IFI C AT I O N 21
SO far a s the following F lora is concerned but the two higher divi sions
Of t h e Vegetable Kingdom a re considered I I I P t er i d o p h y t a the ferns and , ,
fern like plants Often c all ed the va scula r cryptogams and I V S p er m a t o

-
, ,
p h y t a the seed producing o r flowering pl ants often called the P h a n er o

-
, ,
ga m i a or phanerogams ; the first division con sisting of the fungi an d

algae an d the second consisting of the mosses and scale mosse s are not
,
-
included in this work Orders a re not indicated

. .
T h e following i s the general scheme of cla ssification of the group s con

s i d er ed in the following paper
Division I I I P T E R I DOP HYT A ; ferns and fern like pl ants

.
-
.
C lass 1 F i li cales ; the true ferns ( four families in our area )

. .
C l as s 2 E q uisetales ; the horse tail s ( no representati v es in ou r area )

.
-
.
C lass 3 L ycop o d iales ; the club mosses ( two families i n ou r area )

.
-
Divi sion I V SP E R M A T OP HY T A ; the flowering an d seed producing pl ants

.
-
.
S ubdivi sion I G ym nos p er m ae ; pl ants with naked ovules ; stigmas none

.
( one family i n ou r area C y c a d a c ea e) ,
S ubdivi sion I I A n gi os p er m ae ; plants with ovules in closed ovaries ;

.
stigmas always present .
C la ss 1 M ON OC OT YL E DON E A E ; plants p roducing seeds with a single

.
cotyledon eleven Orders ( twenty S i x famil ies in our

,
-
area ) .
C lass 2 DI C OT YL E DON E A E ; pl ants p rodu cing seeds with two coty

.
led on s thirty six Orders ( one hundred an d three fami

,_
-
lies i n our area ) .
TO illustrate the abov e scheme of cla ssi fi cation the common bamboo ,
known locally as c a ua y a n o r c a ua y a n t o t oo i s known to botanists a s ,
B a m bu s a b lu m ea n a S chultes the first name being its generic the secon d

, ,
its specific one while the third i s the n ame of the botani st who described
,
the species It belongs to the tribe B a m bu s ea e in the Grass F amily o r

.
,
G r a m i n ea e Of the Order G lu m a les C l ass M on o c o t y led on ea e ( seeds with

, ,
one cotyledon ) Subdivi sion A n gi os p er m a e ( ovu les i n closed ovaries ) of

, ,
the Division S p er m a t o p h y t a ( pl ants producing seeds ) T h e determination .
Of a pl ant in practi ce u su ally I n ea n s tracin g it to its proper family

‘
genu s and species T o facilitate the i dentification Of specimens artificial

, .
keys to the families h ave been devi sed while under the families keys to ,
the genera an d under the genera keys to the species wil l be f ound
,
.
T HE P R E P AR AT I ON OF B OT A N I C A L S P E C I BI E N S
The number Of different species i s so great that for purposes of study

and comparison it i s necessary to preserve material in a convenient form ,
hence variou s methods h ave been evolved for drying mounting an d a r r a n g , ,
in g botanical specimen s .
A botanical specimen of an herbaceous p l ant to be complete S houl d , ,
consist Of roots stems l eaves bu ds fl owers an d mature fruit It i s

, , , , ,
.
frequently impossible to gather all Of these at any one time an d accordingly ,
late r gatherings are Of t en necessary In the case of small herba ceou s .
species frequently everyt hing can be sho wn by entire pl ants but with ,
coarse ones it i s usually convenient o r possible to prepare sections only .
In the ca se Of woody p l ants it i s unnecess ary to secure S pecimens of t h e

roots but many collectors prepare thin section s showing the bark an d wood
,
.
S pecimensshoul d not exceed 40 cm i n l ength and if longer than this , ,
a s i s very frequently the case the stems can be fol ded back and forth or
,
cut into sections In such pl ants a s the gra sses and sedges tal l specimens
.
ca n be folded bac k an d forth l ike the letter N or folded several times ,
if necessary and a piece of tough paper sl it and sl ipped over the fol ded
'
, ,
ends will hol d the specimen i n position while drying I n species with
, .
very la rge leaves frequently it becomes necessary to take sections only .
In l arge pinnate leaves all the pinnae on one side can be removed and the
remaining p art Of the leaf fol ded together for drying ; in very l arge l eaves
such a s the p alms etc portions only c an be prepared but full notes
'
, .
, ,
shoul d be taken a s to size number of p innae lobes etc Large fruits

, , , .
can be dried separately an d fleshy fruits can be sectioned or preserved

,
in al cohol or i n some other preservative T hi ck fleshy roots can al so be .
sectioned an d thick stems can be sliced longitudin ally Often it i s a dvi sable .
to dry separately fl eshy or l arge fruits tubers etc but as soon as dried , , .
, ,
suc h detached p arts sho ul d be pl aced with the rest of the specimen for
permanent preservation .
In collecting specimen s the most convenient method Of tran sporting them

i s in a p ortfolio sp reading the pl ants out on sheets Of thin p aper T h e
, .
most serviceable portfolio i s a p air of simp l e frames ma de of split bamboo

S imilar to an d of about the size a s the presses described below that is , , ,
slightly larger than the botanical driers ; this double frame can be supplied
with strap s for convenience in opening an d closing an d for purposes of ,
tran sportation In wet weather it i s al so a dvi sable to have a piece Of

.
black Oi l cloth such a s i s use d for covering the top s of carri ages or a
, ,
piece of cotton cloth dipped in melted p a r a fi n su ffi ciently l arge to p rote ct ,
t h e enclosed p apers an d specimens in the portfol io from being wet by

r ain etc In p ra ctice it will b e foun d that S pecimens can be transported
, .
from one to two days in such a portfol io before transferring them to the ,
p ress without in most c ases bein g se riously harmed ; as a rule however

, , , ,
s pecimen s shoul d b e a rranged in the p r ess as soon a s possible af t er they
a re collected .
T o dry specimen s the selected plants o r parts Of plants are l ai d out

fl at in as nearly a natural position a s may be between sheets Of soft
, , ,
u nsized porou s p aper an d subj ec t ed to consi derabl e pressure

,
T h e Obj ect .
i s to extract the moisture a s rapi dly a s p o s s i b le at the same time kee p ing
'
the S pecimens flat and under su ffi cient p ressur e to prevent their wrink l ing ,
but at the same time not s ufli c i en t to cru sh the more del icate parts T h e .
p apers must b e ch anged at i nterv al s .
In the Philippines the most generally availabl e soft paper i s the

common C hinese bamboo paper that can be secured Of C hinese dealers in
most l arge towns ; thi s makes excellent driers especial ly if stitched into ,
p ads Of about 4 thi cknesses B lotting paper makes excel lent driers an d
.
,
even Old newspapers can be utilized Driers shoul d be cut or fol ded i nto .
a size not to exceed 45 by 30 cm and if thi s i s done then there will be no ,
danger of makin g specimens too l arge to b e mounted on standard herbarium

.
sheets .
In preparing specimens for drying l ay the selected pl ants on a S ingle

sheet or between the fol ds of a doubl e sheet Of thin p aper the specimen
, ,
sheet then a dd one or more driers then another s p eci men sh eet other
, , ,
driers etc ; Old newsp apers m ake excellent specimen sheets When a ll
, . .
U 1" M A N I L A
'
b h U N A
T HE HE R BA R I U M
A collection Of dried pl ants i s called an herbarium and such a collection ,
i s most essential i n the study Of taxonomy or systematic botany .
For convenience i n referring to S pecimen s the dried plants are com ,
m o n ly mounted on S heets of fairly stiff white paper the usual size known , ,
a s the standa rd herba rium sheet being 29 by 42 cm A n y paper of good , .
qu al ity an d fairly stiff can be u sed but about 60 pound linen ledger paper ,
-
is best adapted to all purposes .
T here are several methods Of mounting S pecimens the chief being a ,
combination of gumming and strapping or strapping alone Ordinary glue , .

,
fi s h glue or mu cilage c an be used in fastening specimens to the herba rium

-
, ,
S heets, but the most sati sfactory adhesive i s gu m arabic dissolved i n cold
water to the consistency Of ordinary mucilage ; to thi s mixture a small
amount of carbol ic a ci d shoul d be a dded to keep it from souring T h e .
form of gum arabi c known a s powdered acaci a i s the most convenient for
general u se a s it dissolves very quickly
, .
With gum a rabic solution one can make his o wn gummed p aper for ,
strapping pl ants by taking any tou gh whit e p aper an d wi th a soft brush

,
painting over on e si d e wi th the gum arabi c solution and allowing it to

dry It can then be cut into strips Of various widths an d used as desired
. .
In gumming plants a thin l ayer Of the gum i s S pread out on a smooth

hard su rface by means of a bru sh T h e plant to be mounted i s then pl aced .
on thi s gummed surface an d all parts are gently p ressed down S O that the
gum i s evenly distributed over the lower surface Of the specimen ; it i s
then c arefully removed an d transferred to the mounting p a per in the
position desired and the sheet placed between driers under light p ressure
unti l thoroughly dry Later the heavier parts such as the stems en ds Of
.
, ,
leaves etc are more firmly fa stened by the u se Of n arro w strips Of

, .
,
gummed p aper T hi s method is the best one for a collection th at i s to be

.
consulted or stu died a great deal .
A nother general method i s to l ay the pl ant on the mounting p aper in

the position desired and firmly fasten it in place by the use of strips Of
gummed paper without previously fastening the pl ant to the paper by
,
gummin g as described above T h e advantage of thi s method i s that the

.
entire pl ant can if necessary be removed for purposes Of study which

, , ,
i s impracticable when the S pecimens are gummed Pl ants can be mounted .
wi thout the use Of gum by fol ding strip s of p aper about the stems and
other coarse p arts an d pinning the ends Of the paper strip s to the
,
-
'
herbarium sheet .
In mounting Sp ecimen s the l eaves shoul d be so a r r a n ged t h a t both

'
surfaces are shown Detached fl owers fruits small leaves etc are best
.
, , , .
,
preserved by placing them in small envelopes or packets which are attached

to the sheet Mosses scale mosses most fungi l ichens et c can be p r e
.
,
-
, , , .
,
served i n p ackets which shoul d b e attached to herbarium sheets Only one .
species shoul d b e mounted on a S ingle S heet but severa l specimens of the ,
same S pecies sho wing variation etc can be attached to the same sheet .
,
.
T h e name of the plant genu s and species local ity collector and date
, , , ,
Of collection shoul d be written on the lower right han d corner of the sheet -
,
or on a label attached to the sheet ; sometimes other data are added but
these addition al data are best preser v ed on the fiel d l abel which may be
attached to either the upper o r lower left hand corner Of the sheet
- -
.
Herbarium l abels are usually about 6 by 1 2 cm and shoul d be printe d on ,
paper Of good qu ality .

GL OSS A R Y OF T E C HN I C A L TE R M S
T he specimens once mounted a nd properly labelled a re ready for

di stribution in the herba rium which in arrangement i s quite the same a s ,
a l a rge card catalogue the mounted herbarium S pecimen s correspondin g ,
to the cards Of the card catalogue T h e whol e herbarium can be a rranged .
according to the relationships or a ssumed relationship s Of the famil ies ,
genera and S pecies or by the much simpler alphabetic method first a rranged
, , ,
alphabetically a s to famil ies second u n der each family al phabetically a s to ,
the genera an d third under each genu s of more than one species alpha
, ,
b et i c a lly a s t o species In practi ce a combination Of the t wo methods wil l .
probably be found to be the most convenient arranging the families accord ,
ing to thei r natural order but un der each family arranging the genera ,
and species alphabetically .
In small collections family co v ers Of stout tough p aper which when ,
fol ded once should be about the size of the herbarium sheets shoul d be
, ,
supplied T h e family name should be wr itten on the lower left han d corner
.
-
and all members Of the family shoul d be distributed into the family cover
or covers In l arge herbaria it is usu a l to supply al so genu s covers and
.
,
even species covers but these are not necessa ry in small collections F o r , .
temporary purposes specimen s can very well be p reserved between folded

sheets of thin p aper and for this purpose Old newsp aper s will serve very ,
well .
F o r proper preservation the herbarium shoul d be kept in tight c ases

or boxes a s nearly insect and dust proof a s possible T h e cases shoul d
,
-
.
be kept in a d ry place and to repel possible insect attacks moth ball s ,
powdered naphthalin or some other repellant shoul d be placed with speci ,
mens If cases are made for the purpose they shoul d be provided with
.
pigeon holes about 49 cm deep 33 cm wi de an d 1 6 cm high , , .
In l arge herb aria it i s cu stomary to poison the specimen s with corrosive

sublimate T his may be done by immersing the specimens before mounting
.
in a nearly saturated solution of corrosive sublimate in about 50 percent

al cohol and agai n drying the s p ecimen o r the mounted specimen can be ,
p ainted over with the same solution by the u se of a soft bru sh and then
dried Great c are must be taken however in handl in g the co r rosive sub
.
, ,
l imate solution on ac count of its poisonou s properties .
GL OS S A R Y OF T E C HN I CA L T E R NI S
A ; i n G r ee k m p u d wi th ut p et l u
co o n s, o , as a a o s, A d h er en ; gr o w t th b d y i n g fa s t to an o er o .
W i th ut p t l t e ; u ited
o e a s. A dna g wi g t g th
n A pp li d
or ro n o e er . e
Ab no rm l ; t y t th u u l 0 the tu l
a c o n r ar o e s a
‘
1 na ra t ot he th e wh i t i fi x ed b y i t wh l e
an r en s s o
t u tu e
s r c r .
le gth t
n t h e fil m t o i t p l g ti
o a en r s r o on a on .
A b rt i ve ; i m p fe tly d vel p ed
o er c e o A s c en d i n g; ris ing up wa r d
gr a d ua lly
.
A b rupt ; ud d ly e d i g th ugh b k Ofl
.
ve
’
s en n n as o ro en
, .
Ad nt i t i o us ; o ut of t h e p r o p er o r us ual pla c e ;
A b uptl y p i t e ; a pi te l f d i g with
r n na n na ea en n
a pp li ed t o r ec en t ly i t n r o d uc ed pla n t s th t a
a p i f l e fleta r o a s .
ar e l t
h ar d y na ur a li z ed
with ve y h rt tem
.
A c ul e t ;
A gg eg te fruit ; f ui t
a es o n a r s o or no s
r a mp d f m y a r co os e o an
b ve gr u d
a o o n .
m e o le u
or p l
r p d d by
ss n it d e c ar e s ro uc e
Ac c es s ory ; m eth i g d d i ti l so n a on a .
e fl w
on o er
e e t ; gr o wi g l g r ft
.
Acc r s n fl we i g n a
wi g; t h e l t l p t l i t ypi l l
ar e er o r n .
Al ; a a n a er a e a s n ca e
t e e; n m ll d y 1
a ed d i d hi
s at r se e n e s c en
( p pi l i ) fl w
~
, , , ,
gum i o u o n a c eo u s er s
eed li k e fruit
n s a o .
s -
u i h i g m tt t red with i t h
.
A lb um
ed l e h p d
; en no r s n a er s o n e
A i ul ;
o c ar ne -
s a e .
s eed
A ul t e ; m ed with p i k l th tem
o ea ar r c es , as e s
;
of t h e r os e .
A lb um i n o us ; f ur n i h d t h lb um s e a en .
A c um en ; a t r ape i n g poi n t .
A lt er n a te ; e ft r th
on l v a pl d
e an o er , a s ea es ace
A c um i n a te ; t a p er i n g t o a po n i t , t he si d es on O pp it i d Of os tm e t s h es a s e , on e a ea c
inc ur edv .
no d ; wh e b tw b di enOf t h e m e een o es sa e
A cu t e; s h a r p ly po n i ted , the s id e t igh t s s ra , n ot or d i ff t t Of g

er en se s or an s .
i n c ur ved . A m en t; l d u lly
a s en ly d er ,pi k e s ua s ca , en s e s .
26 A F LOR A OF M A N I L A
z A m o r p h o us ; s h a pe le ss, t h e fo r m n ot r egula r or B er y ; r a fle h y is , n d eh i s c en t , f ew to m an y
un fo r m i . s eed ed f ui t
r .
A nas t m i g; f m i g
o os n or n a n et -
wo r k , as the Si B i s ; i n c o m p o un d wo r d s m ea n
. i ng twi c e.
vi f le v
e ns o a es . r
B i a u i c ula t e ; h a n g t wo ea r s vi .
/
A n dr i um ; t h e t m
o ec s a en s as a wh o l e. B i c a llo s e ; ha vi ng t wo c al os l itie s or h a r d er
x A n d r o p h o r e; a c o lum n of un it ed s t mea ns .
s po s t .
A n d r o us ; in G r ee k c om p oun ds fo r m a le, or Bi car i te ;

na t wo -
k eled e .
s tm a en s , a s m o n an d r o us , w ith on e s t a m en .
B i en n i a l; a pla n t livi g t wo n y ea r s o n ly , p r o d uc
A i
n g os pe rm a e; p la n t s w h it o vule s in a c lo s ed ing fl o wer s an d s eed s the s ec on d y ea r.
o v a ry .
B i fi d ; t wo -
c lef t to ab o u t t he m dd i le .
A n n ua l; a p la n t li vi ng a y ea r or les s , p r o d uc B i f c li o la t e; a c om poun d lea f of t wo lea flt e s .
i ng fl o wer s an d s eed s , a n d t h en d y n g i .
B i fur te ; twi e fo k ed
ca c r .
A nnu ar l r ngi lik e Bi p i te ; twi e pi te

nna c nn a
;
- .
.
A n n ula te ; m ar k ed by i g r n s.
B i er te ; d ub ly er te
s ra wh e t h e t eth Of
o s ra , as n e
e th m elve te
A n n ulus ; a ri ng Of th i k e c n ed ti s s ues li k e th t a
l f a ea e
ar e s s s rra .
of the s p o r e- c a s e o f m os t fe rn s
Bi se x u l; h vi g b th t m e
a a d pi ti l
n o s a ns an s .
B i ter te ; twi e te te
.
A nt e ri ; t h e p t Of
or ar a fl we o r ne xt to the na c rn a .
B l d d ry ; th i d i n fl ted li k e b l d d er
b r t th t i ex te xt a e n an a a a
rn a l. The si de ne .
ac , a s,
B l d ; t h e exp d d p rt Of
t th
o xi o f i fl e e a s n or s c en c e is t h e p o s t er i or
a e l f an e a a ea .
B lo o m ; t h e wh iti h w xy p wd me s a o er on so
on e
f ui t d le ve
.
0
t r t
A n h e ; t h e p ar of t h e t
s a m en wh i c h c on
r s an a s .
B lu t ; e d i g i u d ed p o i t
t ai n s t h e p o llen
n n n n a ro n n .
B t s h p ed ; h p d li k e a m ll b t
.
/ A
th es i ; t h e p i d f
n s er o o the e xp an s i on of a
oa -
a s a e s a oa .
Bo y ; f h d b e li k e t extu
fl we n o ar on re
-
, .
o r.
Bra t ; t h e m ll le f o l f m t h e x i l Of
A p et l us ; wi th ut p t l
c s a a r s ca e ro a
a o o e a s
/ wh i h a fl we
‘
.
it p ed i l p ed
A p ex ; t h e um m i t
c o r or s ce r oc e s
t ip of o r ga n
.
s or on
/ Br t e t e ; f u i h d with b t
.
A p h y ll o us ; wi th ut le v
ac a rn s e r ac s .
o a es
Br t e l t e ; f u i h d wi th b ct let
‘
/ .
A pi l ; b l gi g t
ca th e on n o e ap e x or t ip Of an y
ac o a rn s e ra s .
/ Br t l t
ac e Br te le ; or b t ted ac t he o s r ac s ea on
o r ga n _
p di l fl we t lk
.
ti pp ed t t e ce or o r s a
-
A p i c ula t e ; wi h a s m a ll poi n
.
Br d i vi i tem xi
.
h; Of
/ A pp en d a ge ; p ar a n y a d d ed t anc a s on a s or a s .
h l et ; ulti m t
.
B m ll b h
/ i l
A p p en d c u a t e ; s uppl ed wi h i t an a pp en d age
ra n c a s a or a e r an c .
Bri tl e ; ti ff h r p h i
.
y l d b od y
A pp r es s ed ; p r es s ed t o t h e s em t .
s a s , s a a r , or an s en er
Of s i m i la r
q
A ua t i c ; l ivin g g wi g i or ro n n wa er t a pp ea r a n c e .
t i it it
,
/
.
B r i s ly ; s uppl ed w h b r s les
Ar t li k e b w .
c ua t e ; b en a o
A r eo a l m ll e m k ed
.
o ut on a s ur fa c e ;
B ulb ; a n un d er gr o un d s em c o m p o s ed Of t s c a les .
; a s a ar a ar
/
s m all
l i
B u b fer o us ; b ea r i n g o r p r o d uc i n g b ulb s .
pi t
a
fl
.
vl i
B ulb ls ; s m a ll b ulb s , b orn e a b o e gr o un d , v ‘
A r i l; a es h y gr o wt h f r o m b a s e Of an d en e op
f
i ng a s eed .
u s ua lly a xi ll ar y .
t ; f u i h ed wi th
A r i lla e il rn s an ar .
C a d uc o us ; f alli n g Off ve y r ea r ly
A ri t t ;
.
w d
s a e a n e .
C a es p i t o s e ; gr o wi n g i n t ur f l ik e pa t c h es or
A ti ul t ed ; j i ted
-
r c a o n .
tuft s
t d upw d
.
A d i g; d i
ly x ; t h e ut v l p f th fl w
s c en n r ec e ar
Ca
.
o er en e o es o e o er
A tt u t e ;
.
w d g d u lly
ul te ; h p d li k
en a n ar r o e ra a
Ca mp b ell
.
an a s a e e a
A u i ul t ; f i h d wi th k
.
r c u i
a e ur n s e a r c les or ea r -
li e
C a n es c en t ; gr y i h wh i t a s -
e .
p i ll ry ; h i li k e i
a p p en d a ges
Ca h pe
.
a a r -
n s a
t t ke
.
A wn ; a b r i s le o r b r i s le li
p i t te ; h vi g p x
-
a p p en d a ge
Ca gl b ul
.
a a n a o ar a e
t t
.
A wn ed ; f ur n i s h ed wi h a n a wn b r i s le
p s ul e ; y elled e d ve el Of
or a
Ca d y 1 t m a r , o an -
c s e -
ss
m p u d p i ti l
S h a p ed tip .
a co o n s
t
.
t h e up p er d e b e ween
p ul r ; li k
Ai ; the an gle on si a
Ca s a p ul e a ca s e .
lea f an d t he s t em .
Ca r i ; k eel ; t h t w
na a t i ptl f e o an er or e a s o a
A x i le ; b elo n g n g t o t h e
y
i a xi s .
p p i li a u fl w on a c eo s o er .
Ax i ll a ry ; o c c ur r i n g in an axi l .
Ca r i t e ; k el d f u i h d wi th
na e h p i dg
e , rn s e a s ar r e
Axi ; s the c en t r al li n e Of an y b ody

p j e ti
or ro c on .
Car p l; e i m pl p i t i l
a s e s .
B a c c a t e; b er r y li -
ke , a fl es h y , f ew t o m an y Car y p i ; th
o s s e ed d f uit gr i
e Of on -
se e r or a n
s eed ed , i n de hi s c en t f r ui t , t he s eed s im gr a s s es .
b ed d ed i n p ulp .
Ca r l i
t i a g n o us ; fi r m an d t o ugh in te xt u r e.
Barba te ; b ear d ed , th t a i s b ea r i n g tuft s , s po s , t C a ud a t e; t ila ed , or t ai l -

p o i n ed t .
or li n es Of h a i rs . C a uli n e ; o f or b elo n gi n g t o a s em t .
f
—B a s a l; b elo n gi n g or a tt a c h ed t o t h e b as e . l
C el ; t h e c a i t y Of a n v an th e r , or o f an o v ary .
B a s i fi xed ; a tt a c h ed by i t s b as e . r
C e n uo us ; n o d d i n g .
B ea k d ; di g i e en n n a p r olon ged n ar r o w tip . C hafi ; s m a ll m em b r an a c eo us s c a les or b r act s

B ell h p ed ; t ub ul
-
s a ar b elo w, i n fl ted
a ab o ve , li ke on t he r ec ep ac les t Of C om p o s i t a e, t he
a b ell . glum es or s c ales Of gr a s s es , et c .
GL OS S A R Y OF T E C H N I CA L TE R M S 27
C h a ff y ; f ur n i s h ed w h it c li a t l
'
. te ;
C r en a d g with r u d d t th
an e e o n e ee .
C h lo r p h y ll ;
o t he gr een c o lo r n g i m a tt er in C r ul t e ; m i utely
en a ligh tly te n or s c r en a .
pl t an s . C e t;
r s l v ti rid ge t h um m i t
an e e a on or on e s of
C h or ip t l u e a o s ; t h e pe t a ls d is inc t t an d f r ee f r o m y rg
an o an .
ea c h o t h er . C wd d ; l
ro ly p e
e d t g th c ose r sse o e er .
/ C l| la t e ; fr i n ged wi t h h ai r s m ore or l es s re C r o wn ; s ee c o r o n a .
s em b lm g ey e a s h es l . C r ust a c eo us ; h ar d an d bri ttl e in t x tu e e r .
C lr c ln at e ; r o l ed l i n war d fr o m t h e t o p . C ry pt o ga m i a or C yp r t o ga m s ; pl t an t s no pr o
C i r c um s c i s s ; o p en i n g b y a c i r c ula r ne li r o un d d uc i n g s eed s .
id t he s es . C uo ulla t e ; h o o d ed . or h oo d -
s h a p ed .
C l v t ; l ub
a a e c -
s h a p ed , s en d e l r be l ow an d th i k c l
C u m ; t h e h ollo w, j o i n t ed s emt of t h e gr a s s es .
en ed up wa r d . t
C un ea e ; wed ge s h a p ed -
.
C la w ; t he n ar r o w or s t lk li k e
a -
b as e of s om e C up s h a p ed ;
-
e a go b li k lt e or c up i n fo r m .
pe t a ls . C us p i d a te ; t i p p ed w h it a s h a r p an d po n s tiff i t .
C lef ; t c ut i t n o lo b es , ab o u t h a lf wa y to t he C ut ; a p p li d g e en er a l ly to a n y s h a r p a n d d eep
c en t er . d n i s i on .
C li m b i i
n g; t th r b j t ri i s ng by c l n gi n g o o e o ec s .
C ym e; ap o un d , fl a t
c om or c on vx e , o p en in
C lub h p ed ; -
s l v t a s ee c a a e .
fl o r es c en c e, t h e o u e t r fl we o rs o p en i n g fi rt s .
C lu t red ;s e ll t d i t om p t bu h co ec e n o a c ac nc .
C ym os e; f u r n i s h ed with y m c es , o r cym e -
l ik e .
C l t ; b m i g u i t d b y g wth
o a es c en ec o n n e ro .
C u ; t he
oc c p b le
s rp el o utl t Of s e ar a ca s r n e s a Dec i d uo us ; f all n g 0 6 ; a pp li ed t o h o s e t r ees i t
d y f uit plu l r i r , ra coc c .
t t
h a s h ed a ll h ei r lea es a t o n e i m e t v t .
C h er t ; t h e u i
o Of
en p te p t n on s e ar a ar s .
Dec li t n a e; tu r n ed to on e s id e, o r d o wn wa r d .
C lum ; t h e u it d
o tm
n t he t me n e s a en s , or s a ns Dec o m p o un d ; s e er al v tim es c om p o un d ed or
d p i til u i ted i t
an e b dy s s n n o on o .
ivi d ed
d .
C l um or; h p d li k na lum p i ll s a e e a co n or a r,
De um b t ;
c li i g o t h e g u d
en r ec n n n ro n
t uft
.
C m ; o a f h i t tha d f me o a rs a e en s o so
D c ur
e t ; le v p l ged
ren t h e tem b ea es r o on on s
s eed s .
th th ei i e ti
n ea r ns r on
re t
.
C o m p a c t ; c lo s ely p s s ed t o ge h er .
Defi ite ; wh e
n f u if m mb ; d nt o a n or nu er an no
C o m p o un d ; s m lar i i p ar t s a ggr ega t ed in o t a
b v 10 t
a o e 20 o .
wh ole .
D fl e ed ; b t d w w d
e x en o n ar
vi g rt
.
C o m p let e ; h a a ll
p li tti g p
n pa s
D hi ; t h e egul f
.
e s c en c e p r ar s n o en o ca
C o m p r es s ed ; fl tte
a n ed O pp ite
on os si d es .
ul s th er
e or an
ve ; h id e
.
C o nca o llo wed

Delt i d ; t i gul h p
on e on s
f
.
o o a r an ar s a e
g t d; t g th e
.
Con c r o wd ed
D t t e ; t th ed t h e t th h p d p i ti g
es e o e r .
en a oo ee s ar an o n n
C o n i c a l; h a vi g t h e f m Of n or a c on e .
tw dou ar
,
Co n n a t ; u itede g w t geth e n or ro n o r fr o m t he
De ti ul te ; f u i h ed with little t th
n c a
.
rn s ee
fi t f m ti
rs or a on .
D p up
e a t ; b l w t he
er a e tu l iz e o na ra s e
.
t ive ; t h p rt o f t h e th e ti .
C o n n ec g d ; fl tte ed
e a an r c o n n ec n
D p
e r es s e if p d d w f om
a n or as r es s e o n r
it t wo c ells
b ve
s .
a o
Con n i v t;en con v er g n i g, or b r o ugh t c lo s e to
Di .. Di ; i or G ek
.
mp u ds . tw n re co o n s o, or
get h er
d o ub le
.
C on ti n uo us ; the v
r e er s e Of i ter upted
n r or ar ti D i a d elp o us ;
.
s t a m en s u ni t ed by th i fi l e r a m en t s
c ula t ed
Con t t d ; twi t d t geth e

.
i n t wo se s t .
or e s e o r
Con t ted ; eith

ra c r wd h t ed er n a ro e
.
or s or en
Di a n d r o us ; h a i v ng t wo s t a m en s .
Co n vex ; m l u d d
a u f or e or es s ro n e s r ac e
.
i
D c h la m y d eo us ; h a vi n g b ot h c a ly x an d c or ol a l .
Di t
c h o o m o us ; t wo f o r k ed
v l ut e; ll d up l gt h wi e
-
.
Con o ro e en s
Co pi u ; o um e us i l ge q u ti t
n ro s , or n ar
.
an y
Di c li n o us ; h a vi ng th t e s a m en s in on e fl o we r ,
C or d t ; ha t h pd
e ea r s a e
.
t h e pi s ti l s in an o th e r .
v t
-
.
Di d y n a m o us ; h a i n g f o ur s a m en s i n t wo p a i r s
C or i u ;
a c eo m b li g l th i t xt
s r es e n ea er n e ur e
.
i i l l
.
Di ff us e ; s pr ea d n g w d ely a n d i r r egu a r y
Cor m ; li d b ulb li k e th t Of t h t
a so a e ar o
.
i t r fl et l
,
D gi a t e; wh e e t h e lea s of a c om p o un d ea f
( ga b i )
x ti
.
o f t h e p e o le
~
C o r o lla ; t h e s ec o n d s et of fl o r al o r gan s , c o m
a r e a ll b or n e on t he ape .
Oi t s h o wy p a r t Di m o r p h o us ; o f t wo fo r m s
p o s ed p e a ls , u s ually t he of
.
t he fl o we r i i
D o ec o us ; t h e m a e a n d f em a l l fl e o we s r on di f
l t
.
C o ro n a ; a b ody s h a p ed l ike w a cr o n
fer en t p an s .
ik i l
.
Co r o n a e; t c r o wn ed ; f ur n i h d wi th
s e a c o r on a .
Di s c i f o r m or D s -
s h a p ed ; flat an d c r c u ar ,
Co rym b ; a flat or c on v x Op e , en , com p o un d lik di ke a s .
fl o w er -
c lus t e r , t he i fl w
n n er o er s Ope nin g Di s k ; t he p i ex an s on o f a r ec ep a c le o f a t fl o wer ;
fi t rs .
th t lp t
e c en ra ar of a h ea d of fl o wer s , as in
~ C or ym bos e; i n c or ym bs, o r c ory m b l -
ike i n f or m .
t h e C om p o s i t a e .
Cos t ;a b ; t h e m d r b Of a ea f
a ri i i l .
Di s kfl -
o wer s ; t he c en t r al fl o w er s in t h e C om
Co t y led o n s ; t h e p r o p er lea es o f t h e v b yo
em r . p os i t a e .
- C r eep i n g; gr o wi n g flat on t he gr o un d a n d Di s s ec t d; e c ut d eeply i t n o m an y lo b es or
r oo ti n g . d i vi i s on s .
28 A F L OR A or M A N I LA
Di s s ep i m en ts ; t he pa rtiti ons of a c om p o un d F les h y ; fir m p ulp o r

com es hp o s ed of fl .
o v ar y . l t i
F o a i n g; s w m m i n g o n t h e s ur f a c e o f wa er t .
t
Di s i c h o us ; t wo r a n ed -
k . li
F o a c eo us ; b elo n g n g t o, o r o f t h e e u e i t xt r or
it t
D s i n c ; f r ee, n o t c o m b i n ed . na tu r e of a l ea f.
i l
Di v a r i oa t e ; w d e y s p r ea d i n g o r d er gen iv t . F o ia l te ; p r o d ed wi t h vi l v ea es : L a ti n pr e fix es
iv t v
D i d ed ; c ut i n o d i i s i o n s d o wn t o t h e b a s e or d en o t e t h e n um b er of lea ves , as b i fo l i tea ,
m dr bi i . t i f li te
r o a .
Do r s a l; p er t ai n in g t o t h e b ac k of an o r ga n . Fo l i l t ; l ti
o a e re a n g t o Or b ea r i ng l fltea e s ; t r i fo
Do wn y ; c o v er ed w h it s of t an d sh or t ha i rs . li o la t e, wi t h t h nee l flt
ea e s , et c .
Dr up a c eo us ; l ike p er or t i a ni n g to a d r up e . Fo ll i c le ; a sim p le p o d , Op i en n g d o wn t h e i n n er
Dr up e ; a s t on e- fr u , t h a it ti s t he o u er t par t sof t , s u ur et .
fl es h y or fib r o us , t he inn er pa r t ha rd an d Fo ll i ul r;
c a r es em b li n g or b elo n gi n g t o a fo l ~
b on y . lj c le .
Fo rk ed ; b r a n c h ed i n t wo o r th r ee di isv i on s .
Eb r te t ; wi th ut b t
ac a e o r ac s . F r ee ; n ot un it ed wi h t an y ot h er p t ar s of a
E br te l te ; wi th ut b r tl t
ac o a o ac e s . i
d ff er en t s or t .
E hic t e; m ed wi th p i k l
na ar r c es . F r d ; t h e le ve
on a s of fer n s .
E d ge; t h m gi utli
e f ar n or o n e, a s o a lea f . F rui t ; t h e m t ed a ur o xa r y a n d a ll it c on ti a ns or
E lli p i d ; so li d b d y h wi ga so o s o n an elli p s e in is c o n n ec t ed wi h t .
l gi tud ion l e ti d i na s c on an a c r c le in cr os s F u rt es c en t; s o m ewh a t s h r ub b y ; b ec o m i n g a
tis ec on . s h r ub .
E li ot i ; v l c b l g wi th t h
o a or o on , e en d s r egula r ly F uga c i o us , la s i n g b ut t a sh or t t im e.
r o un d ed . F ul v o us , t a wn y .
E m a r gi n a t e ; n o c h ed t at the a pe x . F un n e l -
s h a p ed ; e xpa d i n n g gr a d ua lly up wa r d
E n d em i c ; c on fi n ed to a c o un ty r . in t o an o p en m o ut h , l i k f el e a unn .
E n d oca rp ; t he i nne r la y er of t h e p er i c a r p . F ur f ura c eo us ; co v er ed w i th b li k fi r an -

e n e s c ur f .
E n d o s p er m ; t he a lb um en of a s eed . F ur ro wed ; m ar k ed by l gi tud i

on l h na c a n n els or
E tire ; t h e m
n a r gi n s c on ti u n ous , n ot at a ll gr o o es v .
t t h ed oot , n o c h ed , or d i vi d ed . i
F us fo r m ; s p i n d le s h a p ed -
.
E p h m e l ; l ti
e ra as n g for a d ay or les s .
E p i gy n o us ; up o n t h e o v ary . G a m op e t a lo us ; ted p t l
o f un i e a s .
E pi ph y t p la n
e; gr o wi n g on
a t an o th er p lan t , G a m o s ep a lo us ; of u i ted p l n se a s .
b ut n o t n o ur i s h ed b y i t . l te ; b
G en i c u a en t b uptly li k e
a r , a k n ee.
E p i p h yt i c ; r ela ti ng to ep i ph y es t . G l b r te ; b
a m i g gl b
a ec o n a r ous wi t h a ge, or
E q u l; li k e i um b
a a t n n er o r len g h . lm t gl b u
a os a ro s .
E q ui l ter l ; a q u l i d eda e a -
s . G l bro u ;
a m ot h i ths s o , n e s en s e of b ax i ng no
E r t ; up i gh t p p d i ul
ec r , er en c ar . h i b i tl
a r s, th r s es , o r o erp ub es c en c e .
E vi d t ; l ly vi ib le
en c ea r s . G la n d s ; s m a ll o r ga n s in v
t h e lea es , et c , wh i c h .
E x lb um i
a u ; d ti tute f lb um e
no s es o a n . s ec r e e o i t ly or ar om a ti c or o th er pr o d uc ts.
E x u e t;
c u
rr i g ut
n wh rm id ib p
n n n o as en a r ro G la n d u l ar ; f ur n i s h ed wi t h gla n d s , or gla n d li -
ke .
j t b ey d t h
ec s p x f l f on e a e o a ea . Gl a uc es c en t; s li t
gh ly gla uc o us , o r b lui s h gr a y -
.
E x i d u i t ; wi th ut
n s a e i d u i um o an n s . Gl a uc o us ; v co er ed wi h a b loo m , t h a t
i s, w h a t it
E x ert d ; p t ud i g the t m ex t di wh i t
wa y p o wd er h a r ub s x t t '
s e ro r n , as s a en s en n g fin e, e, ofl .
b ey o n d t h e c o r o lla . G lo b o s e ; n ea r ly s p h er i c a l .
E x ti p ul t ; d e ti tut e f ti p ul
s a e s o s es . l
G o m er a t e ; c lo s ely aggr ega t ed i n o t a d en s e
E x t ern a l; utw d o ar . c lus er t .
E xt r xi ll ry ; o ut f t h e x i l, ppli
a- a a o a a ed to G lum e ; t h e fl o r al c o v er i n gs of gr a s s es .
fl we et o rs c . G reg ri o us ;
a im f t he m me an y s pec en s o sa
E xt r e ; tu ed
ro s p i g utw d rn or o en n o ar . s pe i g wi g t geth e
c es ro n o r.
G yn a e c eum ; t h e p i ti l t k e t g th s s a n o e er .
Fa l t ca e; a lea f or o th e r flat b od y c ur v ed , its G yn a n d ro us ; t h e t m u i ted wi th t h p i til s a en s n e s .
ed ges p a r allel . G yn o p h re; o t lk r i i g p i ti l

a b v ths a a s n a s a o e e
F asc il
c e ; a c lo s e c lus t er . s tm a en s .
F a s c i c led ; gr o wi n g i n a b un d le o r c lus er t .
fl
F em a le ; a o wer o r p la n b ear i n g p i s i ls o n ly t t . Ha b i t ; t h e gen er al a p pea r a n c e o f a pla nt .
F er r ugi n o us ; r es em b li n g i r on r us i n c olor -
t . Ha b i t at ; t h e plac e i n wh i c h a p la n t gr o ws .
Fe rtil ; f ui t b e ri
e r -
a n g, or c a p a b le o f it . Ha s tate ; h a lb er d s h a p ed .
F ert i li z ti ; the a on p r oc es s b y wh i c h p ollen Hea d ; a d en s e, us ua lly glo b os e i n fl o r es c en c e .
c a us es t he em b r y o t o b e f o r m ed . Hea rt s ha p ed ; t h e f o r m o f a h ea r t
-
.
i
F la m en ; t h e s t a l t of a s am k t en , a ls o an y Herb ; a pla n t t h at i s n o t wo o d y , a n d w i th no
s len d er t h r ea d s h ap ed b o d y -
.
p er s s en it t
p ar s t ab o ve gr oun d .
F l1i f 0 r m th r ea d - s h a p ed . Her b a c eo us ; t h e t e xt u e r of an h er b as o pp o s ed
F i mb ri t e ; f a r in ged . t o woo d y .
F l b elli f rm
a o or F abe l ll te ;
a f an -
s h a p ed . r
He m a p h r o d t e ; p er fec o wer , ha i i s, a a t fl t t
F I a c o i d ; li m p , fl ab b y. fl
o wer h a i n g b o h s am en s a n d p s i ls v t t it .
F l a ge ll t a e or F l a gel li f rm ;
o lon g, n ar r o w, an d Het ero ga m o us ; a h ea d c o n a n i n g t wo d i ff er en t ti
fl exi ble . ki n ds of fl o wer s .
GL o s s i a Y or T E C HN I CA L TE R M S 29
Hi lum ; the s c ar o f t he s eed , i ts p l ac e o f a tt ach L ax; lo o s e in a r r a n gem en t , t he o pp o s ite of
m en t . c r o wd ed .
i t
H r s u e ; w h e ti , b ea d l it ti '
r ik e h i -
a rs . L ea fl et ; on e of the l lS l Oll S or b l a d es of a
Hi s p i d ; wi h s h o r s t i fl , b r t t '
i tl li k e h ir s e~ a s . c om p o un d l ea f .
Ho m oaa m o us ; a h ea d c o n t a i i g fl w of n n o er s on e L ea t r t
he y ; o ugh an d lea h er t -
li k e ; c o r i a c eo us .
ki n d o n ly . L egum e ; le p d wh i h d h i
a s imp o c e s c es in t wo
Hoo d ed ; h o o d i -
lk e .
pi li k th t f t h e b
ec es , e a o ea n .
k
Ho o ed ; b r i s t les or o th er a pp en d a ges c ur ved at L ep ld t e ; o ve ed with m l l l co r s a s c a es .
t he a pe x .
L i gule ; t h t p h p d r ll i m
e s ra -
s a e co o a n any Com
Ho r n y ; h o r n l k e i n t e ur e -
i xt .
p itos; t h e th iae pp d ge t n a en a a the a pe x '
t
Hy a li n e ; r a n s p a r en o r n ea ly s o t r .
f t he l
o f h th f m tg ea -
s ea s o os r a s s es .
i
Hy b r d ; a c r o s s b et ween t wo a ed s pec i es lli .
L imb ; th b d f e ll or er o a cor o a .
Hyp o gy n o us ; i n s er t ed un d er t h e p s i i tl .
Li n ea r
; w m y ti m e
n ar r o l g , an s as on as b r oa d ,
t he m a r gi n s p a r a llel .
lmb r i c a e; t o v er la pp i n g o n e a n o th er . L i p ; t h e pr i i nc p a l lo b es of a i
b la b it a e c or o l a l
Imp t; fl w
er f ec o er s i n wh i ch ei th e r the s t a m en s o r c a ly x of i r r egula r fl o wer s .
p i til
or s s ar e t wa n i n g . L ob e; an y p r o j ec ti on or di vi i s on of a l ea f or
I q ui l t r l ; u
ne a e a l i
n eq ua s d ed . oth r o g e r an .
I i ed ; d ply
nc s ee d i gul ly ut
an rre ar c .
L oc uli i d l ;
c p ule a ca s s o p en n g i by s pl itti ng
I n c lud ed ; en c o s e l d t ex ert ed , no s .
th ugh t h e b k
ro ac o f ea c h c ell .
I n com lt
p e e; a fl we i wh i h t h e
o r n c c a ly x or
r i
c o o lla s w ti g an n .
Ma c r o s p o e; r t h e la r ge s p or e wh en th er e a r e t wo
I d efi ite ; ve y
n n r n um er o us .
ki n ds .
I n d eh i s o en t ; n ot s pl itti n g o p en .
M a le ; fl o wer s ha vi ng s t a m en s b ut no p i ti l
s .
I d ig u
n en otive t o c u t y as pp ed t
s, n a a o n r , o os o
ri
M a g n ; t h e ed ge o f a a en ed b o d y fl tt .
i t du d n ro ce .
i
M ed a n ; b elo n gi n g t o t h e m d d e i l .
l d um tum ; y h iry
n en ly ov ri g an a or sca c e n .
M em b r a n a c eo us ; th i n an d so ft , of the text ur e
I d us i um ; t h e h i ld l k b d y ve i g t h
n s e ’
i e o co r n e
of m em b r an e .
f ui t d t i
r fe o s n rn s
r it te t h e
M er o us ; p a t ; us ed w h b er s t o d en o
-
n um
.
I feri r ; b el w om e oth e o g ; pe i fi lly

n o o s r r an s c ca
n um b er o f p a r s , a s t t r i m er o us or 3 m -
er o us ,
th ov y i
e i d t o b e i f i wh e t h
ar s sa n er o r n e
t
wi h 3 p a r t s , et c
fl l g g w fr m um m it
.
it
or a or an s ro o o r n ea r s s .
M ir c o s p o re ; the s m a ller ki n d of s po r e wh en
l fl t d; w ll d bl dd li k e
n a e s o en an a er
ki
-
t wo ds
.
t h er e ar e n
l fl e ed ; b e t i w d
.
n x n n ar .
M i d r i b ; t h e m i d d le m ai n ri b of a lea f
I flo gem e t f the fl w
or .
n e; t h e
r es c en c n o o er s
t h pl
on t e an
a r r an
M o n o c o t y led o n o us ; wi h t o n ly on e c o tyl ed o n .
I t d ; pl d
n s er e j i ed t ac e
.
on or o n o
M o n o ec i o us ; m a le a n d fem a le fl o wer s bo r n e on
I t r d e; t h e p t f
n e no tem b etwe t wo
'
ar o a s
.
en
t he s am e p la n t .
n o d es
M uc ro n a t e; ti pp ed with an a b r up t s h or t poi n t .
te ; t wi th h t ik
.
b d h ar d p r c ly
l t e p et i l r ; b t w
n r o a e een t h e p et i o les
M ur i c a es e s or an or
i t
.
I tror ; t d o f
n se ur n e r a c i n g i n wa r d .
po n s .
l v l u re ; wh l
n o c a or or s et of b r ac t s a r o un d a
fl w o i fl er , o r an n or es c en c e
Na k d; w ti g me u u l v i g
e an n so s a co er n .
N tu l i z d ; i t d u ed f m ig u t y
.
I v l ute ; ll d i w
n o ro e n ar d fr o m the ed ges
a ra e f n ro c ro a or e n co n r ,
t b li h d
.
I r gul ; w ti g i
r e ar an n n r egula r ity , asym m e ric t .
dan es a s e .
N erve ; m f th
a ib n avi fl v e or e r s or e ns o ea es .
N tt d v i d ; f u i h ed with b h i g vei
J o i n t ed ; s ep a r a e t or s ep a r a b le in to dis in c t t e e -
e ne rn s r an c n ns
p ar t s
f mi g or tw k n ne or .
th t t h e um m i t h g
.
N d d i g; b
o n di g en n so a s an s
d o wn wa r d
Keel; p r o j ec n g r d ge o n a s ur f a c e, li
a ti i ke the
.
k eel o f a b o a ; t h e t wo a n er i o r p e t t tl Nod e ; t h e j o i n ts of a s t em or t h e par t b ea r i n g

of
,
a s
p a p li o n ac eo us c o r o lla
a i t h e lea es v or b r a n c h es .
t f ui t
.
i n d eh i s c en
Keeled ; f ur n s h ed w h a i it k eel or s h ar p lon g i N ut ; a h ar d , us ua lly l s eed ed , -
r .
t ud i n al ri d ge .
N u le ;t t a li t t le n ut .
Ki d n ey s h a p ed ; -
r es em bl i n g t he ou tli ne of a
ki d n ey . Ob c o r d a te ; i n ver s ely c o r d a te, t h e n otc h a pi c a l .
Ob la n c eo late ; t h e r ever s e o f lan c eo late, t h e

L abe ll um ; t he od d , us u a l y l en la r ged t al i
b r o a d er en d t o wa r d t he t op .
pe n
t h e or ch i d s an d s om e o th r fl e o wer s
Ob li q ue ; un e u a l s i d ed ;q -
s anl ti g n .
ti m l
.
L a c er a t e ; w ith m ar g n i a pp ea r n i g as if t or n .
Ob lo n g; fr o m t wo t o fo u r es as on g as
L a c i n i a e; t s la s h ed ; c ut in t o d eep n ar r o w lo b es .
b road .
L am i na ; t he e xp an d ed p a r o r b a d e t l of a lea f .
Ob ovate ; a fla t i ven r s ely vt
o a e b o dy , t h e b r o a d
L a n a e; t wo o lly , c lo h ed t w h lo n g it an d sh or t en d up wa r d .
h ai r s . Ob ovo i d ; a s o li d b o d y o b ova t e i n ou tl i ne .
L a n c eo a lt e; la n c e -
s h a p ed . Ob s o lete ; wa n ti n g o r r ud i m en t ary .
L a e t x; t he m i l y k j ui ce of pla n t s . Ob t us e ; b l un t o r r o un d a t t h e en d .
30 A FL OR A or M A N I LA
Ol iva c eo us ; d a r k d ull gr een . t

P er en n i a l; la s i n g f r o m y ea r t o y ea r .
Op er c ulum ; a li d . P er f ec ; t fl
o wer s h a n g b o h s a m en s vi t t an d pi s
~
.
Op p o s i te ; lea i es a n d b r a n c h es w h en on op .
til s .
pos i t e si d es of t he s t em fr o m ea c h o th er , r t
P e i a n h ; t h e c a ly x and c o r o lla co ll ec t i vely .
on e pa r t b efo r e an o th er as a s t a m en in P er lc a r p ; t h e wa lls of t h e f r ui t .
fr o n pe al t '
of a t . P er i gy n o us ; t h e p e t a ls an d s t a m en s b or n e on
i
Or b c ula r ; c i r c ula r i n ou tli e n . t h e c a ly x .
Or ga n ; fi ite t f t r i te t ;
'
any de n pa r o a p la n , as a lea f , Pe s s n r em a i n i n g b ey o n d t h e p er i o d wh en
tl t
a pe a , e c . s uc h
par s t co m m o n ly f a ll .
Out er ; xt i r e er o .
P et a l; a s i n gle p a r o f a c o r o lla t .
Ov l ; b o d ly elli pti
a r a c. t i
P e a lo d ; p et a l li e, r es em b l n g -
k i or c o lo r ed l ik e
Ov y ; t h t p t f t h
ar a ar o e pi s tl i c on t ai n n g i the p t e a ls .
o v ules .
P et i o le ; t h et lk o f l f s a a ea .
Ova t e ; li k e tud i ti P et i le o P eti l te ; f u i h d with

or o a rn s e a pe ti o le
a lo n gi n al s ec on of an egg, .
P et i l ul t ; le fl t wh e
t
wi h t h e b r o a d er en d d o wn wa r d o id f a e sa o a a e n r a i s ed o n its
t lk
.
Ovo i d ; a s o li d b ody o v te i
a n ou tli ne
ow n s a .
P t i l ule ; t h e t lk o f a l fl t
.
Ovul e ; t h e b o d y wh i c h i s d es ti n ed t o b ec om e a
e o s a ea e .
s eed
P h a la n ges ; b un d les of s t a m en s in c er a i nt
fl
.
o wer s .
Pa l ea ; ch afl
'
; the i n n er s c a le o f gr as s fl o wer s ;
P h a n er o ga m o us ; p la n t s b ea r i n g fl o wer s an d
the ch a fl or b r ac t s on the r ec e pt a c le of p r o d uc i n g s eed s .
m C om p o s i t a e; t h e
an y s c ales on t he s ti pes l
P h y loc la d e ; a b r a n c h le t , a s s um i n g t h e fo r m
o f m a n y fe n s r an d f un c ti on of a lea f .
i th ed wi th t
.
P lo s e ; h a i r y , c lo s of s len d er h a i r s
P a lea c eo us ; f u ri n s h ed wi h t c h a ff
Pi
.
y d i vi i t
.
pr i m a r of a b i p i nn t ri
P a lm a t e ; wh en lea flt e s or t he di i s v i on s of a
nna : a s on a e or
lea f a ll s p r ea d fr o m t h e a pe x
t h e pe of ti o le
pi n n a t e lea f ( p lur a l p i n n ae ) .
k t h h d wi th t h e t
li e e fi an o u s p r ea d n ger s .
P i n n a t e; a c om p o un d lea f i n wh i ch t h e lea e flt s
ar e a r r a n ged a lo n g the si d es of com m on

P lm tel y ; i p lm t m
a
a a n a a a e a n n er
t
.
p e i o le
i l ; d b h d i fl e
.
P an c e p an o e en an r an c e n or s c en c
i v te o
.
P n n ule; a s ec o n d a r y d i i s i on of a b i pi n n a
P a i l ed r g d i p i les r
n c P i c ul t e ; or an a ar an e n an c
li k e i le
,
an c
,
t i pi t e l f
r nn a ea .
or p a
P i ti l; t h e f em l f the fl w it
.
P p ry ; wi th t h t xtu e f p p e o a er
s g a e or an o o er , c o n s s
a e e r
v ry t h e e l ed ovul
.
i g f th n o e o n c os es , the
P p il i
a ,
o us ; b ut t fly h p d p pli d to a e
a o n ac e er s a e
ti gm l o t h e tyl
-
,
s d u u lly a , an s a a s s e
u h ll th e f t he b e P i t i ll te ; h vi g
.
p i til
s c c or o as as os o an s .
s a a n a s
P p ill te ; ove d wi th m al l p tub e
.
ce r an
Pl e t a ; t h p t o f t h e ov ry t wh i
a a c re s ro s .
ac n e ar a o ch t he
P p p us ; t h e tuft
a f h i me e d d o a rs on so s e s an
o v ules ar e at t a c h ed .
f ui t i the C m p it y pp e d ae an n
r s, or n o os a
P url P lur i ; a pr e fix m ean i n g v
s e er a l o r m an y
u the p ex f t he h
ge a s o e a o ac en .
in L a in t wo r d s , su ch as p lur i f o li a t e, wi h t
P r ll l vei ed erved ; le ve i wh i h t h e
a a e -
n or - n a s n c
m a n y lea es v
ve ll r u i t i gh t li ei th
.
f m
n er s a n n s ra n es er ro
P od ; es p ec i ally t h e fr ui t of the L egum z
'
n os a e
p ex
,
m id ib t the
b t ase f m th o a or ro e r o
a d ry, us ua lly d eh i s c en t f ew
, to m an y
m a r gi n .
s eed ed f r ui t of a s n i gle s im ple c ar p el .
Pa r it i
as c ; t ak i n g n o ur i s h m en t fr o m an o th er P o llen ; t h e p o wd er c o n a i n ed i n t h e an h e t t r .
pla n t or an im al .
l
P o yga m o us ; h a i n g s o m e p er f ec an d s om e v t
P ar i et a l; a tt a c h ed t o t h e wa lls o f t h e o va y r or
un i s e u al x fl o wer s .
fr u it .
l r
P o y m o p h o us ; o f s e er a l o r a r y i n g fo r m s v v .
Par t ed ; d eeply c lef t , the c lef s t n ot e xt e n di n g tl

P o lyp e a o us ; wh en t h e p e als ar e d i s n c t ti t or
q ui te t o t h e b as e .
s ep a r a e. t
t te ;
P ec i n a vi d ed i n t
di o n a r owr an d c lo s e di i v ri r ; t h e
P os t e o si d e t o wa r d t h e m a i n a xi s .
s i on , li k e t h e teeth of a c om b .
P ri k l y ; b e i
c ar n g s m a ll s h a rp p r o j ec i on s as i n t
P ed a te ; s am e a s p a lm a e;t b ut t h e la t er a l di i v t he r o s e.
s i on s 2 c lef -
t . P r um b e t ; t ili g
oc n ra n on t h e gr o un d .
P ed i c el; t h e s t lka gle o wer

of a s in fl . P r d u ed ; ex te d d
o c n e or p r o j ec i n g t .
P edi el l te c a , or P ed i c el ed ; b or n e on l p ed c el
a i . Pr m i e t ;
o t di g
n n s an n o ut b ey on d s om e o th e r
P ed un l e ; c a fl o wer -
s t alk , wh e h er t o f a s i n gle p art .
fl w o er or of a fl o wer -
c lus te r . P rostr t e ; ly i g fl t
a t h e gr n a on o un d .
P ed u c l ed n , or P ed un c ula te ; fur n i s h ed w th i a P ub rul t ; e v ed wi th fi

en c o er ne an d s h or t or
p ed un c le .
lm t i m p pt ib le h i
a os er c e a rs .
l i
P el uc d ; wh olly or par tly t r an s p a r en t . P ub es c en t ; h a i r y or d o wn y , es p ec i a lly w h fin e it
P elt te ; a a s h i eld s h a p ed -
lea f, wh teve a r its an d s of t
h a i r s o r p ub es c en c e .
s h a p e, wh en t h e p e a ac o ti o le i s tt h ed t the Pu lvi te ; u h i h ped

na c s on s -
a .
lo wer s i d e, s o m ewh er e wi h i n t h e m ar gi n t . Pu t t ; m k ed wi th m ll d t
nc a e ar s a o s or glan d s .
P en d u l o us ; s o m ewh a t h a n gi n g or dr o o p i n g . P yr m i d l; h p ed li k e
a py m i d
a s a a ra .
P en t a fi v e, i n wo r d s o f G r ee k vt
d er i a i o n , s uc h P yr e ; en eed li k e utlet a t e s -
n or s on of a s m all
as
“
p en t a m er o us ,
”
t
wi h i t s p ar t i s n five s, d r up e .
et c .
r
P y r i f o m ; pea r -
s h aped .
‘
32 A FL OR A or M A N I LA
S tell te ; t lik e ;
a s ar -
wh er e s e er av l si i
m la r p a r t s T r ee ; a t x e di g 5 t 6 m i
wo o d y p la n e c e n o n
s p r ea d o ut fr o m a c om m on c en te r, lik e a t it
h ei gh , w h a d i ti t t u k s nc r n .
s t ar . T l h t m u ; th
r c o o f k ed s r ee -
or .
S tem ; t h e m i d i g xi f a n pl t a s c en n a s o a an . T i d n t te ; t h e t th ed
r e a re -
oo .
S t m le ; wi th ut
e ss pp tly with o ut o , or a a r en , a T lfld ; th ee l eft
r r -
c .
tm s e . T ri f li l te ;
o f th ee le fl et
o a o r a s .
S t ri l ; b
e e i mp f t a r r en or er ec . T ri f ur te; th ca f k d r ee -
or e .
S t i gm ; t h e p t
a f t h e p i t i l wh i h ar iv o s c r ec e es T ri g u ; th
ono e gl d
s t i gul re -
an e , or r an ar .
th p ll
e o en . T ri l b ed ; th e l b ed
o re -
o .
S t i gm t i ; b l gi g t
a c the ti gm
e on n o s a .
T ri l c ul r ; th e
o all d r e- c e e .
S ti p e; t h t lk o f f e s a a er n .
T ri m er us ; with i t o p ts i th ees s ar n r .
S ti p el ; ti p ul f l fl t
a s e o a ea e .
T ipi
r t e ; th i e p i
n na te r c nna .
S ti p ell t e; f u i h ed wi th
a ti pel rn s s s .
T i q u tro us ;
r e h rp ly th ee gl d s a r -
an e .
S ti p i t te ; f u i h ed wi th a ti p e
a rn s s .
T um p t s h p ed ; t b ul
r e -
e l
a ged t to u ar , n ar a or
S t i p ul te ; f u i h d wi th t i p ule
a rn s e s s
w d t h e um m it
ar s .
T ru c te ;
.
S ti p ul ; t h e pp e d age
es o e h s id e of t h e
a n s, n ac
n i t ut
a ff t t h e t p
as c o a o .
b e
as f rt i l v o ce a n ea es T ub e ; y h llo w an yli d i b o dy o , c n r c .
T ub er ; th i k ed p ti o f ub te
.
St l o on if r u ; p du i g t l
e o s ; th at i ro
e c n s o on s s, r
a c e en or n o a s r r an an
c li i g n n d ot i g tem an ro n s s .
tem o b
s h p vi d ed with b ud
r r an c , ro s on
Str p h p d ; l g fl t
a -
s a e d w on , a , an n ar r o
t he si d es .
r l e; m ll ex
.
T ub e
S t ri te; k ed wi th le d r l gi t ud i l c e a s a c r es c n c e.
a m ar s n e on na
v T ub er us ; re em b li g
o tub s n a er
g
.
r oo es
T ub ul r ; h ll w
.
l g t ed
S t i t ; t i gh t
a d o o an e on a
d w
.
r c s ra an n ar r o
T u b i te ; t p h p ed
.
S t ig v ed wi th pp e d b i tle r na o -
s a .
r os e
; co er a r sse r s s
T wi i g; ce d i g b y
.
i li g d
S t y le ; t lk b etw
a v y d ti gm
s a een o ar an s a
n n as n n co n a r o un a s up
p t
.
p efi x b ut m wh t
or
S ub e ly
.
as a r , a o , n ar , so e a , as
ub
s d te c or m ewh t a d t et so a c or a e, c
,
l ke fl
.
U m b e ; t h e um b r ella li fo r m of in
S ub ul t ; t pe i g t -
o r es c en c e
w h p ed h p
.
a e a n s -
a a r n o a s ar
p i t o n
,
lt
U m b el a e ; i n um b els .
r t tut o f pi p i k le
.
U n a m ed ; d es i et
S u ul t ; j ui y
e s n es , r c s, c .
cc en c
i te; h o k h p d
.
Unc
S uffrut e en t ; li gh tly h ub b y o w o d y
na o -
s a e .
sc s s r r o
d er h rub ; very l w h ub
.
Un
S ul t e ; gr ved wi th d ep f u
s a o s r
w
.
ca oo e rro s
d ul t e ; w vy m
.
Un gi ed
S up ri r ; b ve ; t h v y i a a -
ar n .
e o a o i d t o be e o ar s sa
Un eq ua l ly p i ate ; pi t e with dd an n um
up e i
s wh e ll t h
r or fl l vel p n a e or a en o es ar e
nn nn a o
b f le fl et
i t d b low i t
n s er e e
er o a s .
gui ul t ; f u i h ed wi th
.
Un c a e l w rn s a c a
S uture ; t h e li e f j u ti o ti gu u p t .
f
if li l t ; wi th e l fl t
-
n o nc n o c on o s ar s
Un o o a e on ea e
g w t geth e
.
ro n o r.
Un il t r l ;
a e a id d on e s -
e
S ym bi i ; d li vi g t
.
im il i m
os s o g I ss ar r an s s n o
Un il ul ; oc ell dar on e c -
e
g th
.
e er .
Un i x u l; h vi g t m
se a p i ti l
a ly n s a en s or s s on
S ym p t l u ; g m p t l u
.
e a o m s sa e as a o e a o s .
U r e l t e; u h p d
c o a rn -s a e
v l pl
.
U tri l e ; m ll th i w ll d t
Sy ncar p u ; omp d s f co os e o s e er a c ar e s c on
n a e o n e s eed ed f r ui
c a s a - -
li d ted i t
,
.
,
U tri ul ; li k e
so a e n o on
m ll b l d d er
.
c ar a s a a .
T a i l; an y lo n g an d s len d er p r o lo n ga i o n t of an
Va gi n a te; s ur r o u n d ed b y a s h ea h t .
o r ga n .
Va l v e; on e o f t h e p a r s i n o wh c h t t i a d eh i s c en t
T eet h ; s m a ll m a r g n al i lob es .
po d s pli t s
ri l; il
.
T en d a s len d er , us ually co ed , o r ga n us ed Va l v at e; t he a r r an gem en t s of t

p e a ls , s ep a ls,
fo r c li mb i n g .
et c wh en th ei r m a r gi n s t o uc h b ut d o n ot
t
.
,
T er e e; lon g an d r o un d .
o v er la p .
Ter m i n a l; b or n e at , or b elo n gi n g t o, t h e ex Va rieg t a ed ; b lo t c h ed or m ar k ed wi h t v ar i o us
t r em i t y or s um mi t .
c o lo r s .
T er n a te ; in th r ees . Ve i ns ; t h e sm a ll r ibs or b r an c h es of t h e fr a m e
Te tr a go n a l; f o ur -
an gled .
w or k of lea ve s.
T et r a m er o us ; wi h i t s p a r t t s or s et s i n f o ur s .
Vei n ed ; f ur n i s h ed wi h t ev i d e t vei n n s .
Th r t oa ; t he o p en ing of a m on o p e a lo us t c o r olla , Vei n les s ; d es titut e of v ei n s .

’
wh er e t h e b or d er an tub j i
d t he e o n . Ve i n le s t ; the s m a ller b r a n c h es of vei ns .
T o m en t o s e ; c lo th ed wi th m tted w lly h i a oo a rs . Ven a t i o n ; t h e vi i e n n g of lea v es .
t
T o o h ed ; f ur n i s h ed wi t h te th h t p e or s or ro Ven t r a l; b elo n gi n g t o t h e lo wer or i nn er s . de
jec t i o n s of an y s ort th m gi
on e ar n . of an y o r ga n , the o pp o s i t e of d o r s al .
T op -
s h a p ed ; s h a p ed li k e t p e wi th
a o , or a c on Ven t fl ted w lled
r i c o s e; in a or s e o ut on on e s i de .
t he ape x d o wn wa r d . Ver u s e ; r ve ed wi th m ll
co co r s a pr o j ec t i on s li ke
T o r us ; t h e r ec ep t ac le o f the fl o wer . li ttle w t ar s .
T ra i l i g;n p r o s t r a t e b ut n ot r o ot ing . V r t i le ; att h d b y

e sa p ac e on e oi n t , so tha t it
T ra n s v er s e ; acr os s . m ay s wi n g to an d fr o .
KE Y T O TH E FA M I L I E S 33
Ver i c a ; t l uprigh t . W xy ; ra es em bl i ng b ees wa x in x
t e t ur e or up
Ver t lo i l; a wh o r l .
p en r a n ec .
Ver t lo llla t e ; wh o led r . W ed ge- s h a p ed ; b r o ad ab o ve , t a p er i n g by

.
Vlllo s e ; s h a ggy t l
wi h on g an d so ft ha i rs . s t ra igh t l i n es to a n ar row b as e .
Vln e ; an y pla n t with a t il i

ra n g or c li m b in g W h rl; o an a r r a n gem en t of l ea v es , or o ther
tm s e . o r ga n s in i l
c r c es a r o un d t he s t em , or a xi s .
Vi i d ; h vi g
sc ti k y a n a s c s ur fa c e . W h rl d : r g d i wh l
o e ar an e n or s .
Vo l ub l ; t wi i g e n n . W i o ; y t h i xp i
n an n e an s o n .
W i ged ; f u i h d with wi
n rn s e a ng .
W vy ; a t he s ur fa c e o r m arg n i t t
a l er n a ely c o n vx e W lly ; l th d wi th l g
oo c o e on an d en t a n g ed l s oft
and con c a ve . h i a rs .
KE Y T O T H E F A M IL IE S
1 . P l ants
wi thout flowers or seeds reproduced by means of spores , .
I P T E R I DOP HYT A .
'
1 . Plants with flowers that produce seeds I I SP E R M A T OP HYT A . .
I . P T E R I DOP HYT A
1 . Leaves broad entire or variously di ssected l arge in proportion to the

, ,
stem .
2 Spores min ute of one kind only ; leaves entire or va riously p innately
.
,
dissected small to l arge , .
3 E rect not twin i ng

.
, .
f i
4 T errestri al or epiphyti c pl ants ; sporangi a a r r a n ged in sori the
.
,
annulu s opening transversely 1 P o ly p o d i a c ea e ( p 45 ) . .
4 Pl ants growi ng in mu d or i n sh allow water ; sporangia s cattered

.
,
the annulus opening vertically 2 P a r k er i a c ea e ( p 5 9 ) . .
3 S lender twining plants

. 3 S ch i z a ea c ea e ( p 60) . .
2 S pores of t wo kinds minute microspores an d l arger macrospores borne

.
, ,
in sporocarp s ; leaves 4fol iol ate ; pl ants growi n g in mu d or in -
shallow water 4 M a r s i li a c ea e ( p 61 ) . .
1 . Leaves small entire very numerous scale li me or awl like on elongate d

, , ,
- -
, ,
simpl e or b ranched stems .
2 S pores all al ike of one kind an d size 5 L y c op o d z a c ea e ( p 6 1 )

’
.
, . .
2 S pores of two kinds small mi crospores and l arger ma crospores

.
, .
6 S ela gi n ella c ea e ( p 63 ) . .
I I . SP E R M A T OP H YT A
1 . Ovules not en closed in an ova ry , these and the seeds born e on the face of
a s cale or bract ; sti gm as none I G YM N OS P E R M A E .
2 P alm l ike pl ants with stout trunks and stiff fern l ike pinnate lea v es
.
-
,
-
, ,
the male flowers in dense cones the female ones f ew on specialized ,
leaves 7 C y c a d a c ea e ( p 64) . .
1 . Ovules borne in a closed cavity ( ovary ) stigmas present .
I I A N G I OS P E R M A E .
2 C otyledon 1 ; vascul ar bundles scattered ; leaves u sually ( not always )

.
parallel veined A M o n o c o t y led o n ea e ( p 3 4)

-
. .
2 C otyledon s 2; vascul ar bundles usually arranged in rings ; lea v es

. .
nette d veined -
B D i c o t y led o n ea e ( p 35 ) . .
In this a rtificial key to the famil ies account i s taken only of the
‘
,
characters of those species included in the p res ent work F o r a key to al l .
the known families represented in the Philippine flora see C opeland E B , . .

,
”
“
Key to the F amilies of Vascul ar P l ants in the P hilippine I sl ands B ureau .
of E ducation B ull 24 . .
1 1 1 555— 3
34 A FLOR A OF M A N I L A
A , M o n o c o t y le d o n ea e
1 . F lowers in the axil s Of scale l ike cha ff y usu ally imbri cate d bracts -
, ,
( glumes ) .
2 F lowers perfect or 1 sexual ; perianth none or Of bristles or s cales ;

.
-
ovar y 1 celled ; grass like herbs

- -
.
3 S heaths split down one si de ; leaves 2 ranked ; stems u sually hollow ;

.
-
fruit a grain ( caryopsis ) 1 3 G r a m i n ea e ( p 7 1 ) . .
3 S heaths with thei r margins united ; leaves 3 ranked ; s t ems sol id ;

.
-
fruit an achene 1 4 C yp er a c ea e ( p 1 06 ) . .
2 F lowers always 1 sexual usually monoecious ; in dense globose to

.
-
, ,
ov o id solitary heads the bracts thin ; peri anth se gments 3 or 6 ;

, ,
ovary 3 celled -
1 9 E r i oc a u la c e a e ( p 1 3 5 ) . .
1 . F lowers very minute n aked in pouches on the surface of very small

, , ,
floatin g scale like green pl ants the perianth entirely wanting

,
-
, , .
1 7 L em n a c ea e ( p 1 3 4) . .
1 . F lowers on a usually fleshy spa dix perfect or the females below an d the , ,
males above the whole surroun ded by a p rotecting sp athe

, .
1 6 A r a c ea e ( p 1 28 ) . .
1 . F lowers without glumes not on a s p adix ; perianth present o r absent ; ,
pl ants of various habit but ne v er scale like an d floating -

.
”
2 P er i a n t li rudimentary
.
‘
of bristles or scales never corolla l ike or , ,
-
,
entirely wanting .
3 T errestrial shrubs or trees or woody vines with elonga t ed spirally

'
.
, , , .
arranged spiny toothed lea v es , 9 P a n d c ma c ea e ( p 66 )

-
. . .
3 A quatic or m arsh herbs

. .
4 M arsh herbs with erect stems and long n arrow erect lea v es the
.
, , ,
flowers in dense terminal spikes 8 T y p h a c ea e ( p 65 ) . . .
4 A quatic herbs entirely submerged or some leaves floating on the

.
,
surfa ce of the water

'
5 Le aves entire ; ovary of several distin ct carpel s ; sti gmas disk

.
like or cup lik e 1 0 P o t a m o get on a c ea e ( p 67 )

-
. .
5 L eaves slender
. toothed ; ovary Of united carpel s ; stigm as
,
slender 1 1 N a j a d a c ea e ( p 68 ) . .
2 P eri anth of t w o distinct s e

. ries the inner series p etal l ike ,
-
.
3 A qu ati c plants mostly submerged

. 1 2 H y d r oc h a r i t a c ea e ( p 68 )
, . .
3 T errestri al pl ants
. .
4 Woody pl ants mostly tree like sometimes climbing with large

.
,
-
, , ,
pinna t e bipinnate or fan like leaves,

1 5 P a lm a e ( p 1 21 )
,
-
. . .
4 Herba ceou s plants or if woody then w ith simple na rrow l eaves

.
, , , .
5 F lowers regular or nearly so

. .
6 E n dosperm mealy. .
7 Ovary superior . .
8 Ov ary 1 eelled ; ru sh like slender herbs the flowers in

.
- -
small dense long peduncled bractea t e spikes , ,

-
, .
1 8 X y r i d a c ea e ( p 1 3 5 ) . .
8 Ovary 2 or 3 celled .
-
.
9 F lowers 1 sexual monoecious v ery small in dense

.
-
, , , ,
long pedun cled bra cteat e gl obose to o v oid heads

-
, ,
.
1 9 E r i oc a u la c ea e ( p 1 3 5 ) . .
9 F lowers perfect . .
1 0 C alyx a n d coroll a v ery di fferent ; stamens free

. .
1 9 C om m elz n a c ea e ( p 1 37 )
’
. .
KE Y T O T HE F A MI L I E S 35
1 0 C alyx
and corolla simila r more or less united ;
.
,
stamens somewh at adnate to the peri anth .
22 P o n t c d em a c ea e ( p 1 41 )
'
. .
7 Ovary inferior ; plants with l arge fleshy fruits and elon

.
,
gated spiny toothed leaves 20 B r o m elz a c ea e ( p

’
,
-
1 36 ) . .
6 E ndospe rm fleshy cartil aginous or bony

.
, , .
7 Ov a ry and fruit
. 23 L i li a ce a e ( p 1 41 ) . .
7 Ov a ry and fru it inferior or partly so

. .
8 S tamens 6 . .
9 Ov a ry 3 celled ; lea v es sim p le entire

'
-
,
. .
1 0 E rect herbs with parallel veined lea v es and perfect

.
flowers 24 A m a r y lli d a c ea e ( p 1 4 5) . .
1 0 T w m m g or climbing v ines Of t en spiny with uni

.
, ,
sexual flowers and netted veined leaves .
26 D i osco r ea ce a e ( p 1 51 ) . .
9 Ovary 1 celled ; lea v es nette d veined

.
-
compoun d o r -
,
palmately lobed 25 T a cc a c ea e ( p 1 50) . .
8 S tamens 3 ; l eaves narrow Often equitant

.
,
27 I r i d a c ea e ( p 1 52) . .
5 . F lowers very irregul ar ; terrestri al plants .
6 F ruit fleshy
. indehi scent o r capsul a r and with small t o
, ,
medium sized seeds .
7 F ertile stamen s 5
. 28 M u s a c ea e ( p 1 53 ) . .
7 F ertile stam en
.
8 A nther 2 celled ; calyx t ubul ar or spathe l ike

.
- -
.
29 Z i n gi b er a c ea e ( p 1 5 5 ) . .
8 A nther 1 celled borne on the margin Of a peta l Li k e

.
-
,
-
fil ament ; calyx Of free sepal s .
9 Ovules many ; flowers showy bright colored l arge

.
,
-
, .
30 C a n n a c ea e ( p 1 60) . .
9 Ovules solitary ; flowers mostly small white

.
, .
3 1 M a r a n t a c ea e ( p 1 63 ) . .
6 F ruit caps ular ; seeds very minute almost dust like ; epiphyti c
.
,
-
or terrestrial plants sometimes saprophyti c , .
3 2 Orc h i d a c ea e ( p 1 64) . .
B . D i c o t y led o n ea e
1 . C orolla none or the perianth segments all alike or the

,
-
, p erianth entirely
1 . A p etalae
( I n co m p let a s )
1 . C al yx an d coroll a both present the coroll a of distinct an d sep arate ,
petal s . 2 Chori petalae ( p 37 ) . .
(P o ly p et a la e )
1 . C alyx and coroll a both present the petal s more or les s united ,
.
3 G a m o petalae ( p 42) . .
( S y m p e t a la e )
1 . Ap etalae
(I n c om p let a e )
( C orolla none , o r the perianth segments all alike , or the perianth entirely
wanting ) .
1 T rees with slender green j ointed branchlets the l eaves reduced to small
.
, , ,
scal es at the nodes 33 C a s u a m n a c ea e ( p 1 68 ) .

’
1 N o t trees with j ointed branchlets

. .
2 Ovary superior ; fl owers re gul ar

. .
3 : Pl ants with milky j uice 75 E u p h o r bi a c ea e ( p 2 79 ) . .
4 Ovary l celled
.
-
26 M o r a c ea e ( p 1 72) . .
4 Ova ry 3 celled or cell s more numerou s

.
-
, .
75 E up h o r bi a c ea e ( p 279 ) . .
3 Pl ants with watery j ui ce

. .
4 Perianth enti rely wanting ; smal l su cculent herbs or somewhat

.
woody vines more or less aromatic ; flowers smal l in slender

, ,
o r thi ckened spikes 3 4 P i p er a c ea e ( p 1 69 ) . .
4 Perianth present consisting of t h e calyx only or if the corolla

.
, ,
be present then simil ar to the calyx in form color and size

, , , .
5 Ovary 1 celled 1 Ov uled t h e ovules rarely more than one

.
-
,
-
, .
6 Submerged aquati c pl ants with finely divided leaves

. .
50 C er a t op h y lla c ea e ( p 202) . .
6 N o t submerged aquati c pl ants with finely di v i ded l eaves

. .
7 Flowers unisexual
. .
8 F ruit a small drupe ; sti g

. m a 2 3 6 U lm a c ea e ( p 1 71 ) . .
8 F ruit an achene sometimes surrounded by the fleshy

.
, ,
accrescent pe r i anth .
9 Ovules erect ; stamens mostly i n fl ex ed in bud

. .
3 7 U r t i c a c ea e ( p 1 79 ) . .
9 Ovules pendulou s ; stamens mostly erect i n bud

. .
3 6 M or a c ea e ( p 1 72) . .
7 F lowers perfect or if unisexu al then shrubs with fl attened

.
, ,
j ointed stems or t h e anth ers Opening by hinged valves

, ,
not by slits or pores .
8 A nthers Opening by hinged valves

. .
9 Le a ves simple ; fruit not winged ; ovary enclosed in the

.
calyx tube but fr ee from it ; trees or one genu s

-
,
slender leafless p arasitic vines , ,

.
55 L a u r a c ea e ( p 209 ) . .
9 Leaves 3 foliol ate ; fru it winged ; vines

.
-
.
56 H er n a n d i a c ea e ( p 21 2) . .
( I lli ger a )
8 . A nthers opening by longitudinal slits or by pores never ,
by hinged val v es .
9 . Herbs with sheathing stipules vines bearing tendril s , ,
or shrub s with fl attened j ointed l eafless or nearly , ,
lea fl es branches 42 P o ly go n a c ea e ( p 1 87 ) . .
9 . P l ants without sheathing stipules and without tendril s ,
the branches not flattened an d j ointed .
1 0 Fruit a small drupe ; calyx lobes v alvate ; a shrub or

.
-
small tree 39 Op i li a c ea e ( p 1 84)

’
. .
1 0 F ruit not d ru p aceous ; calyx lobes imbricate or

.
-
valvate .
KE Y T O T HE FA M I LI E S 37
11 ruit enti rely su rrounded by the u sually elon

. F i
gated calyx —tube .
45 N y c t a gi n a ce a e ( p 1 9 5 ) . .
1 1 F ruit not su rrounded by the calyx tube the sepal s

.
-
,
united only at the base .
1 2 F lowers without bracts the perianth not

.
,
scarious 43 C h e n opo d i a c ea e ( p 1 88 ) .
1 2 F lowers with scariou s bracts an d perianth

. .
44 A m a r a n t h a ce a e ( p 1 89 ) . .
5 . Ov a ry Of 4to 8 nearly or quite free few to many ov uled carpels ; ,

-
stamens united into a column 86 S t erc u li a ce a e ( p 326 ) . .
5 . Ovary Of several united ca rpel s .
6 F lowers unisexual
. 75 E up h or b i a c ea e ( p 279 ) . .
6 F lowers perfect
. .
7 S hrubs or small trees

. 9 2 F la co u rt i a c ea e ( p 33 4) . .
7 Herbs
. .
8 F lowers 5 m er o u s ; leaves Opposite or whorled ; stems

.
-
terete . 46 A i zo a c ea e ( p 1 97 ) . .
8 F lowers 4m er o u s ; leaves alternate ; stems 4angled

.
- -
.
97 L y t h r a c ea e ( p 34 0) . .
(A m m a n m
’
a sp .
)
2. Ovary infer i or .
3 . A nthers Opening by hinged val v es ; vines with 3 foliolate leaves and -
win ge d fruit s a c ea e ( p
56 H er n a n d z
’
. 21 2) . .
(I lli ger a )
nthe r s not Opening by hinged val v es ; lea v es sim p le
3 . A .
4 Vines with medium to l arge very i rregular flowers

.
, .
41 A r i s t o loc h i a c ea e ( p 1 86 ) . .
4 T rees with small regul ar flowers

. 1 02 C o m b r et a c ea e ( p 34 8) . . .
( T er m i n a li a )
C hori p etalae
( Po ly p et a la e)
( C alyx and co roll a both p resent the coroll a of distinc t an d separate ,
petal s ) .
1 . Ovary superior , free from the calyx .
2 Ovary simple , of a s ingle carpel

. .
3 . S ubmerged a qu atic plants with finely di v ided lea v es .
50 C er a t o p h y lla c ea e ( p 202) . .
3 . N o t submerged aquatic plants .
4 A nthers opening by hinged valves

. 5 5 L a u r a ce a e ( p 209 ) . .
4 A nthers not Opening by hinged val v es

. .
5 T wining herbaceous somewhat fl eshy v ines with smal l perfect

.
, , , ,
flowers ; sepal s 2; fruit a dry or fleshy indehiscent utricle .
48 B a s e lla c ea e ( p 200) . .
5 V ines w ith small unisexual flowers ; fru it a small drupe

.
,
.
52 M en i sp er m a c ea e ( p 203 ) . .
5 P lants Of v ariou s habits

. with perfect flowers or if wi th , ,
unisexual flowers then shrubs o r trees ; se p al s always more,
than t wo .
6 Herbs . vines sh rubs or trees with regula r o r i rregular

, , ,
fl owers the fruit a dehi scent on indehi scent pod ( legume )

,
65 L e gu m i n os a e ( p 221 ) . .
6 . F ruit not a pod ( legume ) ; fl owers regula r or nearly so .
7 A n erect s u fl r u t es c en t herb or under shrub ; stam ens 5 , the

'
-
.
fil aments united into a tube ; fruit a 2 valved cap sule -

.
86 S t er cu li a c ea e ( p 3 26 ) . .
( W a lt h er i a )
7 T rees vine s
woo d y
‘
. or .
8 V ines ; stamens m any ; fruit a small follicle

‘
. .
8 7 Di llem (p
’
. a c ea e . 33 1 )
( T et r a c er a )
. T rees ;
fruit indehiscent hard or fleshy
8 , .
9 S tamens . 88 Gu t t i f er a e ( p 332) .
'
.
9 S tamens few as m any or twice as many as the petal s

.
, ,
sometimes fewer 76 A n a c a r d i a c ea e ( p 298 ) . .
2 . Ovary of f ew to many enti rely free c arpel s o r if united at all then ,

~
only at the base .
3 Stamens a s many a s the petals and opposite them ; vines with small
.
uni sexu a l flowers 52 M en i s p er m a c ea e ( p 203 ) . .
3 Stamens twice a s many as t h e p et a ls '
. .
4 T rees with simp l e l eaves and small drupaceous fruits

. .
76 A n a c a r d i a c ea e ( p 29 8 ) . .
(B uc h a n a n i a )
4 Woody vines with pinn ate lea v es , the fruit a l seeded follicle
.
-
.
64 C or ma r a c ea e ( p 220) . .
3 . S tamensmany always mo re than twice a s many a s the petal s

, .
4 S tamens attached to the calyx o r to a disk lining its tube ; se p al s

.
united b el ow 63 R o s a c ea e ( p 21 9 ) . .
4 Stamens attached to the receptacle ; sep al s u su ally enti rely free

. .
5 S ep al s u sually imbricate in bu d or if v alvate then v ines with

.
,
opposite l eaves .
6 S epal s 3 deciduou s ; petal s 6 or more similar to the sepals

.
, , ,
i n distinct whorls ; shrub s or trees .
53 M a gn o li a c ea e ( p 204) . .
6 Sepal s 5 or more quite different from the petal s ; herbs or

.
,
vines 5 1 R a n un c u la c ea e ( p 202) . .
5 S ep al s valvate in bu d ; woody vines shrubs or trees with simple

.
, ,
alternate leaves 5 4 A n o n a c ea e ( p 205 ) . .
2 . C arpel s f ew to m any united fo rming a compoun d 1 to many celled

, ,
-
ovary ; styles free or united .
3 S tamens numerou s more than twice as many as the petal s

.
, .
4 Herbs with milky j uice ; fl owers yell ow showy ; leaves s p iny

.
, .
5 7 P a p c wer a c ea e ( p 21 2) . .
4 N o t herbs with milky j uice

. .
5 Leaves alternate
. .
6 F il aments united into a tube or in bundles

. .
7 Lea v es di gitately compound ; fruit a cap sule ; seeds woolly ;

.
stamens united into 8 5 B o m b a c a c ea e ( p 3 25 ) . .
7 Lea v es simple . .
8 U l t imate anthers 1 —
. celled ; staminal column adnate to the -
base of the petal s 84 M a lv a c ea e ( p 3 1 5 ) . .
8 A nthers 2 celled ; staminal column free from the petal s

.
- -
or nearly so a c ea e ( p
8 6 S t er c u lz 3 26 )
’
. .
6 F il aments free or nearly so

. .
7 Ov ary 1 celled ; fruit a p rickly cap sule ; trees with showy

.
-
flowers 9 0 B i x a c ea e ( p 3 33 ) . .
40 A FL OR A OF M A NI L A
7 . S tamenstwice as many a s the petal s .
8 F il aments conn ate below into a cup ; o v ary 3 celled ;

.
-
shrubs with small axill ary flowers , .
67 E r y t h ro x y la c ea e ( p 267 ) . .
8 F il aments free or nearly so

. .
9 F lowers perfect ; lea v es gl andular dotted

. .
69 R u t a c ea e ( p 268 ) . .
9 F lowers unisexual ; leaves not gl andular dotted

. .
75 E u p h or b i a c ea e ( p 279 ) . .
5 . E rect herbs .
6 . F lowers tetradynamous that is stamens 6 two shorter than , , ,
the other fou r 58 C r u c i f er a e ( p 21 3 ) . .
6 . F lowers not tetradynamous .
7 F lowers irregul ar
. .
8 Ovary 2 celled ; petal s connate below with the staminal

.
-
sheath the lower one keeled and crested ; fruit a

,
2 valved 2 seeded capsule ; stipules none

-
,
-
.
74 P o ly ga la c ea e ( p 278 ) . .
8 Ovary 5 celled ; anterio r sep al with a long spur at the

.
-
ba se ; stamens 5 their anthers connivent ; cap sule ,
valves dehi scing el astically from the axi s ; stipules

none or represented by gl and s only ; su cculent herbs .
80 B a ls a m i n a c ea e ( p 3 06 ) . .
8 Ovary 1 celled ; sep al s an d petal s 5 the lower petal

.
-
,
spu rred at the ba se ; stamens 5 their anthers united ; ,
capsule 3 valved ; stipules p rominent -

.
9 1 Vi o la c ea e ( p 333 ) . .
7 F lowers regul ar
. .
8 S t amens free
. .
9 S ep al s free ; stipules small scariou s ; styles free as

.
, ,
many as the cells of the ovary ; leaves serrate .
89 E la t i n a c ea e ( p 3 32) . .
9 S ep als united into a tube ; stipules none ; style 1 ; leaves

.
entire 9 7 L y t h r a c c a e ( p 34 0) . .
8 S tamen s more or less united

. .
9 F ilaments united throughout into an elongated cylindri c

.
,
72 M eli a c ea e ( p 273 ) . .
( T u r r a ea )
il aments unite d at the base free above
9 . F , .
86 S t er c u li a c ea e ( p 326 ) . .
4 Leaves compound
. .
5 Leaves biternate ; v ines with inflated cap sul ar fruits

. .
79 S ap i n d a c ea e ( p 303 ) . .
( C a r d i o s p er m um )
5 Leaves 2 or 3 pinn ate
.
-
.
6 F lowers i rregul ar ; stamens 5

. free alternating with 5 , ,
staminodes ; fruit an elongated 3 angled 3 valved capsule ,

-
,
-
.
60 M or i n ga c ea e ( p 21 7 ) . .
6 F lowers small regul ar ; stamens 5 united below into a tube ;

.
, ,
fruit few seeded indehi scent berry like -

, ,
-
.
82 Vi t a c ea e ( p 309 )
’
. .
(L eea )
KE Y T O T HE F A M IL IE S 41
5 . Leaves palmately 3 to 7 foliol ate -
.
6 Herbs ; fruit a dehiscent ca p sule

'
. .
7 Lea v es 3 foliolate the leaflets retuse ; j uice acid

.
-
, .
66 Ox a li d a c ea e ( p . . 264)
( Ox a li s )
Lea v es u sually 5 fol iol ate ; erect b ran ched Often rank
7
.
-
, ,
scen t e d herbs 59 C a p p a r i d a c ea e ( p 21 4) . .
6 S hrubs or small trees

. .
7 Leaves glandul ar punctate

. 3 foliol ate ; spiny shrubs o r
-
,
-
small trees with small to la rge f ew to many seeded ,

-
fleshy fruits 69 R u t a ce a e ( p 268 ) . .
7 Leaflets not gl andul ar punctate 5 to 7 foliol ate ; unarmed

.
-
,
-
shrubs with small drup aceous fruits .
79 S a p i n d a c ea e ( p 303 ) . .
(A llop h y lus )
5 . Lea v es simply pinn ate .
6 P rostrate herb s w i th solitary pedi celled axill ary flowers the

.
, , ,
fruit of spinou s 68 Z y go p h y lla c ea e ( p 267 ) . .
6 E rect herbs with sensiti v e lea v e s crowded at the ends of the

.
stems ; fruit a capsule 66 Ox a lt d a c ea e ( p 264)

'
. .
(B i o p h y t um )
rect shrub s o r trees
6 . E .
7 Leaves gl an dul ar pun ctate

. 69 R u t a c ea e ( p 268 )
-
. .
7 Leaves not gl andul ar punctate

.
-
.
8 A nthers borne inside or at the apex of a tube formed Of

. .
the wholly united filaments 72 M eli a c ea e ( p 273) . .
8 S tamen s free or the filaments united at the b ase only

.
, .
9 S ep al s u sually imbri cate in bud

’
. .
1 0 S epal s free or nearly so . .
1 1 F lowers regul ar ; ovar y 5 celled ; o v ules pendulous ;

.
-
fru it fleshy acid in dehi scent , , .
66 Ox a li d a c ea e ( p 264) . .
( A v err h o a )
1 1 F l owers often i rre gul ar ; ovary 1
. to 4celled ; -
ovules erect ; fruit dry or fleshy dehiscent or ,
indehi scent 79 S a p i n d a c ea e ( p 303 ) . .
1 0 S epal s united at the base . .
1 1 Ovules and seeds pendulous ; pl ants with bitter

.
bark 70 S i m a r u ba c ea e ( p 272) . .
1 1 Ov ules an d seeds erect . .
76 A n a c a r d i a c ea e ( p 298 ) . .
(S p on d i a s )
'
9 S epal s v al v ate in bu d ; trees with resinous sap

. .
7 1 B ur s em c ea e ( p 273 ) . .
1 . Ovary inferior .
2 S tamen s numerous se v eral to many times a s many as the petal s

.
, .
3 A qu ati c herbs from submerged rootstocks with l arge flowers an d

.
, ,
rounded u sually floating leaves ; styles and stigmas united into a

,
radiate disk . . 49 N y m p h a e a c ea e ( p 201 ) . .
3 F leshy green l eafless u su ally spiny terrestrial pl ants with j ointed

.
, , , , ,
stems 9 6 C a c t a c ea e ( p 338 ) . .
3 S u ccul ent terrestri al herbs with broad inequil ateral lea v es ; flowers
.
,
unisexual ; fruit a winged capsule 9 5 B ego n i a c ea c ( p 3 38 ) . .

3 .rect trees or shrubs with broad lea v es an d perfect flowers

E .
4 Leaves altern a t e
. 1 00 L ec y t h i d a c ea e ( p 3 45 ) . .
4 Leaves Opposite rarely cluste red

.
, .
5 C alyx lobes imbricate in bud ; l e a v es usually with gl andular dots ;

.
-
un armed . 1 03 M y r t cwea e ( p 350) . .
5 C alyx lobes val v ate in bud ; leaves not glandular dotted

.
- -
.
6 F ruit crowned by the persi s t ent calyx lo b es ; branches u sually

.
-
9 9 P u n i c a c ea e ( p 3 44) . .
6 F r uit h alf superio r not crown ed by the calyx lobes the l atter
.
-
,
-
,
persistent ; unarmed sh ru bs or trees .
9 8 S o n n er a t i a c ea e ( p 3 43)
‘
. . .
2
. S tamen s a s many or twice as many a s the petal s .
3 S uc culent herbs with small circumsci ss cap sules

. .
47 P o r t u lac a c ea e ( p 1 99 ) . .
3 P ara sitic shrubs with fleshy indehi scent f ru its

.
, .
38 L o r a n t h a c ea e ( p 1 83 ) . .
3 Herbaceou s or suff r u t escent tendril bearing vines often with l arge

.
-
,
fleshy fru its . 1 3 2 C u c ur bi t a c ea e ( p 455 ) . .
3 N o t p arasiti c shrub s or ten dril bearin g vines the fru it ne v er a

.
-
,
circumsci ss cap sule .
4 Herb aceou s pl ants sometimes su ff rutescent not woody

.
, , .
5 Ov ules many ; fruit cap sul ar ; pl ants with al t ern ate

. simple , ,
enti re or only slightly toothed leaves .
1 05 Oen o t h er a c ea e ( p 35 4) .
'
.
5 Ov ules 1 in each cell ; leaves simple or compoun d

. .
6 F ruit a fleshy berry or drupe

. 1 06 A r a li a c ea e ( p 356 ) . . .
'
6 F ruit dry when m ature splitting into two indehiscent p arts

.
,
( meri c a rp s ) 1 07 U m b ellz f er a e ( p 3 59 )
’ '
. .
4 S hrubs trees o r woody vines , , .
5 Ovules many b asal or axile ; lea v es simple

.
, entire without , ,
stipules 1 04 M ela s t o m a t a c ea e ( p 3 53 ) . .
5 Ovules f ew 1 to 5 pendulou s
; , , .
6 S tipules present caducous ; l eaves entire opposite simple ;

.
, , ,
trees of the mangro v e swamp s .
1 01 R h i z op h or a c ea e ( p 3 46) . .
6 S tipules none ; leaves entire simple opposite or alternate ;

.
, ,
ova ry 1 celled 1 02 C o m b r et a c ea e ( p 34
-
8) . .
6 S tipules none or a dnate to the petioles a s a sheath ; ovary

.
several celled ; shrubs or vines with simple or compound

-
alternate l eaves 1 06 A r a lz a c ea e ( p 3 56 )
’
. .
a o etalae
G m p
( S y m p et a la e)
( C alyx and corolla both present , the petal s more or less united ) .
1 . Ovary superior .
2 S tamens
. free from the coroll a .
3 F lowers very i rregul ar

. 74 P o ly ga la c ea e .
(p . 278 )
3 . F lowers regular .
4 Vines with small unisexual flowers

. .
5 U n armed ; leaves alternate

. 52 M en i s p er m a c ea e .
(p . 203 )
5 A rmed with slender axill ary spines ; leaves Opposite
. .
1 1 3 S a lv a d o r a ce a e .
(p . 3 66 )
KE Y T O T HE FA M I L I E S 43
4 E rect or suberect , or s h rubby pl ants with perf ect
'
. s u fl r u t es c en t ,
elongated showy flowers the calyx visci d glandula r

, ,
-
.
1 09 P lum b a gz n a c ea e ( p
’
36 1 ) . .
2 S tamens p artly adn ate to the co rolla

. .
3 S tamens Opposi t e the lobes of the co rolla a s many a s the l obes o r

.
,
more numerou s .
4 Ovary of several free o r nearly free ca rpel s ; succulent herbs

. .
6 1 C r a ss u la ce a e ( p 21 7 ) . .
4 Ovary of a single ca rpel or of se v eral united ones

. .
5 Ova ry 1 celled
.
-
.
6 E rect normally unbranched trees with milky j uice la rge

.
, ,
palmately l obed leaves dioeciou s fl owers and l arge fleshy , , , ,
many seeded fruits -

9 4 C a ri c a c e a e ( p 337 ) . .
6 S hrubs trees or woody vines with watery j uice ; small usually

.
, , ,
perfect flowers ; undivided leaves ; and small 1 seeded fruits -

.
1 09 M y r s i n a ce a e ( p 3 60) . .
5 Ova ry several c elled ; trees

.
-
.
6 Styles or sti gma s distinct ; flowers mostly unisexual ; j uice

.
wa t ery 1 1 1 E b en a c ea e ( p 3 63 ) . .
6 S tyles an d stigm as united ; flowers mostly perfect ; j uice milky

. .
1 1 0 S a p o t a c ea e ( p 3 62) . .
3 Stamen s fewer than the lobes of the re gular coroll a and alternate
.
with them ; woody shrubs or vines 1 1 2 Olea c ea e ( p 364) . . .
3 S tamens a s many as the lobes of the coroll a in regular flowers

.
and alternate with the lobes or sometimes fewer in i rregul ar ,
flowers .
4 C arpel s distinct at least below sometimes united at the apex by

.
, ,
the styles ; pl ants with milky j uice .
5 S tyles uni t e d ; stamens distinct ; pollen of loose gra ins ; shrubs

.
,
trees or woody vin es

, 1 1 6 A p oc y n a c ea e ( p 368 ) . .
5 S tyles distinct united by the stigma only ; stamens usually

.
,
united ; pollen united in waxy ma sses o r the grains in group s

of four ; herbs or vine s 1 1 7 A sc lep i a d a c ea e ( p 3 75 ) .
'
.
4 C arpels enti rely united

. .
5 Ovary 1 celled
.
-
.
6 Flowers i rregul ar
. .
7 A quatic submerged herbs with infl ated bladder like leaves

.
-
,
or delic ate unbranched leafless or nearly leafless herbs

, ,
growi n g in damp places 1 28 L en t i bu la r i a c ea e ( p 4 3 2) .

’
.
7 T errestrial herb s or shrub s wi th broad leaves

. .
1 27 G es n er i a c ea e ( p 4 31 ) . .
6 F lowers regul ar o r nearly so ; erect unbranched herb s with

.
Opposite leaves 1 1 5 G en t i a n a c ea e ( p 3 67 ) . .
5 Ov ary 2 or fal sely 4celled

.
-
.
6 Lea v e s with stipul es or stipular scars

. .
1 1 4 L o ga m a c ea e ( p 366 )
’
. .
6 S tipules none
. .
7 F lowers regula r
. .
8 Herbs with radical leaves and small scarious flowers in

.
dense elongated spikes ; capsules small circumsci ss ,

.
1 30 P la n t a gi n a ce a e ( p 444) . .
8 F lowers not scariou s nor in den se s p ikes ; fru it not

.
circumsciss .
'
9 ruit a
. F 1 28 S o la n a c ea e ( p 41 3 ) . .
9 F ruit cap sular

. .
1 0 Ovules and seeds few , 1 or 2 in each cell ; mostly

.
twining vines 1 1 8 C o n v o lv u la c ea e ( p 3 8 1 ) . .
1 0 Ovules many ; erect herbaceous or woody pl ants

.
, ,
rarely vines .
1 1 Stamens 4 1 24 S c r o p h u la m a c ea e ( p 41 9 )
’
. . .
1 1 S tamens 5 . .
1 2 S tyles 2 distinct
.
, .
1 1 9 H y d r o p h y lla c ea e ( p 39 2)
'
. .
1 2 S tyles united. 1 23 S o la n a c ea e ( p 41 3 ) . .
9 F ruit drupaceou s or on achene or Of 2 or 4 nutlets

.
, .
1 28 B o r a gi n a c ea e ( p 393 )
'
. .
7 . F lowers I rregula r ; stamen s 4 i n 2 pai rs or sometime s , ,
2 only .
8 F ruit drupaceou s or an achene or of t w o to fou r 1 seeded

.
,
-
nutlets .
9 S tyl e apical ; o v ary not lobed

. .
1 21 Ver b en a c ea e ( p 396 ) . .
9 S tyle arising between the four lobes of the ovary

.
plants Often aromatic an d frequently with 4angled -
stems 1 29 L a bi a t a e ( p 406 ) . .
8 F ruit c apsula r dehiscent o r indehiscent

.
, .
9 Ovary with axile pl acentae

. .
1 0 C ap sules opening ela stically from the apex ; seeds

.
usually supported on a curved hook ( retinacul a ) ;

leaves mostly opposite .
1 29 A ca n t h a c ea e ( p 4 33 )
‘
. .
1 0 C apsules not opening el astically ; r etinacula none

. .
1 1 Leaves a lways alternate ; cap sul e fleshy

. .
1 23 S o la n a c ea e ( p 41 3 ) . .
( B r un f els i a )
Leaves mostly opposite sometimes whorled ; cap
11 .
,
sule dry .
1 2 S eeds without endosperm

. .
1 26 P ed a li a c ea e ( p 43 1 ) . .
1 2 S eeds with endosperm

. .
1 24 S c r o p h u la r i a c ea e .
9 . Ovary w i t lf parietal pla centae .
1 0 S eeds minute ; lea v es always simple

. .
1 27 G es n er i a c ea e ( p 43 1 ) . .
1 0 S eeds l arge Often winged in dehiscent cap sules or

.
, , ,
if indehiscent then W ingless an d imbedded in pulp ;

leaves mostly compound .
1 25 B i gn o n i a c ea e ( p 426 ) . .
1 . Ovary inferior .
2
. Flowers not in dense heads .
3 Stamens attached to the corolla

. .
6 Parasiti c shrubs ; stipules none

. 38 L o m n t h a c ea e ( p 1 83 ) . .
6 T en dril bearing vines

.
-
1 32 C u c u r b i t a c ea e ( p 455 ) . .
6 Herbs shrubs v ines or trees with opposite leaves watery

.
, , , ,
j uice the stipul es always p resent ; tendril s none

,
.
1 3 1 R u bi a c ea e ( p 445 ) . .
P OL YP ODI A C E A E 45
. Herbs
without stipules o r tend ril s u sually with milky j uice
6 , .
1 33 C a m p a n ula ce a e ( p 4 62) . .
3 Stamens free from the corolla

. .
4 S tamen s and pistil distinct

~
. .
5 C oroll a regular
. 1 33 C a m p a n u la ce a e ( p 4 62) . .
5 C oroll a i rregul a r 1 3 4 G o o d em a c ea e ( p 463 )

’
. . . . .
4 S tamens and p istil un ited into a column ; small h erbs

. .
1 3 5 S t y li d i a c ea e ( p 4
’
63 ) . .
2
. F lowers crowded in dense heads .
3 Hea ds not in v olu crate ; leaves opposite stipulate ; flowers regul ar ;

.
,
anthers free 1 3 1 R u bi a ce a e ( p 445 ) . .
3 Heads su rrounded by an in v o lucre composed of many bracts ; leaves

.
v ariou s ; flowers re gul ar or i rregul a r ; anthers united ; fruit an

a chene 1 3 6 C o m p os i t a e ( p 464) . .
DE SC R IP TI O N S OF T HE F A M I L I E S, GE N E R A , A ND SP E C I E S
P T E R I D OP H Y T A . FE R NS AND FE RN L -
I KE PL AN TS
I n this group al so commonly known as the vascul ar cryptogams rep ro

, ,
.
duction i s by mean s of spores of microscopic size not by true seeds as in ,
the flowering pl ants In the systematic treatment certain technic al terms

.
are used the most important being the following : T h e vegetative p arts
, ,
corresponding to the leaves of flowering plants a re commonly called f ro n d s , ,
and in compound ones the division s are called p i n n a e the ultimate d i vi sions ,
the p i n n u les ; the p art corresponding to the stem i s called the s t i p e T h e .
spores are borne variously but in the true ferns u sually in s ar i ( dot like ,
-
organs on the lower surface margins each s o r u s being made up of

, ,
many sp o r e c a s es or s p oro c a rp s containing the spores ; the partial or

-
entire ring of thickened tissue surrounding the sporocarp i s called the

a n n u lu s T h e sori may be protected by a thin variously shaped and a t
.
,
t a c h ed organ known a s the i n d u s i u m which may be persistent or deciduous ; ,
it i s frequently entirely absent In some groups the spores a re of t wo .

-
kin ds m a cros p or es and i n i c r o s p or es the former being much l arger than the
,
f
,
latter .
T h e most important supplementary l iterature for the P hilipp ine for m s

are the following p apers by Dr E B C Op ela n d : T h e P olypodiaceae of . . .
“
the P hilippine Isl ands Govt Lab P ubl ( P hil i p ) 28 ( 1 905 ) 1 1 38 in

”
. . .
-
,
which 62 genera and 45 0 species of P hilippine fern s are described and ,
T h e F e rn s of the M al ay A siatic R egion P art I Phil ip Journ S c i 4

“ ” -
, . . .
( 1 909 ) B o t 1 64 including the Op h i o glo s s a c ea e M a r a t t i a c ea e M a rs i

.
-
, , ,
lea c ea e S a lv i n i a c ea e Os m un d a c ea e S c h i za ea c ea e G lei c h en i a c ea e P a r k er
, , , , ,
i a c ea e M a t on i a c ea e and C y a t h ea ce a e
, , .
1 . P OL Y P OD I A C E A E ( P OL YP ODY OR P A c o F A M I L Y )
F erns of very various habit from creeping o r erect rootstocks the stipes ,
tufted or scattered j ointed t o the rootstock o r not the fronds entire or

, ,
variously lobed pinnate or decompound the veins free o r variously an

, , ,
a s t om o s i n g S ori definite va r iou s in shape ( roun d Oblong or l inea r ) dorsal

.
, , , ,
or marginal or sometimes indefinite and densely c rowded over the entire

,
lower surface of the fron d the sporan gi a usually stalked and provi ded with,
46 A FL OR A OF M A N I LA
a longitudinal incomple t e annulus interrupted by the stalk Opening trans

, , ,
v er s ely Indusium present or absent

. .
Genera about 1 20 species nearly in a ll parts of the world 8 1

, ,
genera an d about 700 spec ies in the P hil ippines .
1 . S ori densely co v ering the entire back of the frond or p arts Of the frond , .
2 F ronds pinnate ; very coarse t errestrial ferns of brackish swamps the

.
,
sporan gi a not gathered into sori 1 6 A c r os t i c h um .
2 F ronds simple entire ; epiph ytic ferns from creeping rootstock the
.
,
sporangia in conti guous sori 1 4 Cy c lo ph o r us .
2 F ronds finely 3 or 4pi nnately di v ided the ultima t e segments small

.
-
, ,
the fertile ones golden —yellow on the lower surface the indusium ,
consisting of the r efl ex ed m ar gi ns of the se gments 1 0 On y c h i u m

'
S ori definite on the back of the frond scattered or in re gula r rows

‘
1 .
, , , ,
not strictly marginal .
2 F ronds entire dimorphou s the sori reticul ate following the nerves
.
, , ,
over the entire lower su rface 6 H em i o m t i s

’
2 F ronds pinn ately lobed p innate or decompound

.
, , .
3 S ori roun d or nearly so

. .
4 Indusium present
. .
5 Pinn ae artic ul ated to the rachis

. 2 N ep h r o lep i s .
5 P innae not articulate d t o the r achis 1 Dr y o p t em s

'
. .
4 Indusium none
. .
5 F r o n d S a ll alike 1 3 P o lyp o d i u m
“
. .
5 F ronds dimorphou s ; bas a l steril e concave humus g a th ering ones

.
, , ,
-
which are at first green soon b ecoming brown and ordinary , ,
green pinn ately lobed fertil e fronds

, 1 5 D r yn a r i a .
3 S ori elongated
. .
4 Indusium wanting ; finely pinnately compound ferns the l ower

.
,
surface covered with white waxy 7 C er o p t er i s .
4 Indusium present
. .
5 V eins forming regul ar areol ae or i f not then the sori often

.
,
double on both sides of the veinlets , 4 A t h yr i um .
5 V eins not forming re g

. ul ar areolae except sometimes at the ,
margin the sori always simple , 5 A s p len i u m .
1 . S ori marginal definite , .
2 I ndu sium half cup sh ape d attached by the b ase and margin s Opening
.
-
, ,
outward 3 D a v a lli a . .
2 I ndusium formed of the r efl ex ed modified or unmodified margi n of the

.
frond .
3 S ori borne on the inner face of the r efl ex ed leaf margin

.
-
.
11 . A d i a n t wm
3 . S ori not on the inner surface of the r efl ex ed margi n p rotected by -
,
it but borne on the frond itself

, .
4 S ori linear on a strand connecting the tip s of the veins the

.
, ,
r efl ex ed margin of the l eaf continuou s ; usually coarse not ,
finely divided ferns 1 2 P t er z

’
s .
4 S ori terminal on the veins at first distinct l ater confluent the

.
, , ,
r efl ex ed margin of the le a f interrupted ; slender finely divided ,
9 C h ei la n t h es
.
2. I ndusiu m none ; otherwise very simil ar to C h ei la n t h es 8 N o t h o la en a

.
48 A F L OR A
‘
OF M A N I L A
mid rib S ori indusi ate i n t wo rows one on each lobe about half way between
.
,
-
the mid nerve and margin -

.
In dry thickets M asambon g to Guadalupe ; widely distributed i n the

,
P hilippines A ll tropi cal countries . .
3 . D . l ue r s s e n i i ( H arr ) C C h r . . .
ootstock stout creeping or suberect covered with brown scales the

R , , ,
stipes tufted erect glabrou s somewhat angled p ale slender 8 to 40 cm

, , , , , ,
long F ronds l anceolate to oblong l anceolate simply pinnate 20 to 50 cm

.
-
, ,
long 6 to 20 cm wide a cuminate the basal pinnae slightly shortened ;

, , ,
pinnae distant 1 0 t o 20 on each side lanceolate a cuminate 8 to 20 mm

, , , ,
wide cut nearly to the ra chi s into numerous linear sp atul ate to l inear
, ,
-
oblon g a cu t e lobes the sinuses as broa d or nearly a s broa d a s the lobes

, , ,
the lower surface slightly pubescent or nearly gl abrous Sori 3 to 5 on .
each side of the midrib of each lobe small the indusium s ub p er s i s t en t , , ,
glabrous .
S an Juan del Monte occasional ; widely distributed in the Philippines , .
E ndemi c .
4 . D i s s ec t a ( Forst ) O Kt ze
. d . . .
Stipes tufted with l inear dark brown scales near the ba se otherwise
, ,
-
glab rous 1 0 to 3 0 cm long F ronds 25 to 60 cm long oblong simply

, .
, ,
p innate or the lower pinnae again pinnate up to 1 5 cm lon g acuminate

, , , ,
p i n n a t i fi d the lobes oblong obtuse entire or crenate or t h e basal ones

, , , ,
pinnately lobed thin glabrou s the veinlets free Sori numerous about
, , , .
,
1 mm in diameter submargin al , .
In thickets about ol d wells ravines etc Pa say an d M asambon g ; wi dely

, , , .
,
distribu t e d in the Philippines M adagasca r through tropic al A si a an d .
M al aya to P olynesi a .
5 . D . s et i ger a ( B lum e) O Kt ze . .
ootstock stout erect or suberect t h e stipes tufted 25 to 70 cm lon g

R , , , ,
the ba se with numerou s p ale linear l anceolate spreadin g scales the upp er , ,
-
, ,
pa rt usually gl abrou s or nearly so Fronds ample ovate to deltoi d la n c eo .

,
-
l ate 30 to 1 00 cm long t r i p i n n a t i fi d the lower pinnae longest 1 5 to 3 0 cm

, , , ,
long 5 to 1 1 cm wide oblong to l anceolate the rachis very narrowly winged ;

, , ,
pinnules close lanceol ate to lin ear l anceol ate acuminate 5 to 1 5 mm wide
,
-
, , ,
cut nearly to the rachis into numerous close obl on g toothed lobes the , , , ,
lower surface and sometimes al so the upper one with f ew to many weak
, , ,
spreading white hai rs S ori minute numerous 2 to 4 on each si de of the

, .
, ,
midvein on each lobe of the p innules the indusium falling very early ,
.
In thickets Diliman also occasion ally cultivated in S ingalong etc ;

, , , .
widely di stributed i n the P hilippines India to J ap an southward to .

,
A ustrali a a n d P olynesi a .
2 N E P H R OL E P I S
. S chott
S imply
pinnate terrestrial or epiphytic often much elongated ferns
, , ,
from erect creeping o r climbing rootstocks often stoloniferous the stipes

, , , ,
not j ointed to the root stocks the pinnae j ointed to the rachis S ori roun d -
,
.
or reniform prominent submarginal o r medial in one r ow on each side

, ,
of the midrib termin al on the anterior veinlets or at the once forked

,
veins or marginal an d uniting the apices of t wo or more veins Indusium

,
.
reniform attached by the sinu s the lobes Often meeting or overl apping the
, , ,
indusium then becoming round and peltate Opening all aroun d the edge ,
P OL YP ODI A C E A E 49
or nearly so or 2 valved and marginal at t ached at the inner side opening
,
-
, ,
outward ( Greek kidney and scal e allusion to the shape of the i n

”
.
” “ “
,
d u s i um .
)
S pecies about 1 7, in all tropic al countries , a bout 7 i n the P hilippines .
1 . ronds very na rrow 1 to 2 cm wide the pinnae of t wo Oblong to orbicul ar

F , , ,
imb ricated leaflets ; cultivated only 1 N d ufii i . .
1 . F ronds to 5 cm wide ; pinnae oblong prominently au ricled at the base , .
2 N co r d i f o li a . .
1 . F ronds 8 cm wide or more ; p i nnae oblong to l inear lanceol ate elonga t e d -

, .
2 Pinnae deeply pinnately lobed the lobes n arrow close vari able in
.
, , ,
length ; fronds prominently bro wn cil iate ; cultivate d only -

.
3 N fl o c c i ger a var m o n s t r uos a . .

, .
Pinnae entire or only slightly crena t e or toothed , .
3 F ronds nearly gl abrous elongated often exceeding 2 m in length

.
, , ,
the pinnae usually not au ricled ; sori distant from the m argins .
4 N . . b i s er r a t a
3 . F ronds more o r less brown ciliate ; pinnae always au ri cled on the -
upper side at the ba se ; sori m argin al or submarginal .
5 . N . h i r s u t u la
*
1 . Moore
N . OU E F I I .
‘
T ufted from stout rootstocks the rachis and stipes chaff y with brownish
, ,
scales and hairs the r achi s 8 to 1 5 cm long F ronds n arrow linear

, .
, ,
elongated 20 to 3 5 cm long 1 to 2 cm wide n arrowed towar d the base

, , , ,
the apex often forked P innae numerous the l ower ones reduced and .
,
distant the central ones close each consisting of 2 oblong to orbicul ar

, , , ,
imbricated leaflets which a re j oin ed at the base their margins entire or ,
crenate u sually less than 1 cm l ong

, .
C ultivated not spontaneou s ; introdu ced A native of M alaya and

, .
northern A ustral ia .
2 N . c or d ifolia ( L ) Presl
. .
‘
F rond s tufted erect from a short suberect rootstock the wiry fibrou s
, , , ,
roots often bearing tubers S tipe s 3 to 1 5 cm long glabrous or more .

,
u sually clothed with slender s oft brown p aleae F ronds 1 5 to 50 cm , , .
long ,to 5 cm wide l anceol ate n arrowed at both ends the pinnae , , ,
numerous close sessile often imbri cate toothed to subentire oblong 5

, , , , , ,
to 8 mm wide inequil ateral the b ase cordate or rounded on the lower

, , ,
side and au ricled on the upper side S ori l arge in a r o w midway between .
,
the midrib and the m argi n ; indusium broad Opening toward the api ces ,
of the pinnae .
N o t uncommon in culti v ation in M anil a ; widely distributed in the P hil

i pp i n es at medium and hi gher altitudes T ropi cs generally . .
( B lume ) Moore, var Hort

*
3 . N . FL OCC I GE RA . M ON S T R U OSA .
T ufted ,
the stipes furfuraceous the rachi s and pinnae fu rfura ceous ,
and more or l ess d ensely villou s with weak spreading or somewhat matted , ,
rather soft brown hai rs Fronds oblong 50 to 9 0 cm in length Pinnae

, .
, .
numerou s l anceol ate to oblon g l anceol ate 1 to

, cm wide dee p ly and -
, ,
i r r e gul arly d i v ided into numerous unequ al close often imbricate linear , , , ,
S pecies
indicated by l ight fa ced type are introduced and those m arked ,
wi th an aste risk are cultivated only .
1 1 1 5 5 5— 4
50 A F L OR A OF MA N ILA
segments which are very vari able i n size a few mm to 1 cm or more in ,
length .
C ommonly culti v ated for o rnamental purposes not s p ontaneous A , .
n ati v e of the M alay A rchipelago introduced here , .
4 . N . b i s er r a t a ( S w ) S chott (N
c u t a P resl ) . . a .
R ootstock short erect s t out with scaly prop roots sending o ut long
, , ,
-
stolons the scales brown oft en dense entire or i rre gul arly ciliate F rond s
, , , .
e rect or if epiphytic then pendulous tufted the stipes 30 to 60 cm long

, , , , ,
nea rl y gl abrous except at the sc aly base the fronds to 2 m long o r , .
more 20 to 40 cm wide ; p innae ve r y numerous linear lanceol ate to I a n

, ,
-
c eo la t e usu ally separated by less than thei r o wn breadth acute o r acu

, ,
‘
minate entire to slightly toothed or cren ate

, to cm wide the base , ,
abruptly n arrowed to subtruncate sl ightly inequil ateral not auri cled or , , ,
auricled only on t h e upper side gl abrou s o r nearly so S ori p rominent , .

,
numerous di stant from the margin about 2 mm in diame t er the in dusium

, , ,
subreniform .
Occasional about boulders and cli ffs in thickets M asambong to Gu a da , ,
lupe al so commonly cultivated ; throughout the P hilippines A ll tropical

, .
countries .
*
Va r . F U R CA N S Hort .
S imil ar
to the species but the pinnae forked or twice forked above the ,
-
middle the lobes spreading

, .
C ommonly cultivated not spontaneou s ; an introduced fo rm here C ul

, .
t i v a t ed in all tropi cal countries .
5 . N . h i r s ut u la ( F orst ) . P resl .
ootstock erect stout densely covered with appressed dark brown

R , , ,
-
sc ales s t oloniferous al so with f ew prop roots S tipes tufted 1 0 to 40

, ,
-
.
,
cm long sc aly at the base more or less villous above becoming nearly
, , ,
gl abrous F ronds 30 to 1 20 cm long 8 to 1 5 cm wi de ; pinnae numerous

.
, ,
r ather close but not at all imbricate 8 to 1 4 cm wi d e somewhat fal cate , , ,
acute or a cuminate subentire toothed or s omewhat crenate the base

, , ,
rounded on the lower side prominently auricled on the upper side more , ,
or less vi llous on both surfaces becoming sub glab rous the sterile pinnae , ,
shorter than the fertile ones S ori marginal or submarginal about 1 .

,
mm in diameter the indu sium peltate or subrenifo rm

,
.
I n dry thickets S anta M esa E 1 Deposito etc al so sometimes culti v ated ;

, , , .
,
widely distributed in the P hilippines A ll trop ical countries .
3 . DA V A L L IA S mith
M ostly
ep iphyti c ferns u su ally finely di v ided the rootstock creeping , , ,
densely covered wi th n arrow b rown usu ally chaffy scales S tipes not , ,
.
j ointed to the rootstock s F ronds ovate to deltoid in outline in most .

,
species at l east tripinn ate S ori at or very near the mar gins the i n
'
.
,
d u s i um elongated attached at the base and side , ( I n honor of E Da v all ) . . .
S pe cies about 70 in all tropical countries 1 0 in the P hilippines

, ,
.
1 . D d ent i c ul a t a
.
( B urm ) M ett ( D . . . elega n s
ootstock stout creeping densely clothed with bro wn elongated very

R , , , ,
n arrow somewhat fl ex u o u s scales S tipes gl abrous brown 1 5 to 40 cm

, .
, ,
-
lo ng F ronds ovate to deltoid 20 to 60 cm long the lower pinnae some

.
, ,
times 25 cm in len gth 3 or 4p i n n a t i fid the rachi s margined toward ,

-
,
P OL YP ODI A CE A E 51
t he apex ; ultimate se gments of the fertile fronds oblong prominently ,
toothed inequil ateral coriaceous the veins prominent i rregular obl ique
, , , , , .
S ori 4 to 1 5 t o a segment ma rginal shorter than the teeth ; indusium , ,
half cup shaped

- -
.
Occasionally cultivated in hanging ba skets etc ; widely distributed in , .
the P hilippines T ropi cal A frica and A si a to P olynesia

. .
4
. AT HY R IUM R oth
T e rrestrial
ferns with small to la rge u sually glabrous fronds R oot , .
stock erect Or c reeping F ronds usually clustered simple or pinn ate to .

, ,
tripinnate the v eins free or anastomosing the stipes not j ointed to the
, ,
roots t ocks Sori superficial springi ng from the sides of the veins or
.
,
v einlets singl e o r double usually elongated the indusium opening on the

, , ,
s ide away from the vein .
S pecies more than 300 in the wa rme r pa rts of both hemi spheres 46 in ,
the P hilippines .
1 es c ul entum ( R etz ) C o p el
A ( D i p la zi u m es c u len t u m P aco ( T a g ) '
. . . . .
R ootstocks stout the c au dex erect woody thickened bearing many bl ack
, , , , ,
wi ry roots the tip clothed with brown linear scales S tipes 20 to 50

, , .
cm long smooth or nea rly so green F ronds 2 or 3 pinnate 50 to 8 0

, , .
-
cm long o v ate i n outline ; about one half a s wide ; pinnules l anceolate

,
-
,
acuminate rather coarsely serrate or serrate crena t e 2 to 5 cm long

, ,
-
, ,
sessile or very shortly stalked ba se truncate sometimes auricled on one , ,
or both sides gl abrou s chartaceous veins p innate exten ding from the
, , , ,
costa to the ma rgin sterile their bran ches bearing sori anastomosing in
, , ,
pairs from neighboring veins .
Occasional in gardens S i n ga lo n ; widely distributed in the P hilippines ,
along streams etc I ndia to P olynesi a , . .
5 . A SPL E N I U M Linnaeus
S lender
or coarse terrestrial or epiphytic ferns with simple and entire
,
to pinnate or bipinnate and finely dissected fronds the stipes not j ointed ,
t o the rootstock S ori simple u sually linea r and elongated diagonal on

.
, ,
the l ower surface of the fron d usually confined to the u p per side of the ,
veins Indusium the shape of the soru s rarely continuou s over the veins
.
, ,
opening obliquel y toward the costa rarely toward the margins ( Greek , .
“
without an d spleen reference to supposed medi cinal p roperties )
” ” “
, .
Species about 440 in all pa rts of the worl d a b out 45 in the Philippines
, , .
F ronds simple ; epiphytes wi th l arge entire fronds growing i n crowns .
l A . n i d us
F ronds pinna t e ; terrestrial tufted fern s , the pinnae l anceol ate long ,
acuminate falcate , 2 A m a cro p h y llu m . .
1 . n i d u s L B ird s N est F ern

A . .
’
.
A la rge coarse epiphytic fern the fronds enti re radi ately arranged
, , , , ,
s p rea ding or ascendin g coriaceous shining narrowly to broadly la n c eo , , ,
l a t e acuminate 40 to 1 20 cm l ong 6 to 20 cm wide ba se narrowed ; v eins

, , , ,
v ery numerous close S ori numerous linear reaching from the midrib
, .
, ,
about half way to the mar gins ( F l F ilip p l

-
. . . .
Very
commonly cultivated a s a hanging plant variable in size ; through out ,
the Philippines T ropical A si a and A frica to P olynesi a

. .
2 A . ma c r o p hyllum S w
. .
R ootstock short covered with l inear l anceol ate acuminate scales

, Stipes -
, .
tufted rigid erect brown glabrous or nearly so 3 to 30 cm long F rond

, , , , , .
simply p innate oblong i n outline 7 to 40 cm long ; pinnae opposite or

, ,
alternate 2 to 1 2 on each si de sp reading shortly stalked subcoriaceous

, , , , ,
2 to 1 5 cm long 1 to 3 cm wide l anceol ate lon g a cuminate somewhat

, , ,
-
,
fal cate the b ase i n eq ui la t er a l c un ea t e the margins sharply and i rregularl y

‘
, , ,
serrate ; veins very obl i que S ori in close long p arallel Oblique lines .
_ , , ,
reaching from the midrib nearly to the m argin .
In dry thickets nea r F ort M c Ki n ley S an Juan de l Monte M asambong

, , , ,
etc ; widely di stributed in the Philippines T ropical A si a to P olynesi a

. . .
6
. H E M I ON I T I S Linn aeu s
.
rect terrestri al tufted ferns with entire or lobed fron ds the fertile
E , , ,
ones different in shape from the sterile the stipes not j ointed to the root ,
stock V ein s distinct copio usly a n a t o m o s i n g the sori continuou s along

.
, ,
”
the veins reticul ate l inear the in dusium wanting ( Greek mule these
, , , .
“
,
ferns origin a lly supposed to be sterile ) .
S pecies about 8 in the tropics of both hemispheres 1 in the P hilippines

, ,
.
1 . H ifoli a ( B urm ) Moore

. a r . .
R ootstocks erect t h e scales l inear l anceolate Stipes slender shining

,
-
.
, ,
dark brown with sc attered sp reading hairs F ronds dimorphous the

-
, , .
,
sterile ones elliptic to oblong ell iptic b ase deeply cordate apex rounded -
, , ,
entire 4 to 1 0 cm l ong 2 to 5 cm wide their stipes 3 to 1 0 cm long the

, .
, , ,
fertile fronds somewhat smaller than the sterile ones tri angular ovate to ,
-
elliptic ovate obtuse the base often sagittate the b asal l obes spreading
-
, , , ,
or d efl ex ed rounded ve r y prominently reticul ate on t h e lower surfac e the

, , ,
sori covering the veins ; s tipes longer than in the fertile fronds 1 0 to 30 ,
cm in length .
In dry thickets banks of ravines etc M a sambong to San Juan del

, , .
,
Monte ; of l ocal occurren ce in the P hilippines T ropical A sia to M alaya . .
7 . C E R OP T E R I S L ink
rect tufted terrestri al finely divi ded ferns from short c reeping or
E , , , ,
suberect rootstocks the stipes not j ointed to the rootsto ck F ronds small
, . .
to medium size pinnately divided the under surfa ce covered with a white
, ,
or yellow waxy powder Sori l inea r to l inear Oblong alon g the v eins but .
-
,
not quite reachin g their tip s the i ndu sium wanting ( Greek wa x and
”
.
“
S pecies about 8, chiefly in tropical A merica , 1 introduced in the P hilip

p i nes .
1 . C . CA L OM E L A N OS (L ) . U n d er w .
ootstock short suberect with few brown scales the stipes tuf t ed
R , , , ,
dark brown o r pu r pli s h pol ished stiff an gul ar 5 to 25 cm long F ronds

-
‘
, , , ,
.
oblong acumin ate 1 0 to 50 c m long bipinnate to t r i p i n n a t i fi d the pinnae

, , , ,
4 to 1 5 cm long lanceol ate the lowest ones the l argest the upper ones
, , ,
gra dually shorter somewh at falcate stalked pinnate bel ow p i n n a t i fid

, , , ,
P OL YP ODI A CE A E 53
toward thei r tips the pinnules oblong the upper surfa ce gl abrous n aked
, , , ,
the lower surface densely covered with a white waxy powder S ori , .
linear forked eventually nea rly coverin g the lower surface of the frond
, , .
C ulti v ated for ornamental purposes al so spontaneou s and abundant on ,
dry banks c li fl s etc Guadalupe to S a n Jua n del Monte A n ative of

‘
, , .
, .
tropical A merica an d A frica introduced and n o w thoroughly n aturalized , .
here .
8 N OT HOL A E N A R B rown . .
T errestrial
slender ferns from u sually creeping rootstocks the stipes ,
clu ste red not j ointed to the rootstock the frond s rather small pinnately
, , ,
compound glandul a r h ai ry or scaly the ve i ns free S ori rounded to

, , , , .
Oblong terminal on the veins often uniting into a continuous submarginal

’
, ,
line naked o r p artly covered by the unaltered u su ally recu rved edge of
, ,
the frond ( L a t i n fal se and cloak from the imperfect indusium )

”
.
” -
“
, .
S pe cies about 50 i n the wa rmer parts of both hemispheres 1 in the ,
P hilip p ines .
1 hi r s uta ( P oir ) Desv (N d en s er J

. H . . . . . .
R ootstocks short densely covered with n arrow brown scales the stipes
, ,
rather crowded slender 3 to 1 5 cm long brown shining glabrous or

, , , , ,
more or less clothed with subulate fib r i llos e scales F ronds 6 to 20 cm , .
long Oblong , to 5 cm wide 3 p i n n a t i fi d at the base the p rimary pinnae

, ,
-
,
distant 4to 7 below the p i n n a t i fi d apex deltoi d oblong the pinnules oblong
, ,
-
, ,
about 1 cm long the r a chi s and lower surfaces of the fronds more or
,
less den sely fi b r i llo s e with brown h ai rs S ori u suall y continuou s along .
the margin .
On dry walls of Intr amuros and in dry thickets S a n Juan del M onte , ,
etc of local occu rrence i n the P hilippines India through M al aya to

.
, .
A u stralia and P olynesia .
9 . C HE I L A N T HE S S wartz
U sually slender tufted terrestri al fern s from creeping or ascending

, , ,
s c a ly rootstocks the stipes dark colored not j ointed to the rootsto ck the
,
-
, ,
fronds p innately divided the vein s free Sori rounded to oblong terminal , .
,
on the veins at first smal l and distinct afterward more or l ess confluent
, ,
in a submargi nal line In dusium con sisting of the wholly or partly r e .
cur v ed modified margin Of the frond ( Greek lip and flower allusion
” ”
.
“
,
to position of the sori ) .
S pecies o v er 1 00 in the warmer parts of both hemispher es about 5 in ,
the Philippines .
1 . ten uifolia ( B urm ) S W

C . . .
Stipes scattered or tufted slender brown 8 to 20 c m long shining , , , , ,
naked or the b ase slightly fib r i llo s e F ronds oblong o v ate 8 to 20 c m

, .
-
long 4to 1 0 cm wi de 3 p i n n a t i fi d the lower pinn ae distant opposite about

, ,
-
, , ,
2 cm wide divided to the rachis in the lower p art into Oblong to linear
, ,
entire or toothed lobes or segments glabrou s on both surfa ces Sori , .
rounded or subcontinuou s the indusium narrow transversely Oblong , , .
In dry thickets on cliffs banks etc C aloocan to P asay ; widely d i s t r i

, , , .
,
buted in the P hilippines T ropi cal A sia to N ew Zealand eastward t o .

,
Po lyn esi a .
54 A FL O
RA OF M A N I L A
1 0 ON Y C H I
. U M Ka ulf us s
ootstocks creeping the stipes tufted not j ointed to the rootstock
R , , .
F ronds finely pinn ately divided the sterile and fertile segments more or ,
less dissimil ar in shape and size both slender the v eins free In dusium , , .
consisting of the r efl ex ed somewhat modified margin which reaches to ,
or nearly t o the costa ( Greek cl aw reference to the shape of the l obes

’
“
.
,
i n some species ) .
S pecies about 5 in the warmer parts of both hemispheres 2 or 3 in the

, ,
P h ilippines .
1 . 0 . s lli c ulo s um r ( Desv ) C C h r . . .

(0 . a u a t um
R ootsto ck rather stout covered with l anceol ate brown s p r ea d i n g s c a les , , , . .
S tipes gl abrous p ale sometimes brownish 1 0 to 3 0 cm long

, Fronds 1 5
, , .
to 40 cm long ovate finely 3 or 4pinnately divi ded the ultim ate segments
, ,
-
,
s mall and narrow numerou s the sterile ones usu ally spatulate and les s
, , ,
th an 5 mm long Often toothed at the apex the fertile ones pod like linear
, ,
-
,
'
,
entire acuminate 5 to 20 mm long about 1 mm wide the indusium and

, ,
'
, ,
sori golden yellow -

.
On b anks near F ort M c Ki n ley ; widely distributed in the P hilippines .
India to C hina southward to M alaya , .
11 . A DI A N T U M Linn aeu s
oots t o cks creeping or erect the stipes tufted usually bl ack an d shin
R , ,
ing n aked not j ointed to the rootsto ck erect simply pinnate to b i tri
, , , , ,
or even qu adripinnate or forked the leaflets usually inequil ateral dimi , , .

,
di ate to cuneate fl a b ella t e o r trapezoid al the outer edge variously toothed

-
,
or l obed continuous or j ointed on their pedi cels the vein s free forked Sori
, , , .
roun ded to oblong or li near m argin al termin al on the veins the indu sium , , ,
consi sting of the modified r efl ex ed margin bearing the sori on its surface ,
.
( Greek dry from the fact th at when plunged in water the fronds
“
, ,
com e out dry ) .
Species about 1 9 0 in both hemispheres chiefly tropical about 1 5 in the , ,
P hilippines .
1 . F ron ds simply p innate .
2 L eaflets more or less villous or p ilose deeply incised

. 1 A c a ud a t u m , . .
2 Leaflets gl abrou s or nearly so not deeply inci sed

.
, .
3 Leaflets dimidiate the l ower margin straight or forming an angle

.
, ,
the upper one rounded 1 to cm long ; sori not continuous , .
2 A . .
p h i li p p en s e
Leafl ets not dimi diate 5 to 1 0 cm long acute or acuminate the
3 .
, , ,
sori continuous ; cultivated only 3 A m a c r o p h y llum . .
1 . F ronds 2 to 4pi nn ate ; cultivated only -

.
2 L eaflets fl a b ella t e cuneate 1 to 2 cm long

. 4 A t en em m -
,
. .
2 Leaflets obliquely ovate to trapezoidal 4 to 6 cm long

.
, .
5 . A . t r a p ezi for m e
1 . A u d a tum L
. ca .
S tipes tufted 5 to 20 cm long as cending erect or spreading more or

, , , , ,
l ess brown villous F ronds linear in outline 1 5 to 3 0 cm long

-
to .
, ,
cm wi de simply pinnate the rachi s Often elongated and rooting at

, ,
its apex ; leaflets sp reading or ascending dimidiate Oblong sessil e or , , ,

‘
nearly so the lower m argin straight and enti re the upper o n e de eply
, ,
incised villou s Sori nearly round on the ends of the lobes

, .
,
.
S pecies 1 60 o r more in the tropics , of . b ot h hemispheres about , 23 in

the P hilippines .
1 . Vein s free .
F ronds simply pinn ate lower pinn ae shorter than the median ones , .
1 P lo n gi f o li a . .
2
. L owest pinn ae pinnate o r p i n n a t i fi d ; pinnules or se gments f ew , .
2 P . . en s i fo r m i s
2
. Lowest pinnae b i p i n n a t i fi d 3 P q ua d r za ur i t a . . . .
'
1 . Vein s anastomosing forming n arrow areol ae along the costa only ; upper
,
p art of the frond simply pinnate the lower pinnae forked and ,
b i pi n n a t i fi d 4 P b i a um t a
’
. .
1 . V ein s copiou sly anastomosing ; coarse ferns with 3—p artite fronds .
5 . P . t r ipa r t i t a
1 . lon gifolia L
P . .
R ootstock short the tip s cloth e d with copious brown linear scales
, , , .
Stipes clu stered 3 to 1 5 cm long mo r e or l ess clothed at the b ase with

, ,
linear spreading brown sc ales F ron ds simply pinnate oblong 20 to 50

, , .
, ,
cm long the lower pinnae shorter than the median ones ; pinnae sessile
, ,
numerous 5 to 20 cm long l inear l anceol ate to l inear acumin ate entire

, ,
-
, , ,
base tr uncate subcordate or auricled gl abrous sub cori aceous the terminal
, , , , ,
one often much longer than the others ; veins close u sually once forked , .
S orus extending the entire l ength of the pinnae on both sides .
C revices of ol d dry wall s in thickets on cliffs etc ; throughout the , , , .
P hilippines M ost trop ical an d subtemperate countries

. .
2 . P . en s urm
i fo r m i s B .
R hizome short creeping slender p aleaceous , S tip es s lender those of , , .

,
the sterile fronds 5 to 1 0 cm l ong of the fertile ones 1 0 to 3 0 cm long , ,
n aked erect green F ronds membranaceou s often mottle d with gray the
, , .
, ,
sterile ones 7 to 20 cm long b i p i n n a t i fi d or bipinn ate the segments oblong , ,
to obovate dentate about 1 cm long F ertil e fronds 20 to 40 cm long

, , .
,
simply pinnate sometimes bipinnate the segm ents few linear 5 t o 1 5 cm

, , , ,
long the termin al one usu ally much longer than the f ew distant simple
, , ,
or p i n n a t i fi d la t er a l o n es a cute or acuminate Oft en denti cul ate at the steril e

, ,
apex ; veins u s ually forked free S orus continuous , . .
In shaded thickets Old gardens etc ; widely d istributed in the P hilip

, , .
pines Indi a to C hina southward to A ustrali a and P olynesia

. .
3 . P . etz
q ua d r i a ur i t a R .
R oots clothed with soft brown hairs the tip s of the rootstocks paleaceous ,
.
S tip es clustered erect 1 5 to 3 0 cm long gl abrou s o r nearly so smooth

, , , , ,
green F ronds oblon g 20 to 60 cm long simply pinnate or the lower

.
, ,
pinn ae again compoun d the central terminal pinn a elongated a cuminate , , ,
cut nearly to the r achis into numerous close parallel oblong to linear , , ,
oblong often fal cate obtu se entire lobes 1 to 2 cm long ; lateral pinnae
, , ,
3 to 8 p airs or more 8 t 0 20 c
m long to 3 cm wide deeply cut into
,
‘
, ,
nu m erous l obes like the terminal p inn a ; v eins u sually once forked free , ,
not forming areol ae along the costa S ori continuou s along the entire .
margin or interrupted in the sinuses an d toward the en ds of the lobes .
Occasional in thickets sometimes in gardens ; wi del y distributed in the ,
P hilippines A ll warm countries . .

P OL YP ODI A C E A E
4 P . . L b la u r i t a .
R oots clothed with soft brown hairs C au dex stout erect somewhat .
, ,
woody paleaceou s at the tip S tipes clustered green somewhat p aleaceous

, .
, ,
nea r the base otherwise gl abrou s 20 to 60 cm high Fronds Oblong 30

.
, , .
,
t o 60 cm long simply pinnate abo v e the basal pinnae u sually once forked
, , ,
the terminal pinna u sually longer than the l ateral ones ; pinnae 6 to 1 2
pairs lanceol ate 9 to 20 cm long
, to 4 cm wide acuminate cut nearly
, , , ,
to the costa into numerous oblong obtuse entire some w hat fa l cate spread , , , , ,
ing lobes the sinuses often a s wi de as or wider than the lobes ; veins
, ,
anastomosing along the costa forming a single r o w of n arrow areol ae those ,
i n the lobes free u sually once forked S orus continuous along the margin
, .
or interrupted at the sinuses an d apices of the lobes .
I n dry thi ckets M asambong Guadalupe etc ; widely distributed in the

. , , .
P hilippines A ll tropical countries. .
5 . t r i pa r tita S W
P . .
A coarse tufted fern from a stout short erect caudex S tipes 30 to , , .
1 00 cm hi gh stout erect smooth green , F ron d glabrous trip artite sp read

, , , .
, ,
ing from the apex of the stipe the central p art simply pinnate up to 60 , ,
cm long the pinnae numerous 1 5 to 25 c m long 2 to 3 cm broad Oblong

, , , ,
l anceol ate acuminate cut half—way or more to the costa into oblong falcate
, , , ,
obtuse lobes the sterile ones slightly toothed ; lateral divisions usually
,
branched simila r to the middle one but shorter ; l ateral veins fine distinctly
, ,
anastomosing Sori u sually continuous aroun d the sinu s but not reaching
.
to the ends of the lobes .
N o t uncommon in gardens brought in from the provinces ; widely dis ,
tributed i n the P hilippin es T ropi cal A frica and A sia to P olynesi a and ‘
.
A ustralia .
1 3 P OL Y P OD I U M L innaeu s .
-
ootstocks creeping or erect the stipes scattered j ointed to the root

R , ,
stock F ron ds s imple and entire p i n n a t i fi d or pinnate rarely more com

.
, , ,
pound gl abrous scaly or hairy the veins free or anastomosing S ori

, , , , .
rou nd Oblong or linear superfici a l or sunk in c avities , usually very num

, , ,
er o u s dorsal Indusium none ( Greek many and

, .
”
.
“
A very large polymorphous genu s with over 800 species , in both , ,
hemi spheres mostly tropi cal few in temperate regions about 1 1 5 in the
, , ,
P hilippines a single one i n ou r area aside from casual species like P

, , .
p u n c t a t um whi ch are oc casionally brou ght in from the p rovinces .
1 . P . L p hymato d es .
A rather coarse fern u su ally fragrant in drying R ootsto ck widely , .
creeping stout Often gl au cous bearing f ew scattered deciduous fib r i llo s e

, , , , , ,
scales becomin g nearly glabrou s S tipes 5 to 3 0 cm high erect gl abrous

, .
, , .
S tipes 5 to 3 0 cm hi gh erect glabrous shining F rond exceedingly v ariable , , , .

,
coriaceou s glabrous sometimes simple entire an d l anceol ate to oblong

, , , , ,
obtuse to acuminate 5 to 20 cm long o r more often p i n n a t i fi d into segments

, ,
similar i n shape and size to the simple fronds above described reachin g a
'
length of 50 cm the sinuses rounded extending nearly to the midrib some

, , ,
times only 3 lobed ; veins indistinct S ori l arge and p rominent in two
-
.
,
rows on each lobe or scattered brown round to ellipti c 4 to 5 mm in , , , ,
di amete r .
dry ledges S a n J uan del M onte and Occasional on walls and trees in
On ,
M anila ; throughout the Philippines T ropical A fric a through A sia to .
M al aya A u stral ia and P olyn esi a

, , .
1 4 C Y C L OP HOR U S Des v a u x
.
piphytic more rarely terrestrial ferns the rootstocks creeping scaly

E , , , ,
the stipes not j ointed to the roots t ock F ronds coriaceou s simple u sually .
, ,
elongated enti re both surfaces with f ew to many scattered or de n sely

, , ,
arranged stell ate hairs the veins anastomosing not apparent S ori round
, , .
,
sometimes hidden in the tomentum enti rely co v ering the lower su rface ,
or p arts of the lower su rface of the fertile fronds the sterile fronds usually ,
different in shape from the fertile ones Indu sium none ( Greek ci rcl e ”
. .
“
and to bear allusion to the roun d sori )

“ ”
, .
S pecies about 70 in all tropi cal countries about 1 0 in the P hilippines , .
1 . C . a d n a s c en s ( S w ) Desv. .
0
epiphytic fer n the sl ender wi ry rootstock wi dely c reeping b ranched

A n , , ,
densely c overed with appressed brown s cales S tipes 2 to 5 cm high .

,
puberulent F ronds dimorphou s coriaceou s oblong to l anceol ate 4 to 1 0

.
, , ,
cm long 1 to cm wi de the fertile ones linear l anceolate narrower 1 0 t o

, ,
-
, ,
20 cm long both surfaces slightly pubescent or nearly gl abrou s the veins

, ,
obsolete S ori distinct but closely crowded densely pubescent between

.
,
them occupying the entire lower surface except the mi drib of the upper
, , ,
one half to two thirds of the frond

- -
.
Occasional on trees S i n ga lon P a co etc ; w idely distributed in the

, , , .
Philippines T ropical A si a to P olyn esia

. .
15 . DR Y N A R IA J . S mith
C oarse ,
u sually epiphyti c ferns with v ery stout densely p aleaceous , ,
c reeping rootstocks F ronds of t wo kinds very di ssimilar in sh ape an d

.
appearance ( 1 ) sterile humu s gath ers at first green soon becoming b ro w n

,
-
, , ,
sessil e cori aceous conc ave shinin g variously lobed and ( 2) ordina ry
, , , , ,
fronds l arge green deeply simply pinna t ely lobed ; veins copiousl y a n a s t o
, , ,
mo sing and emitting free included veinlets S ori numerous dorsal borne .
, ,
on the veins exindusiate ( Greek oak l ike from the resemblance of

,
”
.
“
-
,
the ste rile humus gathering leaves to the leaves of the oak )
-
.
S pecies about 1 5 tropi cal A si a to P olynesi a 4 in the P hilippines

, , .
S terile bra ct like humus gathering fronds l arge 20 to 30 cm in l en gth ;

- -
,
lower lobes of the ordinary fronds l ittle or not at a ll re duced .
1 D q u erc i f o li a . .
S terile bract l ike humus gathering fronds small not exceeding 6 cm in

- -
,
length ; lower lobes of the ordinary fronds much redu ce d 2 D d es c en s a . . .
1 . D .
q ue r c ifolia ( L ) B ory
. .
ootstock v ery stout somewhat fleshy very densely co v ered with narrow
R , ,
brown scales about 1 cm long Humus gathering fronds bro w n an d shin .

-
ing when mature o v ate coria ceous somewhat imbri cate 20 to 3 0 cm in

, , , ,
length 1 5 to 20 cm wide concave shallowly lobed below deeply so above

, , , ,
.
S tipes of the ordinary fronds stout 1 5 to 30 cm lon g narrowly winged , , ,

PA R K E R I A CE A E 59
the f r onds fi rm oblong or ovate oblong 40 to 9 0 cm long the lobes 8 to

,
-
, ,
20 ascending cut nea rly to the midrib 2 to 4 cm wide

, , S ori in regul ar , .
rows one r o w on each side of ea ch main vein runnin g to the margin

, .
o ccasional on trees old wall s etc sometimes cultivated ; throughout the , , .

,
P hil ippines Southern A sia to A u strali a and P olynesia

. .
2 D . d es c e n s a C opel .
ootstocks stout fles h y densely co v ered with brown scales with long
R , ,
caudate tips Humus gathering fronds ovate to Oblong o v ate coriaceou s

‘
.
- -
, ,
concave imbricate brown an d shining 5 to 6 cm long ba se deeply cordate

, , , , ,
subentire or lobed above S tipes of the ordinary fronds 5 to 25 cm long

, .
,
na rrowly or broadly winged the fronds Oblong 25 to 40 cm long cut nearly , , ,
to the rachis into v ery di stant alternate oblong l anceol ate ascendin g or , ,
-
,
spreading lobes 8 to 1 3 cm long the lobes 7 to 1 2 on each side much , ,
n arrower than the sinuses the lower lobes mu ch reduced S ori in regul ar , .
rows or somewhat scattered .
On dry ledges an d on trunks of small trees in r avines opposite Gua

d a lup e ; of local occu rren ce in Luz o n E ndemi c . .
16 . A C R OS T I C H U M Linnaeu s
Very coa rse tufted ferns from thick suberect rootstocks the stipes not ,
j oin t ed to the rootstock F rond l arge simply pinnate the pinnae with .
, ,
a p rominent midrib the veinlets distinct freely anastomosing the upper , , ,
pinnae in p art or whole fertile S porangia densely co v erin g the backs of .
the fertile pinnae except the midrib ; indusium none ( Greek tip and,
”
.
“
“
r ow
”
allusion to the upper pinnae bearing the sori )
, .
Species 3 or 4 in the tropi cs of both hemispheres 1 in the P hilippines

'
, .
1 . au r eum L L agolo ( T a g )
A . . .
R ootstock stout woody scaly S tipes cluste red stout gl ab rous 3 0 to

, , .
, , ,
5 0 cm long F ron ds 5 0 to 200 cm long the p inn ae Oblong coriaceous 20

.
, , ,
to 50 cm long 4 to 6 cm wi de b ase stipitate apex obtuse or retu se some

, , , ,
times mucronate F ertile upper pinnae somewh at smaller t han the lower
.
sterile ones the lower su rface densely covered w ith the brown spo rangia
,
.
C ommon in open b rackish swamp s ; throughout the Phil ippines near the
sea occasional in suitable habitats inland T ropi cs generally
, . .
2 PA R
. KE R I A C E A E (W A T E R F E R N F A M I L Y)
quati c or subaqu ati c su cculent pl ants growing in shall ow water or in

A
mud the rootstock short erect F ronds pinnately divided somewhat di
, , .
,
morphou s the v ein s an astomosing but more copiously in the sterile than
, ,
in the fertile fro nds S poran gi a dorsal not gathered into sori scattered .
, ,
irre gul arly on the f ew longitudinal veins of the fertile fronds parallel to ,
the margins and midrib the in du sium none but the margin s of the fronds , ,
broadly recur v ed hardly changed in texture the edges meetin g with the
, ,
mi drib s and quite enclosing the sporangi a when young A nnulus v ertical .
,
broa d incomplete short or interrupted by the v ery short stalk of the

, , ,
sporangium .
A single genus an d species in all tropi cal countri es ,

.
1 C E HA T OP T E R lS B r o n gn i a r t
‘
C haracters
of the F amily a s gi v en abo v e ( Greek horn .
“
and fern
allusion to the antler l ike form of the fertile fronds ) -
.
1 th ali c t r oi d es ( L ) B r o n gn
. C . . .
Stipes tufted thick fleshy filled with l arge air cell s naked 5 to 30 cm
, , ,
-
, ,
l ong S terile fronds floating or more Often erect gl abrous thin and
.
, ,
flacci d in texture 1 5 to 60 cm long 2 or 3 pinnatisect the ultimate segments

, ,
-
,
linea r to l anceol ate rarely oblon g ovate 1 to 6 cm long the f ronds of ,

-
, ,
young plants simple or more or less incised F ertil e fronds about as l arge .
as the steril e ones the ultimate segments linear 1 to 5 cm long 2 mm , , ,
wide or less pod like ,

-
.
In open wet pl aces in mud an d shallow water o ccasion al ; wi dely dis , ,
tributed in the Philippines A ll tropi cal countri es . .
3 . S C HI ZA E A C E A E ( C L I M B I N G F E R N OR N I T O F A M I L Y )
rect or twini n g terrestrial ferns from erect or horizontal rootstocks
E .
Sporangi a 1 or 2 or numerous i n the axil s of imbricating cl asping in dusi a

, , ,
fo rming spikes along the margins of the fertile se gm ents or arranged in

2 to 4 regular close rows covering one side of close di stichous spikes at
, ,
the apex of the fertile fronds or se gments A nnulus a complete trans '
v erse ring at or j ust below t h e apex of the sporangium F ertile teeth or .
se gments of the frond much contracted the steril e ones l arger , .
Genera 4 species 1 20 in the warmer parts of both hemispheres 2 genera

, ,
a nd about 1 0 species in the P hilippines .
1 . L Y G OD I UM S wartz
M uch
elongated slender terrestrial ferns the rachis twining t h e pinnae
, , , ,
stalked Opposite the p airs on very short alternate primary petioles

, , , ,
( really dwarfed bran ches ) which are often in conspi cuous or wanting the , ,
p innae pinnate bipinnate or dichotomou s an d somewhat radi ate the veins

, , ,
free or anastom osing S porangi a borne on special teeth or spikes arranged .
in rows either on the m a rgins of normal pinnae or on reduced fertile

p i nn ae .
S pecies about 3 0 in the w armer p arts of both hemi spheres 8 in the ,
P hilippines ( Greek .
F ertile pinnate more compoun d than the sterile ones ; very slen der ferns ,
the sterile segments mostly 3 to 8 mm wide 1 L j a p o n i c um . .
F ertile pinnae not more compound tha n the sterile the l atter with se gments ,
mostly exceeding 1 cm in width 2 L fl ex u o s um . .
1 . j a p on i c um ( T hunb ) S w N ito N i t o n g puti ( T a g )

L . . .
,
-
.
A very slender t wining fern 1 to 3 m in length somewhat pubescent or , ,
nearly gl abrous the dwarfed b ranches 2 to 4 mm long S terile pinnae

,
.
8 to 1 5 cm long rarely longer the rachi s very n arrowly winged pinnate

, , , ,
the pinnules 2 to 5 on each si de the upper ones simple sessile often sub , , ,
c o n fl uen t entire the intermediate ones somewhat hastate and the lowest
, , ,
ones stalked pinnate or 2 pinnate all obl ong to linear

,
to 8 cm long -
, , ,
3 to 8 mm wide F ertile pinnae smaller than the sterile ones sometimes

.
,
tri p innate the se gments relatively broader and shor t er

,
.
L YC OP ODI A C E A E 61
Occasional in
pen dry gra ssl ands dry thickets etc Diliman S a n
O , , .
, ,
F rancisco del M onte etc ; widely distributed in the P h ilippines

, Japan . .
and Korea to India southward to A u stralia , .
2 . L . fl ex u o s u m (L ) Sw . . N ito (Tag,
twining somewhat pubescent fern reaching a length of several meters
A ,
the dwarfed branches short or none the stems somewhat ridged Sterile , .
pinnae pinnate mostly 1 5 to 20 cm l ong the rachi s u su ally n arrowly winged

, , ,
the uppe r pinnules sessil e s ub co n fl uen t the intermediate ones hastate and , ,
usually more or less cordate the lowest ones u su ally pinnate the segments , ,
Oblong to l anceol ate obtuse to a cumin ate 4 to 1 0 cm long mostly 1 0 to 1 8

, , ,
mm wide very finely serrate Fertile frond s abou t the same size as the
, .
sterile ones not more compound the segments about a s large a s the steril e
, ,
ones .
Occasional in thickets M a sambong S a n F rancisco del Monte Diliman , , , ,
etc ; widely distributed in the P hil ippines In di a to southern C hina south

. .
ward to A u stralia .
4 M A R SI L
. E A CE A E ( M A R S I L E A F A M I L Y)
S lender pl ants growing in mu d O r in shallow water the rootstocks ,
creeping the leaves l ong petioled 4f o li a la t e circinate in vern ation the

,
-
,
-
, ,
leaflets sessile obovate cuneate the nerves radiate p arallel Sporangi a

'
- -
, , .
borne i n closed short stalked sori or spo rocarp s close to the rootstocks on
,
-
very reduced and modified le a v es S pores of two kinds borne in the .

,
same sporo carp macrosporangi a each containing one macrospore a n d mi c

, ,
r o s p o r a n gi a each containing numerou s microspores

, .
Genera 3 species 75 warmer p arts of both hemisph eres a single genu s

,
.
, ,
and 1 or 2 species in the Philippines E ntirely different from all other .
fern s in habit .
1 M A R S I L E A Linnaeu s .
C harac t ers Of t h e F amily as gi v en abo v e .

( I n honor of G M a r s i gli an
.
,
early Ital ian botanist ) .
S pecies 56 in most warm countries

, , 1 or 2 in the P hilippines .
1 . M nata Presl
. cre .
R ootstock slender creeping branched the stipes of the steri l e fronds 2

, , ,
to 1 2 cm high slender ; l eaflets 4 obo v ate cune ate gl abrous 1 0 to 1 5 cm

, ,
-
, ,
long or smaller in terrestri al forms rounded an d slightly crenate or

, ,
subentire at the apex the l ateral m argins entire straight cuneately nar
.
, , ,
rowed to the sessil e b ase S porocarp s covered with brown h airs when .
young becoming gl abrous or nearly so Oblon g about 3 mm lon g rounded

, , , , ,
slightly compressed somewhat clustered or sol itary thei r pedicel s 5 mm

, ,
long or less the upper basal tooth p rominent

, .
In muddy pl aces shallow pool s etc C aloocan and S anta A n a ; widely

, , .
,
distributed in the P hilippines E ndemic . .
5 . L Y C OP OD I A C E A E ( C L U BM OSS F A M I L Y )
P erennial ,
erect prostrate o r pendulou s simpl e or b ranched plants with
, , ,
fibrou s roots the stems usual ly p roduced Leaves small simple 1 nerved
,
.
, ,
-
,
entire or toothed continuou s with the stem mostly v ery numero us and
, ,
densely arranged in many rows rarely distichou s S poran gi a in the axil s ,

.
of the leaves o r crowded in terminal often elongated s p i k es a t the ends ,

~
of the branches in the axil s of bracts ( modified leaves ) cori aceous com
, , ,
p ressed 1 celled Opening by a slit down the ba ck S pores a ll of one kind

,
-
,
.
“
minute globose granulated , ,

.
Genera 2 species 1 50 o r more all parts of the worl d 1 genu s in the

, ,
P hilippines .
1 L Y C OP OD I U M Linnaeus .
C haracte rs
of the F amily a s given above ( Greek wolf and foot “
. .
S pecies 1 50 or more in all p arts of the world about 20 in the P hilipp ines , .
N one of the following species grow naturally within our area but all ,
are indigenou s P hilippine forms found in M anil a in cultivation .
1 . Leaves little di fferent from the sporangia bracts and passing into them -
gradually .
2 S tout the lea v es l inea r lanceolate spreading 1 to

.
, cm long -
, , .
1 . L . s q u a r r o s um
2. S lender , the
lea v es appressed l ess than 1 cm long 2 L ca r i n a t um , . .
1 . Leaves very di fferent from the bracts the sporan gi a in distinct slender , , ,
elongated simple forked spikes , , .
2 Leaves ovate 5 to 8 mm lon g

. 3 L fili f o r m e
, . . .
2 Lea v es l anceol ate 1 to

. cm long less than 5 mm wide , , .
4 L . .
p h y lla n t h um
1 . L . orst
s q ua r r o s u m F .
A stout pendulou s epiphyt e 40 to 70 cm long once or twice dichoto m ,
o us ly forked the stems about 1 cm in diameter Leaves very numerou s

, .
,
crowded spreading or somewhat as cending l anceol ate acuminate shining

,
'
, , , , ,
1 to cm long less than 2 mm wide entire the midrib di stinct the spikes
, , , ,
stout 5 to 1 2 cm long the bracts leaf like and lit t le smaller than the leaves
, ,
-
.
Occasionally cultivated in hanging b askets etc ; widely di stributed in , .
the Philippines Indi a to the Ma sc arene Islands through Malaya to Poly

.
mesia .
2 . L i natum Desv
. ca r .
A slender pendulou s epiphyte 40 to 8 0 cm in len gt h several to many ,
times dichotomously bran ched the stems 2 to 3 mm in diameter ( without ,
the lea v es ) the b ranches somewhat 4 angled by the 4ranked le aves or - -
bracts L ea v es rather close ascending lanceol ate acute or acumi nate 6

.
, , , ,
to 8 mm long S pikes elongated square 3 to 4 mm in diameter up to 40

.
, , ,
cm in length simple or forked the bracts 4 to 5 mm long prominently

, , ,
keel ed .
Occasionally cultivated in hangi ng baskets etc ; of local occurrence in , .
the P hilippines Indi a to F ormosa southward to M al aya and Polynesi a

.
,
.
3 . lifo r m e R oxb
L . fi .
S lender pendulous e p iphytes the stems 2 mm in diameter or less usually , ,
several times dichotomously branched Leaves ovate acute 5 to 8 mm .

, ,
long 3 t o 6 mm wi de acute spreading l axly disposed S pikes very slender

, , , , .
,
simple or dichotomously b ranched 5 to 20 cm long less than 2 mm in , ,
diameter t h e bracts o v ate about 1 mm lon g but little longer than the
, , ,
sporangia .
Occa sion ally culti v ated in hanging baskets etc ; wid ely distributed in , .
the P hil ippines but local India to M al aya , . .

2 S . . m y o s u r o i d es ( Kaulf ) S p ring . .
slender erect or ascending annu al 5 to 1 5 cm high copiously

A , , ,
pinnate the branches compound the base of the stem with rootlets
, , .
Leaves of the lower plane sp aced membranaceou s oblong l anceol ate acute , ,
-
, ,
about 3 mm long slightly inequilate ral light green those of the upper
, ,
-
,
plane 2 mm long or less l anceol ate acumin ate appressed Spikes 1 cm , , , .
long or less about 3 mm thick the bracts of the upper plane closely
, ,
imbricated oblique l anceol ate as long as and in the same p l ane as the
, , ,
l a rger l eaves .
On damp banks shaded ravines etc Gu adalupe to S a n Juan del M onte

, , .
,
and M asambong A ug F eb ; widely distributed in the Philippines E ndemic

, .
-
. . .
3 . S . b a r b ata
Spring .
A n erect or suberect somewh at tufted branched annual from the sl ightly , ,
p rostrate base 6 to 1 5 cm high with rootl ets at the base only pin nate
, , , ,
the br a nches a scending r ather close the branchlets numerous Leaves , , .
of the lower pl ane sp aced on the stem close on the branch es ova t e acute , , , ,
ascending about 2 mm l ong subequil a t eral the b ase broadl y rounded and
, , ,
somewhat cili ate on t h e margins imbri cated on the upper side over the ,
stem the l eaves of the upper plane about one half as l arge obl iquely
,
-
,
ovate acute app ressed S pikes about 5 mm long

, , mm thick the .
, ,
bracts ovate acumin ate keeled on the b ack

, , .
On damp cliffs banks of streams etc M asambong to S an Pedro M a c a t i

, , .
, ,
A u g— Oc t ; of local occurrence in Luzon

. . E ndemic . .
A f ew fo rm s of uncertain o rigin are found in cultivation but these ha v e ,
not been considered here .
SP E R M A T OP H Y T A . PL AN T S P R ODU C I N G F L OW E R S
AND SE E DS
C la ss I G YM N OSP E R M A E
. : Ov ules naked not borne in closed ovaries the
, ,
sti gma none .
7 . C YC A D A C E A E ( C YCA S OR P I T OGO F A M I L Y )
S tout
erect shrubs or trees with S imple r arely forked stems with , ,
numerous long pinnate leaves crowded at the ends Leaflets numerous

, , .
,
somewhat falcate l inear coriaceous entire F lowers dioecious the males

, , ,
.
,
in dense terminal l arge peduncled cones composed of numerou s closely

, , ,
imbricate cuneate long acuminate scales bearing beneath many crowded

, ,
-
, , ,
1 celled anthers
-
F emale inflorescence consisting of elongated fi a t densely
.
, ,
brown —woolly carpellary leaves ( carpophores ) mo re or l ess crowded at ,
the apex of the stem somewhat dilated above into an entire toothed or , , ,
pecti n ate bl ade F lowers consi sting of ovules only 1 to 5 in distant

.
,
notches on e ach side of the stalk of the carpophyll S eeds ellipsoi d . .
Genera 9 species about 90 in the tropi cs an d south temperate zone of

, ,
’
both hemispheres a single genus and 3 or 4species in the P hilippines

,
.
1 . C YC A S Linn aeu s
C haracters of the
amily a s given above ( T h e an cient Greek n ame )
F . .
S pecies about 1 6 tropical A si a to J ap an southward to A ustral ia and

,
P olynesia 3 or 4 in the P hilippines

, .
T YP HA CE A E 65
Leaflets about 5 mm wide strongly revolute pubescent on the lower surface

, , .
1 C re v o lut a . .
Leaflets about 1 cm wide fl at o r nearly so enti rely gl abrou s

, , .
2 C
. . c i r c i n a li s
‘
1 . C . R E VOL U T A T hunb .
T runk
stout cyl indric marked with p rominent sca rs simple with us
, , , ,
usually not exceeding 1 m in height Leaves very numerous crowded .

, ,
spreading to m long the leaflets very numerou s close linear

, , , , ,
'
sharply a n d s len d er ly acumin ate those i n the middle up to 1 8 cm long , ,
about 5 mm wide toward the base gra dually shorte r the b asal f ew , ,
reduced to sh arp spines coriaceous revolute glabrou s on the upper sur , , ,
face pubescent beneath

, .
C ommonly cultivated i n M anil a and in some of the l arger towns in the

Philippines rarely or neve r flowering here A n ative of C hina and J ap an
, .
,
n o w culti v ated in many other countries .
2 C . . L Pitogo
c Ol iva ( S p
j r c i n a li s . .
T runk stout with u s rather short but in some regions sai d to attain a
, ,
height of 1 2 m an d up to 50 cm or more in di ameter usually unbranched

, , .
Leaves to m long crowded at the apex of the trunk the leaflets , ,
20 to 30 cm long about 1 cm wide fl at or nearly so glabrous and shining

, , , ,
falcate 45 to 90 or more on each side of the midrib sharply an d slenderly

, ,
a c u m i n t e the lower ones reduced to spines

, M ale cones terminal elongated .
,
cyl indric to ovoid cyl indric up to 60 cm in length C arpellary lea v es -
, .
numerou s about 30 cm long densely rusty tomentose fi m b r i a t e p ectinate

, ,
-
,
-
at the apex a cuminate F ruit o v oid to el l ip soid 3 to 5 cm long

, .
, .
Occasionally cultivated fl M ay ; widely distributed in the Philipp ines , . .
T ropical A si a to Jap an southward to N ew Guinea an d Polynesi a , .
T h e G y m n os p er m a e are rep resented in the P hilippines by the following

additional families : P i n a c ea e T a x a c ea e and G n et a c ea e and all are treate d , , ,
by F oxwo rthy under the title P hilippine Gymnosperms P h i li p J o ur n ” “

. .
S c i 6 ( 1 9 1 1 ) B o t 1 45 1 77
. T h e P i n a c ea e i s represented in M anil a by
.
-
.
immature introdu ced and culti v ated S p ecies of the genera C r y p t o m er i a and
,
A r a u c a ri a and by rare specimens of C up r ess u s the l atter locally known

, ,
as c i p r é s .
I I A N GI OSP E R M A E : Ovules borne in closed o v aries the stigma

C la ss .
,
always present .
Subcl ass I M ON OC OT Y L E DON E A E : P l ants p roducing seeds with but a

.
singl e cotyledon .
8 . T Y P HA C E A E ( CA T -
TA I L F A M I L Y)
P erenn i al
erect marsh herbs with simple erect l inear entire lea v es , , ,
which sheath the base of the stem F lowers small densely crowded in .
,
l ong cyl indri c spikes often intermixed with capill ary bracteoles with ,
dilated tips the mal e flowers superposed above the femal e ones P erianth
, .
of capill ary hairs or none in the m ale flowers S tamens 1 or more . .
Ova ry very small on a long capillary stipe narrowed into a capillary , ,
styl e Fruit very minute the pericarp membranaceou s indehiscent or

.
, ,
spl itting l aterally .
A single genu s in most warm an d tropical countries , .
1 1 1 556 — 5
1 . T YP HA Linn aeus
of the F amily as g
C ha racter iven above ( T h e ol d Greek name ) . .
S pe cies 9 with some subspecies and many varieties in all parts of the
world 2 in the P hilipp ines
,
.
1 . T y p ha a n gustifolia L . s ub s p . j a v a ni c a S ch n i zl . L am pa ca n a y
B a la n go t (T a g ) ; Cat -
tail .
rect gl abrous up to 2 m high Lea v es l ong 1 0 to 1 2 m m wide

E , ,
.
,
'
.
S p i k es ex s er t ed cylindric the f emale one when mature brown 1 2 to 20

, , ,
cm long up to 2 cm i n diameter
,
.
Lo cally abundant in low wet pl a ces an d shallow sta gnant fresh water ; ,
widely distributed in the P hil ippines T h e subspecies extends from the .
Mascarene Isl ands to C eylon eastward an d southward to N ew Guinea the ,
species wi dely distributed in E urope A si a and N orth A merica , , .
9 . P A N DA N A C E A E ( P A N DA N F A M I L Y )
rect dioeciou s shru bs or trees usu all y with p rop roots or vines climbing
E ,
-
,
by aerial roots the leaves 3 ranked sp irally arranged narrow elongated

,
-
, , , ,
acuminate t h e margins and mi dribs usua l ly s p i n o us ly toothed I n fl o r es

, .
cence axill ary or termin al simpl e or branched clothed with leafy sp athes , ,
or bracts F lowers small crowded on a catkin like sp ad i x Peri anth

.
,
-
.
none M ale flowers wi th many stamens the fi l aments free or united

.
, .
F emale fl o wer s w i t h a 1 celled ovary which i s free or connate with those

~
-
of contiguous flowers Ovu les 1 or many F ru it a globose oblong elli p . .

, ,
s oi d or cylin dri c m ass of usually many fre e or somewhat connate 1 to

, , ,
many celled woody usu ally angul ar d rupes or somewhat berry like and
-
, , ,
-
fleshy .
Genera 3 species over 300 in t h e tropi cs of the Old Worl d al l genera and
, ,
about 80 species known in the Philippines .
1 . P A N DA N U S Linnaeu s fi li u s
rect branched rarely simple shrubs or trees wi th p rop roots the

E , ,
-
stems u sually p rickly Leaves numerous crowded at the ends of the .

,
branches Inflorescence termin al Fruit a small or l arge globose to oblong

. .
,
or elliptic syncarp of f ew to many woody an gled truncate rounded or , , , , ,
pointed drupes ( From the M al ay n ame ) . .
Species mor e than 200, about 35 known from the Philippines .
1 . P . tecto r i u s S ol .
(P . od or a t i s s i m us L . P andan , P angdan ( T a g, .
Vi s .
, S crew P ine .
erect branched shrub or small tree 3 to 5 m high the trunk bearing

A n ,
few to m any prop roots Leaves spirally crowded towar d t h e ends of -

.
the branches glaucous l inear l anceol ate slenderly l ong acumin ate up to
, ,
-
,
-
,
m long 3 to 5 cm wi de cori aceous the margin s and midrib beneath

, , ,
toward the apex armed with sharp spiny teeth that point toward the
,
apex of the leaf M ale inflorescence somewhat pen dulous up to . m ,
long the bracts l anceolate acuminate white or nearly so the flowers very
, , , ,
numerous fragrant densely disposed F ruit sol itary pendulous ell ipsoid
, , .
, ,
to globose ellipsoid usually about 20 cm long each composed of from 50

-
, ,
to 75 or more obovoid somewhat angu lar fi b r o u s fl es h y drupes 4 to 6 c m

, , ,
-
l ong which are narrowed below truncate at the apex the stone 4 to
, , ,
P OT A M OGE T ON A C E A E 67
1 0 celled ,
-
slightly sulcate between the cell s at the apex at maturity ,
yellowish red -
.
V ery common along the seashore and along tidal streams P asay etc fl , , .
, .
June—Sep t and probably in other months ; throughout t h e Phil ippines near

,
t h e sea Mascarene Isl ands to southern A sia M a l aya A u strali a an d

.
, , ,
Polynesi a .
S ome horticultural forms are cultivated in M anila but their botani cal ,
sta tu s i s uncertain a s flowers and fruits are unknown A common form .
with shining uniformly green not at all gl aucou s leaves i s probably only
, , ,
a v a riety of P a n d a n us t ec t or i u s Sol ; another form quite simil ar to this but .
with some Of the leaves variegated with white or the upper ones nearly ,
or quite white i s P a n d a n u s v ei t c h i i Hort wh ich p robably originated in .

,
Pol ynesia an d which may al so wel l be only a variety of P t ec t o r i u s Sol

, .
'
.
1 0 P OT A M OG E T ON A
. CE A E ( P ON DWE E D F A M I L Y )
Herbs growin g in fresh or salt water , u sually submerged , from slender
roo t sto cks Leaves usu ally distichou s opposite or alternate submerged o r
.
, ,
floating entire linear to ovate base sheathing F lowers very small perfect
, , , .
, ,
in fascicles or S pikes P erianth none or of 4 small s em en t s S tamens .

, .
2 sessi l e or subsessile
, Ovary of 1 to 4 or more carpels each 1 o v uled .
,
-
.
Fru it a small 1 seeded cylindri c or ovoi d achene

'
-
, , .
Genera 9 species about 1 1 5 in fresh or salt water in all p arts of the

, ,
world 2 or 3 genera an d 6 o r 7 S pecies in the P hilippines

, .
Spikes cylindri c many fl ower ed ; stamen s 4; perianth of 4 small se gments ;

,
-
plants of fresh water 1 P o t a m o get o n .
F l owers 2 to 6 within the leaf sheath ; stamens 2; peri anth none ; plants -
of s alt water with linear leaves 2 R u pp i a .
1 . P OT A M 0 G E T ON Linnaeus
P erennial
or annual submerged or flo ating aquati c herbs the stems weak , , ,
fl accid b ran ched leafy Leaves opposite or alternate all submerged and
, , .
,
sessile or the upper ones floating often petioled linear to Oblong or elliptic , , .
Spikes cy l indric termin al mostl y densel y many fl ower ed the scape from a
, ,
-
,
membranaceou s spathe F lowers perfe c t Perian t h segments 4 con cave . .

-
, ,
green ( dilated winged connectives of the anthers of some authors )

-
A nthers .
4 sessi l e on the segments

, C arpel s 4 sessile 1 celled 1 ov uled F ruit .
,
-
,
-
.
sma ll coria ceous or spon gy drupe like ( From the Greek river an d ,
-
.
“
“
neighbor in reference to the habitat of most species )
”
.
Species about 8 7 with many varieties in all parts of the worl d about 4
, , ,
in the P hilippines .
1 . P . m a la i n us Miq .
Stems elongated slender up to at least 2 m in len gth S ubmerged leaves

, , .
thin l anceol ate or oblong l anceol ate mostly long petioled both ends acute
,
-
,
-
, ,
apex mucronate 6 to 1 5 cm l ong 1 to cm wide the midrib thi ck the

, , , ,
nerves slender the margins of the younger lea v es crenul ate undulate
,
-
.
Peduncles about as long a s the leaves S pikes slender cylindric up to .

, ,
cm long interrupted about 5 mm in diameter

, , .
A bundant in the M ariquina R iver near P a sig fl Jan —A p r ; widely , . . .
distributed i n the P hilippines India to C hina F ormosa J ava S umatra .

, , , ,
and B orneo also repo rt ed from the West In dies

,
.
2 R U PPIA
. Lin naeu s
Slender bran ched submerged pl ants growin g in brackish wate r Leaves
, , .
very slender elongated fi li f o r m entire the bases with broad sheaths

, , , , .
F l owers small perfect 2 to 6 together within the leaf sheath on a short

, ,
-
peduncle which elongates after flowering P erianth none A nther s 2 . .

,
sessile opposite C arpel s 4 or more and sessile 1 Ov uled in fruit long

, .
,
-
,
stipitate ovoid beaked ( In honor of H B R upp a German botani st )

, , . . .
, .
A single vari abl e species in bra ckish water in most wa r m an d t r opical

regions .
1 . ma r iti ma L var r ost r ata A ga r d h Di gman p al ay

R . . . .
-
Stems v ery slender branched up t o 50 cm in length Leaves thin , , .

,
l inea r entire fl at 5 to 7 cm l ong less than 1 mm wide the she a ths

, , , , ,
auricul ate Flowers very sm all P edun cles elongate d after flowering
. .
,
straight slen der 1 cm long or more A chenes obl iquely ovoi d beaked
, , .
, ,
about mm l ong an d slender l y pedicelled 4 or 5 or more s ub um b ella t ely

, ,
arranged on ea ch peduncle .
In bra ckish water fi s h pon ds at M al abon fl Dec — F eb and p rob ably in ,

-
, . . .
,
other months ; of very local o ccurrence in the P hilippines I n most warm .
and tropi cal countries .
11 . N A J A DA CE A E ( N A JA S F A M I L Y)
Slender branched submerged pl ants the leaves numerous small l inear
, , , , , ,
toothed sheathing at t h e b ase in pai rs sessile Flowers small axill a r y ,

, , , .
,
monoeciou s rarely dioecious M ale flow ers naked or includ ed i n a small

, .
,
sp athe the p eri anth 2 lobed adnat e to t h e so l itary anther F ema l e flowers
,
-
, .
n a k ed rarely in cluded in a sp athe t h e peri anth none the ovary 1 celled

, , ,
-
,
1 ov u led
-
F ru it small included in the l eaf sheath s the pericarp thin
.
,
-
, ,
a d herent to the seed .
A single g enus .
1 N A J A S Linnaeus .
C haracters of the F amily ( F rom t h e Greek water nymph . .
S pecies 32, with many varieties , in all p arts of the worl d , 3 in the
P hilippines .
1 . N .
gr ami n ea Del .
sl ender branch ed plant 20 to 60 cm in len gth Leaves l inear numerous

A . .
, ,
opposite 1 to 2 cm long finely toothed inflated and with toothed auri c l es at

, , ,
the base Flowers small naked fascicled monoecious ; anthers 4celled

.
, , ,
-
.
F ru it oblong ellipsoi d about 2 mm l ong -

, .
In stagn ant fresh water fl M arch— M ay an d p robably in other months ; , .
widely distributed in the Philippines N orthern A fri ca to Japan south to .
A ustralia .
12 . HYD R OC HA R I T A C E A E (E EL G R A SS F A M I L Y )
quatic fresh o r salt water herbs with simple undivided leaves
A ,
-
, ,
.
Flowers monoecious or dioe cious enclosed in an entire or 2 leaved sp ath e ,

-
.
Sep a l s 3 green or petaloid Petal s 3 or none S tamens 3 to 1 5 ; anthers

, . .
erect Ovary inferior the placentas p arietal or p roj ecting ; styles or styl e
.
,
arms 3 to 1 2 F ruit rarely dehiscent membranaceous or fleshy f ew to

.
, ,
m any seeded -
.
HYDR OC HA R I T A CE A E 69
Genera 1 4 species about , 60 ; 6 genera an d 8 to 10 species .
in the P hilip
pines .
1 . Fresh water herbs -

.
2 Stems branched leafy elongated the leaves whorled

. 1 H y d ri lla
, , , .
2 Stem l ess or with stolons only

.
, .
3 Leaves v ery long and narrow ribbon like ; perianth single

.
,
-
.
2 Va lli s n eri a . .
3 Leaves broad the floating ones up to 20 cm in width ; peri anth double

.
, .
3 Ot t e li a . .
1 . Salt water herbs ; stems slender creeping

-
, .
2 Stamens 3
. . 4 H a lo p h i la . .
5 T h a la ss i a .
1 . HY D R I L L A R ichard
elongated branched leafy submerged herb Lea v es short in whorl s
A n , , , , .
, ,
or the lower ones opposite M ale flowers solitary shortly pedi celled in a .
, ,
subglobose sessile muricate spathe ; sep al s 3 ovate green ; petal s 3 oblon g

, , , , ,
or wedge shaped ; stamens 3 the anthers l arge reniform F ema l e flowers

-
,
- , .
1 or 2 sessile in a tubul ar 2 toothed spathe the p erianth a s in the staminate

, , ,
-
,
flower s but the segments narrower ; ovary produced beyon d the spathe
in a fili f o r m beak 1 celled ; sty l es 2 or 3 F ruit subul ate smooth or
,
-
.
,
muricate seeds 2 or 3 oblong ( F rom the Greek with reference to its

, , .
,
habitat ) .
A monotyp ic genus .
1 . erti c illata ( R oxb ) R oyle Di gman

H . v . .
Submerged in still or slowly running water forming l arge masses often , ,
2 m long Le aves 4to 8 in a who rl thin narrowly Oblon g serrulate

. to , , , ,
cm long F lowers about cm long the perianth very v ariabl e the

.
, ,
male flowers escaping from the sheaths when mature and floatin g on the , ,
surface of the water .
A bundant in fresh water esteros an d in the M ariquin a R iver ; widely -

,
distributed in the Philippines E urope through A si a to the M ascarene .
Isl ands Mal aya an d A ustralia

, , .
2 VA L L I S N E R I A
. Linnaeus
S ubmerged , tufted stemless stoloniferous herbaceous the lea v es very , , , ,
l ong thin l inear Male flowers v ery numerous minute in an ovoid 3 lobed
, , .
, , ,
-
,
shortly peduncl ed sp athe ; sepal s 3 ; petal s none ; stamen s 1 to 3 F emale .
flowers solitary in a tubul ar 3 toothed spathe terminating a very long

, ,
-
, ,
fi li f o r m S piral scap e ; perianth as i n the male flowers

, Fruit linea r included .
,
in the spathe many seeded ( In honor of A Va lli s n er i an early Italia n

,
-
. .
,
botani st ) .
A genu s with three o r fou r species in all warm re gions .
1 . V gi gantea
. Graebn S intas ( T a g ) ( From Sp c i n t a z r i bb o n ) E el Gras s
. . .
Le a v es often 2 m Or more in len gth or sometimes o n ly a f ew cm , _

,
ac cording to the depth of the water thin 1 cm wi de o r less S taminate , , .
"
spathes about cm long : when the flowers emerge they break o fl rise to ,
and float on the surface of the water F emal e spathes floating on the .
su rfa ce of the water at the time the flowers a re open but after fertilization ,
the scape coil s up an d draws the ovary down to ripen under water .
bundant in the M ariquina R i v er at P a sig ; in shallow water in l akes

A
and still streams throughout the Philippines N ew Guinea . .
3 . OT T E L IA P er s o on
S ubmerged
herbs in fresh wate r Leaves crowded the submerged ones .
,
often narr ow the floating ones lon g petioled with broad blades F lowers
,
-
, .
solitary sessile on a tubular 2 fi d sp athe Sepal s linear o r oblong P etal s

, , ,
-
. .
l a rge obo v ate or orbicular the base wi t h fleshy appendages S t amens 6 to

, , .
15 Ov ary oblong beaked almost 6—celled ; styles 6 linear 2 fi d ; o vules

.
, , , ,
-
many F ruit oblong 6 valved en closed in the spathe

.
,
-
, .
S pecies 6 or 7 tropical an d subtropi cal 1 in the Philipp i nes , , .
1 . O . a li s m oi d es ( L ) Pers
. . C al abo a
oots fibrous Lea v es extremely variable short or long petioled a c
R .
,
-
cording to the depth of the water the bl ades of the submerged leaves ofte n ,
n arrow of the floating ones ovate to subo rbicul ar 5 to 20 cm long and w ide
, , ,
base rounded or often corda t e Flowers white about 2 cm long F ru it .

, .
oblong crowned by the withered peri anth

, to 4 cm lon g the enclos i n g , ,
peri anth t ube wi nged -

.
A bundant in the M ariquina R i v er near P asig and in various fresh wate r ,

-
esteros ; throughout the P hilipp ines in shallow l akes and in still streams .
T ropical A si a t o A u strali a .
4 H A L OP HI L
. A T hou ars
S len der ,
submerged monoeciou s or dioecious marine pl ants Leaves in , , .
p airs at ea ch node Of the slender creep ing stem o v ate to oblon g S p athes , .
of both sexes sm all sol ita ry sessile betw een the p airs of leaves l fl o wer ed
, , ,
-
.
M ale flowers pedi celled S ep al s 3 Petal s none A nthers 3 sub sessile . . .

, .
F emale flowers sessile S ep al s 3 Ovary 1 celled Styles 3 fi li f o r m . .

-
.
, .
Ovules se v eral or many F ruit subglobose beaked ( Greek salt and to .

, .
“ “
love from habit of growt h in salt water )

”
.
Species 6 or more tropi cal seas of both hemi spheres at l east 3 in the
, , ,
Philipp ines .
Leaves o v ate elliptic 4 to 5 mm Wi d e -
, 1 . H . o va ta
Le aves linear oblong to l anceol ate about -
, 2 mm Wide 2 H . . b ec c a r i i
1 o v at a G a u d i c h
H
'
. . .
A v ery S lender p rostrate creeping submerged m ar i ne pl ant the stems , , , , ,
branched rooting at the nodes Leaves o v ate elliptic thin obtu se about 1 0
, .
-
, , ,
mm l ong 4 to 5 mm wi de the petioles slender F lowers small solitary

, ,
.
, ,
monoecious or dioeciou s the staminate ones pedicelled the stamens 3 the , , ,
pistill ate ones sessile the p eri anth sm all 3 parte d Ov ary ovoi d 2 mm , ,
-
.
,
long ; styl es 3 slender about 6 mm long M atu re fru it membranaceous

, , .
,
globose 2 to mm in di ameter
, .
In sh allow water M anil a B a y abundant F ebruary to M a y an d washed , , ,
up on the beach in considerabl e qu antities Otherwise kn own only from .
the M arianne I sl ands .
2 H . schers
. b ec ca r l i A .
A delicate densely matte d or caespi t ose submerged plant the slender

, ,
stems cr eep ing an d rooting on muddy bot t oms Le a v es very thin l an ceol ate .
,
to linear oblong to cm lon g about 2 mm wi de on long slende r

-
, , ,
petioles F lowers small monoecious

.
,
.
A FL OR A OF M A N I L A
5 . Staminate and pi still ate spikelets i n the same inflorescence .
2 Coi x
.
-
S pikelets usually in p airs sometimes solitary o r i n threes one , ,
sessile and one o r two pedicellate in the sam e inflorescen ce the , ,
sessile one perfect the pedicelled usu all y ma l e o r empty ( T ribe

, .
A N DR OP OGON E A E .
5 . S pikelets all simil a r perfect ; j oints of the rachis not mu ch

,
thickened nor excavated for the reception of the spikelet .
6. A xi s of the sp ikes continuous .
7 Spikelets solitary in several slender unil ateral digitately

.
, , , ,
arranged spikes 3 Di m er i a . .
7 Spikelets in p airs the spikes form ing a white cylindric

.
, , ,
spike like panic l e -

4 I m p er a t a . ,
6. A xi s of the spikes j ointed .
7 S pikes solitary te r minal

.
, .
8 Spikelets in p airs at each j oint of the ra chi s

. .
5 P o gon a t h ei
. um
8 . S pikelets in threes at each j oint of the rachis .
6 . P o ly t r i a s
Spikes 2 to many digitate or crowded on the short main
7.
,
axis .
8 S pikelets solitary
. 7 A r t h r a x on .
8 S pikelets in p airs one sessile an d one pedicel l ed

.
, .
9 S pikelets 1 . rarely 2 fl ow er ed when 2 fl ower ed t h e -

,
-
first empty glume with a median furrow 8 P o lli n i a . . . .
9 S pikel ets 2 fl o wer ed

. the fi rst empty glume not -
,
furrowed 1 4 I s c h a em u m .
7 S pikes in a mu ch bran ched p anicle upon an elongated m ai n

.
-
9 S a cc h a r um .
5 . S pikelets dissimil ar the j oints of the spik e cylindric more or

, ,
less hollowed out for the reception of the spikelets .
6 Spikelets in p airs
. .
7 First empty glume fl at ; very coarse gr asse s

. 1 0 R o t t b o elli a . .
7 F irst empty glume globose ; a slender

. mu ch b ranched ,
-
grass 1 1 M a n i s ur i s .
6 S pikelets solitary
. 1 2 Op hi u r a s .
5 . Spi k elets dissimilar ; j oints of the sp ikes not thi ckened nor
exc avated .
6 S essile spikelets 2 fl o wer ed

.
-
.
7 S pikes redu ced to a te r minal j oint with 3 spikelets mor e

.
, ,
or l ess enclosed by a sheathing leaf 1 3 A p lu d a .
7 S pikes with many j oints digitate o r in p airs ; spikelets

.
,
14 I . s c h a em um
Sessile spikelets l fl o wer ed ; gra sses of various habit with

6 .
-
awned or unawned spikelets .
7 F ertile spikelets surroun ded by a whorl of sterile or male

.
ones . 1 5 T h em ed a .
7 Fertile spikelets not su rrounded by a whorl of sterile or

.
mal e ones 1 6 A n d ro p o go n .
3 . F lowering glumes simil ar in texture to the empty ones never hyaline ,
o r thin ; inflorescen ce spi cate solitary the spikelets falling singl y , ,
o r in group s .
GR A M I N E A E 73
4.Inflorescen ce spicate ( T ribe Z OI S E A E ) 1 7 Z o i si a

. . .
4.Inflorescence panicul ate ( T ribe 1 8 A r un d i n ella

. .
3 . Flowering glume and palea very different i n textu re an d appearance

from the empty glumes coriaceo us o r cha rta ceou s ( T ribe , .
P A N I CE A E .
)
4 S pikel ets
. all perfect .
5 Spikelets not involucrate

. .
6 E mpty glumes 2. .
7 Perfect flowers 1 i n each spikelet

. .
8 First empty glume with a ring like

. 1 9 E r i o c h lo a -
. .
8 R ing like callu s wanting ; spikelets in 1 sided racemes or

.
- -
spikes .
9 S pikelets ovate or orbi cula r obtu se rarely acute

.
, , .
20 P a s pa lum .
9 S pikelets lan ceolate o r ovate lanceolate a cute or acu

.
-
minate . .21 Di gi t a ri a . .
7 P erfect flowers 2 in each spikelet

. 22 I s a c h n e .
6 E mpty glumes 3. .
7 Glumes unawn ed ; spikelets pani cled or spicate

. .
23 P a n i c um .
7 E mpty glumes or flowering glumes awned or a wn p ointed

.
-
.
8 S lender grass es ; empty glumes smooth

. 24 Op li s m en us .
8 C oarse grasses ; empty glumes muri cate

. .
23 P a n i c um E c h i n oc h lo a .
5 S pikelets subtended by an involu cre consistin g of 1 to many

.
bri stles or spines whi ch are sometimes grown together . .
6 Involu cre of 2 sp ine bearing valves quite enclosing the spike

.
-
lets . 25 C en c h r u s .
'
6 Involucre of numerou s bri stles

. 26 S et a r i a .
6 Involucre of soli ta ry bristles

. .
7 A floating aquati c grass

. 27 C h a m a er a p h i s .
7 A terrestri a l grass
. 26 S et a r i a .
4 S p ikelets monoeciou s o r dioecious

. .
5 Monoecious ; a slender
. prostrate gr ass the infl orescence a , ,
termina l S pike the 2 l ower spikelets perfect the 4 to 6 upper

, ,
ones male 28 T h u a r ea . .
5 Dioeciou s ; a very coarse spreading grass ; female flowers in

.
,
l arge globose heads with very long sl ender spin es ; m al e

,
‘
flowers in umbell ately disposed r acemes 29 S p i n i fea: .
2 S pikelets l aterally compressed ; empty g l umes none or rudimentary

. .
( T ribe OR YZE A E ) .
3 E mpty glumes 2 short but distinct ; spikelets awn ed or awnless

.
, .
30 Or y z a .
3 E mpty glumes none ; spikelets awnless

. 3 1 L eers i a .
Spikelets 1 to many fl ower ed the empty glumes persistent the r achill a

-
, ,
articul ated above the empty glumes an d p rodu ce d above the upper
glume .
2 S tems herba ceou s ; leaf bl ades sessile not j ointed with the sheaths
.
-
,
.
3 Spikelets 1 fl ow er ed ; inflorescence p anicul ate

.
-
( T ribe A GR OST I DE A E ) . .
4 F lowering glume awnless

. 3 2 S p oro bo lu s .
4 Flowering glume with a slender 3 fi d awn

. 33 A r i s t i d a ,
-
.
3 S pikelets few
. to many fl ower ed if l fl ow er ed then the sp ike s -
,
-
di gitately a rranged .
4 . Spikelets on the spike like branches of a simpl e p anicle -

.
( T ribe
F E S T U CE A E .
)
lowering glumes 1 to 3 nerved
5 . F 3 4 Di p la c h n e -
. . .
5 Flowering glumes several nerved

. 3 5 C en t o t h ec a -
.
4 S pikelets in open compoun d pani cles the branches usu ally not
.
,
sp ike like -
.
5 A very coarse grass ; rachill a clothed with long w hite hairs

. .
36 P h r a gm i t es .
5 S lender grasses ; ra chilla glabrou s or merely pubescent ; glumes

.
3 nerved -
4 Spikel ets in 2 rows on one sid e of the digitately o r racemosel y

.
arran ged spikes ( T ribe C H L OR I DE A E ) . .
5 S p ikes digitate or approximate

. .
6 Spikel ets 1 fl o wer ed

. 38 C y n o d o n
-
.
6 S pikelets 2 or more flowered the upper flowers imperfect

.
, ,
the fl owering glume awn ed 39 C h lor i s .
6 Spikelets with from 3 t o 6 p erfe ct flowers

. .
7 S pike with terminal spikelets

. 40 E leu s i n e .
7 S pikes with the r achis exten de d beyon d the uppe r S pikel ets
.
in a manifest p o I n t 41 D a c t y lo c t en i um .
5 S pikes ra cem osely arranged a l on g the el onga t e d rachi s fi li f o r m ;

.
,
spikelets very small a lt er n a t e s ev er a l fl ower ed , ,

-
.
42 L . ep t o c h lo a
2 . Stems woody p l ants u sually tree li k e ; leaf b l ade with a petiol e like
,
- - -
b as e whi ch i s j ointed with the sheath ( T ribe BA M BU S E A E ) . .
3 Sp ikel ets s catter ed al ong the b ranches u sually more th an 1 fl o wer ed

.
,
-
.
43 B a/m bus a .
3 Sp ikelets in den se globos e or cy l indric c l usters along the bran ches

.
,
1 rarely 2 fl o wer ed 44 S c h i zo s t a c h y um
-
.
1 . 2E A Linnaeu s
tall stout unb ranched monoeciou s grass the stems solid Leaves
A , , , , .
l arge broad fl at M a l e inflorescence of terminal racemosely arranged

, , .
,
spikes the sp ikelets i n p airs one s essile on e pedicellat e at each of the

, , ,
al tern ating teeth of t h e unj ointed r achis t h e glumes 4 first and second , ,
empty en closing the very thin third an d fourth on e

, s Female inflorescence .
a solitary axill ary s t out sheathed sp ike the ra chis thick spongy the
, , , , , ,
spike l ets J fl ow er ed sessile densely crowded in many vertical series on the

-
, ,
thi c k cylindri c rachis ( A Greek nam e for some undetermined grain )

, . .
A genus of one or two exceedingly variab l e S pecies natives of trop ica l ,
A merica represented here by t h e following intro duced and exten sively

,
cu l tivated species .
*
1 . ZL M ais
. M A YS C orn Indian C orn M aize
.
, , .
A very coarse erect grass u su ally abo u t 2 m high the leaves very l arge
, , , , ,
of t en 1 0 cm wi de and up to 1 m in length ( F l F ilip p l . . . .
C ommonly cultiva t ed in an d about M anil a and throughout the Philip ,
pines ; introduced by the S paniards a t an early date origin ating in tropical ,
A meri ca C ultivated in all temperate and tropi cal countries

. .
A c l osely allied genu s and species E u c h la en a lux u r i a n s S chrad generally , , .

,
k nown as teosinte has been cultivated in S i n ga lon b ut seems no l onger

”
, ,
to be grown here It i s a n ative of Mexico an d i s very simila r to Z ea m a y s

.
in habit and appearance di ffering chiefly in its smaller female i n fl o r es ,
cence the spikelets and grains arran ged in a single r ow

,
.
GR A M I N E A E 5
2 C OI X. Linnaeus
T all ,
coarse er ec t b r a n c h ed annual or perennial grasses with long broad
, ,
.
, ,
l eaves S pikes numerou s axill ary and termin al the lower spikelets sol itary
.
, , ,
fe male en closed in a hardened shinin g bea d like capsule the pedicel s

, , ,
-
,
bearin g the m al e spikelets p rotruding through the apex of the capsule .
M ale spikelets l anceol ate i n pai rs or in threes at each node of the rachis , ,
,
1 sessile and 1 or 2 pedicelled , Glumes 4 the first and secon d subequal .

, ,
empty the third an d fourth thin paleate each enclosing a flower or empty
, , , , .
F emale sp i kelets ovoid acuminate of 4 glumes the first chartaceous the , , , ,
others thinner Grain orbicul ar enclosed in the hardened shining capsule

.
, , .
( A Greek name u sed by T heophrastus for some reed like pl ant ) -

.
S pecies 3 or 4 or reduced by some botanists to a single variable one in

, ,
the tropics of the Old World 2 forms in the P hilippines , .
1 . C . L T igbe
L A C H R YM A J Job s T ears -
OB I .
’
.
S tems coa rse stout 1 to 2 m high branched Leaves 1 0 to 40 cm long

, , , .
,
to 4 cm wide acuminate base broad cordate Spikes 6 to 1 0 c m lon g

, , , . .
,
erect pedunc l ed M ale spikelets about 8 mm long C ap sul e enclosing the

, . .
femal e flowers and the grains hard bony white or nearly bl ack shining , , , ,
ovoid about 8 mm long ( F l F ilip p l

, . . . .
In wa ste pl aces occasional fl Oct —Feb and p robably in other months ;

, , . . .
,
widely di stributed in the Philippines T ropical A si a and M a l aya cultivated .

,
in t ropical A fric a and A merica Prob ably a native of In di a an d of pre .

,
historic introduction in the Philippines .
3 . DI M E R I A R . B rown
S lender ,
annu al or perenni al grasses Leaves narrow flat S pikelets .
, .
1 fl o wer ed unil ateral sessil e o r pedi celled on 1 or 2 to severa l digitately

-
, , , ,
or racemosely arranged spikes the rachis not j ointed Glumes 4 the first , .
,
l inea r ri gid the second broader comp ressed the third smaller hyaline
, , , , , ,
empty the fourth hyaline enti re or 2

, 1 nerved usually ,
-
,
a wned containing a perfect flower Grain l inear l aterally compressed free

, .
, , .
S pecies about 1 2 A si a to A ustralia 1 in t h e P h i li p p i n es

'
, , .
1 . o r n itho po d a T rin var ten e r a ( T rin ) H a ck

D . .
, . . .
A v ery slender annu al erect more or less tufted grass 1 0 to 40 cm high

, , , .
Leaves linear 2 to 3 cm long Inflorescence long exserted consisting of 2

, .
-
, ,
a scending or spreading slen der S p ikes 5 cm lon g or less digitately arranged , ,
at the apex of the stem the rachi s slender sl ightly fl ex uou s S pikel ets , , .
sessile about 2 mm long the awn of the fourth glume very sl ender often
, , ,
nearly 1 cm long ( Greek two p arted in allu sion to the t wo spikes )

”
.
“
.
In open wet l ands especially in fall ow rice p a ddies etc fl A ug Dec ; , , .

, . .
-
.
widely distribu te d in the P hilipp ines India to A ustrali a . .
4 IMPE
. R ATA C y r i lli
P erennial ,
erect unbranched grasses from stout under ground rootstocks
, .
Leaves flat S pikelets 1 or 2 fl o wer ed in dense spike l ike sil v ery silky
.
-
, ,
-
,
-
panicl es in p airs both pedicelled the upper flowe r perfect the lower i m
, , , ,
perfect or none Glumes 4 thin awnless the first and second lan ceol ate
.
, , , ,
hairy the third and fourth much smaller thin glabrous S tamens 1 o r
, , , .
2; anthers l arge Grain small oblon g free ( I n honor of F Imperato

.
, , . .
,
an early Ital ian pharmacist ) .
S pecies 5 chiefly tropical 2 in the Phil ippines

, , .
1 . cyli n d r i c a ( L ) B ea uv v ar k o en i gi l
l
. B enth. C ogon .
, . .
A n e rect grass 3 0 to 80 cm high the stems solid rather slender the , , ,
nodes glabrou s or bearded Lea v es flat linea r l anceol ate acuminate erect .
,
-
, , ,
20 to 50 cm lon g 5 to 9 mm wide P anicles exserted dense subcyl indri c

, .
, , ,
spike l ike white 1 0 to 20 cm long 5 to 1 5 cm in diameter silvery silky

-
, , , ,
-
.
C allus hairs copious about twice a s long as the glumes Spikelets 3 to 4

, .
mm long .
In open rather dry lands common fl at interval s throughout the yea r ;

, , , .
widely distributed in the Philippines A ll warm countries . .
5 . P OG ON A T H E R U M B eauvois
Slender tufted erect annu al or perennial grasses with cap illary peduncles
, , ,
an d small erect leaves Inflorescence spi cate solitar y Spikel ets 1 or

, .
, .
2 fl o wer ed i n pairs u sually a sessile perfect one an d a p edi celled fema l e

-
, , ,
one densely crowded on the slender fragil e rachi s of the slender spike the
, , ,
slender awn s often interlaced Glumes 4 thin the first oblong truncate .
, , ,
or rounded lon g ciliate the secon d as l ong as the first a cute or 2 toothed
,
-
, , .
-
,
awned the fourth narrow 2 fid long awned Gr ain oblong free ( Greek
, ,
-
,
-
.
, .
“
bear d and awn in allusion to the inflorescence )
” ” “
.
A genu s of 2 o r 3 closely allied species Indi a to Japan southward to ,
M al aya 1 in the Philippines

, .
1 . P .
pa n i c e um ( Lam ) Hack . .
(P . s a c c h a r oi d eum
slender densely tufted branched erect grass 1 5 to 40 cm high
A , , , .
Le aves 3 to 8 cm lon g 3 mm wi de o r less S pikes browni sh slender 2 to , .

, ,
4 cm long the awn s very S lender

, to 2 cm long , .
On ledges and banks alon g streams and in ravines M asambong Guada , , ,
lupe etc fl at interva l s throughout the y ea r ; c om m on an d widely d i s t r i

’
, .
, .
buted in the P hilippines Indi a to C hina an d J apan southward to M al aya .

, .
6 . P 0 L YT R I A S Hac k el
A slender p rostrate grass with ascending flowering b ranches t h e

lo w , , ,
spikes terminal brown hairy solitary the rachis j ointed each j oint bearing
, , , , ,
two sessil e spikelets and a pedi cellate one all l fl o wer ed F irst and secon d ,
-
.
glumes equal hairy pointed the third l acking the fourth hyaline long
, , , , ,
” ”
awned Palea minu t e subobsolete ( Greek many an d three in allu
.
, .
“ “
,
sion to t h e j oints of the ra chi s ea ch bearing three spikelets ) .
A monotypic genus n ative of J ava al so found in S ingapore ( i n , ,
and introduced in the West Indies .
1 . P . DI VE R S I F L OR A ( Steu d ) N ash . .
(P .
p r a em o r s a
slender annual grass the stems usu ally decumbent branched below t h e
A , , ,
flowerin g branches erect o r ascending 20 to 40 cm long Lea v es linear ,

.
l an ceolate 2 5 to 6 cm long 2 to 4 mm wide S p ikes solitary erect brown

,_ .
, .
, , ,
hairy 4 to 7 cm long S pikelets hairy about 4 mm long t h e a wn s about

, .
, ,
1 cm long .
In open grass l ands and was t e pl aces fl Oc t —F eb ; not common in the , . . .
P hilippines outside of the immediate vi cinity of M anil a Introduced from .
S ingapore or Java Java S ingapore and the West Indies ( introduced )

.
, ,
.
7 . A R T HR A X ON B eauvoi s
S lender ,
annu al or perennial usually branched grasses with rather , ,
short l anceol ate to broadly l an ceol ate of t en cordate leaves Inflorescence

, ,
.
GR A M I N E A E 77
of from 2 to many slender more or less fragile j ointed d i gi t a t ely a r r a n ged

'
, , , ,
spikes S pikelets solitary sessile not in pai rs 1 fl o wer ed Glumes 4 the

.
, , ,
-
.
,
first the largest the second keeled 3 nerved the third small hyaline the
, ,
-
, , ,
fou rth smallest hyal ine long awned S tamens 2 or 3 ( Greek j ointed
, ,
” -
. .
“
a nd
S pecies about 1 2 in the tropics of the Old Worl d 3 in the Philippines , .
1 . A . i ch ) Merr
q ua r t ln la n us (A . R . .
A weak slender a scending or rambling somewhat b ranched gra ss

, , ,
reaching a len gth Of 1 m or less Leaves lanceol ate 2 to 5 cm long .

, .
Inflorescen ce exserted of 2 o r 3 rarely more slender 2 to 5 cm long green

, , , , ,
or purplish spikes the j oints of the r achis white p ilose S p ikelets la n c eo

,
-
.
l ate acuminate 5 to 6 mm long rather distant scabrid the a wn slender

, , , , , ,
genicul ate longer than the S p ikelet

, .
In dry thickets and open pla ces S an Pedro M a c a t i fl Dec —J an ; other , , . . .
wise known in the P hilippines only from northern Luzon India to A bys .
sinia .
8 P OL L I N I A T r i n i u s .
nnual or perennial erect grasses the spikes s ub d i gi t a t ely fas cicled at

A ,
the ends of the stems hairy the rachis fragile Spikelets in pairs o n e , , .
,
sessile one pedicelled 1 fl o wer ed or the sessile one 2 fl o wer ed Glumes 4

, ,
-
,
-
.
,
the first flattened o r concave margin s narrowly i n fl ex ed the second as long , ,
a s the first k eeled acute the third hyal ine cili ate the fourth very short
, , , , , ,
hyal ine or redu ced to the dilated b ase Of the long twisted exserted a wn
, , , .
( I n honor of C P ollini ; an Itali an botanist ) 0

. .
Species about 30 tropical an d subtrop ical parts of the Old Worl d 1 0 in

, ,
the P hilippines 1 in our a rea , .
1 . P . ar gentea T rin .
tufted erect unbranched rather slender grass 20 to 60 cm high

A , , , .
Leaves l inear 5 to 1 5 cm lon g mostly basal S pikes 2 to 5 silky hairy 3

, , .
,
-
,
to 9 cm l ong at the apex of the stem somewhat fl ex uo u s Spikelets about

, , .
3 mm long silky hairy with white hairs the awns 6 mm long or longer
,
-
,
In dry gra ss l ands app arently rare in our area June ; widely distributed
, ,
in the Philippines India , M a l aya an d norther n A ustra l ia

.
, .
9 . S A C C HA R U M Linnaeus
T all ,
coarse erect perennial usually unbranched grasses the stems
, , , ,
so l id Inflorescence a l arge terminal panicle the bran ches slender j ointed

.
, , .
S pikelets small awnless 1 fl o w er ed , in p airs 1 sessile with a perfect flower

, ,
-
, ,
1 pedicelled with a female flower Glumes 4 al l thin the third empty the .
, , ,
fourth shorter th an the others rarely wanting ( Latin , .
S pecies about 1 2 chiefly in the trop ics of the Old Worl d 3 in the P hilip
, ,
pines .
S tem silky below the panicle ; leaves ha rsh , cm wide or less .
1 . S . s p on t a n eum
Stem gl abrou s below the p anicl e ; leaves broad up to , 5 cm i n width ;
culti v ated only 2 S . . o fii c i n a r um
1 . S . L s ub s p i n d i c um Hack T al ahib
s po n t a n eu m . . .
A coarse erect perennial usu ally more o r less tufted or gregarious grass
, ,
1 to m high from stout undergroun d rootstocks Leaves h arsh l inear

, .
, ,
slenderly acuminate to 1 m long 6 to 1 5 mm wide Panicle white, ,

.
,
erect 1 5 to 30 cm long the bran ches slender spreading whorled fragile

, , , , , ,
the j oints clothed with long soft white hairs S pikelets about mm , , .
long very much shorter than the copiou s l ong white hairs at the base
, .
In Open waste pl aces fallow l ands etc fl Sept —N ov an d A p r June ; , , .

, . . .
, .
-
very common and widely distributed i n the Philippines S outhern E urope .
through the tropics of the Old Worl d to A ust r al ia .
2 S L T ub a ( T a g ) ; C a rI a dul ce
OF F I C I N A R U M Su gar C ane
'
. . . .
A coarse erect grass to , m high the stems green yello w or , , ,
purplish 2 to 5 cm thick the internodes long or short Leaves very l arge

, , .
,
broad P ani cles very l arge 40 to 8 0 cm long white the branches up to

.
, , ,
3 5 cm in len gth the stems gl abrous below the pani cle, Spikelets very nu .
m er o us about 3 mm long the surrounding white villous hairs about t wice

'
, , ,
as long as the spikelet ( F l Filip p l . . . .
C ultivated to a small extent in the vicinity of M anil a occasionally ,
flowering ; extensively cultivated in the P hilippines P robably a native of .
tropical A sia now cultivated in al l tropical countries ; of p rehistoric i h

,
t r o d uc t i on in the Philippines .
1 0 R OT T B OE L L I A
. Linnaeu s fi li us
C oarse , erect annual or p r en n i a l grasses the leaves mostly broad

, , .
Spikes f ew or m any cy l indri c sol itary or p anicled the rachis fragile the
, , , ,
j oints usu ally excavated at t h e tip Spik elets in p airs 1 sessi l e and 1 .
,
pedi celled t h e former perfect t h e l atter imperfect its pedicel often adnate
, , ,
to the j oint the sp ikelets more or l ess imm ersed in the hollowe d outside of
,
the rachis j oints Sessile spikelets with 4 glumes t h e first cori aceous
-
.
, ,
covering the exc a vation in t h e rachi s j oint the second thinner keeled the -
, , ,
third an d fourth hyaline not awned ( In honor of C F R o t t b o ell a Danish , . . .

,
botanist ) .
Species about 30 in the tropic s of both hemispheres 3 in the P hilippines

, , ,
a singl e on e in our a rea

,
.
1 . R x a lt a t a L f A guingay ( T a g )
. e . . .
A coars e ere ct usu all y branched annu al grass 1 to

, m high the
, , ,
stems stout spongy inside t h e sheaths armed with f ew or many stiff

, , , ,
i rr itating hai rs Leaves flat 20 to 60 cm long 1 t o 3 cm wide acuminate

.
, , , .
S pikes cylindric 8 to 1 5 cm long about 3 mm in diameter mostly sol itary

, , , ,
narrowed upward readily breaking up the j oints 6 to 7 mm long Spike

, , .
let s immersed in t h e sid e of the rachi s the first glume of t h e second one ,
about 4 mm l ong very cori aceous , .
In open well drained gra ss l ands thickets etc fl all t h e year ; through
,
-
, , .
, .
out the Philippines T ropical A frica and A sia through M alaya to A ustra l ia
. .
11 . MA N ISU R IS Swartz
slender much branched annual grass more or less hai ry the le a ves
A ,
-
, , ,
cordate at the base S pikes cylin dri c slender solitary axillary an d .

, , ,
terminal numerous the peduncl es often confluent and formin g a

, ,
l eafy panicle the rachi s fragile j oints ver y short deeply excavated
, , ,
.
S pikelets 1 or 2 fl o wer ed in p airs one sessile globose p itted externally

-
, , , , ,
the other pedi celled ovate flat male or neuter its pedi cel adna t e to the , , , ,
rachis j oint S essil e spikelet with 4 glumes the first globos e p itted
-
.
, , ,
awnless ( S ai d to be from the Greek lizard an d tail in allusion to the

.
” ” “
,
form of the s pike ) .
A monotypic genus .
Va r a r i s t a ta ( L ) R endle
. . .
Differing from the species in havi ng the fourth glume of the perfect
s p I k elet long awned the awn u sually about 1 cm in length
-
, .
India to C hina ; rare in the P hil ippines .
1 4 I S C HA E M U M
. Linnaeus
nnual or perennial erect or ascending grasses S pikel ets in pairs
A , .
,
one sessile an d one pedicelled in digitate p aired or fascicled more or , , , ,
less fragile spikes at the ends of the stems S essile spi k el ets with 4 .
glumes the first oblong u sually thi ck awnless the second as l ong a s
, , , ,
the first but narrower the third hyaline thin the fourth hyaline cleft , , , , ,
awn ed P edicelled S pikelets simil ar to the sessile ones often imperfect

.
, .
( Gree k s t y p i c in allusion to the u se of some species to stop the flow

“
of blood ) .
Species about 40 chiefly tropical about 7 i n the Philippines , , .
1 . Spikes 2 closely app ressed to each other ; fi rst gl ume of the sessi l e spike
,
lets rugose .
2 Perennial ; fi rst glume nearly flat with 2 to 4 margin al nodul es or

.
,
l ow transvers e wrin kl es 1 I a r i s t a t um . .
2 A nnual ; first glume strongly convex closely tran sversely ridged

.
, .
2 I r ugo s um . .
1 . Spikes 4 to 7 ; first glume of the sessil e spikelet not rugose .
3 . I . i n t er m ed i um
1 . I . var gi b b u m ( T rin ) Hack

a r i s t a t um L .
, . . .
A n erect little or not at all branched loosely tufted or scattered gra ss

, ,
40 to 80 cm high Leaves flat 6 to 1 5 cm long about 5 mm wide S pikes

.
, , .
2 closely app ressed erect appearing l ike a single cylindri c spike 4 to 7

, , , ,
cm long the internodes shorter than the spikelets S essile spikelets about
, .
7 mm long the fi rst glume slightly wrinkled the awn of the fourth glume
, ,
about cm long .
In open grass l ands fl all the year ; common and widely distributed in , .
the P hilippines T h e species in India C hin a and M al aya the variety

.
, , ,
endemi c .
2 . u go s um S a l isb var d i s t a c h y um ( C a v ) M err

I . r .
, . . .
A rather slender erect or a scending annual grass the stems ultimately , , ,
much branched sometimes prostrate below 30 to 70 cm long gl abrous or

, , ,
sparingly h airy Leaves 8 to 1 5 cm long 5 t o 8 mm wide flat acuminate

.
, , , .
S pikes 2 at the end of each stem appressed 4 to 6 cm long F irst glu m e , , .
of the sessile spikelet oblong convex 5 mm long prominently transversely , , ,
wrinkled the awn of the fourth glume slender about 2 cm long Pedi
, , .
celled spikelets about 4 mm long .
In open gr ass l ands C aloocan S a n Juan del M onte etc fl N o v —J an ; , , , .

, . . .
wi dely distributed in the Philippines Indi a to C hina and M al aya . .
3 I i nt e r m ed i um B r on gn
. .
A W idely sprea ding somewhat branched grass the ascending stems 1 m , ,
long or more S heaths rather loose usually p ilose Leaves flat up to

.
, .
,
1 5 cm in len gth an d cm wide Spikes 5 to 7 digitately crowded at the .

,
en ds Of the stems 4 to 7 cm long green S pikelets lanceol a t e about 6 , , .

,
mm long acumin ate the glumes not wrinkled A w n to the fourth glume
, ,
.
about 1 cm long .
GR A M I N E A E 81
In thickets borde ring lo w wet lands fl , . S ept —Dec ;
. . widely distributed
i n the Philippines M arianne Isl and s . .
15 . T H E M E DA F o r sk al
T all ,
annua l o r perennial grasses with u sually long lea v es S pikes , .
many short crowded in p anic l ed fasci cles the fascicles and spikes with
, ,
'
,
spathe like leafy sheaths Spikel ets many the lower ones m ale or neuter
-
.
.
,
awnl ess forming a fal se whorl about the 1 to 3 middle perfect ones which
,
a re long a wri ed Perfect or female spikelets linear oblong the first glume
-
.
-
,
terete or dorsally compressed o r ch annelled coriaceous the second a s long , , ,
the third hyal ine 1 nerved the fourth very narrow awned Pedicelled
,
-
, , .
spikelets wi th 1 to 3 1 to many nerv ed glumes with Often i n fl ex ed margins

,
-
a n d keeled wi ngs ( F rom its A rabian name t h a em ed )

. .
S pecies about 1 0 wa rm p arts of the Old World 2 or 3 i n the P hilippines

, , .
1 . t r i and r a P orsk
T . .
E rect perenni al nea rly glabrous

, to m high the stems rather
, , ,
slender often with short branches an d very leafy above Leaves linear
, .
,
8 to 20 cm l ong gl abrous or slightly hai ry Inflorescence lon g o r short

, .
peduncled p ani cul ate the sp athes longer than the spikes the outer ones
, , ,
up to 5 cm in len gth Lower whorled S pikel ets about 1 cm lon g the .

,
perfect one solitary somewhat shorter , .
In open dry grass l ands near La Loma F ort M c Ki n ley etc fl May—Oc t , , .
, . .
widely distributed in the P hilippines T ropical A fric a and A si a through

'
M al aya to A ustral i a .
16 . A N DR OP OG ON L i n n ea u s
ine or coarse grasses of various habit Leaves fl at base rounded or

F .
,
cordate Spikes solitary in p airs digitate or p anicled the rachis u sually

.
, , , ,
fragile j ointed S p ikelets usually nar row in pairs one sessile female
, .
, , ,
or bisexual the other pedicelled male or neuter S essile spikelets 1

, , .
fl o w er ed the glumes 4 the fi r s t usually keeled dorsally rarely l aterally

'
‘
, , , ,
compressed the secon d a s long as the first awned or not the third hyaline
, , , , ,
empty the fourth hyaline broad or n arrow 2 fi d and awn ed in the cleft
, , ,
-
or reduced to an awn P edicelled spikelets variou s glumes 3 or 4 the .

, ,
fourth awnless ( Greek man and beard in allusion to the bearded

” ”
.
“ “
inflorescence of some sp ecies ) .
S pecies about 240 tropic al subtropi cal and temperate about 1 8 in the
, , , ,
P hilippines A very l arge and polym orphou s genu s of many sections or

.
subgenera these by some botanists considered to be of generi c rank

,
.
1 . Internodes of the spik e deeply cupped at the apex .
2 S essile spikelets of the lowest p airs differing from those above them
.
,
in sex or in form ; spikes panicled ; a cu l tivated coarse tuf t ed per , , ,
en n i a l grass the leaves with a lemon like odor when cru shed
,
-
.
1 A c i t r a t us . .
2 S essile spikelets all alike ; sol itary their peduncles enclosed in a spathe
.
,
l ike l eaf sheath ; a very slender grass

-
2 A f r a gi li s . . .
1 . Internodes of the S pike truncate not cupped , .
2 Sessil e spikelets of the l owest p ai rs di ff erent from the upper ones

.
.
3 S pikes digitate densely white villou s

. 3 A s er i c eu s
,
-
. .
3 S pikes sol itary ; spikelets long awned

. 4 A co n t or t u s - . .
1 1 1 555— 6
2 S essile
. spikelets al l alike .
3 . R achi s j oints and pedicel s with a median tran slucent longitudinal

-
, ,
line ; spikes peduncled panicul ate 5 A i n t er m ed i u s , . .
3 . R achi s joints and pedicel s without median translucent lines

-
.
4 S pikes with only 3 spikelets the tips of the branches bea rded ; a
.
,
slender grass 6 A a c i c u la t u s . .
4 S pikes with many spikelets the tip s of the branches not bearded ;
.
,
coarse grasses .
5 First glume muricate ; internodes of the rachis l aterall y com

.
pressed
5 First glume not muricate ; internodes of the rachi s terete or
.
subterete .
6 Leaves about 1 cm wide or less

. .
7 F lowering glume long awn ed

. 8 A s err a t us
- -
. .
7 F lowering glume awnless

. 9 A n i t i d us
-
. .
6 Leaves mostly 2 to 5 cm wide

. .
7 R achi s tenacious ; spikelets awned or awnless ; panicles

.
dense ; an annual grass cultivated 1 0 A sor gh u m , . .
7 R achi s fragile ; p anicles l ax ; S pikelets awnless ; perennial

. .
11 . A . h a lep en s i s
A I DC C y m b o p o go n ) T a fi gla d P aj a de meca
‘
1 . . C TR A T U S . .
Lemon Gras s .
A tufted perenni al grass the leaves up to 1 m in length 1 to cm , ,
wide when cru shed with a strong lemon like odor scabrou s flat long
,
-
, , ,
acuminate gl abrous Panicles 30 to 80 cm long interrupted below the

, .
, ,
branches and branchlets somewh at nodding Perfect spikelets linear l an .

-
c eola t e pointed not awned about 6 mm long

, , , .
Frequently cultivated for its fragrant leaves which are u sed for flavoring
food the source of Lemon grass oil of commerce ; widely but not exten
,
” “
s i v ely cultivated in the Philippines but not spontaneous very rarely , ,
flowering C ertainly not a native of the A rchipel ago but probably of

.
,
p rehistori c introduction Ori gi n un cert a in but probably Indi a or Malaya .

, ,
n o w cultivated in most tropical countries .
2 A . f r a gili s R B r
. S c h i za c h y r i um ) . . .
A S len d er annual the erect or a scending simple or slightly branched , ,
stems 1 5 to 40 cm high gl abrous leafy throughout usually more or less , , ,
decumbent at the base Leaves line a r or l inear oblong blunt or acute 3 .

-
, ,
to 7 cm long 2 to 4 mm wi de S pikes solitary fragile the peduncle en

, .
, ,
closed i n a narrow sp athe like leaf sheath S pikelets 4 to 5 mm long ,

- -
.
,
the S lender awn of the sessile spikel et somewhat genicul ate about cm in ,
length .
In thin poor soil open dry grass l ands S a n P edro M a c a t i etc fl

, , , , , .
, .
N ov — Feb ; of local occurrence in the Philippines

. . Queen sl and and N ew .
South Wales .
3
. A . s e r i c e us R . Br . D i c h a n t h i um ) .
slender erect annual grass

A to 1 m high the nodes bearded the
, , , , ,
leaves linear l anceolate 5 to 1 2 cm long 2 to 4 mm wide S pikes 2 to 4

-
, , .
,
sessile digitately arranged at the ends of the stems 3 to 6 cm long densely

, , ,
villous with long white hairs S pikelets c rowded 4 to 5 mm long the .

, ,
awns geniculate 2 to cm long , .

GR A M I N E A E 83
In open dry grass lands in poor soil S a n

, , P edro M acat i , etc .
,
fl .
July—J a m ; of local occurrence in the Philippines . N ew Guinea , N ew C a l

ed o n i a and A ustralia , .
4 A L H et er op o go n )
C ON T OR T U S
“
. . . .
A tufted or somewhat scattered grass 1 m high or less the stems com ,
pressed below simple o r somewhat branched the spikes sol itary terminal
, , , .
Leaves flat 1 0 to 20 cm l ong 4 to 7 mm wide S pikes 1 0 cm l ong or less

, , .
,
the spikelets about 8 mm lon g densely imbricated the lower f ew pairs , ,
staminate o r neuter the upper ones perfect all hi rsute the a wn of the , , ,
fou rth glume stout twisted genicul ate about 1 0 cm long , , , .
In open dry l ands C aloocan to S a n P edro M a c a t i fl most of the year ;

, , .
rather widely di stributed in the P hilippines and surely introduced A ll , .
warm countries .
5 . int er me d i u s R B r var h a e n k e i ( P resl ) Hack

A A m p h i lop h i s )
. .
, . . .
A n erect somewhat stout loosely tufted perennial grass usu ally about
, , , ,
1 m high Le aves linear 20 to 40 cm lon g 4 to 6 mm wide P anicles

.
, , .
compound somewhat purpl ish 1 5 to 20 cm long the branches numerou s

, , , ,
ascending or somewhat sp reading each beari ng from 2 to 6 slender pedi , , ,
celled S pikes the rachi s ea sily breaking up S pikelets about 3 mm long

, .
,
the fourth glume of the sessile ones reduced to a sl ender awn nearly
cm in length .
In dry open grass l an ds S a n Pedro M a c a t i fl July— N ov ; wi dely dis , , . .
tribute d in the Philippines Southern C hina and C eylon the species al so .

,
i n India A frica M al aya and A ustralia

, , , .
6 . A . A CI C U L A T U S R etz . C h r y s o p o go n .
) A mores secos ( Sp Mo
risco s
S tems densely leafy creeping and branching bel ow the flowering stems , ,
erect 20 to 60 cm high Leaves short linear l anceol ate obtuse or acute

, .
,
-
, ,
3 to 1 0 cm long 4to 6 cm wide those on the wire —like flowering stems f ew

, ,
.
Panic l es purplish open the branches f ew whorled simple 5 cm long or

, , , , ,
l ess bearing f ew fl o wer ed spikes branches bearded at the tips S essil e

,
-
,
.
spikelet very narrow about 3 mm long the cal lus elongated b arbed t h e , , , ,
fourth glume linear acuminate bearing a short scabri d a wn , , , .
In Open grass l ands waste places etc very common fl M ay—Dec ; , .

, , . .
throughout the Philippines certainly introduced Indi a to P olynesi a , . .
V ery troublesome on account of its spikelets adhering to clothin g et c by .

,
thei r sharp barbed stalks , .
7. A I OI DE S ( L ) U rb ( A s q u a rro s us L
. I
Z ZA N Vet i v er i a ) Moras
. . . . .
,
or R a i z d e mora ( S p Veti v er
.
. .
A tall coarse erect tufted perenni al gras s 1 to 2 m high with fragrant

, , , , , ,
fibrous roots Leaves distichously a rranged numerou s u sually about 1

.
, ,
m long 1 cm wide or less fol ded P anicles termin al erect purple o r

, , .
, ,
greenish about 20 cm long the branches sl ender whorled spreading o r

, , , ,
a scending 5 to 1 2 cm long S essile spikelet about 4 mm long muricate

, .
, ,
the awn of the fourth glume very short or none .
C ommon in open rather wet lan ds b anks of ri ce paddies etc mostly , ,

.
,
pl anted fl A u g—Dec ; widely distributed in the P hilippines but certainly

, . . .
,
introduced A nati v e of India n o w widely distributed in the tropics

.
, ,
cultivated and wild .

84 A FL OR A OF MA N IL A
8 . e r r atus T hunb
A . s S or gh um ) . .
A somewhat slender or rathe r stout erect grass to m high the ,
stems usually unbranched nodes pubescent Lea v es 20 to 40 cm long , .

,
1 0 mm wide o r less acumin ate Panicles rather l ax erect brownish red

, .
, ,
-
,
1 0 to 1 5 cm long the b ranches slender whorled the lower one s 9 cm long

, , ,
or less Spikes solitary scattered on the branches each with from 2 to

.
, ,
6 j oints the j oints pedicel s and c allu s short villous

, Sessil e sp ikelets
, ,
-
.
about 5 mm long Oblong ovoid or ovoid l anceol ate the first glume some ,
- -
,
what villous dark brown o r nearly bl ack shining the fourth glume small
,
-
, , ,
with a slender genicul ate an d twisted a wn 2 to cm long the pedicelled ,
spikelets very much n arrower than the sessil e ones .
In Open pl aces near streams M asambong fl Dec —F eb ; wi dely dis , , . . .
tributed i n the P hil ippines T ropical A si a through M al aya to A ustral ia . .
9 . n iti d u s ( Vah l ) Kunth

A . .
A slender simpl e erect grass o 6 t o m high the nodes p rominently

'
, , .
,
bearded Leaves l inear l anceol ate up to 25 cm long about 5 mm wide

.
-
, , .
Panicles long peduncl ed 1 0 to 20 cm long l ax the branches sl ender

-
, , , ,
whorled the lower ones up to 8 cm long the upper one gradually shorter
, , , .
S pikelets brown shining about 4 mm long ovoi d to oblong ovoid brown

, , ,
-
,
hirsute Flowering glume awnless

. .
In open grass lands near Santa M esa fl M a y —July ; widely distributed in , .
the Philippines Indi a to F ormosa and M al aya Very simil ar to the

. .
p receding differing chiefly in its awnless flowerin g glumes

, .
*
10 A . . S OR G H U M (L ). B rot . B atad S orghum .
stout erect annual grass usu ally about 2 m high the stem often 1
A , , ,
cm or more in diameter solid Leaves 20 to 50 cm long 2 to 5 cm wide , .

, ,
acuminate P anicles dense 1 5 to 3 0 cm long compound erect Sp ikelets

.
, , , .
ovoid more or less pubescent about 5 mm long pale purplish or nearly

, , , , ,
bl ack the first glume hard an d shining the fourth a wnless or sometimes
, ,
awned .
C ultivated sp aringly in our area ; widely distributed in the P hilippines

in cultivation several forms being foun d in the A rchipelago not spontaneous
, ,
and certainly not a n ative of the A rchipel ago although of p rehistori c ,
introdu ction P rob ably a n ative of A fri ca or A sia n ow cultivated in all

.
,
warm and tropi cal countries .
11 . A h al e p en s i s ( L ) . B rot .
, var .
pr o pi n q uus ( Kunth ) M err . B atad
bat a dan
A tall ,
coarse erect unbranched perennial grass to 3 m high
, ,
.
Leaves up to 1 m in length to cm wide long acuminate P anicles , ,

-
.
erect l ax 20 to 40 cm long the branches f ew distant spreading or droop

, , , , ,
ing S pikelets numerous oblong ovoid pubescent greeni sh o r purpli sh

.
,
-
, , ,
a wn es s about 4 mm long ( F l F il ip p l 43 6 S orgh um s a cc h a r a t um )

, . . . .
,
.
In thi ckets an d open damp pla ces occasional in ou r area fl most of the , , .
year ; widely distributed in the P hilippines C eylon to th e Moluccas the .

,
species in most tropical an d som e temperate regions .
17 . ZO S A I I W i lld en o w
low much b ranched rigid erect gregarious grass Leaves subulate

A ,
-
, , ,
.
,
sharply pointed S pikelets small o v oid l fl o w er ed somewh at crowded in

.
, ,
-
,
e rect narrow S pikes j ointed on and appressed to a stiff notched unj ointed
, , , ,
rachis sessile o r shortly pedicelled Glumes 2 the first empty l aterally

, .
, ,
GR A M I N E A E 85
compressed shining the secon d smaller membranaceous l inear oblong

, , , ,
-
,
obtuse Palea hyaline short or none G rain free within the glumes ( In
.
, , . .
honor of C de Z o y s ) . .
A monotypic genu s .
1 . Z . m a t r e lla ( L ) M err ( Z p un gen s Willd )

. . . .
low gregariou s gra ss from rigid wiry rootstocks the branches root
A , , ,
ing sending up short rather sti ff leafy fl owering branches 1 0 to 40 cm

, , , ,
high Leaves mostly spreading 2 to 7 cm long 2 to 4 mm wide S pikes

.
, , .
sl ender solitary purplish or green 2 to 4 cm long S pikelets about 3

, , , .
mm long .
I n open gr ass lands especially near the sea fl all the year ; throughout , .
the P hilippine s nea r the sea Indi a to M auritius C hina M al aya Polynesia .
, , , ,
an d A u stralia .
1 8 A R U N D I N E L L A R addi .
rect usually unbranched annual or perenni al slender or rather coarse

E , , ,
gra sses with fl at leaves Panicl es ample l ax or contracted the spikel ets .
, ,
not j ointed on the pedicel s usu ally 1 fl o wer ed Glumes 4 thin the fi rst ,
-
.
, ,
ovate acute or acuminate much or l ittle shorter than the second which is
, ,
slenderly a wned the third about as long as the first and with a p al ea or a
,
male fl ower or neuter the fourth much the smallest with a perfect flower
, , , ,
”
awn less or with a slender termin al awn ( Diminutive of Latin arundo .
“
,
a reed ) .
S pecies about 3 0 in most tropical countries about 5 in the P hilippines , , .
1 , A . a gr o s t o i d es T rin .
erect tufted gl abrou s grass 1 5 to 45 cm high Leaves l anceol ate

A n , , .
,
acuminate numerous 8 to 20 cm l ong 6 to 1 0 m m wide P anicles exserted

, , , .
,
ovoid or oblong ovoid when young Open soon becoming contracted green
-
, , , ,
1 0 to 20 cm long the branches whorled slender mostly about 5 cm l ong , , , .
S pikelets pedicelled glabrous green l anceolate acumin ate the fi rst g l ume, , , , ,
lanceol ate acuminate 3 nerved mm lo n g the second simila r but 3 mm

, ,
-
, ,
long 5 nerved an d more slenderly acuminate the third about 2 mm long

,
-
, , ,
3 nerved the fourth glume about 1 mm l ong hyaline with a slender straight
-
, ,
awn 4to 5 mm in length .
On ledges alon g streams M asambon g opposit e Guadalupe etc fl Dec , , , .

, . .
Feb ; occa sional in no r thern Luzon India

. . .
19 . E R I OC H L OA Kunth
nnual or perennial erect tufted grasses Leaves fl at S pikelets secund
A , , . .
on the spike like branches of a r aceme or p anicle base thickened an d arti

-
,
culate on the thickened top of the short pedicel Glumes 3 first an d second .
,
sub equ al thin empty the third shorter apicul ate h ardened in fruit
-
, , , , ,
.
Grain oblong free within the h ardened glume Very close to P a s p a lum
, . ,
but di stingui shed by its habit an d by the thickened base of the spikelet .
( Greek wool and grass in allusion to the hairy inflorescence )

” ” “
.
S pecies f ew tropi cal an d subtemperate one in the P hili p pines

, ,
.
1 . a mosa ( R etz ) O Kuntze (E p o ly s t a c h y a H E K )

E . r . . . .
A n erect somewhat tufted rather slender grass,

to m high gl a , ,
brou s except the p anicles Leaves narrowly lanceol ate acuminate 1 0 to .

, ,
20 cm long 4 to 8 mm wide P anicles exserted 8 to 1 2 cm long formed

, .
, ,
of racemosely a rranged branches u su ally secund Often noddin g Spi k elets , ,

.
racemosely a rranged ovoid l anceolate acuminate green or purplish 3 ,

-
, , ,
mm l ong in p airs one of each p air longer pedicelled than the other
, ,
F irst and second glumes app ressed pubescent with grayish hairs -
.
In open wet grass lands p addy banks etc common fl all the year ; , , .
, , .
widely distributed in the Philippines possibly introduced T ropics gen , .
er a lly .
20 P A S P A L
. U M Linnaeus
nnu a l or perennial erect ascending or spre a ding grasses S pikelets
A , , .
1 fl o wer ed pl an e convex
-
i n spike l ike branches of a simple panicle or
-
,
-
raceme the S pikes digitately or rac emosely arranged Glumes 3 the first
, .
,
and second equal thin the thi rd coriaceous bea ring a perfect flower the
, , , ,
pal ea similar in texture ( A Greek name for millet ) . .
S pecies about 1 75 in all warm countries about 4 in the Philippines , , .
1 . S pikes
alternate on an elongated rachis .
2 S pikelets mostly 4ranked

. 1 P lo n gi f o li um . .
2 S pikelets 2 ranked
. 2 P s c r o bi c u la t u m . .
1 Spikes in p ai rs at the ends of the ste ms

. .
2 Spikelets ovate oblong gl abrous ; leaves narrow

. 3 P d i s t i c h um
-
, . .
2 Spikelets suborbicul ar m argins of the second glume cili ate ; leaves

.
,
broad . 4 P c on j uga t um . .
1 P I on gifoli um R oxb
. . .
A tufted glabrous er ect perenni al grass, to m high t h e stems , , ,
som ewhat prostrate and b ran ched below S heaths loose Leaves about 20 . .
cm long 5 to 8 mm wide Inflorescence exser t ed each composed of from

, .
,
4 to 8 or more ra cemosely a rr anged alternate spreading or ascending

, , , ,
5 to 8 cm long spikes Spikelets 2 to mm long somewhat compressed .

, ,
obovoi d the empty glumes S lightly pubescent densely arranged i n about

, ,
'
4 rows on the under surfac e of the som ewhat fl attened gr een 3 to 4 mm ,
wid e rachi s .
In open wet grass l ands Pasay fl all the ye a r ; widely distributed in , , .
the Philippines Indi a to M al aya . .
2 P . . L
s c r o b i c u la t u m .
A n erect rathe r slender nearly gl abrous somewhat wiry tuf t ed peren

, , , , ,
n i a l gr ass 40 to 80 cm high Leaves fl at 6 to 1 5 cm long 5 to 8 mm wide .

, , .
Spikes 3 or 4 usually spreading 4 to 8 cm long S pikel ets pale 2 seriate

, , .
,
-
,
about 2 mm long .
I n open u sually dry l ands fl all the year ; throughout the P h ilippines
, , . .
A ll warm countries .
Va r . a u r i c u la t u m ( Presl ) M err .
Mu ch coarse r taller up to 1 m high Leaves broad often auri cu l ate

, , .
,
at the base S pikes stout 4to 6 S pi kelets

. mm long , . .
In lo w damp places near P ateros fl Dec —J an ; widely distributed in the , . . .
Philippines endemic , .
Va r . b i s p i c a t um H ack .
Smaller than the typ i cal fo r m 20 to 40 cm high with usually but t wo , ,
spikes 3 to 4 cm in length .
In ol d ri ce l ands S a n P edro M a c a t i fl July—S ept of very loca l occur

, , .
rence E ndemi c . .
lan ceol ate a cuminate 6 to 1 4 cm lon g 3 to 5 mm wi de the sheaths loose

, , , , ,
sparin gly hirsute Inflorescence exserted of from 3 to 6 ascendi ng o r

.
,
spreading spikes about 1 0 cm long whorl ed at the apex of the stem S pike , .
l ets 3 mm long oblong lanceol ate in p ai rs one sessile one pedicelled on

,
°
-
, , , ,
the lower surfa ce of the fl attened r achis the empty glumes of the pedi celled ,
spikelets densely ciliate on the marginal nerves with numerous long soft , , ,
spreading often hooked hairs , .
R oadsides and waste pl aces fl more or less all the year and rather com , .
mon about M ani l a certainly introduced Indi a to P olynesia , . .
2. san gu in ali s ( L ) S cop var au s t r ali s T hwaites

D . . .
, . .
A weak slender ascending nearly gl abrou s grass u sually less than

, , ,
m high the basal p a rt s of the s t ems more or less decumbent Leaves

, .
thin acuminate 5 to 1 0 cm long 3 to 5 mm wide S pik es slender 2 to

, , , .
,
4 ascending or spreading 4 to 7 cm long whorled at the apex of the

, , ,
stem Spikel ets Oblong lanceol ate 3 mm lon g i n p airs one sessile an d
.
-
, , ,
one pedicell ate on the under surface of the fl attened rachis glabrous or ,
nearly so .
In thickets etc fl all the year wi dely distributed in the Philippines

.
, .
, ,
v a ri able T ropi cal an d temperate regions of the worl d ( species ) the

.
,
v a riety Indi a to M al aya .
3 . c on san gui n ea G a u d i ch
D . .
S tems up to 1 m in length the l ower p arts usually geniculate an d ,
somewhat p rostrate Leaves up to 20 c m in l ength 6 to 1 2 mm wide .

, ,
the sheaths usually l ax with scattered long sti ff white hai rs arising , , , ,
f rom small p apill ae Inflorescenc e long exserted consisting of from 6 .

-
,
to 1 8 8 to 1 5 cm long spikes somewhat scattered fascicled or whorled

, , , ,
along the upp er p art of the rachi s Spikelets oblong l anceolate about .
-
,
3 mm long .
In thickets an d Open places fl N o v — M arch an d prob ably in other , . .
months ; wi dely distributed in the P hilipp ines In di a to M al aya an d .
Polynesi a .
4 D . I o n gi fi o r a ( Gmel ) . P ers .
slender gra ss the basal parts u su ally procumbent and rooting the
A , ,
flowering stems erect or ascending 1 0 to 30 cm high Leaves narrowly , .
l anceola te acuminate 2 to 6 cm long 2 to 5 mm wide S pikes 2 to 4

, , , .
,
whorled at the apex of the stem spreading or ascending 3 to 5 cm long , ,
grayi sh white S pikelets p al e green rarely purpl ish

-
. mm long i n -
, , ,
p airs one pedicellate and one sessil e the first glume usu ally wanting o r
, ,
v ery minute .
In waste pl aces yards etc occasional fl A u g Dec wi dely d i s t r i b , , .

, , . .
-
.
,
a ted in the P hil ippines Indi a to C hin a and M al aya . .
5 . D Link
. v i o la s c e n s .
A slender erect or a scending u sually tufted grass 40 to 9 0 cm high

, ,
.
Leaves narrowly l anceol ate acuminate 3 to 1 0 cm l ong 3 to 6 mm wide , , , ,
a scending or spreading mostly basal or subbasal S pikes slender grayish ,

.
, ,
3 to 8 whorled at the apex Of the stem ascending or sp reading 5 to 1 2

, , ,
cm long S pikelets mm long crowded in p airs on the lower side of

.
, ,
the sl ender ra chis the flowering glume when mature usually dark purple ,
-
.
In fallow l an ds bor ders of thi ckets etc M asambong fl A u g—N ov ; ,

.
, , . . .
wi dely distributed i n the P hilippines T ropics generally . .

GR A M I N E A E 89
6 . D p ed i c i lla r i s
.
( T rin ) P r a i n . .
A slender erect tufted annual 1 5 to 30 cm high Lea v es l inea r l an

, , .
-
c eo la t e acuminate ascending
, to 6 cm long about 2 mm wide S pikes
, , , .
altern ate ascending or sp reading somewhat scattered u su ally 3 some

, , , ,
times only 2 to 5 cm long slender grayish S pikelets

, m m long , , .
,
i n pa irs or in groups of threes in each group one subsessile the others , ,
with slender pedicel s a s long as or longer than the spikelets .
In open rather dry grass l ands M asambon g S a n Juan del M onte etc
, , , , .
,
not common fl A ug— N o v ; known from but three of four local ities in Luzon
, . . . .
India .
22 I S A C H N E R B rown . .
nnual or perennial slender grasses Leaves l anceol ate or narrowly

A .
lanceol ate flat Spikelets smal l o r minute in small usually Open p anicles
, .
, , ,
subglobose or obovoid 2 fl o wer ed Glumes 4 the first and second thin ,

-
.
, ,
subequal empty the third an d fourth somewhat thickened p aleate each

, ,
-
, ,
enclosing a u sually perfect flower Grain free within the hardened glume .
a nd palea ( Greek equal and glume s ) .

” “
S pecies about 3 5 tropical and subtropical about 9 in the P hilip p ines , , ,
one in our area .
1 . I . oth ( I m i n u t ula Kunth )

m i li a c ea R . .
A very slender glabrous or somewhat pubescent gra ss the stems branched

, ,
below u sually prostrate and rooting at the nodes the flowering stems 1 0
, ,
to 20 cm high Leaves l anceol ate acu m inate to 4 cm long 3 to 5 mm

.
, , ,
wide Panicles exserted u su ally ovate lax or somewhat contracted 2 to

.
, , ,
4 cm long S pikelets p ale green rarely purplish

. mm long thei r -
, , ,
pedicel s slender .
In open wet lands especially in rice p addies etc fl more o r les s all ,
-
, .
, .
the year ; widely di stributed in the Philipp ines Indi a to C hina M al aya .
, ,
an d P olynesia .
23 P A N I C U M Linnaeus .
nnual or perenni al fine or coarse gra sses of various habits Leaves

A , , .
in our species flat acute o r a cuminate linear to l anceol ate S pikelets , , .
small 1 or 2 fl o w er ed terete or dorsally or laterally compressed a wnless

,
-
, , ,
or in E c h i n oc h lo a awned Glumes 4 the first and secon d empty the first .

,
much smaller than the others second and third subequal 3 to many ,
ner v e d oblong ovate or l anceol ate ; third paleate or not enclosing a

, , , ,
stamin ate flower or empty the fourth p aleate enclosing a perfect flower , , ,
hardened in fruit gl abrous usually shining S tamens 3 Grain free , , . .
within the fourth glume an d the p alea ( A ncient Latin name for the .
Italian millet ) .
A v ery l arge genu s foun d in all trop ical and temperate countries about , ,
3 5 species in the P hil ipp i nes .
1 . S pikel ets terete or do rsally comp ressed ; inflorescence va rious .
2 . S pikelets 1 to 4seriate close set OI I the under side of the rachis of -
,
-
the spike the spikes alternately arranged , .
3 Glumes smooth awnless

.
, .
4 S pikes shorter than the internode s

. 1 P fl cw i d u m . . .
4 S pikes longer than the internodes

. .
5 T i p of spikes extended beyond the upper spikelets as a setiform

.
bristle ; spikes very numerous 2 P p un c t a t u m . .
5 T i p of spikes not p roduced ; spikes 2 to

. P d i s t a c h y um .
90 A F L OR A OF M A N I L A
3 . mpty glumes usu ally muricate the se cond and thi rd cuspida t e or
E ,
awned .
4 Lower spikes a s long a s or shorter than the internodes ; third

.
glume awnless or nearly so ; spikelets to 3 mm long .
4 P . . c o lon um
4 Lower spikes much longer than the in t ernodes ;

. coarse erect
grasses the spikelets u sually lon g awned ,
-
.
5 S pikelets nearly 5 mm long green or purplish ; an aquatic

.
,
grass .
5 S pikelets . to 4 mm long u su ally purplish 6 P c r u s ga lli , . .
S pikelets crowded in sp iciform or narrow cylindric p anicles or pedi , ,
cella t e on the spreading racemosely arranged p anicle branches ,

-
.
3 B ranches elongated ascending or sprea ding

. 7 P a ur i t um , . .
3 Panicles dense cyl indric

.
, .
4 S pikelets about 5 mm long acumin ate ; a coarse perennial

.
, , ,
a quatic grass 8 P a m p lex i c a u le . .
4 Spikelets about
. mm long ; a slender erect annua l gra s s , .
9 P i n d i c um . .
2. Spikelets i n open diff use p anicles , .
3 F irst glume as long a s the spikelet or nearly so ; sp ikelets p romi

.
n en t ly 10 P . . c a ud i glum e
F irst glume much shorter than the spikelet

3 . .
4 Second glume decidedly shorter than the flowering glume ; p anicles

.
simpl e 1 1 P n o d o s um . .
4 S econ d glume equ aling or longer than the flowering gl ume ; p ani
.
cles decompound .
5 A nnu al . 1 2 P p s i lo p o d i um . .
5 P erenni al . .
6 T all leafy 2 to 3 m hi gh ; cultivated

.
, 1 3 P m a x i m um
, . .
6 Less than 2 m high . .
7 P anicle branches rather sti ff sp reading ; spike lets

. to 4 ,
mm long a quatic or subaqu atic 1 4 P p a lud os u m ,

. .
7 Panicle branches somewhat nodding ; spikelets 3 mm l ong

. .
1 5 P r ep en s . .
Spikelets l ate rally compressed ; smal l slender more or l ess p rostra t e , , ,
spreading grasses .
P anicles very l ax open the spikelets scat t e red 1 6 P w a r b ur gi i

, ,
. .
2 Spikelets densely crowded on the usually a scending bran ches

. .
17 . P .
p i li p es
1 . P . etz
F L A VI DU M R .
A loosely tufted erect somewhat branched rather coarse grass , , ,
to 1 m high the stems somewh at comp ressed Leaves line ar l anc eol ate
,
.
-
,
smooth gl abrou s acute or acumin ate 8 to 1 5 cm long 5 to 1 0 mm wi de

, , , , ,
the lower sheaths u sually loose Inflorescence el ongated , of erect stout .

, ,
scattered racemosely arranged spikes shorter than the internodes the

, ,
spikes 1 to cm long about 5 mm wide S pikelets very pale densely ,

.
,
arranged in 2 rows di v aricate about 3 mm long , ,

.
V ery Common in Open waste pl aces roadsides etc fl all the ye ar ; , , .

, . .
throughout the P hilippines at low altitudes certainly introduced T rop ,

.
ical A si a and A frica M alaya , .
2 P . .
p un c tatum B urm .
A stout erect perenni al gra ss

, , 1 to m high the b ase usu ally floating
,
GR A M I N E A E 91
and rooting at the nodes the stems stout sometimes nearly 1 cm thic k , , .
Leaves 1 0 to 20 cm long about 1 cm wide acumina t e the sheaths dil ated , , , .
Inflorescence slender 30 to 60 cm long of numerous ra cemosely arranged , , ,
spikes the spikes 1 to 3 cm long , longer than the internodes the rachi s
, ,
excu rrent a s a slender sharp a wn S pikelets oblong ovate about mm , .

-
,
long a rranged in 2 rows

, .
In shallow pool s and in lo w wet ground S a n Pedro M a c a t i Sept —Dec ; , , , . .
not common in the P hilippines T ropica l A frica A sia and M al aya .

, , .
3 . P DI L
S T A C H YU M .
A wi dely spreading rather slender grass the stems prostrate branched , , , ,
rooting at the nodes often 1 to 2 m in length the flowering branches erect , ,
or a scending 20 to 40 cm high Leaves narrowly l anceol ate acuminate

,
.
, ,
8 to 20 cm long 5 to 1 0 mm wide glabrous base b road rounded

, In , , , .
fl o r es c en c e exserted of 2 to 4 distant u sually sp reading 2 to 5 cm long

, , , , ,
racemosely arranged spikes Spikelets Oblong ovoid acute about 4 mm .

-
, ,
l ong a rran ged in 2 rows sessile or nearly so green

, , , .
In waste places open fairly dry l and rather common fl all the year ;
, , , , .
widely di stributed in the P hilippines at lo w altitudes In di a to C hina .

,
through Ma l aya to A ustralia .
4 P . . C OL ON U M . L .
tufted 1 0 to 40 c m high often decumbent below Leaves 5 to

S t ems , , .
1 2 cm long 2 to 8 mm wi de acuminate , Inflorescence of from 4 to 8 , .
racemosely arranged short dense spikes the spikes cm l ong about 5

, , , ,
mm thick , sp reading or appressed S pikelets to 3 mm long single in .

, ,
pairs or in threes in t w o rows d ensely arranged green or purplish the

, , , , ,
oute r glumes hi spid on the nerves a wnless , .
A long roadsides in waste pl aces etc common fl throughout the yea r ;

, , .
, , .
wi dely distributed in the Philippines T r o ugh o u t the tropic s and in some .
temperate countries .
5 . P . s etz B alil i
t a gn i n um R .
A coarse erect aqu atic o r sub aquati c grass 1 to

, m high the lower
, ,
parts Often decumbent and rooting at the nodes the stems 6 to 8 m thick ,
.
Leaves 20 to 40 cm long, 8 to 1 3 mm wi de P anicles 20 cm long or less .

,
the spikes green or purple distinctly longer tha n the internodes S preading , ,
or ascending cm long nearly 1 cm thick S pikelets in p airs in t wo

, , .
rows nearly 5 mm long the empty glumes hi spi d on the nerves the third
, , ,
glume with a long or sho rt a wn .
In shallow water and in lo w wet l ands rather common fl more or , , , .
less all the yea r ; widely distributed in the Philippines India to Mal aya . .
B y some botani sts reduced to the next species to which it i s in deed very
closely allied .
6 . P . I LC R U S GA L L -
.
A coarse erect annual gras s , to 1 m high Leaves 1 0 to 20 cm

, .
long 8 to 1 5 m m wide acuminate Pani cl es 1 0 to 20 cm long u sually

, , .
,
n arrowly pyramidal the spikes numerous a scending or S p reading ,

to , ,
8 cm long about 7 mm in diameter green or purplish

, S pikelets to 4 , .
mm long the empty glumes hispi d on the ner v es the awn of the thi rd
, ,
glume slender 1 to 3 cm long rarely wanting ( v a r m u t i c a

, , .
In open wet l ands was t e pl aces et c fl all the yea r wi dely distributed , , .
, .
,
i n the P hilippines T ropical and t emperate region Of the worl d

. .
92 A FL OR A OF MA N I L A
7 . P . a ur i t um P resl .
coarse erect perenni al grass 1 to 2 m high the stems simple or

A , , ,
sl ightly branched u sually about 5 mm thick sometimes rooting at the

, ,
lower nodes Leaves lan ceol ate a cuminate 1 0 to 25 cm long

. to cm , , ,
wide base broad cordate or au ricul ate Panicles 1 5 to 40 cm long diffu se

, , .
,
or contra cted a ccording to the stage of de v el opment the spike like branches
,
'
,
-
numerous sol itary or fascicled 5 to 1 0 cm l ong ascending o r spreading

, , , ,
densely fl owered Spikel ets very numerous green or purplish oblong

.
, ,
Ov ate acute or sl ightly acuminate

, mm long , .
C ommon in low wet l an ds fl mor e or less throughout the year but , , .

,
especially in the rainy season ; widely distributed in the P hil ippines at

low altitudes Indi a to C hin a and M alaya . .
8 . am pl ex i c aule R udge
P . .
A rather coarse erect a qu atic or subaquatic grass 1 m high or less, , ,
the stems stout u su ally decumbent an d rooting at the lower nodes Leaves
, .
flat li near l anceol ate acumin ate 1 5 to 25 cm long

,
-
cm wide S pikelets , , , .
very numerous , n arrowly l anceol ate acuminate about 5 mm long crowded , , ,
in dense cylindric continuou s or somewhat interrupted spike l ike p ani

, ,
-
cl es 1 5 to 20 cm long 1 to cm in diameter , .
In shallow water m argin s of the P asig R iver in esteros etc but not , , , .
,
abundant fl all the year ; apparently quite widel y distributed in the

, .
P hil ippines at lo w altitu des T ropi cs generally . .
9 . i n d i c um L
P . .
A sl ender erect annual gr ass a f ew cm to about 1 m in height

, , .
Leaves linear lanceol ate or linea r a cumin ate 5 to 1 5 cm long 3 to 7 mm

-
, , ,
wi de Inflorescenc e a dense cylindri c or oblong spi ciform p anicle 1 to 1 0

.
, , ,
cm long about 5 mm in di ameter S pikelets green o r purplish oblong

, .
, ,
straight or somewhat curved about mm long , .
In open u sually damp grass l an ds common fl more or less throughout

, , , .
the year ; throu ghout the P hilippines T ropic al A si a an d A fric a through .
M al aya to A ustralia .
10 . P . C A U DI GL U M E Hack .
loosely tufted somewhat hairy erect or ascending annual grass

A , , ,
reaching a height of about 1 m Leaves fl at lanceol ate hairy 5 to .

, , ,
20 cm long P anicles open diffuse very l ax decompound 20 to 40 cm

.
, , , ,
lon g the branches capill ary S pikelets long pedi celled arranged toward
, .
-
,
the ends of the ultimate b ran chlets purplish ovate —lanceol ate 3 to , , ,
mm long the first glume the longest long caudate acuminate the second
, ,
- -
,
an d third glumes S horter acute of about equ al length the flowering , , ,
glume obl ong elliptic mm long shinin g -

, , .
In dry well drained fallow l an ds near S a n F elipe N eri fl N o v — F eb ;

, , , , . . .
of local occurren ce in Luzon and P al awan certainly introdu ced Java , . .
11 .n o d osum Kunth
P . .
A r ather weak gra ss with elongated slender prostrate stems and erect , , ,
or a scending branches 20 to 40 cm long Lea v es thin l anceol ate acuminate .

, , ,
5 to 8 cm long 5 to 8 mm wi de P anicles weak somewhat exserted 1 0 cm

, .
, ,
l on g or less u sually with from 2 to 4 solitary ascending or spreading

, , ,
br an ch es the lowest on e 5 to 7 cm long S pikelets green or purplish

, .
,
rather f ew Oblong about 3 mm long , , . .
In thi ckets P asay M asambon g etc fl June—Oct ; widely di stributed

, , ,
.
, .
in the P hilippines at lo w altitudes T ropi cal A si a and M al aya . .

GR A M I N E A E
12 P . .
p s i lo p o d i u m T rin .
tufted erect or a scending more or less branched glabrous annual

A , , , ,
grass 1 5 to 30 cm high S tems rather slender base mo re o r less decumbent .

, .
Leaves narrowly l anceolate acuminate 5 to 9 cm long 3 to 5 mm wide , , , ,
the sheaths rather loose mostly longer than the internodes glabrous , , .
P anicles di ff u se 7 to 1 0 cm long the branches solita ry spreading or

, , ,
a scending alternate glabrous S pikelets n arrowly ovate acute gl abrou s

, , .
, , ,
3 mm long green or slightly purpl ish the pedicel s long s cabrid

, , , .
N o v aliches road S a n Ju an del M onte etc on banks and in open pl a ces

, , .
, ,
not common fl July— N o v ; app arently rare in the Philippines o r at least

, . .
,
local I ndia and C eylon to B urma and the M al ay P enin sul a

. .
13 . I M U M J acq Guinea Grass

P . MA X . .
A n erect rather coarse perennial grass 2 to 3 m high the stems Often

, , ,
nearly 1 cm in diameter near the base the nodes bearded Leaves linea r , .
lanceol ate acumin ate numerous 20 to 30 cm l ong 1 to

, cm wi de
, , ,
.
Panicles diffuse 20 to 30 cm long the branches whorled slender the

, , , ,
lower ones 1 5 to 20 cm lon g S pikelets numerous green pedicell ate .

, , ,
3 mm long elliptic oblong acute or obtuse glabrous

,
-
, , .
Of recent introduction and consi derably culti v ated a s a forage grass ,
but not spontaneou s fl all the yea r A n ative of A frica n o w cultivated

, . .
,
i n many trop ical countries .
14 P . . oxb
p a lud o s u m R .
A n aqu ati c p erennial grass the flowering stems erect or ascending , ,
often nea rl y 1 m tall the basal p arts floating or rootin g in the mud soft
, , ,
Often 1 cm in diameter Leaves 1 5 t o 25 cm long cm wide o r less .

, ,
acuminate scabri d thin P anicles only sl ightly exserted from the upper
, , .
most sheath a t first contra cted ultimately ve ry diffuse u sually about 20 cm

, , ,
long often as wi de as long the branches alternate or somewh at whorled

, , ,
branched from the base S pikelets v ery numerous l anceolate acumin ate .
, , ,
gr een to 4mm long the pedicel s sol itary scabrid thi ckened upwar d
, , , , .
In ma rshy borders of the P asig R iver esteros etc not very common , .
, ,
fl all the year ; widely distributed in the P hilippines at low and medium
’
altitudes In dia to southern C hina and M alaya

. .
15 . e pen s L
P . r .
A n erect rather wiry perenni al grass, to 1 m high the roots t o cks , ,
stout the whole plant somewhat gl aucou s the stems below somewhat
, ,
p rostrate or c reeping Lea v es l inea r lanceol ate 8 to 1 5 cm l ong 5 to 8

.
-
, ,
mm wide acuminate scabrid P anicles exserted 7 to 1 8 cm long somewhat

, , .
, ,
diffuse the branches S lender erect or ascen ding sometimes nodding elon
, , , ,
gated scattered 1 to 3 at each node S pikel ets oblong ovate acute or

, , .
-
,
slightly acuminate 3 mm long , .
Very common in lo w open grass l ands fl all the year ; widely distributed , .
in the Philippines at low altitudes T ropics generally an d some s ub t r o p .

,
i cal and subtemperate countries .
16 . P . w a r b u r gi i M ez .
weak p rostrate grass the stems sl ender rooting at the nodes and
A , , ,
sendin g up short panicle bearing b ranches 5 to 1 5 cm in length Leaves

,
-
.
n arrowl y l anceol ate acumin ate to 5 cm long 2 to 5 mm wide P ani

, , ,
.
cles slightly exserted diffuse to 5 cm long the branches f ew sp reading

, , , , ,
u sually branched from the base S pikelets few green o r p u r p li s h l ong .

,
’
pedicell ed obo v oid somewhat l aterally compressed

, mm long
, , .
In thickets ,P asay M asambong etc fl A u g— N o v ; not uncommon in , , .

, . . .
the Philippines an d by some botanists c o n s i d er ed o n ly a s a vari ety of

,
'
P a n i c um p a t en s L a species Of wide Indo M al ayan di stribution

.
,
-
.
17 . P ees
. Arn
p i li p es N
‘
.
A slender branched widely spreadin g grass the stems p ro strate and

, , ,
rootin g at the nodes Often 1 m or more i n len gth the flowering branches , ,
erect or ascending 30 t o 50 cm lon g Leaves l anceol ate acuminate 4to 1 0

, .
, ,
cm long gl abrou s Or slightly h airy P ani cles exserted 4 to 1 0 cm long t h e

, .
, ,
branches f ew dist ant ascending densely m any fl ower ed the bran chlets
’
-
, , , ,
m any short fasti gi a t e S pikel ets crowded brown or greenish l aterally

, , .
, ,
compress ed about mm long gl abrou s or slightly pubescent shortly pedi

, , ,
ce l led .
In thi ckets al ong trail s M a sambon g fl N ov A p r ; widely distributed , , . .

-
.
i n the Philippines T ropical A si a to M adagasc ar through M alaya t o

.
,
A u stra l i a an d Polyn esi a .
24 OP L I S M E N U S B eauvoi s
.
S l ender ascen ding or decumbent mo s tly annu al grasses the l eaves thin
, , , ,
flat ovate to l anceol ate Spikelets 1 fl o wer ed sessile o r subsessile densely

, .
-
, _
,
arranged along one side of the racemosely a rr anged spikes Glumes 4 .

,
the first short 3 nerved tipped with a long straight a wn the second
,
-
, ,
sho rt a wn short or none the thi r d longest 5 ne rved t h e fourth or fl o w er

, , ,
-
,
in g glume l anceol ate h ardened Palea simil ar to the flowering glume i rr , .
textu re ( Greek .
S pecies 25 to 3 0 most tropical countries many not well d efi n ed three , ,

-
,
I n the Philippines .
S pik elets about 2 mm long den sely crowded the awn s very slender , , .
1 . 0 . b ur m ar mu
S pikelets at least 3 mm long scattered awns s t out , , 2 0 . . com p o s i t us
1 . 0 . b ur m an n ii ( R etz ) B ea uv . .
r ath er slender somewh at pubescent annu al grass the stems branched

A , , , ,
prostrate an d rooting below the flowering stems 20 to 40 cm hi gh Leaves , .
thin lanceol ate ac umin ate 3 to 5 cm long 6 to 1 0 mm wi de P anicles

, , , , .
p ale green erect or nodding 3 to 5 cm long the spikes 5 to 1 0 2 cm long

-
, , , ,
or less S pikelets about 2 mm long the glumes awned a wn s v e ry slender

.
, , ,
that of the first glume about 1 mm long .
In dry b amboo thi ckets n ear F o rt M c Ki n ley fl A ug —Dec ; widely di s , . . .
tributed in t h e Philippines T ropi cal A frica A si a through M al aya north .

, ,
ward to Japan .
com po s i t us ( L ) B ea uv
. .
vari able spreading o r a scending more or less hairy gr ass the stem s
A , , ,
prostra t e an d rooting below branched t h e flowerin g bran ches ascending , , ,
40 to 60 cm high Leaves flat l anceol ate acuminate 4 to 1 0 cm long 1 to

.
, , , ,
2 cm wide Panicles exserted of 5 to 8 spreading or ascending green or

.
, ,
purplish 2 to 1 0 cm long sp ikes S pikelets somewhat sc attered 3 mm

, .
,
lon g t h e a wn about 1 cm long

, .
In thickets near Gua dalupe fl Dec —F eb ; widely distributed in t h e , . . .
Philippines T ropics generally . .

dense cyl indri c 2 to 1 0 cm long e rect or somewhat nodding y el lowish or

, , , ,
purpli sh about cm in diameter incl uding the numerous usually sp read

, ,
ing bristles S pikelets 2 mm long the flowering glume distinctly trans

.
,
v er s ely ru gose .
In open rather dry gi a s s l ands S an P edro M a c a t i M asambong etc

, , , , .
,
fl July— Dec widely d istributed in the P hilippines Indi a to southern

. . .
C hina M al aya and Polynesia

, , .
3 . I axa Merr
S . .
A tufted l ax sp reading o r ascending branched nearly gl abrous pl ant

, , , , ,
the stems slender rea ching a l ength of 1 2 m or l ess Leaves thin n ar , . .

,
r o w ly lanceol ate acuminate 6 to 25 cm l ong 6 to 1 0 mm W i d e Panic l es

, , , .
long exserted l ax 1 0 to 30 cm long the branches remote spreadin g or

-
, , , ,
ascending sl ender b ranched from near the base t h e l ower ones up to 1 0

, , ,
cm long Spikelets scattered sol itary pedicelled green or purpli sh about

.
, , , ,
2 mm l ong the involucre reduced to a solitar y s l ender scabri d a wn 5 to

, , , ,
1 0 mm in length terminating the branches branchlets an d al so on most , , ,
Of the p edicel s .
In thi ckets opposite Guadalupe Pasig etc , fl N ov —J an ; at present

, , . . . .
known from but few localities in Luzon but wi th a ver y closel y allied if ‘
not identical form in J a v a .
27 . C HA M A E R A P H I S R . B rown .
Prostrate gl abrous marsh or aquatic grasses Leaves flat l inear or

, , .
,
l anceol ate S pikelets n arrowly l anceol ate 1 or 2 fl ower ed , sub sessile and
.
,
-
somewhat secun d in spike l ike branches that are racemosely arranged in a -
simpl e p ani cle the b ranches produced beyon d the upper sp ikelet as a
,
slender awn Glumes 4 the first very small truncate thin t h e second
.
, , , ,
l ongest acuminate or narrowed into a slender a wn the thi rd l an c eolate

, , ,
a cute or awned a cuminate en closing a p alea and a male or neuter flower

-
, ,
t h e fourth sm all oblong thin enclosing a female or perfect flower ( Greek

‘
, , , .
“
groun d an d needle in allusion to t h e awn s )
” ” “
, .
S pecies about 6 tropi cal A sia to A u stral ia 1 in the P hilippine s , , .
1 . a s p e r a ( Koen ) N ees
C . . .
S tems elongated floating bran ched often 1 to 2 m in l ength the fl o wer , , , ,
in g bran ches ascending 20 to 30 cm long Leaves l in ear l an ceol ate a cu , .

-
,
minate 5 to 1 0 cm l ong 3 to 6 wi d e Panicles exs erted pyramidal Open

, , .
, , ,
6 to 1 1 cm long t h e branches rather f ew spreading 2 to 5 cm long

, S pike , , .
l ets few o r many lin ear l anc eol ate acumin ate, 6 to 7 mm l ong ,
-
, .
In pool s of stagn ant water loca l fl A u g—J an ; wi dely distribu t ed in , , . . .
the P hilippines Indi a to C hina M al aya and A u stral ia .

, , .
28 . T HU A R E A P er s o on
sl ender creeping m aritime grass rooting at t h e nodes much

A , , , ,
bran ched L eaves flat short Spikes surrounded by a sheathing l eaf

.
, .
,
the rachi s fl at thin the base at len gth accrescent dil ated and enclosing
, , , ,
the o n e or t wo perfect spikelets Spikelet s 1 seri ate j ointed on o n e fac e .

-
,
of the ra chis the upper 4 to 6 male the lower 1 or 2 femal e or perfect

, ,
.
Glumes 3 o r 4 the first small hyalin e or wanting in the staminate ones the
, , ,
second empty the third and fourth subequal Grain free within the glume
, .
,
b u t with the rest of the S p ikelets enclosed in the thick hardened b ase of ,
GR A M I N E A E 97
the rachis forming a beak which bores into the ground

, .
( In honor of
L M A d u Petit—T houa rs a F rench botanist )
. . .
, .
l . I n v oluta ( F orst ) R B r ( T s a r m e n t os a
T . . . . .
A slender widely c reeping grass the leaves narrowly l anceolate 2 to 5

, , ,
cm long 3 to 5 mm wide S pikes 1 cm long o r less F ruit

, to 1 cm . .
long shaped like a bird s head and beak

,
’
.
I n thickets back of the beach P ara n aque sometimes in pure sand of , ,
the beach fl A u g J an ; throughout the P hilippines along sandy seashores

, . .
-
. .
C eylon to Madagascar M al aya A u stralia and P olynesi a , , , .
29 . SP N I IF E X Linnaeus
C oarse ,
rigi d p rostrate widely spreading dioecious grasses the leaves
, ,
-
, ,
ri gi d involute M al e spikelets 1 or 2 fl o wer ed sub sessile j ointed on

, .
-
, ,
ri gi d peduncled many fl o wer ed spikes whi ch are arranged in umbels sur

, ,
-
rounded by s p athaceous leafy bracts ; glumes 4 the first and secon d ,
empty the third an d fourth p aleate F emal e spikelets collected i n l arge

, .
globose heads of radi ate S preading very long a wn like spikes each , , ,
-
,
with a single spikelet at the b ase the glumes about a s i n the staminate ,
spikelets but n arrower the fourth one pi stillate ( Latin , .
S pecies 4 mostly in A ustral ia 1 in the Philippines

, , .
1 . S . Iit t o r e us ( B urm f ) . . M err .

(S s q u a r r os u s
.
gregariou s coarse stiff prostrate widely spreading grass the stem s

A , , , , ,
often 1 0 to 1 5 m long rooting at the nodes and sending up short stout , ,
flowering branches Leaves stiff rigid involute 1 0 to 20 cm long the .

, , , ,
sheaths Often imbricating M ale i n fl o r es c en c es about 1 5 cm i n diameter .

,
the spikelets about 1 cm long the female inflorescence globose 20 to 30 cm , ,
in diamete r in cluding t h e long slender needle like awns

, , ,
-
.
A long the seashore P a r a ri a q ue fl A u g—Jan ; widely distributed in the

‘
, , . . .
P hilippines on sandy seashores Indi a to C hina and M al aya . .
T h e globose femal e heads become detached and are rolled along the
beach by the wind thus dispersing the seeds ,
.
3 0 OR Y Z A. Linnaeus
T all ,
leafy annu a l gra sses the leaves flat long P anicles more or less
, , , .
elongated the branche s slender S pikelets many j ointed on the panicl e

,
.
,
branches oblon g l aterally comp ressed thei r pedicel s annul ar at the top
, , , .
.
Glumes 2 or 3 the first and secon d much the smallest scale or bristle, ,
l ike o r none the third chartaceous obtuse acute or awned 3 or 5 nerv ed

, , , , , ,
-
,
the p a lea a s long as the glume and simil ar to it keeled Grain free or
'
, .
adnate to the glume and pal ea ( F rom its A rabic n ame ) . .
Species 6 or 8 tropical 3 i n the P hilippines , ,

.
S pikelets 7to 9 mm long ; cultivated 1 . O . sa ti va
S pikelets 4 mm long 2 . O . m a n i len s i s
*
1 I. L P al ay
O . A rroz
S A T VA R ice . .
A n erect slender o r stout v ariable annu al grass

,
m high or less , ,
.
Leaves flat 1 5 to 30 cm long up to 2 cm wi de P anicles erect or nodding

, ,
. ,
25 cm long or less S pikel ets green or purpl e 7 to 9 mm long awned .

, ,
or awn less ( F l F ilip fl . . . .
1 1 1 555 —7
C ultivated
throughout the P hilippines but nowhere wild and of p re ,
histori c introduction ; exceedingly variable scores of varieties being ,

'
recognized by the natives C ultivated i n most tropical and some s ub t em .
perate countries a n ative of tropical A sia , .
2 0 . .Merr m an i le n s i s .
A slender weak erect or a scending annual gra ss

, , to high Leaves .
7 to 20 cm long 5 to 7 mm wide acuminate scabri d , Panicles exserted , , .

,
slender 6 to 1 2 cm long the f ew b ranches app resse d o r ascending Spike

, , .
lets green about 4 mm long the first glumes small thin about 1 mm
, , , ,
long the flowering glume and p alea hi spid the awn to the flowering glume
, ,
slender straight scabrid 1 0 to 1 2 mm long

, , , .
A long small streams B a li n t a u a c opposite Fort M c Ki n ley etc fl July

, , , .
, .
Dec Known only from Luzon an d of local occurrence

. . .
31 . L E E R SIA S wartz
T al l
slender grasses with flat leaves an d rather small panicles S pike .
lets 1 fl o wer ed ob l ong l aterally compressed awnless the empty glumes

-
, , , ,
wanting Flowering glume strongly nerved ciliate on the keel awnless

.
, , , .
Palea as l on g as the glume S tamens 6 o r fewer ( In honor of J D . . . .
Leers a German pharm aci st and botani st )

, .
S pecies about 8 chiefly A merican one in the P hilippines

, , .
1 . L . h ex a n d r a S w . B arit ( T a g ) ; Zacate ( Sp .
weak ascending or suberect slender grass about

A , m h i gh t h e , j
s t ems below somewhat p rostrate an d rooting at the nodes Leaves linear .
l anceol ate ac uminate 5 to 20 cm long 3 to 7 mm wi de P anicles exserted

, , , .
,
ovoid or oblong 5 to 1 2 cm long the branches slender suberect or

, ,
.
spreading Spikelets oblong 3 to . mm long one si ded pal e green , ,

-
,
-
,
the keel s of the flowering glum e and p alea ciliate .
T h e commonly cultivated grass usually k nown as zacate an d the

chief source of green forage in M anila C o m mon in low wet l ands fl .
, , .
all t h e year ; widely di stributed in t h e P hilippines T ropic s generally . .
32 S P OR OB OL U S R
. . B rown
Perennial or an nual sl ender or rather coarse usu ally tuft ed grasses , , .
Leaves flat or wh en dry convolute S pikelets small u sually 1 fl ow er ed

, , .
,
-
,
in open or close sometimes spiciform pani cles awnless Glumes 3 thin

, , .
, ,
usually nerve l ess the fi rst an d second unequal the third longer or shorter
, ,
than the first two Grain loose within the glume and palea the pericarp
.
,
or its epide rmi s u sually loose ( Greek seed an d to cast

”
.
“ “
S pecies about 80 tropical an d temperat e regions about 4 in the Phil

, ,
i p p i n es .
E mpty glumes both much shorter than the flowering glum e 1 . . S . i n di c us

E mpty glumes nearly or quite as long as the flowerin g glume .
2 S . . vi r gi n i cus
1 . in d i c u s ( L ) R B r
S . . . .
A usually r ather densely tufted perennial slender wi ry grass the , , , ,
stems erect unbranched 1 m high or less Leaves flat or when dry

, , .
, , ,
convolute 1 0 to 20 cm long Panicles slender erect o r somewhat nodding

, .
, ,
green l ax or somewhat spi cifo rm 1 0 to 3 5 cm long the branches scat

, , ,
t er ed fascicled 5 to 7 cm l ong sprea ding or ascen ding

, , Spikelets about ,
.
1 00 A F LOR A OF M A N I L A
In lo w l ands especially near the sea fl al l the year ; widely distributed

, , .
in the P hilippines but local T ropic al A sia and A fric a through M al aya
, .
to A u stralia .
35 . C E N T OT H E C A Des v a ux
rather tall perennial grass with broa d leaves P anicles terminal

A .
,
the b ranches long spreading or ascending sp ik e l ike S pikelets 1 or

, ,
-
.
2 fl o w er ed
-
secund not j ointed on the very short pedicels the r a chill a
, , ,
j ointed at the base and between the fl ower i n g glumes Glumes 5 the -
.
,
first and secon d oblong ovate keeled empty the fl o wer i n g glumes oblong -
, , ,
-
,
7 nerved naked or the upper one bearing soft erect or d efl ex ed spines

-
, , , ,
above the middle ( Greek point or pin and receptacle i n allusion

” ”
.
” “ “ “
to the spiny upper glume ) .
S pecies one or 2 or 3 closely allied forms T ropical A si a A frica M alaya

, , , ,
and A ustrali a the followi ng in the P hilippines

, .
1 . I atifo lia ( L ) T rin ( C la pp a c ea

C . . . .
E rect rather stout , to 1 m hi gh gl abrous or slightly hairy Leaves

, , .
broad l anceol a t e acuminate 7 to 1 5 cm long 1 to 3 cm wide Panicles

, , , , .
term inal 1 0 to 20 cm long broa d the bra n ches numerous spreading

, , , , ,
smooth S pikelets green about 5 long numerou s p edicelled

.
, , , .
In thickets M asambon g fl N ov —J an ; common and widely distributed

, , . . .
i n the P hilippines in forests an d thickets possibly introduced T ropical , .
A frica and A si a through M alaya to A ustralia and P olyn esi a .
36 . P HR A G M T E S T r i n i us I
C oarse ,
tall perenni al gr a s ses with long flat leaves an d 3 to 7 fl o wer ed
,
-
spikelets in l arge decompoun d terminal p anicles not j ointed on the pedi

, ,
cels R achill a j ointed between the flowering glumes silky penicill ate with
.
,
-
v ery long h ai r s Glumes al l glabrous the first an d second unequal Oblong

.
, ,
l anceol ate 3 ne r ved thin p ei s i s t en t the thir d much longer the flowering
,
-
, , , ,
glumes subul ate l anceol ate hyal ine s ub a r i s t a t e ( Greek growi n g in

-
, , .
“
h edges i n allusion to its habit )

”
.
A small genu s in most tropical an d warm countries 2 species in the ,
Philippines .
1 . ul ga r i s ( Lam ) T rin ( P co m m un i s
P . v T amb o . . .
A coarse erect grass to m high the stems nearly 1 cm thick ,

.
Leaves up to 50 cm long and cm wi de Panicles somewhat nodding .

,
3 0 to 50 cm lon g browni sh r ather dense very many flowered the branches

, , , ,
sl ender Spikelets linear about 1 cm long

.
, .
In low wet pl aces along esteros etc fl A u g—Dec ; widely distributed .

, . . .
in the P hilippines C osmopolitan . .
37 . E R A GR OS T I S B eauvoi s
A nnua l
or perennial the stems erect or ascending Leaves narrow ,
. .
Spikelets few to many fl ower ed in open or contrac t e d panicles the rachill a -

, ,
j ointed breaking up or not S pikel ets l a t erally comp ressed Glumes many
,
. .
,
the first an d s econd much shorter than the spikelet equal or un equal 1 , ,
nerved or the second 3 nerve d F lowering glumes densely arranged over

,
-
.
,
l appin g deciduous 3—nerved mostly containing perfect flowers P a lea

, , ,
.
deci duou s with its glume or persi stent S tamens 2 or 3 Grain minu t e , . .
,
”
free ( Greek a spring an d
.
GR A M I N E AE 1 01
A l a r ge genu s in all warm and tropical countries about , 13 in the Phil

i pp i n es .
1 . R ac hill a of spikele t s more o r less j ointed breaking up from above ,
down ward C A T A CL A S T Q S )
. .
2 Pani cles 1 0 c m lon g o r less

. .
3 S tems not visci d below the p anicles

. 1 E t en e lla . .
3 S tems visci d below the p anicles

. .
4 Panicles open rather l ax

. 2 E v i s co s a
, . .
4 Panicles dense spike like

.
,
-
2 Pani cles 20 to 40 cm long

. 4 E i n t err up t a . .
1 . R achill a of spikelets tough persistent ; flowering glumes falling away ,
from its base upward P T E R OE SS A ) . .
2 P anicle branches elongated spreading or a scending t h e spikelets scat

.
-
, ,
t er ed pedicell ate , .
3 A nnu al ; spikelets green or purplish

. .
4 S pikelets ovate to broadly oblong 5 t o 1 0 mm lon g 5 E un i o loi d es

.
, . .
4 S pikelets linear to linear oblong

.
-
.
5 P ani cle branches solitary often spreading ; S pikelets 1 to

.
-
,
cm long 6 E di s t an s . .
5 P ani cle branches as cending the lower ones fascicled ; spikelets

.
-
,
about 5 mm long E p i los a .
3 Perenni al ; spikelets plumbeou s

. 8 E elega n t u la . .
2 P anicle branches short appr e

.
-
ssed distant the spikelets densely ar , , ,
ran ged sessile , 9 E s p a r t i n o i d es . .
1 . E . S ( E p lum os a Link )
TE N E L L A (L ) R
. . . . .
A slender den sely tufte d gl abrou s annu al 20 to 50 cm high

, Leaves ,
.
linear acuminate 2 to 1 0 cm long 2 to 3 mm wide P ani cles oblong

, , , .
,
r ather Open 5 to 1 0 cm long the branches solitary sp reading or ascending

, , , ,
slender S pikelets p ale long pedi celled about 2 mm long the flowerin g
.
,
-
, ,
glumes 4to 6 less than 1 mm long ( F l F ilip p l 67 E p lum os a )

, ,
. . .
, . .
In waste pl aces common fl all the year ; throughout the P hilippines

, , .
,
certainly introdu ced T ropical A si a A frica an d M al aya .

, ,
.
2 E . I .
( R etz ) T rin
V SC OS A . .
S imil ar to the p receding but sti ff er stouter u sually taller reaching 1 , , ,
m in height the culms vi sci d below the p ani cle the spikelets up to 5 mm
, ,
long often purplish flowering glumes more numerous up to 1 5 in each

, , ,
spikelet .
In simil ar habitats an d with about the same range as the preceding ;

certainly introduced here .
3 . E . M A N GA L OR I C A Hochst .
Adensely tufted rather stiff gras s 20 to 40 cm high Leaves 3 to 5

,
.
.
cm l ong about 3 mm wide acumin ate C ulms viscid below the pani cles
, , . .
P anicles contracte d very dense S pi ciform 2 to 4 cm long less than 1 cm

, , , ,
in diameter the branches very short S pikelets densely arranged p al e

,
. ,
or purplish 3 to 4 mm lon g the fl ower i n g glumes 6 to 9 about 1 mm

, ,
-
,
l ong .
I n dry grass lands fl July— Sept ; not common in Luzon certainly i n , . .

,
t r o d uc ed India . .
4 E i nte r r u pta ( Lam ) Doell

. . . .
A n erect loosely tufted grass ,

to m high Leaves 1 2 to 20 cm .
l ong 3 to 5 mm wide P anicles elongated erect 20 to 40 cm long con

, .
, , ,
1 02 A FL OR A OF M A N ILA
tracted or somewhat open the branches slender u sually fascicl ed oft en , , ,
up to 1 2 cm long S pikelets pedicelled very numerous p ale 2 to 3 mm

.
, , ,
long the flowering glumes 6 to 1 0 about 1 mm lon g

, , .
In open wet l ands near S a n Pedro M a c a t i fl Sept Dec ; widely dis , . .

-
.
tributed i n t h e Philippines T ropical A sia A frica and M al aya .

, , .
5 . E . u n lo lo i d es ( R etz ) N ees . .
Aannual ere ct tuft ed or somewhat scattered rather slender gl abrous

n , , , ,
g rass 20 to 40 cm hi gh Le aves n arrowly l an ceol ate acuminate flat 5 to .

, , ,
9 cm lO n g 5 mm wide or less Pani cles exserted oblong ovoid l ax open ,

, .
,
-
, ,
8 to 1 5 cm long the branches slender simple so l ita ry di stant t h e l ower

, , , , ,
ones about 5 cm lon g Spikelets l on g pedicelled comp ressed ob l ong ovate .

-
,
-
or broadly ovate 5 to 1 0 mm l ong usu all y purpl ish Flowering glumes

, , .
numerous about 2 mm l ong fallin g away from the base upward the
, , ,
rachill a tough persistent , .
On l edges along streams M asambong fl N ov —Feb ; occasiona l in simil ar , , . . .
h abitats in Luzon Widely distributed in tropic a l A sia introduced in

.
,
F l ori da .
6 . i s t a n s Hack
E . d .
A very slender ere ct loose l y tufted annu al gr ass 20 to 40 cm high

, , , , .
Leaves 5 to 1 0 cm l on g 2 mm wi de or less P ani cles p ale l ax erect 1 0 , .

, , ,
cm l ong o r l ess the bran ches f ew solitary distant more or less sprea ding
, , , , ,
p ale S pikelets rather f ew s cattered pedicell ed l inear or oblong linear

.
, , ,
-
,
1 to cm long the flowering glumes 20 to 40 about 2 mm long

, , .
In open dry gras s l an ds La Lom a to San Pedro M a c a t i fl N ov —F eb , , . . .
Known only from Luzon .
7 . I
E ( L ) B ea uv
. P L OSA . .
A tufted slender erect annual 1 5 to 50 cm high the stems u sually

, , ,
somewhat geni cul ate below Leaves 5 to 1 2 cm long mm wide or less .

, .
Panicles l ax erect or somewh at nodding 8 t o 1 5 cm long the branches

, , ,
slender the lower ones fas ci cled up to 8 cm long S pikelets long pedi
, , .
-
celled 4 to 6 mm long 9 to 1 3 fl ower ed the flowering glumes 1 to

, mm ,
-
,
l on g .
W aste pla ces C ementerio del N orte app arently of rec ent i ntroduction
, ,
’
fl A u g— N ov In most warm countries

. . .
8 . E . e le ga n t u la ( Kunth ) S teu d . .
tufted somewhat rigi d perenni al grass about 1 m high more or less

A , , ,
glau cous Leav es 1 0 to 1 5 cm long

. to 5 mm w i de acuminate Pani cles , , .
somewhat nodding rather l ax 7 to 20 cm long the branches solitary naked

, , , ,
below S pikelets numerou s long pedicelled sc attered Oblong about 7

.
,
-
, , ,
mm long plumbeou s each with from 1 0 to 1 6 flowers the flowering glumes

, , ,
ne a rly 2 mm lo n g .
In open gra ss l ands C al oo can to M a s a m b on g fl all the year ; widely , h

.
distributed i n the Philippines T rop ical A si a through Mal aya to A u stralia . .
9 . E . s Steud
pa r t i n oi d es .
A rather den sely tufted slender but somewhat sti ff p erennial 1 5 to 5 0 ,
cm high Leaves 4 to 1 0 cm lon g 2 to 4 mm wide u su ally involu t e when

.
, ,
dry P ani cles slen de r strict 5 to 1 0 cm long of distant solitary short

.
, , , , , ,
u su ally a p pressed branches the bran ches densely flowered 2 cm long o r , ,
l ess S pikelets app ressed sessile 4 to 1 5 on each bran ch 5 to 9 mm long

.
, , , ,
the flowering glumes 8 to 1 6 about mm lon g ,

.
1 04 A F L OR A OF M A N I L A
the flowering glumes Glumes f ew o r m any keeled the first and second .
, ,
shorter than the flowering glumes subequal or un equal persi stent F lower , , .
ing glumes 3 nerved G rain free peri carp hyaline loose ( N ame of a
-
.
, , .
Greek town where C eres goddess Of harvests was worshipped ) , , .
S pecies about 7 tro p ical an d subtemperate regions one in the P hilip

, ,
p I n es .
1 . I N DI C A ( L ) Gaertn
E . . .
A rather s t out tufted annu al erect glabrous grass 1 0 cm to 1 m high

, , , , .
Lea v es 1 0 to 30 cm long sometimes involute when dry 3 to 7 mm wide , , ,
distichou s rather flacc i d the sheath s fl at t ened S pikes 3 to 6 al l in a

, , .
,
te rm inal whorl or one or two lower down to 1 0 cm long 3 to 5 mm

, , ,
thick S pikelets v ery numerou s crowded 3 to 5 fl o wer ed 3 to 4 mm

.
, ,
-
long the first glume 1 ne r ved small the secon d 3 ne rv ed the third an d
,
-
, ,
-
,
su cceedin g ones ovate a cute , .
Ve r y common in waste pl aces along roadsides etc fl all the year ; , , .

, .
throughout the P hilippines probably Of p rehistori c introduction T ropi cs , .
of the Old Worl d naturalized in A merica , .
41 . DA C T Y L OC T E N l U M W i lld en o w
M ore
or less tufted annu al grasses Leaves flat S pikelets numerous . .
,
crowded i m b r i c a t ed s p r ea d i n g se v eral fl ow er ed alternate in se v eral rows

, , , ,
-
,
in dense 1 sided spikes which are di gitately arranged at the apices of the
,
-
stems Glumes se v eral k eeled a cute or shortly awn ed the t w o lower ones
.
, , , ,
empty slightly unequ al the upper glumes broader the lower ones enclosing
, , ,
a 2 keeled p a lea and a flower the upper ones empty ( Greek finger an d
-
”
, .
“
“
littl e
S pecies few tropical one in the P hilippines , , .
1 . D . [E G YP T I U M ( L ) Will d
. .
rather coarse grass 1 5 to 60 cm high the basal p arts decumbent

A , ,
usually more or less creeping an d rooting the fl o w er i n g s t em s erect or ,

'
a scending Leaves 5 to 1 8 cm long 2 to 6 mm wi de the sheaths loose

.
, ,
imbricate S pikes 3 or 4 r arely only 2 digitate stout oft en purpli sh 1

.
, , , , ,
to 5 cm long 5 to 7 mm thick the r achi s excurrent at the tip mucronate

, , , .
S pikelets numerous densely crowded spreading about 3 mm long 3 or , , , ,
4fl o w er ed t h e first glume o v ate acute the second obliquely awned t h e

-
, , , ,
flowering glumes also cusp idate awned the cusps recurved -

, .
C ommon in wa ste pl aces roadsides etc fl all the dis ,

.
, .
tributed in the P hilippines prob ably of p rehi stori c introduction A nati v e ,

.
of the Old W orl d where it i s widely distribu t ed n o w ex t ensi v ely natural ,
ized in the N ew Worl d .
42 . L E P T OC H L OA B eauvois
nnu al erect u su ally tufted gr asses with fl at leave s the slender spike
A , , , ,
l ike panicle branches racemosely a rranged on the elongated rachi s S pi k e

- .
lets small comp ressed sever al fl o w er ed sessile or shortly pedicelled

, ,
-
, ,
unil a t eral Glumes 3 to many thin the first and second unequal Oblong
.
, , ,
or l anceolate 1 ner v ed empty the others o v ate acute or obtuse 3 ner v ed

,
-
, , , ,
-
.
Grain subglobose to obo v oid closely in v ested by the glume and palea ,
.
( Greek slender an d
” “
S pecies about 1 5 tropi cal an d subtrop ical 2 in the P hilippines , ,

.
GR A M I N E A E 105
1 . h in en s i s ( L ) N ees
L . c . .
A tall rather slender or somewhat stout tuf t ed annual grass

, to , ,
1 m high Leaves 1 0 to 30 cm long 8 mm wide or less the sheaths loose

.
.
, , .
Inflorescence 20 to 30 cm long the spike l ike branches numerous slender ,

-
, ,
sp reading 6 to 1 0 cm lo n g S pikelets to 3 mm long green or pu r p l ish

, .
, ,
about 5—fl ower ed .
In shallow water ma rgins of the P asig R i v er in lo w wet places and , , ,
sometimes in cultivated lands fl all the year ; widely di stributed in t h e , .
Phil ippines India to J apan southward to A u stral ia

. .
43 . BA M B U S A S c h r eb er
‘
rect shrubs or trees tufted the stem sheaths bro ad their blades usually
E , ,
-
,
trian gul ar Leaves shortly p etioled the sheaths v ariously au ri cled I n fl o r

.
-
, .
es c en c e generally of l arge leafless o r leafy pani cles S pikelets 1 t o .
many fl o w er ed the em p ty glumes 1 to 4; flowering glume s ovate l anceolate

-
,
-
.
S tamens 6 Ov ary oblong or obovate tip hairy

. Grain obl ong or linea r , .
oblong the pericarp thin adherent ( F rom the I ndian name )

, , . .
S pecies about 55 tropical A si a M al aya and A ustralia 5 i n the P hil , , , ,
i pp i n es .
1 . S hrubby , slender 2 to 3 m high 1 B gla u c es c en s , . .
1 . A rborescent coarse species .
2 S t ems naked below spineless

.
, .
3 S tems green.
;
3 S tems yellow or yell ow with green stripe s 2 B v u lga r i s var s t r i a t a

.
, . . . .
2 Stems surrounded at the base with spreading and interl aced spiny
.
bran ches 3 B b lum ea n a . .
1 . B . GL A U C E S C E N S ( Wil d ) S ieb ( B . . n an a C auayan C hina

dwarfed shrubby species 1 to 3 m high the stems 1 to 2 cm in diameter
A ,
.
Lea v es small l inear lanceol ate or na rrowly l anceol ate 3 to 1 0 cm long

,
-
,
.
S pikelets f ew clustered or solita r y on the branches 1 to 3 cm long

, ,
.
Oc casionally cultivated as a hedge pl ant introduced A native Of C hina

.
, .
an d J apan not as yet found in flower in the P hilip p ines

, .
2 B . I S chrad C auayan quiling

. VU L G A R S .
E rect loosely tufted the stems up to 1 7 m in height and 1 5 cm in

, ,
di ameter green n aked at the ba se not supplied with spiny bran ches
, , ,
.
Lea v es lanceol ate acuminate up to 3 5 cm long and 4 cm wide Often , , ,
smaller the sheaths a u r i é u la t e at the apex S pikelets oblong clu stered

, .
,
alon g the b ran ches of the inflorescence about cm long , .
I n thickets M a sambong not uncommon rarely flowering ; widely dis

, , ,
tributed in the P hilippines an d probably not a nati v e of the A rchipelago ,
but of prehistoric introduction T ropics generally . .
Va r I ( L o d d ) Gamble
*
. ST R A T A . .
S tems about 1 2 m high 5 to 6 cm in diameter spineless n aked at the , , ,
base the internodes 20 to 25 cm long hard rather bright yellow Often

, , ,
-
stri p ed wi th green L ea v es about 20 cm lon g to 4 c m w i d e .

,
'
a conside ration of the known species of P hilippine bamboos see

1
F or
Gamble J S B ambuseae of the P hilippine I sl and s

, .
P h i li p J o u r n S c i 5
.
,
“
. . . .
( 1 9 1 0) B o t . 26 7 28 1 -
.
1 06 A FL OR A OF M A N I LA
Occasionally cultivated in M anil a for o rnamental purposes , introduced,

n ative country uncertain , but probably C hina o r J apan T h e flowers o f this .
variety are unknown ; it i s well charac t erized by its yellow stems .
*
3 . B Schultes f C au ayan C auayan totoo
. BL U M E A N A
~
.
,
S t ems 1 0 to 20 m hi gh 8 to 1 0 cm in diameter the basal p arts sur , ,
rounded by stiff branched interla ced spiny branches Leaves 1 0 to 20

, , , .
cm long 1 to 2 cm wide Panicles l arge Spikelets slender compressed

, . .
, ,
2 to 3 cm long ( F l F ilip p l 1 00 B a r un d i n a c ea )
. . . .
, . .
V ery common in ou r area and widely distributed throughout the settled ,
region s of the Philippines the Common buil ding b amboo of the A rchi ,
pelago r arely flowering ; p robably of prehistori c introduction M a l ay Pen

, .
insul a and A rchipel ago .
44 . S C H I Z OS T A C HY U M N ees
rect or climbing bamboos t h estems with thin or thick wall s Leaves

E , .
n arrow or b road petioled Inflorescence p anicul ate the branches bearin g

, .
,
scattered or close heads of sessile flowers or the spikelets rarely s cattered ,
along the branches S pikelets slender usually fascic l ed ; empty glumes

.
,
1 to 3 n arrow u su ally mucronate ; flowering glumes 1 or 2 j ointed below

, , , ,
convolute elongated Stamen s 6 the fil aments free F ru it ovoid beaked

, .
, .
, ,
c ru staceou s or hard ( Greek split and

”
.
“
Species about 3 0 Indi a to Polynesia 1 1 in the Philippines “ , ,
1 . S . Gamble
t o pp i n gi i .
A n erect unarmed loosely tufted bamboo the stem s up to

, cm in, ,
diameter an d from 3 to 5 m or more high the sheaths hairy Leaves , .
various on young pl ants up to 40 cm long an d

, cm wide on the branches ,
crowded much smaller an d Often 1 0 to 20 cm long an d 1 to 2 cm wi de

, ,
.
,
the she aths cili ate at the mouth S pikelets crowde d in subglobose s cattered
’
.
,
or close heads on the spike like branches of the p anicle glabrous fertile
,
-
, ,
E mpty glumes 2 p r 3 2 to 4 mm lon g 7 t o

'
a n d i m p er f ec t ones mixed .
,
-
9 nerved mucronate
-
F lowering glumes 5 mm long 9 ner v ed mucronate
, .
,
-
, .
F ruit globose gl abrous about 6 mm i n diameter the glumes persistent

, , , .
In ravines opposite G u a d a lup eh n o t found in flower here but flowering ,
near M ontalban in July Known only from Luzon . .
14 . CY P E R A C E A E ( S E DGE OR B A L A N GOT F A M I L Y)
Grass l ike pl ants with u sually 3 ranked leaves an d soli d cylindri c or

- -
,
3 angled stems the sheaths closed sometimes leafless

-
, F lowers perfect or ,
.
1 sexu al small in the axil s of the scales ( glumes ) of the spikes or spikelets
-
, , ,
these solita ry or in p anicles heads umbels racemes spikes or fascicles , , , , , .
P eri anth none or of hypogynou s bri stles or scal es S tamen s 1 to 3 Ova ry . .
1 celled ; style short or slender an d elongated 2 or 3 cleft

-
F ruit a small ,
, ,
-
.
compressed 3 angled cylindric or globose nut

,
-
, , .
Genera about 7 5 species more than in all p arts of the worl d 25

'
, ,
genera and about 1 50 species in the Philippine s .
1 . S pikelets of few or many glumes the first 1 or 2 always empty the , ,
uppermost male or empty the intermedi ate ones with perfect flowers ,
.
2 . F lowering gl umes many disti chously arranged ,

.
3 S ty l e 2 fi d
.
-
.
In Open grass l ands waste pl aces etc fl most of the year ; wi dely dis, , .
, .
tributed in the Philippines M ost tropical and warm countries . .
2 . K . m o n o c ep h a la R o t t b .
more or less tufted gl abrou s plant from creeping rootstocks S tems

A .
1 0 to 40 cm high Leaves up to 1 5 cm in length or longer 3 to 4 mm wide

.
, ,
the bracts simil ar Heads ovoid simple white 8 to 1 3 mm long S p ikelets

.
, , , .
ve ry numerous 3 to mm long the flowering glume distinctly winged

, ,
along the keel N ut up to mm l ong . .
In open wast e pl ac es grass l ands l awns etc fl all the year ; throughout
, , , .
, .
the Philippines A ll warm an d tropical countries . .
2 . P Y C R E U S B eauvois
T ufted
or sc attered a nnual or perennial mostl y slender pl ants l eafy
, , ,
.
on l y at the base t h e bracts subtending the inflorescence leaf like I n fl o r es

,
-
.
cence umbell ate or s ub c a p i t a t e Spikele t s compressed linear to Oblong .

, ,
u su ally numerous ; glumes many arranged in t wo ranks imbricate N ut , , .
l aterally compressed ; sty l e branches 2 -

.
S pecies about 50 in all warm and temperate regions about 5 in the ,
Philippines .
1 . A nnual slender ; glumes , mm lon g . 1 . P . n i t en s

1 . P erenni al stouter ; glumes 2 mm long, .
2 Spikelets a scending ; nut rounded or trun cate

. 2 P . . o d o ra t u s
2 S pikelets spreading ; nut apicul ate
. 3 P . . er a gr o s t i s
1 . n iten s ( V ahl ) N ees

P . .
A small slender erect tufted annual 5 to 20 cm high t h e l eaves S lender

, , , , , ,
n arrow shorter than the stems U mbel s simple or reduced to one head
, .
,
subtended by f ew leaf like bracts S pikelets u sually pale 5 to 30 in a -

.
,
S pike or head narrowly Oblong 5 to 8 mm long each composed of from

, , ,
8 to 30 mm long mu cron ate glumes N u t compressed about

, , .
,
mm long .
In open grass l ands gardens etc fl A u g —Jan ; widely distributed in , , .

, . . .
the P hilippines T ropical A si a A fri ca M al aya and A ustralia

.
, , ,
.
2 . o d o r a tu s ( L ) U rban ( P p o ly s t a c h y u s
P . . .
A n erect gl abrous rather sl ender perenni al the stems 20 to 70 cm high

, , ,
.
Leaves mostly shorter than the stems sometimes equaling theirn U mbel s ,
.
simple or red uced to one head s ubtended by leaf like bracts the rays ,
-
,
1 to 7 S pikes dense composed of from 1 0 to 20 a scen d ing spikelets

.
,
.
Spikelets b rown linear 1 to cm long Glumes oblong 1 5 to 30 o r

, ,
.
,
more about 2 mm long obtuse N uts oblong bl ack 1 mm l ong rounded

, , .
, , ,
or truncate .
Va r pan i c ulatu s ( R o t t b ) M err

.
p o ly s t a c h y u s var la x i flo r u s
. .
(P . .
Di ffering from the species in its l ax Open inflorescence which i s about ,
1 0 cm long the S pikelets al so longer ,

.
In open waste pl aces l awns etc common flowering all the year ; , , .
, ,
throughout the P hilippines A ll warm regions especi ally near the sea .
,
.
3 . e r a gr osti s ( Vahl ) Merr ( C y p er u s er a gro s t i s V ahl )

P . . .
E rect tufted gl abrous 1 5 to 50 cm high the leaves n arrow much

, , , , ,
shorter than the stems somewh at fl accid the i nvolu cral bracts leaf like , ,
-
,
long and slender U mbel s simple the rays 1 to 5 sometimes reduced

.
, ,
C YP E R A CE A E 1 09
to a simple head S pikes globose the spikelets spreading fascicled l inear

.
, , ,
oblong b rownish sessile 1 to

, cm l ong Glumes 1 0 to 50 ovate obtu se
, , .
, , ,
2 mm l ong N ut ellipsoid somewhat compressed apicul ate about 1 mm

.
, , ,
long .
In open grass lands La Loma fl N o v —J an ; of local occurren ce in the , , . . .
Phil ippines T emperate an d tropical parts of the Old Worl d

. .
J U NCE L L US C . B . C l arke
S tems
erect tufted leafy only near the base the inflorescence umbell ate
, , ,
or capitate subtended by leaf l ike b racts Spikelets compressed Glumes

,
-
. .
many in t wo ranks imbricate concave the first two empty the others
, , , , ,
with perfect flowers the uppermost ones empty Stamens 3 or 2 N ut , . .
pl ano convex broad the pl ane face against the r ac hill a ; styl e branches 2
-
, ,
-
.
( Diminutive Of J i m cu s the Latin n am e of the rush ) ,

.
S pecies about 1 2 in all warm countries 1 in the Philippines , , .
1 . J .
py gma eu s ( R o t t b ) C B C l arke
. . . .
annu al tufted gl abrou s pl ant 3 to 20 cm high the stems usually

A n , , , ,
numerou s Leaves thin 1 0 cm long or less 1 to 2 mm wide Inflorescence

.
, , .
c apitate heads sol itary 1 cm in diameter or less S pikelets very numerous

, , .
,
about 5 mm long the glumes about 20 oblong l anceol ate 2 mm long , ,

-
, .
N ut oblong ellip soid about 1 mm lon g -

, .
In open gr avelly soil nea r C ul icul i ,fl M arch—M a y ; of local oc currence in .
the Philippines A ll warm countries . .
4
. CYP E R U S Linnaeus
C oarse
or slender tufted or scattered erect annu al or perennial pl ants
, , , ,
the stems leafy only at the b ase the bracts leaf like Inflorescence um ,
-
.
bellate or capitate Spikelets l inear or oblong comp ress ed the rachill a

.
, ,
p ersistent Glumes distichou s the first two empty the succeeding ones
.
, ,
bi sexu a l seriatim deciduous N ut 3 angled or plano convex ; style 3 fi d

, .
- - -
.
( A ncient Gree k n ame ) .
More than 300 species i n all warm countries about 21 in the P hilippines , .
1 . S pikelets digita t e or clustered not spicate or r acemose , .
2 L o w slender annu al s the leaves l ess than 5 mm wide

.
,
3 N uts about as long a s the glumes

.
3 N uts very much shorter than the glumes

.
2 P erennials the leaves o r br acts 5 to 20 mm in width

.
, .
3 C o arse erect leafless at the base ; cultivated only

.
, , .
3 . C .
fl a b elli f o r m i s
3 . B asal leaves n umerous equal ing or longer than the stems ,
. .
4 C d i ffu s u s
. .
1 . S pikelets or s ub r a c em o s ely arranged

S p i c a t ely .
2 . R achill a of spikelets not at all or obscurely winged .
3 T ufte d annual s ; mostly slender plants

. .
4 S pikelets 3 to 1 0 mm long ; glumes about

. mm long obovate , ,
the nuts as l ong a s the glumes 5 C i ri a . .
4 Spikelets 1 0 t o 30 mm long ; glumes about

. mm long promi ,
n en t ly acumin ate much longer than the 6 C c o m p r es s us ,

. .
3 P erenni al s with woody rootstocks and often long stolons ; coar se

.
plants .
4 R achi s of the spikes pubescent ; spikelets 5 to 1 0 mm l ong com

.
,
pressed 7 C p i los u s . .
1 10 A FL OR A OF M A N I L A
4 R achis gl abrous
. .
5 . Leaves very short l ess than , 5 cm long ; spikelets crowded .
8 . C . m a la c c en s i s
Leaves long sometimes equaling the stem ; spikelets l axly
5 .
,
disposed 9 C dis tan s . .
2 R . achill a of spikelets distinctly winged .
3 . S lender pl ants l ess than m high .
4 S pikes mostl y dense of from 3 t o 8 spikel ets ; roots with thickened

.
, ,
ovoi d or globose tubers 1 0 C ro t un d us . .
4 S pikes l ax of from 2 to 6 spikelets ; glumes rather distant

.
, .
11 C zo lli n ger i
’
. .
C oarse
pl ants often 1 m h i gh ; s p i k es 3 to 6 at the end of each ‘
3 .
branch of the inflorescence densely many fl ow er ed ,

-
.
1 2 C r a d i a tus . .
1 C d I ff o r m i s L
. . .
A tufte d gl abrou s annu al 1 0 to 40 cm long the stems sharply 3 angled a t ,

-
the top Leaves rather fl accid somewhat shorte r than the s t ems 2 to 3
.
, ,
mm wi de Inflorescenc e umbell a t e simple o r compound subtended by t wo

.
, ,
l eaf l ike bracts contracted or spreading t h e rays 1 to 5 cm long some

-
, , ,
sessile some long peduncled S pikelets very numerou s 2 to 5 mm long

,
-
.
, ,
crowded in globose or ovoi d ma sses on the ends of the branches each

‘
spikelet with from 8 to 25 flowers the flowering glum es about mm ,
l ong obtu se brownish N utlets abou t

, mm long
, . .
In Ope n wet gras s l an ds fl a ll the year ; throughout the Phil ippines A , . .
characteri stic rice paddy weed throughout the warmer parts of the Old -
World introduced in Mexico , .
2 C . L. h a s pa n .
A tufte d gl abrous rather flaccid p l ant 1 0 to 40 cm high

, Leaves often , .
a s long as the stem someti mes short er or nea r ly wanting 3 to 5 mm wi de, , , .
Inflorescence umbellate simpl e or compound of f ew or m any crowded or , ,
spreading rays each wi th few to many spikelets dense or l ax S p i kelets

, , .
brown 3 to 1 0 mm long 8 t o 25 fl o w er ed the glumes about

, mm long ,
-
, ,
imbricate obtuse N utle t s 3 angled about , mm long .

-
, .
In open wet grass l ands especi ally ri c e paddies fl all the year ; through
, , ,
-
, .
out the P hilippines A ll warm countries ; a characteristic rice paddy weed .

-
.
*
3 . C . U mbrell a Plant
F L ABE L L I F OR M I S R ot tb . .
A stout erect tufte d plant reaching a height of, m the stems up t o

, ,
1 cm in diameter b ase covered with leafless sheaths Leaves all crowded

, .
in a dens e spirally arranged whorl at the ends of the stem s spreading nu

, , ,
m er o u s up to 3 0 cm long ,to 2 cm wi de acumin ate U mbel s in the , , .
l eaf axil s numerous 8 cm wi de or less thei r peduncles slender 1 0 cm lon g

-
, ,
'
, ,
or less S pikel ets sessile in peduncled an d sessile heads oblong up to 1

.
, , ,
cm long the glumes 20 to 30 abo ut 2 mm l ong N uts

, mm long , . .
F requently cultivated but not spontaneou s fl Dec M ar ch A n ative of , , . .

-
.
A rabi a an d A byssini a n o w cultivated in m any warm countries , .
4 . d i ff u s u s V ahl
C .
A n erect gl abrous perennial 3 0 to 6 0 cm high the l eaves b asal flat , , ,
broad numerou s crowded equaling or longer than the stems 3 ne rved 8

, , , ,
-
,
to 1 5 mm wide the root stock short S tems 3 angl ed the bracts sub t end
,
-
.
-
,
ing the inflorescence l eaf l ike 1 0 t o 5 0 cm lon g broad spreading U mbe l s -

, , , .
8 to 20 cm in diamete r decompound rather l ax S pikelets 3 or more , ,

.
s lender S pikele t s red or reddish brown sp readin g slender rather l ax ly
.
-
, , ,
dispo sed 1 to 3 cm long 1 0 t o 25 fl o w er ed the glumes obtu se oblong

, ,
-
, ,
ellipti c remote 2 mm long N u t oblong

, to mm long
, .
, .
I n open gra ss l ands S a n Juan del M on t e an d other places fl all the , , .
y ear ; throughout the P hilippines T ropic s gener al ly . .
10 C otun d u s L Mutha
. . r .
A sl en der erect glabrous perennial 1 0 t o 40 cm high the rh i zomes

, , ,
wi ry bearing bla ck hard ovoi d tubers about 1 cm in diame t er S tems

, , , .
u su ally solita r y 3 angl ed above Le aves 5 to 1 5 cm long or sometimes

,
-
.
,
a s l ong as the stems 3 mm wi de o r less U mbel simple or compound , .

'
2 t o 6 cm long the ra y s l ong o r short the spikes dense or rather l ax of

, , ,
from 3 to 8 sp ikelets S pikelets brown slen der 1 0 to 25 mm long 1 0 .

, , ,
t o 25 fl o w er ed the glumes
-
to 3 mm long , .
I n gardens l awn s waste pl aces etc ve r y common fl all the yea r ;

, , , .
, , .
throu ghout the Ph i l ippines I n all warm countries . .
11 . C . zo lli n ger i S teud .
slender glabrou s perennial 1 0 to 50 cm high the stems mostly sol i

A ,
tary Leaves 5 to 20 cm long 2 mm wi de or less U mbel s simple or

.
, .
c ompound rather l ax of f ew long an d short r ays someti mes reduced to

, , ,
one the sp ikes r ather l ax of from 2 to 6 spikelets S p i kelets bro wn

, , .
,
slende r 1 t o cm long 1 0 to 1 5 fl o wer ed the glumes about 3 mm

, ,
-
,
l ong r ather distant N u t 3 an gled 2 mm long

, .
-
, .
In open dr y grass l ands M asambong fl Jul y S ep t ; not common in the

, , , .
-
P hilippines T ropical A si a and A frica through M al aya to A u stralia

.
, .
12 C .r a d iatus V ahl . .
A coarse erect tufted p erenn ial to 1 m high Leaves one h a lf to

, , .
-
'
two thirds as long a s the stems 7 mm w i de or less the bracts sub t en din g
-
, ,
the infl orescence leaf like I nflorescen ce compound umbell ate brown the -
.
, , ,
rays lon g or short S pikes 3 to 6 at the end of e ach branch sessile .

, ,
dense cylin d ric to 4 cm long 6 to 8 mm thick S p i kel ets 4 to 5 mm

, , , .
l ong 1 2 t o 1 8 fl ow er ed the glumes about

, mm l ong N ut o v oid abo u
-
, .
,
t
m m long .
I n open wet l ands and swampy places common fl all the yea r ; through , , .
out the P hil ippines Widely distribute d in the tropic s . .
5 . MA R I S C U S Gaertn er
C o arse
or slender t ufted pl ants u sually perennial s rarely annuals , , .
Leaves mostly basal sometimes caul ine the bracts leaf like I n fl o r es , ,
-
.
c en ce of umbell ed heads o r sp ikes S p i kelets more or l ess comp ressed ; .
gl umes distichou s the r ach i lla of the spikelet disa rticulating above the ,
2 lowest glumes N ut tri gonou s ; sty le 3 fid .

-
.
S pec ies about 1 60 in all warm region s about 8 in the P hil ippines A , .
genu s v ery clo sely all ied to C y p erus d i fi er i n g chiefly in the articulate d ,
rachil las .
1 . U mbel s sim ple .
2 S pikes cylindri c dense about

.
, , 2 cm long ; spikelets u sually 2 d owered
-
.
1 . M . cy p e r i n us
2 S pikes
. l inear l ax ,
2 M . .
fl a b elli f or mi s
C YPE R A C E A E 113
1 . U mbel s compound .
2 S pikelets oblong turgid 7 mm lon g or less arranged in spikes ; a

.
, , ,
coarse gl aucou s pl ant , 3 M s t upp eus . .
2 S pikelets l inear or l inear l an ceol ate 8 to 1 5 mm l on g in den se globose

.
-
, ,
heads at the ends of the 4 M d i la t a s . .
1 . y pe r i nu s
M . c
A glabrou s erect tufted plant 20 to 60 cm high the inflorescence um

, , ,
bel late Leaves 1 5 to 30 cm long 4 to 8 mm wide the bracts subtending

.
, ,
the inflorescence simil a r to the leaves S pikes 5 to 1 0 cyl indric dense .

, , ,
about 2 cm long S pikelets lanceol ate 4 to 5 mm long green or brownish

.
, ,
green straight each with about 2 flowers the nutl ets oblong 2 mm long
, , , , .
In thicke t s M asambong fl A u g— Oc t ; throu ghout the P hilippines

, , . . . .
T ropical A si a through M al aya to P olyn esia .
2 M . . fi a b elli f o r m i s HB K .
slender erect tufted pl ant 25 to 40 cm tall Leaves 20 to 30 cm

A , ,
.
l ong 2 to 3 mm wide the bracts simil ar Inflorescence umbell ate the

, , .
,
rays usually about 5 2 to 5 cm long S pikes to 2 cm long r ather l ax

, .
, ,
green S pikelets ascending S lender about 1 cm l ong the glumes about 5

.
, , , ,
distant about mm long N utlets Oblong 2 mm long

, .
,
.
In shady thi ckets M asambong fl A ug —Oc t ; rather widely distributed

, , . . .
in the P hilippines M ost tropica l countries . .
3 . M . s t u p p e us s ( F orst ) M err . .
(M . a lb es c en
A coarse erect tufted perennial 50 t o 8 0 cm high pal e green or gl aucou s
, , ,
-
.
Leaves rather thi ck stiff nearly as long as the stem 4 to 6 mm wide

, , , ,
often complanate the bracts simil ar Inflorescence umbell ate 6 to 1 5 cm

, .
,
in diameter the spikes den se , to 3 cm long about 1 cm in di ameter , , ,
bro wn S pikelets spreading 5 to 7 mm long the glumes obtuse 5 to 9

.
, , , ,
2 to 3 mm long N utlets ovoid dark brown 1 to

. mm l ong ,
-
, .
In op en wet l an ds near the sea fl all the year ; throughout the Philip , .
p ines near the seashore T ropic al A si a an d A frica through M al aya to .
A ustralia an d P olynesi a .
4 . M . d i lutu s ( V ahl ) N ees (M

croc ep h a lu s P resl ) . mi .
A coarse erect loosely tufted gl abrous pl ant 4 to 80 cm high

, , Leaves , .
and bracts somewhat spon gy the former often nearly as long as the ,
stem 8 mm wi de or less Inflorescen ce 1 0 to 25 cm in diameter com

, .
,
pound the spikes ra diately gl obose at the ends of the b ranchlets each
, ,
composed of very numerous l inear or l inear l an ceo l ate b ro w n straigh t ,

-
, ,
spikel ets to cm long Glumes 6 to 1 4 obtuse somewhat distant

'
.
, , ,
3 to 4 mm long N utlet oblong beaked 2 mm long .

, , .
I n open wet l an ds fl all the year ; throughout the Philippines Indi a

, . .
to M auritius C hina an d M al aya , , .
6 . T OR U L I N I U M Des v a ux
S imil ar
to M a r i s c u s and C yp er u s but the spikelets breaking up into ,
se v eral j oints each containing 1 nut , .
A genus consistin g of a singl e variable species found i n all warm

re gions .
1 1 1 555— 8
1 . T . f er a x ( R ich ) Ha m . .
( T co n f er t um
.
r ather coarse erect gl abrou s plant

A to 1 m high scarcely tufted
, , , ,
the stems 3 angled Leaves f ew 1 cm wi de or less the bracts subtending the

-
.
, ,
inflorescence sp reading f ew to many l eaf l ike U mbel s u sually com , ,

-
.
pound 1 0 to 25 cm in diameter S pikes 2 to 5 cm long bearin g very

, .
,
numerous spreading slender spikelets S pikelets u sually about 1 cm

, , .
long yellow or brown the glumes 6 to 1 0 rath er di stant elliptic about

, , , , ,
7 nerved the rachill a fl ex u o s e breaking up into j oints each bearing one

-
, , ,
glume an d nut N u t Oblong about mm long .

, .
In Open wet pl aces occasional fl N o v —J an ; widely distributed in the , , . . .
Philippines A ll warm regions . .
7 . E L E OC HA R I S R . B rown
Glabrous erect tufted pl ants the stems simpl e without nodes Leaves
, , , , .
none ; sheaths f ew cylindric truncate or with a small tooth I n fl or es

, , .
cence a single terminal spikelet Glumes imbricate all around Hy p o gy . .
nou s bristles 5 to 8 N ut obovoid pla n O convex or 3 angled ; style b ase

.
,
- - -
con stri cted and apparently a rti cul ated on the nut but usually persistent ;
arms 2 Or 3 ( From the Greek marsh an d grace”
.
“ “
.
More than 1 00 species in all p art s of the world 8 or 9 in the Philip , ,
p I n es .
1 . Spikelets elongated 1 cm long or more , .
2 N uts smooth
.
2 N uts longitudinally ru gose

. .
1 . Spikelets globose or ovoid 5 mm long or less ,
1 . E ui s etin a Presl
. eq .
A somewhat slender t ufted plant the stems sometimes nearly 1 m ,
high u sually much shorter about 3 mm in di ameter transvers ely septat e

, , ,
when dry the uppermost sheath close —fi t t i n g continued on one side as a

, ,
short tri an gul a r tooth S pikelet 1 to 3 cm lon g, s c arcely thicker than t h e

.
stem Glumes broadly oblon g ovoid rounded N u t smooth an d shining

.
-
, .
,
e ll ipsoi d or obovoi d 2 mm l ong , .
In Open wet l ands swampy pl aces etc fl Oc t —Dec an d probably in , , .

, . . .
,
other months ; of loc al occurrence in t h e Ph ilippines C eylon to N ew .
C aledoni a .
2 . va r i ega ta Kunth var laxiflo r a ( T h w ) C B C l arke

E .
, . . . . .
A rather slender tufted pl ant 1 0 to 30 cm high the stems about ,
mm in diame t er S heaths close fi t t i n g S pikelet only a little thicker

.
-
.
than the stem to cm long Glumes Oblong ovate acute or acu

, .
-
,
minate 4 mm long N uts brown obovoi d nearly 2 mm long lo n gi t ud i

, .
, , ,
n ally rugose the hypogynous bristles longer than the nut retrorsely
, ,
scabrid .
In Old rice p addies near C aloocan fl Dec —F eb ; Of local occurrence in

-
, . . .
the P hilippines Indi a to C hina M al aya , an d Polynesia

f
. .
J : l
3 E c a p itata ( L ) R Br ( g a 1;
’
. . . . .
S tems
slender densely tufted erect rather stiff Often purplish at
, , , ,
the b ase 1 0 to 30 cm lon g S pikel ets small dense ovoid , 4 to 5 mm long

, .
, ,
.
Glumes ovate obtuse thin 2 mm long N ut bl ack shining obovoid about

, , , .
, , ,
1 mm long the bristles as long as the nut retrorsely scabrid

, ,
.
In open wet grass l ands especially near the sea fl most of the year ; , .
wi dely distributed in the P hilippines Most wa rm countries . .

solitary oblon g ovoid 5 t o 8 mm lon g b rownish Glumes num erous all

,
-
, , .
,
spirally arranged oblong ovate obtuse about 3 mm long N ut obovoid

,
-
, , .
,
obtu se compressed brown smooth 1 mm long S tyle arm s 2

, , , , .
-
.
In Open lands especi ally near the sea or within the influence Of salt
,
‘
water fl all the year ; widely distributed in the P hilippines T ropi cs of the
, . .
Old World .
4 . F . s c h o en o i d es ( R etz ) V ahl . .
tufted slender gl abrou s pl ant 1 5 to 5 0 cm high the lea v es ba sal

A , , , ,
numerous u sually mu ch shorter than the stems fili f o r m S pikel ets f ew

, , .
,
2 to 5 on each stem peduncled ovoi d to Oblong ovoid p al e or brown 1 to

, ,
-
, ,
cm long Glumes broadly ovate all spirally arranged obtuse or slightly

.
, ,
mucronate stri ate about 4 mm lon g all cadu cous from the base Of t h e
, , ,
spikelet upward N ut obovoi d somewhat compressed shining stalked

.
, , , ,
brownish smooth to 2 mm lon g Style arms 2

, , .
-
.
In Open grass l ands S an Pedro M a c a t i fl N ov — Feb ; wi dely distribute d

, , . . .
in the Philippines India t o C hin a M al aya and A ustrali a

.
, , .
5 . c o r n i c ulata M err
F . .
A slender tufted annu al pl ant qui t e gl abrous the b asa l leaves f ew

, , , , ,
l inear 5 to 8 mm long the leaves redu ced to b asal sheaths S pikelets

, ,
.
brown few 3 to 8 mm long 3 to 5 in a simple umbel the central one sessil e

, , ,
’
, .
Glumes 1 5 or less brown ciliate on the margins retuse or rounded t h e

, , , ,
keel p rominent excurrent as a stout a wn N u t obovoid

, mm lon g .
, ,
verruculose bl ack ; style 3 fi d ,

-
In open gr ass l ands La Lorna fl N ov —Dec ; known only from thi s , , . . .
l ocality .
6 . F . d i ps a c ea (R ot tb .
) B enth .
slender tufted gl abrous annual 8 to 20 cm high Leaves short or

A , , .
sometimes a s long as t h e stems capill ary U mbel s simple or sometimes , .
compoun d mostly under 2 cm in diameter of 2 or 3 to 8 or 1 0 spikelets t h e , ,
bra cts fi li f o r m S pikelets ovoi d dense 3 to 5 mm l ong the glumes ari s t ate
.
, , , ,
tip s spreading N uts cylindri c oblong brown

. mm long S tyle a r ms 2 -
, , .
-
.
On san dy m u d b a n k s al ong the river near P asig fl F eb —A p r ; widely , . . .
distributed in the P hilipp ines T ropical A sia and A fric a to M al aya . .
7 . d i phylla ( R etz ) V ahl

F . . .
A n exceedingly variable tufted gl abrou s or somewhat pubescent pl ant , ,
30 to 5 0 cm high Leaves li n ear to fi li f o r m basal numerou s 1 0 to 3 0 cm

.
, , ,
long 1 to 3 mm wi de U mbel s simple or compound 3 to 7 cm lon g

, .
, .
Spikelets pedicelled or some sessile brown ovoid 6 to 8 mm long Glumes , , , .
numerous all spirally a rranged imbricate N u t oblong ovoid to obov a te

, , .
-
,
1 to mm long distinctly longitu din ally stri ate , .
C ommon in Open grass l ands etc fl a ll the year exceedingly variable ; , .

, .
,
throughout the P hilipp ines A ll warm countries . .
8 . fer r u gi n ea ( L ) V ahl
F . . .
A densely tufted u sually gl abrous sometimes slightly pubescent pl ant

, , ,
the stems rather stiff slender 3 0 to 60 cm high Leaves narrow erect , , .

, ,
stiff stri ate short or sometimes non e the sheaths only present U mbels
, , , ,
.
simpl e or compound usually contracted 5 to 7 cm long S pikelets brown

, , .
,
5 to 20 all pedicelled or some sessile about 1 cm long

,
Glumes very ,
.
numerous ovate 3 mm long obtuse N uts obovoid usu ally pale or brown
, , , .
, ,
i sh compressed smooth about

,
mm long S tyle villous below arm s 2
, , .
, .
C YP E R A C E A E 117
In Open pl aces especially near the sea fl all the year ; in maritime dis , .
t r i c t s throughout the P hilippines A ll warm regions . .
9 . F . b a r b ata (R ot tb .
) B enth .
( B u lb o s t y li s b a r b a t a Kunth ) .
very slender densely tufted annual 5 t o 25 cm high Leaves num

A ,
.
er o u s fi li f o r m
,
much shorter than the stems the sheaths with f ew to many
, ,
long white hairs S pikelets f ew to many brownish about 3 mm long .

, , ,
crowded in dense globose sol itary heads 3 to 7 mm in diameter each head, , ,
subtended by usually two fi li f o r m leaves one much longer than the other , .
I n Open dry grass l ands railroad grades etc fl A ug—J an ; throughout

, , , .
, . . .
the P hilippines Warmer parts Of the worl d . .
10 F . . m i li a c ea ( L ) Vahl . .
tufted slender gl abrous rather flacci d annual 40 to 60 cm high

A , , , ,
the lea v es basal distichous up to 40 cm in l ength U mbel s decompound

, , .
,
rather lax and diffuse 6 to 1 0 cm long S pikelets small obtuse globose , .

, , ,
2 to mm lon g pale o r brown mostly slenderly pedicelled some sessile

, , ,
N uts obovoid mm long S tyle 3 fi d ,

.
-
.
In open wet grass lands Old rice fiel ds etc comm on fl throughout t h e , .
, , .
year ; widely distributed in the Philippines A ll warm countries . .
11 . F . m o n os t ac hya ( L ) Hassk
. .
tufted glabrou s pl ant the stems slender leafy at the base 1 0 to 40

A , , ,
cm high Leaves usually as long as the stem fi li f o r m S p ikelet terminal

.
, .
,
usu a lly solitary ovoid 5 to 1 0 mm lon g or more the lower glumes dis
, , ,
t i ch o us the upper ones spiral ovate acuminate 4 mm long the keel

, , , , ,
gr een the sides sh i n ing straw colored N ut obovoid p ale 2 mm long

, ,
-
.
, , ,
tubercul ate .
In open grass lan ds S a n Pedro M a c a t i fl July— S ept ; widely distributed , , . .
in the P hilippines A ll warm regions . .
9 . SC I R P U S Linnaeu s
T ufte d
or scattered glab rou s S tems slender or coarse 3 angled or , .
,
-
tere t e S pikelets many fl ower ed in terminal corymbs or in l ateral heads

.
-
, ,
the l atter sometimes reduced to single spikelets Hypogynou s bristles .
present or wanting S tyle 2 or 3 fi d N ut 3 angled or pla n O convex .

-
.
- -
.
( Latin name for the rush ) .
S pecies about 1 25 in all p a rt s Of the world about 8 in the P hilippines , .
1 . Inflorescence a terminal corymb ; coarse pl ants to m high with

2
3 angl ed stems -
1 S gross a s . .
1 . Inflorescence l ateral capitate or reduced to f ew o r , 1 spikelets .
2 S tems 3 angled
.
-
2 S m u cro n a t u s
. .
2 Stems tere t e
. .
3 Heads of the lower p art of the stems

. 3 . S . a r t i c u la t u s
3 Heads on the upper p art of the stems
. .
4 Hyp ogynous bristles n one

. . . 4 S . . s upi n u s
4 Hyp o gynous bristles present

. 5 . S . e r ec t us
1 . S L f
.
gr o s s us . .
A v ery coarse erect glabrou s perennial the stems tri an gul ar , to , ,
2 m high the leaves basal Often h alf a s long as the s t em 1 t o 2 c m wi de

, , , ,
the leaf like bracts sub t en din g the inflores cence spreading broad 3 0 to 60
-
, , ,
cm long Inflorescence corymbose 1 0 to 1 8 cm long S pikelets v ery nu

.
, .
m er o u s brown ovoid 5 to 8 mm long

, , , .
1 18 A F L OR A OF M A N IL A
In Open fresh water swamps along streams etc , .

, fl M a y—N ov
. .
; wi del y
distributed in the Philippines India to M al aya . .
2 S . ti c ul a tu s L
. ar .
A densely tuf ted pl ant 20 to 50 cm high the stems rather spon gy , ,
terete l eafless when dry Of t en transversely septa t e S p ikelets ovoid to

, , .
Oblong 1 cm lon g or l ess 7 to 30 in a dense globose l ateral head near the

, , , ,
base of the stems Glumes ovate about 4 mm long N uts 3 angled .

, .
-
,
bl ack and shining obovoid about 2 mm lon g Hypogynou s bristles none , , . .
In ope n wet pl aces fl Oc t A p r ; wi dely distributed in the Philippines

'
-
, . . . .
T ropical A sia A frica an d A u stralia , , .
3 . mu c r on a tu s L
S . .
A t ufted r ather coars e p l ant the s t ems 3 angl ed 40 t o 80 cm high , ,

-
,
l eafless or nearly so produ ced beyond the inflorescence 2 to 9 cm sharp , , ,
the sheaths basal S pikel ets in a single l ateral dense head ovoid to .
, , ,
Oblong 6 to 1 5 mm lon g 5 to 20 in each head

, Glumes numerous ovate , .
, ,
acute about 4 mm long N ut obovoi d somewh at compressed about 2 mm

, .
, ,
l ong smooth an d shining ; styl e 3 fi d Hypo gyn ou s bristles 5 or 6, r e

,
-
.
t r o r s ely scabrous .
In Open wet pl aces fl al l the year ; widely distributed in the Philippines , . .
E urop e to M adagasc ar A sia M al aya and A ustra l ia , , , .
4 . S L. s u p i n us .
A slender tuft e d pl ant 1 0 to 30 cm high the leaves all b asal f ew , , ,
1 cm l ong or l ess or reduced to sheaths S tems terete produced 3 to 1 0 .

,
cm above the inflorescence S pikelets 3 to 7 i n a single l ateral head .

,
ovoi d to oblong 4 to 7 mm long Glu mes numerou s ovate acumin ate

, .
, , ,
2 to mm long N uts bro wn or bl ack mm long shining slightly .

, , ,
transversely rugose 3 angled and somewhat compressed Hypo gynous ,

-
.
bristles none .
In ol d rice paddies an d Open wet pl ac es C aloocan fl Oc t —M arch ;

-
, , .
widely distributed in the Philippines T ropics generally . .
5 . e r ec tu s Poir
S . .
A rather slender t ufted plant 20 to 60 cm high the leaves few sho rt , , ,
basal or wanting the stems tere t e produced beyond the inflorescence

, , ,
2 to 1 0 cm Spike l ets solitary o r more Of t en 2 to 5 in a l atera l head

.
,
ovoi d to Oblong 1 cm l ong or less Glumes o v a t e c o n c a v e about

, mm .
,‘ ,
long N ut obovoid bl ack or b rown shining somewhat compressed 2 mm

.
, , , ,
lon g Hyp ogyn ous bristles 5 o r 6 about as long as the nut

.
,
.
In Open grass lands S a n Pedro M a c a t i fl more or l ess all the year ; , , .
widely distributed in the Philippines T emperate an d tropical regions .
generally .
1 0 F U I R E N A R o t t b o ell .
T ufte d ,
the stems bearing leaves or lea f li k e b racts even in the upper f
half Leaves grass like b ase sheathing Spikelets clustered Glumes i m

.
-
, .
b r i c a t e on al l sides strongly aristate hai ry on the upper one half Hyp o gy

, ,
-
.
nou s bristles 6 Often much reduced o r none S ep al s 3 bristle like Petal s

, , .
,
-
.
an d stamens 3 S tyle long gl abrous slender 3 cleft N u t small ovoid

.
, , ,
-
.
,
or obovoi d 3 angled Often stalked smooth or reticul a t e ( In honor Of

,
-
, , .
G F ui r en a Danish physici an an d botanist )

.
, .
Species about 25 in all warm regions 2 in the P hilippines , .

13 . SCL E R IA B ergiu s
A nnu al
o r p er en n i a l u s ua lly tufte d the stems erect leafy Leaves, _ , , .
narrow Often minutely to othed sheathing at the base Panicl e Often stout
, , .
,
elongated compound sometimes narrow the primary bracts leaf like the
, , ,
-
,
secondary ones Often setac eous Flowers al l unisexu al usu ally both ma l e .
,
and female in the same spikelets one female below and f ew males above , ,
u sually 2 to 4 empty glumes below the flowering ones Stamens 1 to 3 . .
N ut bony Often shining smooth or variou sly roughened globose or a v o i d

, , , ,
the gynophore u sually prominent under the nut ( From the Greek hard ”
.
“
,
alluding to the h ardened seeds ) .
S pecies 1 50 or more in most wa rm countries about 1 5 in the P hilippines , .
1 . N ut smooth ; slender plants less than 60 cm high .
2
. R ootstocks stout woody ; S p ikelets 3 to 4mm long , , f ew .
1 . S . li t h o s p er m a
2 R
. oots fi brous ; spike l ets 4to 5 mm long 2 S . . zey la n i c a
1 . N ut rugose .
0
2
. Slender hairy o r smooth ; nuts tessel ate the raised reticulations wi t h
, ,
short 3 S t es s ella t a . .
2
. C oarse scabri d ; nuts ru gose gl abrou s
, 4 S s c r o bi cu la t a , . .
1 . S . li t h o s per m a (L ) Sw . .
Arather slender l axly tufte d pl ant or the stems scattered from woody
, , ,
rootstocks gl abrou s or the sheaths somewhat pubescent 1 5 to 60 cm high

, , .
Leaves 2 to 20 cm long 2 to 3 mm wi de Pani cles thin rather l ax n arrow , .

, , ,
5 t o 1 5 cm l ong t h e branches f ew distant Spikelets f ew more or l ess

, , .
,
clustered 3 to 4mm long N u t hard white shining smooth

, mm l ong .
, , , , ,
ellip soi d slightly 3 angled at base and apex

,
-
.
In dry thi ckets M asambong fl July— N ov ; widely distributed in the Phil

, , . .
i pp i n es T ropi cs generally exc ept A fri ca

.
, .
2 S . . zeyl a n i c a
Poir .
A rather slender gl abrou s or somewhat hairy plant tufted or the , ,
stems scattered 20 to 40 cm high from fibrous roots Leaves 5 to 20 cm

, , .
long about , mm wide Panicles axillary distant small or reduced to .

, , ,
spikes 1 to ,
cm long Spikelets 4 to 5 mm long the glumes prominently .
,
acuminate N ut ovoid white u sually shining smooth or obscurely rugose

.
, , , ,
about 2 mm long .
In Open wet grass l ands Old rice paddies etc C aloocan to S a n P edro ,
-
.
,
M a c a t i fl S ept —J a n ; wi dely distributed in the P hilippines

, . . In dia and
. .
C eylon to M alaya .
3 . t es s ellat a Will d C a t a b a d
S . .
E rect slender loosely tuf ted from fibrous roots somewhat hairy or
, , ,
gl abrous 30 to 60 cm high Leaves linear 1 0 to 20 cm long scattered

, .
, , .
Inflorescence i n t er r up t ed t h e p artial panicle s 5 to 7 c m l ong f ew fl owered

,
'
,
-
.
Spikelets 3 to 4 mm long the glumes cau date acuminate N ut white sub ,

-
.
,
globose about 2 mm in diameter prominently tessellate the margins Of the

, , ,
raised reticul ation s pubescent with short pale or brownish hairs .
In Old ric e l ands an d simil ar places occasional fl A ug—J an ; of wide , , . . .
distribution in the P hilippines Indi a to Japan southward to A ustral ia .

.
PAL M A E
4 . S . ees s c r o b i c u la t a N .
A stout l oosely tufted glabrou s p erenni al the stems up t o

, m in , ,
height scabrid on the angles Leaves numerous 1 2 to 30 cm long about

, .
, ,
1 cm wi de sometimes n arrower margins scabrous the upper ones falsely

, , ,
Opposite or ternate the sheaths triangu l ar scabrid P anicles 1 5 to 20 cm , , .
long the partial ones 5 to 1 0 cm long spreading or a scending S pikelets

, , .
brown ish purple numerous about 5 mm long scattered or slightly c lustered

-
, , , .
N ut white globose rugose to 3 mm in diameter

, , , .
In t h ickets La Loma fl most of the year ; widely distributed in the

, , .
Philippines M al ay P eninsul a to N ew Guinea . .
1 4 DI P L A C R U M R
. . B rown
small tufted gl abrou s annual with leafy stems the leaves linea r
A , , , .
S pikelets in small dense axill ary clusters at the mouths Of the leaf sheaths , ,
-
,
Small unisexual M ale spikelets 1 o r 2 fl ower ed t h e glumes about 3 -
narro wthin Female spikelets 1 fl o wer ed the glumes distichou s the l ower
, .
, ,
-
, .
, ,
ones boat shaped empty the upper Oblong 3 lobed many veined the middle
-
, , ,
-
,
-
,
lobe s t out the l ateral one S hort incurved N ut smooth white fluted
, , .
, ,
l on gitudin ally ; style slender ; stigma s 3 .
A monotypic genus .
1 . D . ca r i c i n um R . Br .
( S c ler i a c a r i ci n a
slende r tufted pl ant 5 t o 1 5 cm high gl abrou s or nearly so Leaves
A , .
1 to 4 c m lo n g acute narrow Heads sessile axillary less than 5 mm in

_ , , .
, ,
diameter F emale spikel ets 3 to 4 mm long the nut globose about i mm

.
, ,
in diame t er .
In o l d rice p addies an d fallow l ands La Lom a rare fl N ov —Dec ; of

-
, , , . . .
local occurrence in the Philippines Indi a to C hina M al aya an d A ustralia .

, ,
.
15 . PA L M A E (P A L M OR A N A HA O F A M I L Y )
rect shrubs or trees slen der or very l arge sometimes climbing n aked
E , , ,
or spiny S t ems unbranched cylindric Leave s alternate at the ends

.
, .
,
of the stems p almate pinnate or bipinn ate the petioles sheathing Flow
, , , , .
ers small 1 or 2 sexu al in p anicles or spikes ( spadices ) that are Often

,
. -
more or less encl osed by one o r more l arge sheathing bracts ( sp athes ) .
Peri anth segments 6 in 2 series u su ally all free imb r i cat e or valvate Sta
-
, , , .
mens 3 t o 6 sometimes more Ovary 1 to 3 celled or of 3 1 celled carpel s

, .
-
,
-
,
superior ; sti gmas 3 usu ally sessile ; ovules 1 or 2 i n each cell Fruit , .
a 1 to 3 celled drupe or berry like with 1 to 3 carpel s

-
,
-
.
Genera 1 50 species about chiefly tropical 21 genera an d over

, ,
1 00 species in the Philippines .
1 . Leaves orbicul ar p almately lo bed , .
2 Inflorescence axillary pendulou s or sp reading

.
,
2 Inflorescence a very l arge terminal erect p anicle

.
, ,
1 . Leaves bipinn ate ; leaflets obl iquely rhomboi d to l anceol ate strongl y ,
inequil ateral 3 C a ryo t a .
1 . Leaves simply pinnate .

0
2 Slender climbing p alms the younger p a r ts armed wi th spines also

.
, ,
bearing lon g retrorsely armed fl a gella e 4 C a la m u s ,

.
2 S tem l ess
. p alms growing in brackish swamps t h e f r uits in very l arge , ,
peduncled globose heads , 2 N i pa .
2 S lender o r stout erect unarmed p alms

.
, , .
3 Inflorescence borne in the leaf axils

.
.
-
.
4 F ruit very l arge 1 5 to 30 cm in diameter

.
6 C ocos , .
4 F ruit small not exceeding 5 cm in di amete r

.
, .
5 Lower leaflets spinescent ; flowers in ve ry dense heads 7 E la ei s

.
. . .
5 Leaves very long ; flowers on very l ong pendulous bra n ches Of

.
the i nflorescence 8 A r ehga .
3 Inflorescence borne below the sheaths which are imbricate cy l ind ric
.
, ,
and enclose the apical portion of the trunk .
4 Large stout p alms with thick swollen trunks the inflorescence

.
,
pendulous ; fruit l ess than cm long 9 Or eo d o x a .
4 Sl ender p alms with cyl indric trunks

. .
5 Flowers in group s Of threes one fem al e between two males

.
, ,
the l atter the l arger 1 0 N or i n a n by a .
5 F emale flowers at the bas e of the branches Of the inflorescence

.
,
f ew much l arger th an t he mal es , 1 1 A r ec a .
1 . L I V I S T ON A R . B rown
T al l
p alms with annul at e trunk s , t h e l eaves fan l ike orbi cul ar fl a b el -
, ,
l ately plic ate split to the middle into slender 2 fi d lobes ; p etioles l ong thei r
, ,
-
,
margins spinous Inflorescenc e in the leaf axils long peduncled loos ely
.
-
,
-
,
and narrowly p anicled elongated pendulou s in fruit ; sp athes many small , , , ,
t ubul ar S heathing F lowers small perfect

, Sep als 3 imbri cate C orolla
.
, .
, .
l obes 3 valvate S tamens 6 their filaments united in a ring Ova ry

, .
, .
o f 3 nearly fre e c a rp el s F ruit a smal l globose drupe ( In honor Of P . .
Murray B aron Of L i v i s t on e ), .
S pecies about 20 tropical A si a through M al aya to A ustral ia 6 or 7

, , ,
|
i n t h e Philippines .
1 . Lotun d ifoli a M art A n ahao

. r .
A tall p alm reaching a height Of 1 5 to 20 m the trunk straight smooth , , ,
marked with clos e annul ar scars Leaves cro wded at the apex t h eir petioles .
,
long and armed on the sides with S harp hard teeth Leaf blades orbicular .
-
,
plai t ed b ase cordate about 1 m in di ameter cleft into numerous

, , to 4 ,
cm wi de segments those i n the middle about 20 cm long toward t h e sides

, ,
l onger all cleft at the apex into 2 l an ceol ate acuminate 3 to 5 cm long
, , , ,
lobes Inflorescence axill ary pendulous up to

. m long composed Of , , ,
s heathing p artial spathes and spreading branches F lowers small sessile .

, ,
numerous about 2 mm long F ruit globose somewhat fleshy yellowish

, .
, , ,
about cm in diameter .
Occasionally cultivated for ornamenta l purposes ; Of loca l occurrenc e in

t h e Philippines C elebes ; cultivated in other tropica l countries
. .
Several other species Of thi s genus a r e cultivated in M a nila b ut no ,
mature s pecimens Of them have been observed .
2 C OR Y P HA
. Linnaeus
T all ;
stout unarmed p alms d yi ng after On ce flow erin g and fruitin g
, ,
.
L eaves very l arge fan l ike suborbicul ar with many narrow l obes t h e
,
-
, , ,
petioles long stout spiny on the m argins Inflorescence very l arge t er

, , . ,
minal erect branched F lowers small perfect S p i ca t ely arranged on

, , .
, ,
t h e ultimate branchlets i n group s Of threes C alyx cupular , 3 fid Pet a l s .

-
.
to linear l anceola t e straight on the lower side curved and variously

-
, ,
irregularly toothed on the upper a cuminate Inflorescence very l arge , .

,
pendulous up to 2 m in length the peduncles cu rved 1 0 cm in diame t er

, , , ,
the sp athes large the first up to 40 cm long the l argest 1 m i n len gth
, , .
Spikes very numerous furfurac eous 80 to 1 50 cm long Male flowers 2 , , .
cm in diameter P etal s Oblon g ovate dull purpl ish an d yellow 1 0 to 1 1

.
-
,
-
,
mm long S tamens about 40 . .
Occasion ally cultivated fl continuously from the upper axil s first , .

, ,
u ntil exhausted when the tree dies J ava , . .
4 . CA L A M U S Linnaeus
S piny , slender climbing rarely erect p alms the l eaves sheaths or
, , , , ,
i n fl o r es c en c es bearin g long slender retrorsely arme d fl a gella e Leaves , , .
alternate pinn ate the leaflets entire acumin ate the sheaths spiny produ ce d
, , , , ,
into a l igul e or ochrea Inflorescen ce axill ary u sually elongated b ranched .

, , .
S p athes tubul ar or open persistent sheathing the peduncle and branches , ,
of the inflorescen ce close or di stant p assing into bracts and bracteoles

, , .
Flowers small p oly ga m O dioecious in disti chous Often s c o r p o i d spikes

,
-
, .
M al e flowers with a cupul ar 3 t oothe d calyx P etal s 3 acute valvate -

.
, , .
Stamen s 6 Female flowers with a calyx as in the m ales C oroll a tu bul ar

. .
be low 3 fi d S taminodes forming a cup F ruit globose to ovoid 1 seed ed

,
-
. .
,
-
,
covered wi th appressed imbri cate d spirally arranged sc ales ( Greek , , .
S pecies about 1 75 tropi cal , A si a to A u stral ia , f ew in tropi cal A fri ca ,

about 35 in the P hilippines .
1 . Cmolli s B l an co U ay ( T a g ) ; B ej uco ( S p
. R attan. . .
A climbing slender p alm 2 to 3 to m any meters in length the stems 1 0 to ,
1 2 mm in diameter the younger p arts armed with sharp slender spines , .
Leaves about 80 cm long the ra chis not produced armed beneath with , ,
short curved sp ines ; leaflets l inear l anceol ate a cuminate 20 to 3 0 cm long

,
-
, , ,
mar gin s wi t h s h or t slender spiny teeth Inflorescen ce leaf Opposed the

‘
-
, , .
,
rachis slender armed with r efl ex ed sp ines up to , m in len gth the tip , ,
p roduced as a long armed flagell a P artial i n fl o r es c en ces f ew remote 6 to .

, , ,
1 5 cm long F lowers yellow fragrant the males about 3 mm long crowded

.
, , ,
in distichous straight or cu rved linear Oblong 1 t o

, cm long spikes 9 ,
-
, ,
to 1 5 to each p arti al inflorescence F ruits many ellip soid apicula t e .

, , ,
about 1 cm lon g ( F l F ilip p l . . . .
I n thickets Pasay o ccasion al fl most of the year ; wi dely di stributed in

, , , .
t h e P hilippines E ndemi c . .
Young pl ants Of some other species Of thi s genus are commonly cultivated
in M anil a for ornamental purposes ; one of the most common being C d i s .
co lo r Mart the leaves white on the lower surface

.
, .
5 . N IPA W ur m b
gregarious p alm Of brackish swamp s from stout branched roots t ocks

A , ,
.
Le ave s elonga t ed pinn ate ; leaflets l anceolate entire Inflorescence erec t

‘
, , .
,
from the rootstock the mal e with many brown imb ri cate sheaths ( sp athes )
, , ,
t h e m ale flowers small m ixed with slender b ra cteoles in catkin like lateral , ,
-
branches of the sp a dix S epal s linear the tip s broad i n fl ex ed Petal s .

, , .
smaller S tamen s 3 F emal e flowers much larger than the males in

. .
,
gl obose terminal heads F ruit l arge globose of many d ark brown some .
, , ,
-
,
P A LM A E 1 25
wh at comp ressed obovoid more or less an gul ar fibrous , , , , 1 -

seeded carpe l s .
( From the M alay n ame ) .
1 . N . S as a
f r ut i c a n s W ur m b . N ipa ,
R ootstock stout subterranean the trunk none Leaves at the ends Of
, , .
the rootstocks 5 to 1 0 m long the petioles stout ; leaflets numerous ri gi d

, , , ,
l an ceolate slenderly a cuminate up to 1 m long 2 to 7 cm wide M a l e

, , , .
i n florescence brown erect up to 1 m in height P eduncles Of the female , .
inflorescence stout 1 m high or less the fruit globose nodding up to 30 cm

, , , ,
i n diameter C arpel s numerous dark brown striate smooth 1 0 to 1 4 cm

.
,
-
, ,
long comp ressed ,obovate Seed hard white ( F l F ilip p l

, .
, . . . .
A long tidal streams o ccasion al but u sually immature specimen s near , ,
M anil a ; along tidal streams throughout the P hilippines India through .
M a l aya to A ustralia .
6 C OC OS Linnaeu s .
S tout ,
una rmed monoecious p alms Leaves long pinnate the leaflets , .
, ,
n a rrow acumina te S p adix axillary at first ere ct l ater drooping panicled

, .
, , , ,
the bran ches bearing scattered female flowers below and more numerous
males above o r Often with males intermixed with females Sp athes 2 or
,
.
more short the bracts various M ale flowers unsymmetri c the sep al s
, , .
,
small valva t e the petal s Oblong acute S tamens 6 F emale flowers much
, , , . .
l arger than the males ovoid the perianth enl arged in fruit S ep al s
'
, , .
imbricate P etal s sho rter than the sep al s Ovary 3 celled F ruit l arge
. .
-
.
,
ovoid 1 seeded the pericarp thi ck fibrous the endocarp very hard with
,
-
, , , ,
3 basal scars or pores ( F rom the P ortu guese coco or c o q u o monkey

“
.
, ,
from fancied resembl ance Of the 3 scars at the base of the fruit to a mon
key s face )’
.
S pecies about 30 in trop ica l A meric a 1 cosmopolitan in the tropi cs ,

.
*
1 . I C L N iog ( T a g ) ; C o co
. N UC FE RA C oconut . .
A tall p alm reaching a height of 25 m the trunk stout marked with , ,
annul a r scars base thickened Leaves 4 to , m long crowded at the .

,
apex of the trunk the petiole stout 1 m or more in length ; leaflets very
, ,
numerous linear l an ceol ate acuminate coriaceou s up to 1 m in len gth

,
-
, , , .
Inflorescence 1 m long or less F ruit vari able in shap e and size Obovoi d .
,
to subglobose Often obs curely 3 angled 1 5 to 25 cm lon g A lbumen lining

,
-
, .
th e bony endocarp ( F 1 F ilip p l . . . .
Frequently cultiva t ed fl all the year ; throughout the P hil ippines in , .
cultivation U ndoubtedly a native of tropical A meric a but of p rehi stori c

.
,
distribution all over the tropi cs ; there i s no evi dence of its being an
indigenous plant in the P hilippines .
7 . E L A E I S J acquin
rect unarmed p alms the trunks solitary Leaves l arge p innate the
E , .
, ,
segments n arrow acumin a te the lower ones reduced to s p ines Inflorescenc e

, , .
axill ary bran ched short dense the S p adices stout the peduncles short
, , , , , ,
subtended by l axly imbri cate b racts the m ale an d female flowers in di ff erent ,
i n fl o r es c en ces M al e flowers sm all imb ri cate in dense cyl indri c spikes

.
, , .
S epal s Oblong or l anceol ate concave imbri cate P etal s oblong S tamen s , , . .
6 the fil aments united into a thick cylindri c tube

, F emal e flowers much .
l a rger than t h e m a les arran ged in congested branched i n fl o r es c en c es the

.
, ,
1 26 A F LOR A OF M A N ILA
perianth a cr es cen t Ovary ovoid 3 to 1 celled Fruit ovoid t o obovoi d

.
,
-
.
,
1 t o 3 seeded the peri carp Oily the endocarp hard

-
, ( Gree k nam e of t h e , .
Ol ive ) .
Species 6 or 7 in tropi ca l A meri ca an d A f rica 1 introduced in the Ph i l ,
i p p i n es .
*
1 . E .Jacq Oi l Palm
GU I N E E N S I S . .
A n er ect palm 4 to 1 0 I n high the l eaves numerous 3 to m l ong the , , ,
petioles broad armed on the sides with spinescent reduced leaves Lea fle t s
, .
numerous linear l anceol ate a cuminate nearly 1 m long 2 t o 4 cm wide

,
-
, , , .
Male inflorescence dense Of numerous cylindri c 7 to 1 2 cm long spik es , , ,
whi ch a r e about 1 cm in diameter their rachi ses excurrent a s a s t o ut a wn , .
Female inflorescence dense branched 20 t o 30 cm l ong the flowers densel y , , ,
disposed the fruits borne in large dense m asses

, .
Occasionally cultiva t ed fl al l the year A native of tropic a l A frica n o w , . .

,
cultivate d in most tropi ca l countries an d in some regi ons of great economi c ,
importance on ac count of the Oi l yi el ded by its seeds .
8 . A R E N GA L abi lla r d i er e
S tout
p alms with very long ere ct or ascending pinn ate leaves t h e t run k , , ,
densely clothed with the stout bl a ck fibrou s remains Of the sheaths ; leafl ets , ,
v ery numerous lon g linear u su ally more or less i rre gul arly toothed at t h e
, , ,
apex sometimes lobed b ase Often 1 or 2 auricled S p adi ces in the l eaf
, ,
-
.
a x il s the upper one flowering first and then the lower ones su ccessively
, , ,
l a rge mu ch branched long pendulous M ale an d fem al e flowers u sually

,
-
, , .
solitary an d in sep arate S p adices sometimes in threes a femal e b etween , ,
t w o males M ale flowers : S ep al s orbicul ar imbri cate P etal s oblong

.
, .
,
va l vate S tamens m an y Femal e flowers subglobose t h e sep al s enl ar gin g

. .
, ,
the petal s trian gu l ar valvate ; staminodes many or none F ruit subglobos e , .
to broadly obovoid 2 or 3 seeded ( F rom the M al ayan name ) ,

-
. .
Species about 1 0 tropic al A si a M alaya an d A u stral ia about 5 in the

, , , ,
Philippines .
1 . A . I ( W ur m b ) Labill
S A CC H A R F E R A C aon g I r o c ( T a g ) C abo ne gro .
,
( Sp Sugar Palm
. .
T runk stout marked with rather distant annul ar scars up to 1 2 m hi g h

, , .
L eaves 6 to m long ascendin g the sheathing basal p arts wi th sto ut , , ,
b l ack fibers ; l eaflets up to 1 00 or more on each side l inear 1 to m l ong , , ,
the tip lobed an d variou sly toothed the base 2 auri cled the lower su rfac e ,
-
,
whi t e o r pale Inflorescence axillary t h e peduncle stout decurved t h e

.
, , ,
pendulous branches very numerous up to m in l ength M ale flower s i n , .
p airs about 1 2 m m long F ruit globose on depressed globose about 5 cm

, .
-
,
in diameter p roduced in great abun dan ce ( F l F ilip p l

, . . . .
R are in M anil a in cultivation fl all the year ; throughout t h e P hilippin es , .

,
but undoubtedly introduced Indi a to M al aya . .
9 . OR E 0 DOX A W i lld en o w
L a r g e u n a rmed p alms the trun k s solitary cyl indri c or thickened in t h e , ,
middle Leaves terminal pinnate the segments n arrowly linear lanceo l a t e,

.
, ,
-
unequ ally 2 fi d at the apex ; S heath s elongated cylindric imbri cate en closin g
-
, , ,
t h e top of the trunk Inflorescen ce b elow the sheaths the S padix l ar ge t h e

.
, ,
bran ches elongate d slen der pendul ous the sp athes 2 the lower one near ly
, , , ,
cylindric as long as t h e spad i x F lowers small monoeciou s the lower o n es

, .
, ,
with acute valvate tips Ova r y 1 cel led F ru it ovoid to Oblong red ; .
-
.
,
pericarp fibrous S eed with ruminate albumen ( From the M al ab ar . .
n ame ) .
S pecies about 35 tropical A si a to A u stralia 7 in the Philippines , , .
*
1 . A L B unga ( T a g ) ; B etel nut Palm
. CA T E CHU .
-
.
T runk erect slen der up to 25 m high marked with annular s cars

, , , .
Leaves up to 5 m long the leaflets numerou s 60 to 9 0 long the upper ones , , ,
confluent Sp adix much branched the branches fi li f o r m above bea r ing

.
-
, ,
very numerous somewh at disti chous male flowers whi ch are yellow and
,
about 5 mm lon g F emale flowers at the bases of the branches an d in .
the axil s 1 cm lon g or more Fruit ovoid smooth red 4 to 6 cm l ong

, .
, , , ,
the pericarp somewhat fleshy the mesoc arp fi brou s ( F l F ilip p l , . . . .
C ommonly cultivated fl all the year ; throughout the Philippines in , .
cultivation certainly Of prehistoric introduction India to M al aya f r e

, .
,
quently only cultivated ; p robably a native Of India .
16 . A R A CE A E (A R U M OR G A B I F A M I L Y)
P erennial
pl ants from rhizomes or fleshy corms with radical l eaves suf , ,
frutescent or woody vines or i n one genus aquati c an d floating Leaves , .
alternate variou s F lowers 1 or 2 sexual sessile on a S padix which i s

, .
-
,
more or less enclosed by a green white or colored spathe if l sexual the , , ,

-
males u su ally above the females neuter flowers Often between them P er , .
i a n t h none or of 4 to 6 scal e like segments

, A nthers 2 to 4 celled -
.
-
.
Ovary sessile 1 to 3 celled ; ovules 1 or more F ruit baccate 1 to m any

,
-
.
,
seeded .
Gener a 1 1 0 S pecies more than i n all p arts of the wor l d chiefly

, ,
tropi cal 20 genera and about 65 species in the P hilippines

, .
1 . C oarse climbing vines with l arge entire or pinn ately l obed leaves , .
2 . Leaves not mottl ed ; ovaries sub 2 celled m any o v uled - -

,
1 . R aphi d o p h or a
2 . Leaves p ale green mottled with yell owish green or nearly white spots
-
,
-
and blotches ; ovaries 1 celled 1 Ov u led 2 S c i n d a p s us -

,
-
.
1 . E rect plants never climbing ,‘ .
2 . Lettu ce l ike pl ants floating on fresh water ; l eaves and petioles not
-
defined
2 . T errestrial pl ants .
3 P lants from very aromatic rootstocks the leaves linear flat equi
.
, , ,
tant 4 A co r us .
3 P lants from l arge globose corms the flowers appearing before the
.
,
l eaves the sp athes very l ar ge ; leaves long—petioled the bl ade

, ,
deeply 3 p arted s p readin g 5 A m o r p h o p h a llu s

-
,
.
3 Lea v es and flowers borne at the same time ; pl ants with broad simp l e
.
leaves .
4 Ovaries 2 or 3 celled ; cultivated pl ants with variegated l eaves

.
-
.
6 . C a la di um
4 Ovaries 1 celled
.
-
.
5 Ovules 1 or 2 ; anther cells larger than the connective

.
-
7 . T y p h on i um
5 . Ov ules few to many .
6 Ovules f ew , b asal
.
6 Ovul es many , p arietal

.
A R A CE A E 1 29
‘
1 . R A P H I DOP HOR A S chott
C oarse ,
climbing su ff rutescent or woody vines rooting on trees Leaves , .
long petioled l arge entire or p i n n a t i fi d the petio l es somewhat sheathing

-
, , , .
S pathes ovate bo at shaped acute or acuminate deciduous , S padix sessile

-
, , .
,
elongate d cyl indric the flowers crowded perfect the perianth none S t a
, , , , .
mens 4; filaments l inear broad longer than the anthers Ovary truncate , , .
,
sub 2 celled with many p arietal placentae 4 to 6 angled B erries many

- -
, ,
-
.
seeded confluent ( Greek needle and to bear in allusion to the minute

,
”
.
“ “
,
stingin g crystal s in the pulpy part Of the fruit ) .
S p ecies 61 tropical A si a to A ustrali a and Polyn esia about 5 in the

, ,
Philippines .
1 . R . ngl T ibatib ( T a g ) ; A mlong

m er r i lli i E .
A stout vine climbing on tree trunks reaching a height Of 5 to 6 m -

, .
Leaves Oblong ovate in outline up to 60 cm long p innately cleft nearly

-
, ,
or quite to the midrib into 7 to 1 2 pairs of l anceolate acuminate falcate , , ,
l nerved lobes 1 2 to 20 cm long 2 to 5 cm wide

-
Sp athes several t erminal .
, .
, ,
whi t e o r greeni sh in flower about 1 5 cm l ong a cuminate deciduou s Spa dix

, , , .
green dense cyl indri c nearly o r quite as long as t h e sp athe 2 to

, , cm
, ,
thick i n flower thicker in fruit ( F l F ilip p l 3 9 9 S c i n d a p s u s p er fu s a s )

’
, . . . .
, .
N o t uncommon in dr y thi ckets P asay M asambong etc a ls o frequently , , , .

,
cultivated fl J a n —M arch ; widely di stribu t ed i n the P hilipp ines E ndemic

, . . . .
2 S C I N DA F S U S S chott
.
C lim
bing on trees herb aceous or somewhat woody Leaves long petioled , .
-
,
the petiole geniculate at the apex base somewhat sheathing the bl ades , ,
ova t e to Oblong l anceol ate acuminate entir e o r lobed Often l arge an d some
-
, , ,
times variegate d Peduncles sho rt Sp athes boat shaped deciduou s Sp a

. .
-
, .
dix sessile or nearly so cylindri c densely many fl ower ed shorter than t h e , ,

-
,
sp athe Flowers perfect the perianth none Stamens 4 Ovary somewhat

.
, . .
4angled truncate 1 celled 1 Ov u led ; style none

-
, F ruit drupaceous more
,
-
,
-
.
,
or less united Often l arge ( A ncient Greek name for some kind of a vine )
, . .
Species 21 Indi a to t h e S olomon Islands 3 or 4in t h e Philippine s

, , .
*
1 . S . AURE US ( Lindl
ndré ) E ngl (P o t h os a u r eus Lindl A ndré ) . A . . .
A sto ut vine climbing on trees by means of roots reaching a height of ,
1 0 m or more Often with lo ng pendulous branches ,P etioles 25 to 40 , .
cm long geniculate at the apex bas e sheathing Leaves thinly coriaceous

, , .
,
smooth and shining pale green variou sly blotched with p ale yello w or ,
-
,
-
nearly white spots on the upper surface entire or in mature specimens , ,
more or l ess in cised 30 to 75 cm long 25 to 40 cm wide those on the pen , , ,
d ulo u s branches frequently very mu ch reduced in size F lowers and fruits .
unknown .
C ommonly cultivated but rarely or never flowering A native Of the , .
S olomon I slands n o w wi dely di stributed in cultivation ; of comparatively

,
recent introduction here .
3 . P I ST IA Linnaeus
floating stemles s herb in fresh water the leaves obovate cuneate ,
A ,
-
erect together forming a cup like pl ant S path e small tubul ar below
,
-
.
, ,
open above S padix adnate to t h e bac k of the spathe free above M a l e

. , .
inflorescence of f ew sessile connate anthers beneath the apex of t h e sp adix , , .
1 1 1 5 55— 9
Female inflorescence a sol itary conical ovoid 1 celled ova ry ; ovu les many ,
-
,
-
.
F ruit membran aceou s few seeded ( Probably from the Greek wa t ery ,
-
.
“
,
i n allusion to its habitat ) .
1 . t r ati ote s L Qui apo

P . s .
f ew or many to 1 5 cm long the basal p art thickened of

Lea v es
.
, , ,
very porous tissue tru nc ate or rounded somewhat pubescent the nerves
, , ,
raised on the l ower su rface S p athes f ew tomentose white about 1 2 .

, , ,
mm long Oblique short pedun cled in the cen t er of the rosette Of leaves
, ,
-
, .
( Fl F ilip p l . . .
Floatin g on sta gnant water sometimes rooting on mu ddy banks abun , ,
dant fl at in t ervals ; throughout the P hilippines T ropics generally

, . . .
4 . A C OR U S Linnaeus
Herb s growing in wet very aromatic rootstocks Leaves 2 s oi l, f r o m
, .
ranked equitant at the base ascendin g sword shaped cori ac eous

, , ,
-
, .
P eduncle leaf like continued as the ensiform spathe -

Sp a d i x cylindric
, .
,
dense sessile flowering at the b ase fi rst F lowers small perfect S epals
, , .
, .
6 orbi cular
, S tamens 6 Ov ary coni cal 2 or 3 celled ; ovules many
. .
,
-
.
F ruit a f ew seeded berry ( A n ancient name origi n obscure )

-
.
, .
S peci es f ew in the north temperate regions 2 in t h e P hilippines -

, .
1 . L A coro
A . Lubigan ( T a g Vi s ) S weet F la g
CA L A M U S .
, . .
R ootsto ck stout branched aromatic Leaves linear flat smooth acu

, , .
, , ,
minate 25 to 60 cm long 1 to , cm wide P eduncle comp ressed , . .
S p ath e green mu ch elon gated similar in shap e to the leaves

, S p adix
-
, .
3 to 5 cm long 1 cm or less in di amete r densely flowered

, , .
Occasionally cultivate d certainly introduced ; I have seen no P h i li p p I n e ,
S pecimen s in flower Of wi de distribution in the northern parts of both

.
hemispheres .
5 A M OR P HOP HA L L U S B lume .
Herb s
from l arge fleshy corms flowerin g befor e the leaf appears , .
Leaves with a long roughened a n d mottled petiole 3 parted the se gments

, ,
-
,
sp rea ding pinnately lobed or dissected S p athe various Often very l arge
, .
, ,
campanulate an d Open or convolute and ovoid the l imb short and broad , , ,
o r n arrower an d mu ch elongat ed Spadix included or exserted the a p .

,
pendage l arge short or long the fl o w er bearing p art short cylindric

, ,
-
, ,
male and female flowers conti guous A nthers 2 to 4 sessile Ovaries .

, .
globose to obovoi d 1 to 4 celled ; ovules solita ry F ruit a globose to

,
-
.
ovoid fleshy 1 to 4seeded berry

, ,
-
.
Spe cies about 80 in the tropi c s of the Old World 5 in t h e Philippines , .
1 . c a m pa nulatu s ( R oxb ) B lume P ungapun g ( T a g

A . . .
,
C orm depressed glob o se up to 3 0 cm in diameter Leaves u su ally

-
,
.
solitary the p etiole stout up to

, m high warty roughened mottl ed , ,
-
,
with gr ay the bl ades up to 1 m in diameter trisec t ed the segments

, , ,
dichotomous the ultimate ones pinn ately divi ded into Oblong to Oblong
,
Obovate acuminate lobes S p athe sessile broadly camp anul a t e dull

, .
, ,
purplish margins somewhat spreading or recurved waved and crenul a t e

, , ,
up to 30 cm in diameter S padix hardly longer th an t h e S path e the appen .

,
dage ovoid variously sulcate or depressed up to 1 5 cm long foetid when

, , ,
in flower .
T y p h on i u m t r i lo ba t um ( L ) S chott , a native of C eylon with l arge,

.
deeply 3 lobed leaves 1 0 to 20 cm long and spathes 1 2 cm l ong o r m er e

-
, , ,
its bl ade purpl ish and 5 to 7 cm wi de has been cultiva t ed in M anila but ,
I have seen no specimens T d i v a ri c a t um Decne ( Fl F ilip p l al so . . . . . .
wi th 3 lobed l eaves 4 to 6 cm long and spathes somewhat simil ar to t h e

-
,
above i s occ asionally cultivated T his species extends from India to J apan .
southward to M al aya , introduced here .
8 . A L OC A S A I S chott
S mall
to very coars e herb s from fleshy corms sometimes with a short ,
stout cau dex Leaves Ob l ong to ovate base deeply cordate peltat e o r
.
, ,
not e ntire or variou sly l obed Spath e erect peduncled the tube ovoid ,
, .
, ,
the l imb u sually elongated deci duous Sp adix shorter than t h e sp ath e , .
,
t h e mal e a n d femal e flowers u sually separated by interposed neuter ones .
Ovaries 1 celled ; ovu les f ew b asa l er ect B erries f ew seeded

-
( N ame , , .
-
.
a l tered from C o loc a s i a ) .
Species 25 or mor e tropica l A sia to M a l aya many n ow cultivated i n

, ,
other countries for ornamenta l purposes a bout 1 0 i n t h e Philippin es , .
1 . Leaves peltate , t he bl ades green abov e with whit e veins , O ften pu r p l e

1 A
. . s an d er i a n a
1 . Leaves not pe l tate .
2 L eaves very deeply pinnate l y lobed , t h e lobes distant ob l ong t o oblon g

.
,
l an ceolate 2 A p o r t ei . .
2 Leaves entir e or at most undul ate

. .
3 V ery coars e pl ants wi th stout stems and very l arge l eaves

. to
m in l en gth 3 A i n d i ca . .
3 S mall er pl ants without di stinct stems

. .
4 Leaves broa dly ovate 3 5 to 65 cm l ong ; petioles mottled

.
, .
4 A zebr i n a
. .
4 L eav es oblong to
. O blon g l anceolate -
, 15 to 25 cm l ong .
5 A . . h et er op h y lla
1 . A . san d er i a n a B u ll .
small or medium sized gl abrou s pl ant fro m underground rootstocks

A .
L eaves oblong ovate to broadly l anceol a t e ova t e acumin ate the b ase peltate
- -
, , ,
de eply l obed 1 5 to 40 cm long the margins rath er deeply undul ate l obed
, ,.
-
,
t h e basal lobes rath er n arrow spreading ; upper surfac e dark green t h e -

,
n erves and sometimes t h e margins white the lower surfaces u suall y ,
purpl e or tinged with purple Peduncles erect , shorter than t h e leav es . .
Sp athes greeni sh , about 5 cm long Sp adix greenish white nearly as l ong .

-
,
as the sp athe .
A very ornamental species occasionally cultivated for its striking l eav es ,
a nativ e Of M indanao E ndemic F requently cultivated in E ur op e an d. .
A merica .
2 A . .
po r t ei
ngl B e cc ( S chott ) E . .
S tem stout erect u sually less than 1 m high

“
, Leaves green Oblong

,
.
,
ovat e in outline up to 1 m in l ength deeply pinnately lobed t h e l obe s

, , ,
n arrow Oblong to l anceol ate ovate distant the base deeply cordate not
,
-
, , ,
peltate the b asal lobes narrow promi n ently lobed Sp athes pedunc l ed
, , .
,
t h e tube about 4 cm long accrescent the blade 20 cm long or mor e , ,

.
Staminate p art of the S pa dix 4 to 5 cm l on g cylindric the appendage up , ,
to 1 3 cm in length .
A R A CE A E 1 33
Occasionally cultivated for its ornamental l eavesuncommon i n . N ot
Luzon and probably occu rs in other parts of the Phil ippines N ew Guinea . .
S . A . I nd i c a (R oxb ) . S chott . B iga (T ag) ; B adiang ( Vi s ) ; E lephant s

’
E ar .
coarse ere ct plant the trunk stout up to 2 m in height Leaves

A , , .
very la rge broadly o v ate the l arger ones up to

, m in len gth margins , ,
slightly undul ate apex acute or acuminate base deeply cordate not at all
, , ,
peltate the petioles long very stout S p athes peduncled the tub e 4 to 5
, , .
,
cm long the bl ade yellowish to yellowish green up to 23 cm long and when

,
-
, ,
spread 9 cm wide Often sl ightly mottled with purple inside Pistillat e

, , .
p art Of the S p adix 3 to 4 cm long about cm thick contracted above , , ,
the fertil e part of the male inflorescence about 6 cm long the appendage ,
1 5 cm in len gth B erries red when mature globose or ovoid fleshy

.
(F l , , . .
F il ip p l 1 7 7 A m o n t a n a )
. .
, . .
C ommonly cultivated occasionally al so foun d in waste pl aces vacant , ,
lots etc fl all the year ; common an d widely distributed in the Philippines
, .
, . .
Indi a to M al aya .
Va r VA R I E GA T A E ngl
. differs from the species in h aving the leaves .
,
strongly mottled with white or gray .
Occas i onally cultivated for ornamental purposes .
4 . A . Kochzeb r i na C
Vi et c h . .
Stem short or none petioles equaling or longer than the leaves prom , ,
i n en t ly striped or blotched with dark green and white Leaves broadly -

.
ovate b ase deeply cordate not peltate entire 3 5 to 65 cm long the apex
, , , , ,
very shortly and sharply acumin ate the b asa l l obes O blong ovate 1 5 to 20 ,
-
,
cm i n length Sp athes l ong peduncled greeni sh the tube

. to cm -
, ,
l ong the bl ade about 1 0 cm in length l onger than the white sp adix
, , .
Occ asion ally cultivated ; a species known only from Luzon .
5 . h ete r o phylla ( Presl ) Merr

A . .
R ather slender plants from undergroun d rhizomes gl abrous Leaves , .
1 5 to 25 cm long green Oblong to Oblong lanceol ate sharply and sl enderl y

, ,
-
,
acuminate entire or only S lightly un dul ate the base deeply cordate not
, , ,
peltate the b asal lobes spreadin g o r not Oblon g to l anceolate narrow

”
, , , ,
obtu se 6 to 1 0 cm long Sp athes slender l y peduncled white 6 to 7 cm

, .
, ,
l ong the l imb 4to 5 cm l ong longer than the slender sp adix soon r efl ex ed
, , ,
and deciduous .
Occasionally cultivated A wi dely distributed e ndemic species . .
9 . C OL OC A S I A Linnaeu s
C o arse
herbs from fleshy corms wi th a short caudex producing flowers , ,
and leaves at the same time Leaves ovate peltate at the cordate base .
, ,
stoutly petioled Sp athe erect pedun cled the tube thick acc rescent p er
.
, , , ,
sistent constricted at the mouth the limb erect elongated deciduou s

, , , , .
S padix shorter than the sp athe slender or stout the male and femal e , ,
flowers usu ally separated by interposed flat neuter ones ; appendage cyl indric ,
subula te or none Ovaries o v oid l celled ; ovules many orthotropous

, .
,
-
, .
B erries small ( A n ancient Greek name ) . .
S pecies 6 or 7 in tropical A si a to P olynesi a 1 in the P hilippines

, , .
1 . C . E S CU L E N T U M ( L ) S chott ( C
Gabi ( T a g ) ; T aro
. . an t i q u o r u m S chott ) . .
Lea v es two or three or more l ong petioled ovate 20 to 50 cm long ,

-
, , ,
glaucous entire acute or shortly and sharply acuminate with a broad

, , , ,
triangul ar basal sinu s extendin g one thi rd or half way t o the insertion Of
,
- -
the p etiole the basal lobes b road rounded ; petiole green o r purplish
, , ,
to 1 m long Peduncles usually sol itary S pathe variable i n length but

. .
usu ally about 20 cm long the tubul ar p art green u su ally about 4 cm long , , ,
the limb l anceol ate acuminate involute yellow about 20 cm long S p a dix
, , , , .
cylindric about 8 cm lon g green below yellow or straw colored above

, , ,
-
.
C ommonly cultivated in lo w wet l ands fl S ept —Dec ; i n genera l cultiva , . . .
tion throughout the Philippines Probably a native of India now cultiva t e d .

,
i n al l tropical countries .
In addition to the species considered above some exotic forms are ,
cultivated especially Of the A merican genera A n t h ur i um and P h i lo d en d r o n

, .
N O attempt has been made to include these forms a s material for proper
cl assi fi cation has not been availab l e .
17 . L E M N A CE A E (D UC KWE E D OR L IA F A M I L Y)
S mall
or minute green sc ale like pl ants rootless or with capillary roots
, ,
-
, ,
floating on stagn ant fresh water propagated by budding or by bulbils , , ,
ra rely flowering F lowers m on oc ei o u s 1 to 3 from the margins Or upper

.
,
'
surface naked or in a spathe the perianth none S tamens 1 or 2 Ovary

, , . .
1 celled 1 to 7 ov u led
-
,
-
.
Genera 3 S p ecies about 20 in all countries all genera and 4or 5 species
, , ,
in the Philipp ines .
Plants bearing a sin gl e 1 . L em ma
Pl ants bearin g several to many roots

1 . L E MNA Linnaeu s
Small floating pl ants bearing a single root the flowers borne in margina l ,
clefts F ilaments S lender ; anthers 2 celled Ovules 1 or more ( Greek

.
-
. .
name of a water pl ant ) .
S pecies about 1 5 in all countries 2 o r 3 in the P hilippines , .
1 . L .
pa uc i c o s tLi a ( T a g ) ; Duckweed
at a Hegelm . .
P l ant flat green or both surfaces elliptic to Oblong ova t e rounded very
, ,
-
, ,
S lightly inequilateral faintly or distinctly 3 nerved 2 to 4 mm long

,
-
, .
C ommon on stagn a n t pool s Of fresh water sometimes nearly covering ,
the surface ; throughout the Philippines C osmopolitan in the tropics . .
2 . S P I R 0 DE L A S chleiden
Differing from L em n a in the plants bearing several to many roots .
S pecies 2 of wi de distribution 1 in the P hilippines

, , .
1 . S .
p o ly r r h i za ( L ) S chleid
Li a ( T a g ) . .
P lant nearly or quite flat orbicul ar to obovate rounded 4 to 7 mm , , ,
long faintly about 7 nerved the upper surface green the lower one
,
-
, ,
purpl ish .
F l oating on pool s of stagnant fresh water occ asional ; widely distributed ,
in the P hilippines In most temperate and tropical regions

. .
2 A . nthers bl ack ; sep al s of the female flowers sp atu l a t e very r arely ,
wanting
2 . A nthers white ; sepal s Of the female flowers 3 E c i n er eu m . . .
1 . E . a I a t um H Lecomte
. .
S tems
very short the l eaves densely crowded linear 2 to 4 cm long , , , ,
acute or obtuse P eduncles many 5 angled o r ribbed slender 6 to 1 8 cm

.
,
-
, ,
long Head globose or ovoi d dense p ale shining 4 to 7 mm in diameter

.
, , , , ,
the floral bracts ovate gl abrous tri an gul ar at the apex concealing the , , ,
'
flowers the receptacl e densely p ilose cil iate Sepal s of the mal e flowers
,
-
.
spathe l ike split down one side connate Petal s 3 small not glandul ar
-
, , .
, , .
S tamens bl ack Femal e flowers : Sep al s 2 free ovate obtuse p rominently

.
, , , ,
keeled on the back Petal s 3 small linear not gl andul ar ; sti gmas 3 .
, , , .
In wet rice l ands La Lorna fl N ov —J an ; of very local occurrence in , , . . .
the P hil ippines Indo C hina .

-
.
2 E . . m er r i llu R h ul .
Gl abrous the leaves densely caespitose l inear to l anceol ate acute

, , , ,
2 to 5 cm long Peduncl es m any slightly twisted 5 ribbed slender 3 to

.
, ,
-
, ,
1 0 cm high Head obconic globose to dep ressed globose p ale shining 3 to

.
- -
, , ,
5 mm in d i a m et er ; fl o r a l bracts Oblong obova t e Sep als Of the m al e flowers

'
-
.
connate into a 2 or 3 lobed sp athe split down one si de Petal s 3 small -

, .
, ,
gl andul ar at the tip S tamen s 6 ; anthers bl ack F emale flowers : Sepal s . .
2 l anc eo l a t e r arely none

, Petal s 3 linear or spatul ate minutely gl andul ar
, .
, , ,
at the apex white S ti gma s 3 , . .
In Old rice p addies low wet l ands etc C aloocan to M as ambong fl , , .

, , .
A u g—Dec ; widely distributed in the Philippines

. . E ndemic . .
3 . c in e r eum R B r (E s i ebo ld i a n um S
E . . . . .
Gl abrou s densely caesp itose the leaves linear 2 to 5 cm long acuminate

, , , , .
Peduncles numerous slender 5 ribbed 6 to 1 5 cm long Heads subglobose , ,

-
, .
,
about 4 mm in diameter the fl or a l bracts Oblong to lanceolate Oblon g the ,

- -
,
interior ones acute conceal ing the flowers p ale shining M ale flowers , , , .
with the sep al s connate into a sp athe split down one side P etal s very , .
small P etals none Styles 3

. . .
In lo w wet gra ssl ands Old rice p addi es etc C aloocan fl A ug—S ept ; , , .
, , . . .
not common in the P hilipp ines T ropic al A frica and A sia t o J ap an .

,
southwar d to A u stral ia .
20 . B R OM E L I A C E A E ( P I N E A P P L E OR P I NA F A M I L Y)
T errestrial or epiphyti c herbs Leaves l ong narrow chiefly basal , .
, ,
rosul ate entire or spiny toothed bases u su ally sp reading F lowers perfect
,
-
, .
,
regular in dense terminal spikes t h e bracts u sually prominent S epal s 3

, , , .
,
free o r p artly united P etal s 3 free or somewhat united S tamen s 3 to 6 .

, .
,
free o r somewhat united with the petal s Ovary i n ferior or superior 3 .

,
celled ; styles united ; stigm as 3 lobed ; ovules many F ruit Of numerous -

.
,
fl es h y u n i t ed berries o r a 3 valved capsule

, _
-
.
Genera 45 species about all A merican a single introduced one in

, ,
the P hilippines .
1 . A NA NAS A danson
herb with numerous elonga t ed finely toothed rosu l ate leaves
An , , ,
.
S cape short or somewhat elongated leafy erect central bearing at its , , , ,
apex a simple dense cone lik e spike F lowers in the axil s of t h e bracts
, ,
-
.
,
C OM M E L I N A CE A E 1 37
perfect S epal s short imbricate Petal s violet free erect suppl ied at
.
, .
, , ,
the base with 2 small scales S tamen s 6 Ovary inferior fleshy the base . .
, ,
broad adn a t e to or immersed in the fleshy ra chis ; style fi li f o r m F ru it

, .
fleshy cone like composed of the densely spi rally arranged conn ate
,
-
, , ,
mature ovaries an d fleshy rachi s the bra cteoles persistent and c rown ed , ,
by a rosette of reduced leaves ( F rom a nati v e A merican name ) . .
A single variable species n ati v e Of S outh A merica now cultivated in , ,
all tropical countries .
1 . A . SA T VU S I S chultz
ss a s a t i v a P i fia P ineapple
(A n an a -
.
Leaves numerous linear l anceol ate 1 to m lon g 5 to 7 cm wide

,
-
, , ,
acuminate the margins sh arply spiny toothed green and shinin g on t h e

,
-
,
upper surface the lower surface p ale beneath those subtending the i n
, ,
fl o r es c en c e red at l east at the base much reduced

, S tem erect to , .
,
m high Heads terminal solitary ovoid 6 to 8 cm long much enl arged

.
, , , ,
in fruit ; bracteoles reddish numerous trian gular —ova t e to Oblong o v ate , ,

-
acute imbric ated Sepal s 3 ovate thi ck fleshy about 1 cm long Petal s
, .
, , , , .
3 obl anceolate about 2 cm long white below violet purpl e abo v e

, , M ature , ,
-
.
fruit up to 20 cm long or more ( F l Filip p l 5 48 A n a n as s a s a t i v a ) . . . .

,
.
C ommonly cultivated fl J a n —A p r ; throughout the Philippines in cul, . . .
t i v a t i o n and in some pl aces a t least subspontaneous Introduced by the

'
, , .
S p aniards at an early date .
21 . C OM M E L I N A C E A E ( S P I DE R W OR T OR AL I C BA N GON
F A M I L Y)
Herbs ,
sometimes suffrutescent sp reading ascending or sometime s , , ,
climbing Leaves entire more or l ess succul ent p arallel veined sheathing
.
, ,
-
,
at the base Inflorescence fascicled cymose or p anicul ate axill ary or

.
, , ,
terminal Flowers perfect irregular or nearly regul ar S epal s 3 u sually

.
, .
,
green persistent or deciduou s P etal s 3 white purpli sh or yellow free

, .
, ,
.
, ,
or united i n a tube below Stamens 6 inserted on the b ase Of the segments .

, ,
al l perfect o r 2 or more reduced to staminodes the fil aments Often bearded , .
Ovary free su p erior 2 or 3 celled ; ovules 1 or f ew in each cell

, , C ap sule -
.
l oculicidal or indehi scent .
Genera about 26 species more than 300 tropical an d subtropical 7

, , ,
genera an d about 20 species in the Philipp ines .
1 . Fertile stamens 3 or 2 staminodes or imperfect stamen s , 1 to 3 .
2 Flowers included i n spathe like bracts

.
'
-
1 . C o m m eli n a
2 F lowers p anicled or axill ary spathe like bra cts none
.
,
-
2 A
. n ei lem a
1 . Fertile stamen s 6 .
2 Petal s free or nearly free ; flowers numerous crowded in compressed

.
, ,
sp athe l ike axill ary bracts ; ova ry cell s 1 Ov u led ; cultiva t ed only
-
,
- -
.
3 R h o eo .
2 Petal s more or less united in t o a tube

. .
3 S epal s free or united only at the base ; inflorescence 1 to severa l

.
fl o wer ed from imbricatin g bracts ; leaves green

, 4 Cya n o t i s .
3 Sepal s unite d into a tube ; flowers b et ew een the two terminal leaves
.
_ ,
.
not bracteate ; leaves green and purple w ith p aler stripes .
5 Z e bri n a .
1 C OM M E L I N A Linnaeu s .
U sually slender herbs the stem s more or less branched succulent p ros , , ,
tra t e an d rootin g below F lowers blue in u sually 2 fl o wer ed cymes em er g

.
,
-
,
ing one at a time from a terminal complic ate compressed funnel shaped , ,
- -
,
o r hooded spathe the fruitin g pedicel an d capsule retracted withi n the

,
spathe S epal s 3 thin P etal s larger than the sepal s clawed blue
.
, .
, , .
S tamens 3 perfect an d 2 or 3 imperfect ; anthers oblong one usuall y ,
larger than the others C apsule locul ici dal ( I n h o n Or Of K C o m m eli n . . .

,
a Dutch botanist ) .
S pecies about 9 0 all tropical and subtropic al 2 in the Philippines

, , .
S pathes complicate mar gin s free or nearly so ; leaves l anceolate or Oblong

,
l anceol ate 1 C n u di flo r a . .
S pathes funnel shaped margins more o r less united ; leaves ell iptic o vate
-
,
-
2 C b en gh a len s i s
. .
1 . C . n ud i f lo r a L . A li cb a n go n
prostrate S p reading branched gl abrous or nearly gl ab rous pl ant
A , , , ,
the stem s rooting at the nodes the ultimate branches ascending Leaves , .
Oblong l anceol ate a cuminate 3 to 7 cm long 1 t o 2 cm wide

-
, Inflorescenc e , , .
axill ary peduncl ed the flowers cymose inclosed in a compl icate leaf lik e
, , ,
-
spathe the m argi n s free the cym es usu ally 2 in each sp athe f ew fl o wer ed
, , ,
-
.
Inner petal s l arger blue 6 to 7 mm long the out er ones much smaller
, , , ,
p ale or nearly white .
In Open waste places common fl all the year ; wi del y distributed in , , .
the Philippines In most tropical and subtropical countries

. .
2 C . . b en gh a len s i s
L A li cb a n gon .
A prostrate o r ascending branched u su ally pubescent pl ant the stems , , ,
rooting at the nodes Leaves elliptic ovate obtuse or acute base n arrowed
.
-
, ,
into a petiole 4 to 7 cm long S p athes 1 to 3 together green funnel

, .
, ,
shaped compressed about

, cm long and wi de F lowers blue lon g
, .
,
pedicelled in anthesis f a c i c led several in each S p athe the petal s 3 to 4, , ,
mm long C ap sules 4to 5 mm long ( F l F ilip p l

. . . . .
In Open waste pl aces fl all the year ; throughout the P hilippines , . .
T ropical A sia A fric a an d M al aya , , .
C leistogamous flowers are usually produ ced at the lower nodes ripening ,
the cap sules on the surface Of or below the ground .
2 A N E I L E MA R
. . B ro wn
S imple
or bran ched prostrate ascen ding or erect herbs F lowers pur , , , .
p li s h or yellow in axillary an d terminal p ani cles t h e bra cts not sp athe like
-
, , .
S ep al s 3 free thin Petal s 3 obovate equal S tamens usually 3 rarely

, , .
, , .
,
2 the filaments glabrou s or bearded ; staminodes 2 to 4 Ovary sessile

,
. .
C apsule loculi cidal cell s 1 to several seeded ( In allusion to the flowers

,
-
.
not having a spathe ) .
S pecies about 60 chiefly in trop ical A sia about 5 in the P hilippines

, ,
.
Flowers p ale purp lish -

1 . A . m a la b a r i c um
F lowers russet or yellowish —brown 2 A . . ve rs i co lor
1 . A . m a la b a r i c u m ( L ) M err . .
(A . n ud i flo r um R .
r ather slen der nearly glabrous plant branched and decumbent below
A , , ,
°
the flowering stems erect or ascending 1 0 to 30 cm high Leaves narrowly , .
Oblong l anceol ate 3 to 1 0 cm long 5 to 1 0 mm w ide

-
, Inflorescence terminal ,
.
,
the flowers ra cemosely clustered near the ends of the f ew branches F lowers .
pink pu rple small numerous about 6 mm i n di ameter C apsule ovoi d

-
, , ,
.
,
about 3 mm long ( F l F ilip p l . . . .

140 A F L OR A OF M A N IL A
su rface gl abrou s the l ower surface Often pilose the sheath s cili at e wit h
, ,
long soft bro wnish hairs the leaves of the l atera l branches often smaller
, , ,
t h a n those on the main stem Flowers blue , terminal solitary , sessil e or .

,
nearly so Sepal s about 4 mm long F il aments bearded

. . .
In damp ravines Opposi t e Fort M c Ki n ley fl Oc t —N ov ; not uncommon , . . .
in the P hilippines M alay A rchipel ago . .
2 C
. i tat a ( L ) S chultes f
. cr s . .
A succul ent p rostrate gl abrous or somewhat hai ry much branched h erb

, , , ,
the stems Often purplish rooting at the lower nodes the branches a scending , , ,
1 5 to 40 cm high Leaves distant ovate to ovate Oblong sessi l e fleshy

.
,
-
, , ,
acute or obtuse 3 to 5 cm long Inflorescence enclosed in a series Of

, .
2 seriate falcate imbricate bracteoles about one flower opening at a time

-
, , , ,
the bracteoles crowded 1 to cm long Sepal s l anceol ate green hairy , .

, , ,
4to 5 mm lon g C oroll a blue 8 mm lon g the fil aments prominently bearded

.
, ,
with blue hairs above ( F l F ilip p l . . . .
In open waste places occasional fl S ep t —Feb throughout the Philip , , .
p ines T ropical A frica A si a and M a l aya

.
, , .
3. Cxill a r i s ( L ) R
. a S . . .
A succulent prostrate somewhat branched glab rou s pl ant the stems

, , , ,
about 5 mm thick 20 to 40 cm long rooting at t h e nodes Leaves l an ceol ate

, , .
,
4 to 1 1 cm long 6 to 1 2 mm wide Flowers several in each leaf axil only

, .
-
,
one Opening at a time the bracteoles small not imbricating C alyx p ale , , .
greenish C oroll a purplish the petal s long cl awed l imb 5 to 6 mm l ong

.
,
-
,
.
In open waste pl aces cultivated l ands etc fl al l the year ; throughout , , .

, .
t h e P hilippines India to C hina Malaya and A ustralia

.
, ,
.
5 . Z E BR INA S ch n i zlei n
Decumbent ,spreading o r pendulous branched herbs slightly p i l ose , ,

.
Leaves Oblong to ova t e v ariegated base s h ea t i n g F lowers several to , ,

.
many mor e or l ess crowded bet ween the t wo t erminal somewhat bra ct l ike
,
-
l eaves C alyx of 3 sep al s connate into a cylindri c tube Petal s 3 connate

.
.
,
into a slender tube longer than the calyx the limb s spreading ovate to , ,
l an ceol ate S tamens 6 equal inserted on the throat of t h e coroll a tube

.
'
, ,
-
.
C ap sul e 3 celled on a short recurved peduncle t h e seeds 1 or 2 in ea ch

-
, ,
cell ( F rom the striped l ea v es )

. .
S pecies 2 or 3 in T exas an d Mexico 1 wi dely cultivated introduced in , ,
the Phil ippines .
1 . Z . Wandering J ew
P E N DU L A S ch n i z
l . .
S tems rather slender branched sprea ding o r pen dulous up to 1 m long , , , ,
glabrous or somewhat h airy on one side Leaves elliptic ovate to Oblong .

-
ovate acute 3 to 9 cm long the upper surface with grayi sh green and
, , ,
-
purpl e longitu dinal stripes the lower surfa ce purple ba se sheathing villous , , ,
.
F lowers glomerate between the 2 terminal somewh at bract like leaves ,

-
.
C a l yx about 6 mm long C oroll a tube very slender near l y 1 cm l ong t h e .

-
, ,
lobes oblong pink purple 6 to 7 mm long ,

-
,
.
C ultivated fl at intervals ; oc casionally escaped from cultivation in M a

, .
ni l a and natural ized in some provinces A native of Mexico n o w widely

'
,
. ,
cultivated but appa rently Of comparatively recent introduction in t h e

,
Philippines .
L I L I A CE A E 141
22 P ON T E . DE R I A CE A E ( P ON DW E E D F A M I L Y)
Subaquatic or marsh herbs quite glabrous Leaves erect the nerves , .

,
p arallel o r subparallel F lowers perfect in spikes or racemes from the .

,
sheath Of the uppermost leaf bracts sheathing irregul ar P erianth un , , .
equ ally 6 partite blue marcescent Stamens 1 to 6 inserted at the base

-
, , .
,
Of the perianth lobes ; anthers erect or versatile one longer than the O
-
thers , .
Ovary free 3 celled many o yu led ; styl e slender ; sti gma subentire or lobed
,
-
,
-
.
Fruit a membranaceous loculi cidally 3 valved c apsule Seeds small albu ,

-
.
,
men horny Or fl o wer like -

.
Genera 5 species about 21 in al l warm an d tropical countries represented

, ,
in the Philippines by the followi n g genu s only .
1 . M ON OC HOR I A Pres l
C har acters
the F amily a s given above ( Greek one an d se
“
Of . to
p arate allusion to one stamen being longer than the others )
”
, .
Species about 6 tropics of the Old Wor l d 2 in the Philippines

, , .
Leaves hastate the b asal l obes spreading Oblong ovate t h e b l ades up to

, ,
-
,
60 cm long ; lower pedicel s to cm long t h e upper ones much ,
shor t e r 1 M has t a t a . .
Leaves cordate the basa l lobes very broad not spreading

, , , the pedicels l ess
2 M . . v a gi n a li s
1 . ha s tat a ( L ) S o l m s C al aboa
M . . .
Leaves long petioled the petioles stout up to 60 cm long sheathing

-
, , ,
below the bl ade broadly ova t e coria ceous 1 0 t o 30 cm long slightly

, , , ,
acumin ate base prominently hastate the sinu s very broad the lobes
, , ,
spreading oblong o vate Inflores cence m any fl o wer ed 4 to 5 cm l ong

'
- -
, .
, ,
spicate F l owers b l ue about 1 cm long the lower ones with elongated

.
, ,
pedicels .
In s h allow sta gnant water fl most Of the year ; throughout the Philip , .
pines India to southern C hin a and M alaya

. .
2 M . i nali s ( L ) Presl C al aboa

. vag . .
Smaller than the p receding the petioles u su ally less than 30 cm in l en gth , .
Leaves broa dly ovate to ovate or Ob l ong ovate sharply acuminate base -
, ,
cordate the l obes very broad rounded not spreading or base even rounded
, , , , ,
6 t o 1 0 cm lon g Inflorescence spicate 3 to 6 cm long few fl o wer ed

-
.
, ,
-
.
Flowers blue about 1 cm l ong thei r pedicel s all less than 1 cm long and
, , ,
Of about the same length ( F l F ilip p l . . . .
In Open wet grass l an ds marshy pl aces etc fl most of the year ; , , , .

, .
throughout the Phil ippines Indi a t o southern C hin a an d M alaya . .
23 . L I L I A CE A E (L I L Y F A M I L Y)
Herb s
wi th fibrou s roots or from rootstocks bulbs or corms sometimes , , ,
sh ru bby an d tree l ike 0 1 climbing and armed with prickles or spines

-
,
’
’
.
Le aves va rious F l owers perfect or sometimes unisexual Perianth thin

. .
o r petaloid 6 m er o u s in 2 series rarely 8 or 1 0 m er o u s

,
-
imbri cate i n bu d
, ,
-
,
.
S tamens 6 rarely 3 or fewer the filaments free or connate

, A nthers , .
Oblon g to linea r Often versatile Ovary superior 3 celled ; ov u-l es 2 to m any

, .
,
-
in the inner angles of the cell s F ruit a 3 rarely 1 celled 1 to many .

-
,
seeded capsule or a berry .
Genera 21 5 species about in all parts Of the world 1 5 genera an d

, ,
about 25 species in the P hilippines .
1 . Prickly tendril bearing vines with 3 to 5 nerved leaves the flowers

-
.
,
-
small i n axillary umbel s, 1 S m i la x .
1 . Herbs or shrubby plants without tendrils u sually erect and un armed , .
2 Lea v es replaced by linea r or aci cul ar cl adodes

.
2 A s p a r a gu s .
2 Leaves present broad linear or cylindric

.
, , , .
3 S temless herbs
. .
4 Stron g scented herbs from underground bulbs with n arrow or

.
-
cylindri c leaves ; flowers umbellate 3 A lli um .

-
4 R ootstock stolonife rou s ; leaves broad flat fleshy ; flowers race

.
, ,
mose 4 S a n s ev i er i a .
3 Shrubby plants
. .
5 Leaves thin colored long petioled

.
, ,
-
5 Leaves rigid sessile tipped with a sharp spine

.
, ,
1 . SMIL A X Linnaeus
C limbing,
prickly more or less woody vines Leaves alternate 3 to , .
,
7 nerved
-
reti cul ate with cross veinlets the petiole usually bearing 2
,
-
,
tendril s above the base F lowers smal l dioecious in axill ary pedun cled .
, , ,
umbels the perianth se gments 6 free M ale flowers with 6 or more free
,
-
, .
stamens Female flowers with 3 or 6 staminodes Ovary 3 angled 3 celled ;

. .
-
,
-
ovules 1 or 2 in each cell F ruit a globose 1 to 3 seeded berr y ( T h e .

,
-
.
Greek n ame of the yew ) .
S pecies about 200 in temperate and tropic al region s of both hemi spheres ,
about 7 in the P hilippines

'
1 . S . b r a c teata P resl . Ob a t , C a m a gs a -
Ob a t ; Hamp as t i gb a la n g ( T a g ) ;
-
B anag
woody vine reaching a height of several meters t h e stems armed with
A ,
f ew to many stout s pines Leaves ellipti c to Oblong ovate 7 nerved 8 to ‘
- -
, ,
1 3 cm long b ase broadly rounded or slightly cordate apex shortly and

, ,
ab ru ptly acuminate Of about the same color on both su rfaces U mbel s , .
many fl o wer ed about 2 cm in di ameter in axill ary r acemes F lowers

-
, , .
greenish yellow about 5 mm long fragrant B erries globose 5 to 8 mm

-
, , .
,
in diameter bl ac k when mature , .
I n thi ckets M asambong fl M ay—June ; widely distributed in t h e P hilip

, , .
pines E ndemi c . .
2 A SPA R A GUS
. Linn aeu s
rect climbin g or straggling herba ceous pl ants from stout creeping or
E ,
“
, , ,
sometimes tuberiferou s rootstocks the stems round grooved or angled , , , .
Leaves reduced to minute scales bearing in thei r a xils tufts of needle like ,
-
or flattened green bran chlets ( cl adodes ) F lowers small axillary soli t ary
, .
, ,
fa sci cled or racemed thei r pedicel s j ointed P erianth camp anul ate 6
, , .
,
p arted Stamens inserted on the bases of the segments Ovary 3 angl ed

. .
-
,
3 celled cell s with 2 or more ovul es

-
,
Fruit a small globose 3 to 6 seeded .
, ,
-
berry ( T h e an cient Greek name )

.
‘
.
S pecies about 1 00 in E urope and temperate an d tropical A si a and A fri c a

, ,
o n e indigenous and several introduced species in the P hilippines .

1 . L C eboll a
A . S eb uy a s ( T a g ) ; Onion
CE PA .
.
Lea v es shorter than the scape cylindric hollow 8 mm i n diamete r o r , , ,
less narrowed upward to the slender apex S cape inflated usually about
, .
,
3 0 cm high about 1 cm thick in the middle n arrowed at both ends

, F lowers , .
very numerou s i n a dense globose umbel the pedicel s 5 to 7 mm long , .
Perianth segments oblong a cumin ate 5 to 6 mm long white or nearly so

-
, , , .
Filaments longer than the petals ( F l F ilip p l 8 7 A t r i cocc um ) . . . .

, . .
C ultivated by C hinese gardeners at all season s for the M anil a m arket .
C ultivated in all warm countries ; a n ative Of E urope .
*
2 A
. L G uchai ( T a g ) ; Puerro
. P OR R U M Leek .
.
A rank scented bulbou s gl abrous plant -

Leaves flat fleshy 20 cm long , , .
, ,
o r more about 5 mm wide S capes very s li gt h ly compressed sl ender solid

, .
, , .
U mbels many fl ow er ed 3 to 4 cm in diameter Flowers white fragrant-
, .
, ,
a bout 1 cm in diameter .
C ultivated by C hinese gardeners for the M anil a m a rket occasionally ,
flowering A native Of the M editerrane a n region n o w cultivated in most

.
,
w a r m countries .
In a ddition to the above the garlic ( S p A j o ; T a g V i s B a ua n n lli um .

, .
,
s a t i v um L ) i s extensively cultivated in som e p arts Of the P hilippines

. but ,
I h ave seen no growing specimens in our area

. .
4 . SA N S E VI E R IA T hunberg
ootstoc k short Often stoloniferous Le aves numerous narrow erect

R , .
, , ,
fleshy flat nerveless Often mottled S cape erect s t out racemose the
, , , .
, , ,
flowers in alternate fa sci cles Perianth tube long slender , the l obes narrow .
-
, .
S tamens 6 in serte d at the base of the perianth —lob es ; anthers d o r s i fix ed

, .
Ovary superior 3 celled ; style slender ; sti gm a simple ; o v ules 1 in ea ch

,
-
cell F ruit membran aceous dehiscent ( In honor of R de S an gro Prin c e

.
, . .
,
»
Of S a n s ev i er o .
)
Species about 10 in tropi ca l A si a an d A frica , a single introduced one in
t h e Philippines .
1 S Z E YL A N I CA ( L ) Will d Bun t o t —tigre ( T a g ) ; B owstring Hemp

. . . . .
Leaves erect fleshy flat a cumin ate dark green mottled with gr ay , , , ,
-
,
gl abrous to m high 4 to 7 cm wide base somewhat n arrowed

, , , .
S cape erect up to 80 cm hi gh F lowers numerous p ale straw colored

, .
,
- -
,
u sually tinged with green to 3 cm lon g slen der the perianth se gments , , ,
nearly twi ce a s long as the tube ( F l F ilip p l . . . .
Frequently cultiva t ed and occasionally subspontaneou s fl Dec F eb ; , , . .

-
.
wi dely distributed in the Philippines in an d about towns A native of .
tropi cal A frica n ow fou nd in many other tropical countries ,

.
5 . C OR DY L I N E C om m er s on
rect simple or sparingly bran ched shrub s with elongated alternate

E , , ,
petioled costate many nerved leaves somewhat crowded toward the ends
, ,
-
Of t h e s t ems Inflores cen ce te r min a l p ani culate t h e flowers ra cemosely

. , ,
a rrang ed on t h e l ong S lender branches P erianth tubul ar , 6 c l ef t t h e lob es -

.
,
narrow S tamens 6 Ovary 3 celled cell s 4 to 1 6 Ov u led Fruit a usually

. .
-
, ,
-
.
1 seeded berry
-
( Greek .
Species about 1 0 M al aya t o A ustrali a and P ol ynesia 1 in B raz i l a , , ,
.single introduced one in the P hilippines .

A M A R YL L I DA C E A E 145
*
1 . C T E R M I N A L I S ( L ) Kunth
. . . B aston , B aston de San Jos e ( Sp .
S a gui la la , Ton co d p a r i
erect shrubby glabrous pl ant 1 to 3 m h igh from tuberou s roots
An , , ,
t h e stems simple o r somewhat branched marked with leaf scars Le aves ,

-
.
l anceol ate to obl anceol ate usu ally tinged with red or purp l e 30 to 50 cm , ,
l ong mostly near the apex Of the stem acuminate base n arrowed
, , , ,
the nerves very numerous slender di v erging from the midrib P anicle , , .
terminal pu rpl ish l axly branched the branches u p to 30 cm in l ength

, , , ,
slender the pedicel s very short F lowers pink about 1 cm long slender
, .
, , ,
tu bular the perianth spl it to the mi ddl e into 6 equ al lobes B erry globose
, .
,
abo ut 5 mm i n diameter f ew or 1 seeded ( F l Filip p l 9 8 D r a c a en a ,

-
. . . .
,
t er m i n a li s .
)
C ommonly
cultivated for its orn amental foli age fl Dec —F eb ; common in , . . .
and about to wn s in the P hil ippines but certainly introduced India to

‘
, .
Polyn esi a but frequently only in cultivation

, .
6 . Y U CCA Linnaeus
S hrubby ,
erect simple or branched pl ants with stout thickened stems
, .
Lea v es alternate crowded numerou s n arrow sessile with a sharp rigid

, , , , ,
point the margin s entire or denti cul ate F lowers numerous in termina l
, .
,
r acemes or p ani cles usually white Peri anth pendulou s or drooping sub , .
,
globose to campanul ate the segments distinct or S l ightly united at the ,
base Stamens 6 hypo gyn ou s ; filaments s h o r t er t h a n the peri anth en

.
,
'
la r ged above Ovary 3 celled rarely with 1 o r 6 cells

. Ovules 2 to -
, .
se v era l in each cell F ruit berry l ike an d indehi scent or a loculi cidal .
-
,
capsule ( T h e Indian ( A meri can ) name of M a n i h o t erroneously appl ied

.
,
here ) .
S p ecies about 20 in the warmer p arts of A merica 1 or 2 introduced in ,
the P hilippines .
1 . Y . LAL OI F OL I A .
S tem stout cylindri c m arked with leaf scars 1 to 2 m high u su ally

, ,
-
,
sp aringly branched above Leaves very numerous stiff spreading above .

, , ,
the Older an d lower ones d efl ex ed falling from the lower part Of the stem , ,
3 0 to 70 cm long about 3 cm w ide the apex with a sharp rigi d point con
, , , ,
s t r i c t ed below the middle the base slightly dil ated m argin s finely scabrid , ,
denti culate Panicles conical ample many fl o wer ed 30 to 50 cm long

.
, ,
-
, .
Flowers white about 5 cm long , .
Occ asionally cultivated rarely fl owerin g her e A n ative of tropica l , .
A meri ca n o w cultivate d in m any other warm countries

, .
24 A M A R . YL L I DA C E A E ( A M A R YL L I S OR M A GU E Y F A M I L Y )
S lender
or coarse herbs from bulbou s tuberous or corm l ike rootstocks , ,
-
the lea v es r adical narrow or broad sessile or pedicelled the sca p e naked
, , ,
or leafy P erianth superior regul ar o r i rregul ar the tube long S hor t

.
, , , ,
or none 6 lobed or 6 parted sometimes with a crown at the mouth S t a

,
- -
, .
mens 6 inserte d on the segments the fil aments free or connate ; anthers

, ,
erect or versatile Ovary inferi or 3 celled ; ovul es m any 2 seriate F ruit

.
,
-
,
-
.
cap sular loculici dal rarely fleshy and bursting i rre gul arly
, , .
Genera 80 S pecies about 800 in all warm countries 1 1 genera and about
, , ,
1 5 species in the P hilippines mostly introduced , .
1 1 1 55 5— 10
1 . Inflorescence spicate or pani cl ed .
2 C oarse plants with thick fl eshy spiny toothed leaves and v ery l a rge
.
, ,
-
pani cled i n fl o r es c en c es 1 A ga v e .
2 Slender plants with narrow toothless le aves and spica t e fl owers

.
, .
2 P o li a n t h e s .
1 . F lowers sol itary or umbellate .
2 F ilaments free
. .
3 F lowers solitary
. 3 Z ep h y r a n t h es .
3 F lowers umbell a t e
. 4 C r i n um .
2 F ilaments appendicul ate and united at the base in t o a distin ct cup

. .
3 F lowers solitary
.
3 F lowers umbell ate

. .
4 Leaves linear to linear l an ceol ate ; o v ary cell s 2 Ov uled

.
- - -
.
6 Hy m en oc a lli s .
4 Leaves broadly ovate to suborbicul ar ; ovary cell s 2 or 3 Ov uled

.
- -
.
7 . E y c les
ur
4 Leaves elliptic
.
-
O blong ; ovary cell s m any - -
o v uled 8 . E uch a r i s
1 . A GA V E Linnaeus
Fleshy o r somewhat woody coarse pl ants wi th u sually very short stems , , .
Leaves crowded on the stem radiate thick fleshy persisting for several , , , ,
years sharply pointed ma rgins with stout spiny teeth Inflorescence

, , .
t ermin al tall stout branched F lowers su cculent panicled usually green

, , , .
, ,
i sh S ep a l s an d petals p artly united the l obes equ al or subequ al Stamens

.
, .
6 ; fi l aments more or less adnate to t h e ~p er i a n t h tube Ovary 3 celled ; -

.
-
ovules numerou s F ruit a 3 celled capsule ( Greek .

-
.
S pecies about 1 40 in tropi cal A merica 1 introduced in the Phi l ippines , .
*
1 . A oxb Ma guey ( S p
. CA N T U L A Sisa l Hemp C entury Pl ant
R . .
, ,
S tems short stout L ea v es 2IO to 5 0 in a dense roset t e linear l anceol ate

, .
\
,
-
,
thick more or l ess gl au cou s

, to m long up to 8 or 1 0 cm wi de , , ,
narrowed toward both ends apex with a sharp horny point margins , , ,
wi th sharp spine like teeth I nflorescence erect up to 6 m in height stout

-
.
, , ,
branched F lowers greenish the perianth 4t o 5 cm lon g ; fil aments exceed

.
,
ing the segments ( F l Filip p l 9 6 A a m er i c a n a ) . . . .

, . .
C ultivated in our area for ornamenta l purposes in m any provinces ex ,
t en s i v ely cultivated for the fiber pr oduced by the leaves T h e pl ants .
flower when several years Old ; bulbil s are Often produced i n pl ac e of

flowers A n ative of tropi cal A merica n o w introduced in many other
.
,
tropical countries .
2 . P OL I A N T H E S Linnaeu s
rect leafy unbranched pl ants fro mtuberous r ootstocks Leaves linear
E , , .
,
basal an d scattered along the stem Inflorescen ce terminal spi cate t h e .

, ,
bracts persi stent P erianth with a long n arrowly funnel shaped c urved
.
,
-
,
tube and short unequal segments S tamens inser t ed at the middl e of t h e

, , .
tube not exserted Ovary 3 celled free at the apex ; ovules m any ; style fili
, .
-
,
”
fo rm F ru it ovoid crowned by the persistent perianth ( Greek white
.
,
.
“
an d flower “
.
A monotyp ic Mexican genus .
P T U B E R OSA L A zucena ( S p
1 . . T uberose . .
R ootstock stout tuberou s B a sal leaves l inear 40 to 60 cm lon g less

, .
, ,
than 1 cm wide those on the stem mu ch shorter S t ems erect ,

to 1 .
,
C ultiva t ed
for ornamental purposes al so in Open places near the sea , ,
flowering most Of the year ; throughout the Philippines near the se a Indi a .
to M al aya .
*
2 C . . L Lilio ( S p
Z E YL A N I OU M . .
S to ut glabrou s the bulbs globose 1 0 to 1 5 cm in diameter

, S t ems stout
, .
,
sho rt erec t Leaves up to 1 m long 7 to 1 0 cm wide P eduncles stout

, .
, .
,
about a s lon g a s the leaves with 1 0 to 20 umbell ately arranged reddish , , ,
fragrant flowers P edi cel s short F lowers lon g the tube slender about . .
, ,
1 0 cm long the limb u sually a l ittle l onger the segments Oblong lanceola t e
, ,
-
,
acute about 2 cm wi de purplish red margined with whi t e paler insi de

, ,
-
, , .
C ultivated for orn amental purposes fl June —A u g and probably in , .

,
other months T ropi cal A si a an d A frica i ntrodu ced in the P hilippines and
.
,
not spontaneous .
*
3 . I I U M L Lilio ( S p
C . L A T F OL . .
B ulb subglobose up to 1 0 cm or more in di ameter Leaves 60 t o 1 00 cm

, .
long 5 to 8 cm wi de P eduncles stout sol id green 2 to

, . cm in diameter .
, , , ,
up to 60 cm in len gth F lowers about 1 0 in each umbel fragrant sessile .

, ,
or shortly pedicelled the spathe valves thin about 8 cm long oblong o v ate ,
-
, ,
-
,
acute P eri anth tube 1 0 to 1 2 cm long purplish below greeni sh above

.
, , ,
cu rved at the apex 6 to 7 mm in di ame t er the limb camp anulate horizontal , , ,
or a scending 1 0 to 1 2 cm long the segments about 3 cm wi de white flushed

, , ,
with p al e purpl e in the medi an p art F il aments whi t e declinate .

, .
Occasionally cultivated fl June— Oc t an d probably in other months ; , .

,
introdu ced from tropical A sia .
5 . PA N CR A T I U M Linn aeus
Herb aceous ,
from a thi ck un dergroun d bulb Leaves f ew 2 ranked , .
,
-
,
narrow S cap e from the bulb solid Flowers l arge white solitary ( in
.
, .
, ,
ou r species ) P erianth funnel shaped the tube elongated the l imb spread
.
-
, ,
ing the lobes 6 n arrow Stamens erect inserted on the throat of the
’
, , .
,
perianth united by a toothed or lobed membrane w

, hich forms a cup ;
anthers d o r s i fi x ed Style S lender ; ovu les m any in each cell C apsule sub
. .
globose 3 angled loculicidal ( Greek all an d stren gth

,
-
”
, .
“ “
.
S pecies about 1 2 southern E urope A si a an d A frica a single introdu ced, , , ,
o n e in the Philipp ines .
*
1 . P .L Z E YL A N I C U M .
B ulb subglobose or ovoi d about 5 cm in di ame t er Leaves 6 to 8 , .

,
2 ranked l inear l anceol ate acuminate about 25 cm lon g an d 2 cm w ide

-
,
-
, ,
S cape somewhat shorter th an the lea v es slightly compressed F lowers , .
sol itary erect white C oroll a tube 4 to 5 cm long the membranaceous

, , .
-
,
p art connecting the stamens about 5 cm in di ameter w ith 1 2 l arge , ,
a cuminate teeth the perianth lobes recurved l an ceolate acumin ate about
,
-
, , ,
5 cm long 1 cm w ide Fil aments erect the free p arts about 3 cm long
, .
, .
( Fl Filip p l
. . .
Occasion ally found in garden s flowering all the y ear ; introduced from ,
I ndia or C eylon .
6 . HY M E N OC A L L I S S al isbury
oo t stock stout tunicated the leaves numerous long sessile P eduncle

R , , , , .
soli d erect bearing many white fragrant flowers in a te rm i n al umbel

, , , ,
.
P e ri anth salver shaped the tube cylindri c the se gments linear equ al
-
, , , ,
A M A R YL L I DA C E A E 149
elongated S ta mens united by a l arge white cup the free parts of the
.
, ,
filaments fi li f o r m ; a nthers versatile Ovary 3 celled ; ovules 2 in ea ch cell ; .

-
styl e long fi li f o r m ; stigma minute F ruit a large bulb l ike finally dehi
, .
,
-
,
scent capsule ( Greek membrane and beauty”

.
“ “
.
S pecies about 30 in the tropi ca l and warmer parts Of A merica 1 intro ,
d uc ed in the Philippines .
*
1 . H
I OR A Herb . TE N U FL .
Leaves crowded narrowly l an ceol ate fleshy acuminate or acut e to , , , ,
1 m long 6 to 7 cm wide Scape erect sol id somewhat compressed about

, .
, , ,
m tall bearing at its apex f ew to many sessile umbell ate flowers the
, , , ,
sp athe subtending the flowers very thin marcescent F lowers fragrant , .

,
the perianth tube greenish below whitish above about 1 2 cm long the
-
, , ,
l obes linear white spreading 1 0 cm long 5 to 7 mm wide T h e mem

, , , , .
b r a n a c eo u s cup connecting the filaments white funnel sh aped 4 to 5 cm in ,

-
,
di ameter A nthers erect green ( Fl Fil ip p l 41 1 H a d n a t a )

.
, . . . .
, . .
C ommonly cultivated for ornamenta l purposes fl most of the year A , . .
native of tropica l A merica .
7 . E U R YC L E S S a l isbury
ootstock a tuni cated bulb the leaves broad petioled with l ax arcuate
R , , , ,
main veins and obl ique cross veinlets F lowers many in a peduncled umbel
- -
.
, ,
white Perianth tube cylin dric the lobes subequal as cending Oblong
.
-
, , ,
l anceol ate Stamens inserted at t h e throat the filaments uni t ed in a

.
,
distinct 1 2 toothed cup ; anthers versatile Ova ry 3 celled the ovules 2 o r

,
-
, .
-
,
3 in each cell ; styl e fili f o r m C ap sule globose s uc ulen t .

, .
S pecies 2 M al aya and A ustralia 1 in the P hilippines, , .
1 . E . am boi n en s i s ( L ) Lindl
. .
B ulb 5
to 1 0 cm in diameter Leaf bl ade suborbicular or broadly ovate .
-
,
b ase broadly cordate shortly and abruptly acuminate up to 25 cm long , ,
and wi de the peti ole lon ger than the blade dil ated at the base the nerves
, .
, ,
1 2 to 1 5 on each side Of the midrib Pedun cle about as long as the leaves .
,
bearing from 1 5 to 30 flowers in a dense umbel P erianth about 5 cm lon g .

,
the segments as long as the tube ( F l F ilip p l . . . .
F requently cultivated fl June —A u g and probably in other months ; Of , . . .

,
very local occurrence i n t h e Philippines M alay Peninsul a to northern .
A ustral ia .
8 . E U C HA R I S Planchon
B ulbs
tuni cated the leaves petiol ed Oblong green Flowers l arge , , , .
,
umbell ate white fragrant the outer sp athe valves 2 or 3 ovate lan ceol ate
, , ,
-
,
-
.
P erianth tube cylindric slender dil ated above the segments broad spread
-
, , , ,
ing imbricate subequ al S tamen s inserted at the throat Of the perianth

, , .
tube shorter than the segments erect the fil aments broadly appendaged
, , ,
below the appendages united into a 1 2 toothed cup the free pa rts Of the
,
-
,
fil aments stout shorter than the appendages A nthers v ersatile Ovary ,

. .
gl obose 3 celled ; ovul es many ; style fi li f o r m F ruit deeply 3 lobed finally

,
-
.
-
,
dehiscent ( Greek well or t r ue and gra ceful

” ”
.
“ “
,
“
.
S pecies 6 or 8 n atives of C olombi a most of them in cultivation , ,

.
*
1 . I E P lanch
. A mazon Lily
GR A N D F L OR A . .
Lea v es oblon g ellipti c narrowed at both ends a cumina t e coriaceous 25 -

, , , ,
to 3 5 cm long about 1 5 cm wi de shinin g the petioles stout about 20 cm

, , , ,
1 50 A FL OR A OF M A N IL A
long Peduncle solid about a s long a s the leaves bearing from 4 t o 6

.
, , ,
large umbell ate white fragrant flowers the spathe valves oblong la n c eo
, , , ,
- -
la t e about 5 cm l ong F lowers about 9 cm in diameter the o v a r y and i t s

, .
,
stalk green the tube slender about 5 cm long narrowly funnel shaped
, , ,
-
above the middle Perianth lobes ovate acute or obtuse spreading about
.
-
, , ,
4 cm long and 3 cm wide A ppendages to the stamens greenish inside .

,
quadrate each 2 toothed united into an erect cup ; free p arts Of the fila
,
-
,
ments stout erect , .
N o t uncommon in cultivation fl most Of the year A n ative of C olom , . .
bia now widely culti v ate d in most warm countries

, .
25 . TA C CA C E A E
( T A CCA OR P A N A R I E N F A M I L Y )
Herbaceou s pl ants from tuberous or creep ing roots t ocks the leaves ,
radical lobed or laciniate S cape erect l eafless F lowers umbellate sub

, .
, .
,
tended by leaf—l i ke bracts P eri anth 6 lobed superior S tamens 6 at t h e .

-
, .
,
ba se Of the l obes the fi l aments short dilated or appendaged on each side

, , ! ,
above dilated into an i n fl ex ed hood ; anthers sessile within the hood Ova r y .
1 ce l led ; style short ; stigmas broad or petaloi d an d umbe l l a like

-
F ruit ,
-
.
fleshy and indehi scent or a t length 3 valved Seeds many ,

-
. .
A single genus Of about 1 0 species all trop ical , .
1 . T A CCA Linnaeus
C harac t er of the Family .
( F rom the l o c al A mboyn a n ame ) .
C oarse , erect , the

petioles up to 1 m i n length ; leaves 1 t o m in diameter ,
3 p artite the segments variou sly lobed an d toothed

-
, 1 T pi n n a t i fid a . .
Slender the leaves 1 5 to 20 cm in diame t er , pedately 5 or 7 p a rtite the

,
-
,
segments entire 2 T p a lm a t a . .
1 . T .
pi n n at ifida F orst . P a n a r i en Yabyab an ( T a g ) ; Polynesi an
rrowroot
A .
R ootstock tuberous depressed —globose up to 30 cm in di ameter , P etiol e , .
Often nearly 1 m lon g hollow to 2 cm in diameter stri ate Leaves

, , , .
trip artite spreading 1 to , m in diameter the segments 2 fi d or irre gul ar ly

, ,
-
p i n n a t i fi d or pinn a t e at the base often l arge irregul arly lobed S cape up , , .
to m long hollow tapering green erect 1 0 to 40 fl o wer ed flowers

, , , ,
-
,
crowde d at the apex pedicelled drooping intermixed wi th very long , , , ,
fi li f o r m bra cts subtended by from 4 to 1 2 Oblon g a cuminate 5 to 7 c m

, , , ,
long involu crate leaves Perianth green and purplish about 1 cm long
, .
, .
F ruit ellip soid or ovoid smooth yellowi sh 6 ribbed 3 to 4 cm long

, , , ,
-
,
.
In thickets P asay M asambong etc o ccasional fl July—A u g ; w idely

, , , .
, , .
distributed in the P hilippines near the seashore T ropical A sia and A fri ca .
,
M al aya A ustrali a an d P olyn esi a

, T h e fleshy roots are edible the pl ant
, .
,
being cultivate d in some countries .
2 T p almata Bl P ayong p ayongan -

. . .
R ootstock tuberous ovoid small 2 t o 4 cm in diameter Petiole slender

, , ,
.
,
20 to 30 cm long Lea v es 1 5 to 20 cm in diameter peda t ely 5 to 7 p artite

.
-
,
thin the segments Oblong to elliptic oblong entire acuminate the lower
'
, , , ,
two on each side more unite d than the others S capes slender about a s .
,
long a s the lea v es F lowers umbell ate pedi celled purple and green about
.
, , ,
8 mm long the in v olu cre usually Of fou r lea v es the outer t wo broadly
, ,
ovate ac u minate nearly sessile 3 t o 6 cm l ong the inner t wo with

, , , ,
constri cted bases p etioled F ruit subglobose fleshy red about 1 cm long
, .
, , , .
In thickets P asay M asambong etc fl June—July ; wi dely distribute d

, , , .
, .
in the Philippines M alaya . .

4 . D d a em
. oxb N ami ( T a g ) ; C orot ( I l
on a R . .
,
A t wining vine from tuberous roots reaching a length Of several meters , ,
the stems wi th f ew or many short sharp spines Leaves 3 foliolate t h e , , .

-
le afl ets 1 2 to 20 cm lo n g a c um i n a t e somewhat pubescent the l a t eral ones ,

'
, ,
Oblique Oblong ovate terminal one equil ate ral

,
-
Oblong to oblong obovate
, ,
-
.
P anicles axill ary slender pubescent 1 2 to 20 cm long , F l owers sma ll , . .
S tamens 6 C apsules Oblong about 5 cm long

.
, .
Occasional in thickets fl June—J uly ; throughout t h e Philippines Indi a

, . .
t o M ala y a .
5 . D . L Lima lim a ( T a g
p en a p h y lla .
-
,
A c l imbing vine from stout tubers the stems w ith scattered sma ll ,
spines Leaflets 5 to 7 oval to Oblong lanceol ate acumina t e gl abrous or

.
,
-
, ,
nearly so 8 to 1 5 cm long P anicles axilla ry pubescent much longer than

, .
, ,
t h e l eaves Flowers yellowi sh whi t e somewh at fragrant Stamens 3 a l

.
-
, .
,
t er n a t i n g with 3 staminodes C apsul es 2 t o cm l ong usuall y rounded .

,
at both ends .
In thickets P asay M asambong etc fl N ov ; wi dely distribute d in the

, , , .
, . .
Philippines T rop ical A frica Indi a and M al aya

.
, .
27 . I R I DA C E A E ( I R I S F A M IL Y)
P erennial
herbs from Often thickened rootstocks Leaves n arrow Often .
,
distichou s an d equitant sometimes plicate sessile or petioled Inflorescence , .
various F lowers in sp athes f ew to many usu ally but 1 o r 2 Opening at a

.
, ,
time Peri anth superior p etaloi d the segments 6 2 seriate imbricate

.
, , , ,
-
, .
Stamens 3 epi gynou s or adnate to the outer segment ; anthers extrorse

, .
Ovary 3 celled ; style simple ; sti gmas 3 ; ovules m any 2 seriate

-
C apsule ,
-
.
3 angled or cyl in dric loculicidally 3 celled

-
Seeds many ,
-
. .
Genera 59 sp ecies about chiefly in temperate regions 3 or 4

, ,
genera an d species in the Philippines a single one in digenous , .
Leaves distichous equitant vertic al not or obscurely nerved , , , .
1 . B ela m ca n d a
Leaves not distichou s or equitant prominently nerved an d pl icate , .
2 E leu t h er i n e
.
1 . B E L A M C A N DA A danson
rect herbs from stout rootstocks Leaves many ascending or erect
E .
, ,
large 2 ranked l anceol ate vertical those of the stem simila r to the b asal
,
-
, , ,
ones and gradually smaller upward Inflorescence dicho t omously c o r ym .
bose the spathes small many fl ow er ed the valves many membranaceous

, ,
-
, , ,
the pedicel s exserted j oined at the apex P erianth rotate nearly or quite , .
,
re gul a r the tube not p roduced above the ovary T h e s egments Oblong
, .
obl anceol ate or n arrowly elliptic cl awed sp reading in flower St a mens 3 , , .

,
shorter than the peri anth Ova ry 3 celled ; ovules many C ap sul e obovoid .
-
.
,
loculicidally 3 valved ( F rom the Malab ar name ) -

. .
A monoty pi c C hinese genu s the singl e species introduced in the P hil ,
I pp I n es .
1 . B . I ( L ) Leman
CH N E N S S I . .
E rect tufte d gl ab rous to , m high Leaves 2 ran ked strongly

, , . .
-
,
.
imbri cated crowded n arrowly l anceolate a cuminate ascen ding vertical

, , , , , ,
coriaceous 40 to 60 cm long to 4 cm wi de those of the stem equitant

, , ,
.
M U S A CE A E 1 53
I nflorescence terminal erect dichotomously branched the spathes ovate to , ,
ovate l anceolate about 1 cm long many fl o wer ed 1 or 2 Opening at a

-
, ,
-
,
time 5 to 6 cm i n diamete r the perianth lobes spreading narrowly

, ,
-
elliptic n arrowed at both ends yellowish outside inside reddish yellow

, , ,
-
with darker spots ( F l F ilip p l 3 76 P a r d a n t h us c h i n e n s i s )

. . . .
, .
C ultiva t e d in la rger town s in the P hil ippines sometimes spontaneou s , ,
fl all the year A n ative of C hin a n o w introduced in many warm and

. .
tropica l countries .
2 . E L E U T HE R I N E Herbert
Herbs
from purple tunic ated bulbs the outer l ayers membranaceous , , .
Leaves f ew petioled l anceolate 6 or 7 nerved plicate S capes as long as

, , ,
-
, .
the l eaves flowerin g at the apex t h e l ong peduncled sp athes fascicled

, ,
-
,
subtended by a l anceol ate leaf like bract S p athes green Oblong up to ,

-
.
, ,
1 2 on each scap e mu ch shorter than their pedun cles many fl o wer ed one
, ,
-
,
flower opening at a time the inner valves many membranaceous i m , , ,
br i cat e P erianth regul ar rotate white , the tube not produced above the
.
, ,
ovary ; segments 6, obovate the interior ones sl ightly sm aller S tamens 3 , .

,
shorter than t h e p eri anth l imb Ovary cl avate 3 celled cell s m any -
.
,
-
,
Ov uled C ap sule cylindric 6 su l cate Opercul ate 3 valved at the apex

.
,
-
, ,
-
.
( Gree k
A n A merica n genus of one or two species 1 introdu ced in the P hil ,
i pp i n es .
1 . E . P AL M A E F OL I A ca t a 0
( L ) Merr . .
(E .
p li
B ulbs about 4 cm long ovoi d Oblon g narrowed a t b o t h ends the outer ,
-
, . ,
layers thin purple Leaves l an ceol ate narrowed at both ends pli cate
, .
, , ,
3 or 4 from each bulb 3 0 to 50 cm long to 3 cm wide Scapes , , .
rather slender as l ong a s the leaves green S p athes 1 0 to 1 2 mm long

, , .
,
the ou t er two green the inner ones very much thinner greenish white , ,
-
.
Flowers white about 2 cm in diameter the lobes obovate spreading

, , , .
( P I F ilip p l 1 00 A n t h o ly za m er i a n a )
. . .
, .
Occasionally cultivated fl M a y —July and p ro bably in other months ; , .

,
i n and about some town s in the P hilippines sometimes spontaneous , .
Introduced from t r opical A meri ca at an early date .
28 . M U SA C E A E ( BA N A N A OR SA GU I N G F A M I L Y)
S te mserect tree like with the leaves al l at the top or formed Of the
, ,
fleshy c on v ulut e closely imbri cate l eaf sheaths Leaves very l arge
, , ,
-
.
,
Oblong distichous o r spirally arranged

, Inflores cence simple or compound .
,
b racteate F lowers sessile or pedicelled

. ebracteolate o r with small ,
bracteoles perfect or monoecious Petals fr ee or connate the coroll a

, .
,
Often inflated and surrounding the anthers and style Stamens 5 fr ee ; .

,
staminode 1 or none Ovary inferior 3 celled ; ovules 1 to many in each .

,
-
cell F ruit fleshy and baccate o r a dehis cent capsule

.
, .
Genera 6 species more than 1 00 i n the tropics of both hemispheres

, , ,
1 indigenou s genu s with a number of distinct species an d several i n ,
t r o d u c ed ones i n the Philippines .
Le aves spirally arranged their sheaths closely imbri ca t ed forming a ,
cylindric fleshy trunk 1 M us a .
Leaves disti chous radiately arranged in one pl ane l ike a fan at the apex
,
of the trunk 2 R a v e n a la .
1 . M U S A Linnaeu s
Verycoarse herbaceou s plants from usually perennial roo ts t ocks T runks .
erect soft formed of the thickened closely imbricate leaf sheaths Leaves
, , ,
-
.
v e ry l arge Oblong the midrib p rominent t h e bl ade penninerved I n fl o r

, , , .
es c en c e terminal in an erect o r r efl ex ed bracteate spike the lower flowers ,
female with imperfect stamens the upper ones male the intermediate , ,
ones Often perfect F lowers crowded in the axils Of l arge ovate persistent
.
, ,
or deciduou s bracts C alyx sl it down one side to the base 3 to 5 lobed . -

,
-
,
at the apex C oroll a equalling or shorte r than the calyx conc ave inflated
.
, , ,
thin more or less surrounding the stamens and style P erfect stamens 5
, .
,
the sixth ru dimentary or wanting ; fil aments stout ; anthers linear erect , ,
2 celled
-
Ovary 3 celled many ov u led
. F ruit fleshy indehiscent elongated
-
,
-
.
, , ,
cyl indric o r angled the pericarp tough ; seeds subglobose in many cultiva t e d
, ,
forms wanting ( N amed after M usa physician to A ugustus )

.
, .
S pecies 50 or more with many varieties in the tropi cs of both hemi ,
spheres the P hilippine forms not well understood

, .
1 M P A R A DI S I A CA L S aguing ( T a g ) ; B an an a
. . . .
R ootstoc k stout stoloniferous the stem stout erect to ,m high , , , .
Leaves up to 2 m in length Spike recurved stout much shor t er than the .

, ,
leaves t h e bracts l arge dull purplish deci duous F l owers about 7 cm

, ,
-
, .
long the calyx about twice as l on g a s the much inflated coroll a F ruit
, .
.
exceedingly vari able 1 0 to 20 cm long cylindric or angled the pericarp , , ,
thick or rat h er thin seedless or with numerou s seeds ( F l F ilip p l ,

. . . .
'
V ery commonly c ultivated fl all the year ; throughout t h e Philippines , .

,
p robably Of prehistoric introduction here at least m any of the forms or ,
varieties others Of more recent introduction C ultivated in all tropical

, .
countries .
T h e banana has numerous varieties the distinguishing characters being ,
chiefly i n the fruits C ommonly amon g the natives s a gui n g i s the name
.
for all bananas but the S p anish n ame p la t a n o or p la n t a n o i s much used

,
‘
to designate those forms especially u sed for food after being cooked and ,
b a n a n a for the forms used for food wi thout cooking .
B l anco in 1 83 7 states that there were then 57 varieties known in the

A rchipel ago T h e various varieties have distinctive n ames the chief forms
.
,
found in M anil a being enumerated below .
S a ba B i s co or Obi s p o ; the most common form in cultivation in M anila

, , ,
the fruit with a thick skin yellow when mature about 1 0 cm long prom , , ,
inently 3 angled ; pulp so mewhat fibrou s acid with or without seeds

-
, ,
.
B u ri g u la n ; fru it elongated cylind ri c and green when mature up to 20 cm

‘
, ,
i n length the pulp soft with a very deli cate fl avor G lo r i a or T er n a t e;

,
.
fruit angul a r yellow stout up to 1 5 cm or more in length well fl a v o r ed

, , , ,
-
.
L et o n d a l; fruit stout cylin dric about 1 0 cm long the skin thin yellow, , , , ,
the pulp p ale sub aci d the most common b anan a in the M anil a markets
, ,
.
L a c a t a n ; fruit cylin dri c or slightly angled when m ature about 1 5 cm ,
long yellow the pulp firm with a delicate fl avor M o r a d o fruit stout
, , , .
, ,
u su ally angled when m ature up to 1 5 cm long the skin to ugh brown i sh , , ,
purple the pulp firm well fl a v o r ed Other forms are occasionally found
, ,
-
. .
M u s a t ex t i li s N é e the well kno wn a b a c a pl ant an endemi c species

,
-
,
yiel ding the fiber known as ab ac a or M anil a hemp i s represented by few

-
specimens in cultivation in S i n ga lo n T h e v ery l arge M us a s up er b a R oxb . .
,
1 . S taminodes 2, broad an d petal like -

.
2 I nflorescence terminating the leafy

. stem .
3 . F il ament long slender longer than the coroll a ; stems elongated

, , ,
l eafy .
4 Lip adnate to the filament above the coro n a ; ovary 1 celled

. -
.
G lo b b a 1 .
4 Lip free ; ovary 3 celled

.
-
2 H ed y c h i um
.
3ilament shorter than the corolla ; l eaves radical usually only 2

. F , .
3 Ka em p fer i a .
2 Inflorescence cone like

. cylindric dense spicate peduncled arising-
, , , , ,
from the rootsto ck 4 C ur c um a .
1 . Staminodes smal l or none .
2 Leaves arran ged in t wo ranks ; sheaths split

. .
3 Inflor escenc e peduncl ed dense an d cone like ari sing from t h e root
.
,
-
,
stock .
5 Z i n gi b er .
3 Inflorescenc e t erminating the l eafy stem ; panicle branches covered

.
with persi stent oblon g closely appressed bracts 6 Ko lo wr a t i a

, , .
2 Leaves spi rally arranged ; sheaths united 7 C o s t us

'
. .
1 . GL OB BA Linnaeus
U sually slender erect herbs with leafy stems from short rootstocks , ,
t h e leaves disti chous ovate to l anceolate b as a l part she a thin g t h e stem

, , ,
li gul ate Inflorescence terminal dense and spicate or racemose or more

.
, ,
l ax and panicul ate Flowers small yellow or white C alyx tubul ar 3

.
, .
,
toothed regular or irregu l ar C oroll a tub e slender longer th an t h e calyx

, .
-
, ,
3 lobed the lobes boat sh aped d efl ex ed

-
, Staminodes simil ar to the l ob es
-
, . .
B ase of the lip adnate by its edges to the stamen fo rming a tub e below , ,
its limb free narrow elongated d efl ex ed usu ally 2 lobed F i l ament elon
, , , ,
-
.
g a ted erect slender C onnective Of the anther exten ded l aterally into an
, , .
entire margin or sometimes with 2 or 4 triangul ar spurs Ovary 1 celled

, .
-
.
C ap sule globose smooth Or ver r ucose fleshy dehiscing irre gul arly
, ( F rom , ,
.
its A m b oyn es e n am e
S p ecies about 75 trop ical A si a to N ew Guinea about 1 0 in the Philip
, ,
pines .
1 . G . L MA R A N TI N A .
E rect glabrou s or sp aringly pilose 25 to 60 cm high from slender root

, , ,
stock s Stems r ath er loosely covered with sheaths Leaves ovate t o

'
. .
elliptic or l anceol ate acuminate 8 to 1 5 cm long Inflorescenc e dense

, , .
,
spike like 2 to 8 cm lo ng t h e bracts persistent ovate green gl and —dotted

-
, , , , , ,
ciliate on the edges 1 to 2 cm long frequently containing ellip soi d to

‘
, ,
conic bulbil s in pl ace Of flowers F lowers yellow slender about 5 cm .

, ,
lon g C alyx tubul ar 3 toothed C oroll a tube much longer than the calyx
.
,
-
.
-
,
gl andular dotted Lip short Ob l ong cuneate wi dely retuse A nther

-
.
, , ,
.
spurs 4 trian gul ar equ al ( Fl F ilip p l

, , . . . .
In thickets M a sambong to Pasig an d Pasay fl June S ept ; widely di s

, , .
-
.
tributed about town s in the Philippines certainly introduced A mboyn a ,

.
an d C elebes to N ew Guinea a weed of cultivation in J ava S ingapore et c , , ,

.
2 . H E DY C H I U M Koenig
erect herbs with elongated leafy stems from stout root stocks
T er r es t i a l .
Le av es disti chou s sessile or shortly petioled l igul ate Oblong to lI n ea r

, , ,
Oblong or l anceol ate acuminate Inflorescence a terminal usually dense

, . , ,
Z I N G I BE R A C E A E 1 57
bracteate spike the bracts Oblong to obovate or l anceol ate u su ally i m

, ,
b r i c a t e persistent each with from one to several flowers

, C alyx tubul ar
, .
and 3 to othed sometimes split down on e side much shorter than the very
-
, ,
slender corolla tube C orolla lobes l inear S preading or r efl ex ed S tami

-
.
-
, .
nodes broad and petaloid , Often much wider than the petal s Lip l arge .
,
often suborbicul ar 2 lobed at the apex usually mu ch l arger than the petal s
,
-
,
and staminodes F ilament elongated Ovary 3 celled C apsul e 3 v alved

. .
-
.
-
,
globose to Oblong S eeds numerous small arillate ( Greek sweet a n d ”

.
, , .
“
“
snow in allu sion to the fragrant white flowers )
”
, .
S pecies about 40 India to M al aya 2 in the Philippines , , .
1 . H . Koenig C ami a ( Sp
C OR ON A R I U M . .
E rect to 1 m in height Leaves glabrou s or the lower su rface some

, .
what p ilose Oblong l anceolate to l anceol ate slenderly acuminate 1 0 to 50

,
-
, ,
cm long 3 to 1 1 cm wide the ligule prominent 1 to 3 cm long Spike

, , , .
ellipsoid 5 to 1 2 cm long thick the bracts green ovate to obovate rounded

, , , , ,
or acute about 4cm long each with 2 or 3 flowers F lowers very fragrant
, , . .
C al yx tubul ar cleft on one side about 4 cm long , C oroll a tube slender ,

'
.
-
,
8 cm long the lobes n arrow involute about 4 cm long

, Lip Obcordate or , , .
obovate white pale yellow in the center 5 to 6 cm in diameter S taminode s

, ,
-
, .
white Oblong elliptic obtuse n arrowed at the b ase 4 to 5 cm long and 2

,
-
, , ,
to cm wide .
'
Very commonly cu l tiva t ed fl June—Dec ; wi dely distributed in t h e , . .
Philippines cultivated an d n aturalized A native of Indi a n ow cultivated

, .
,
or spontaneou s in most tropica l countries .
3 . KA E M PF E R IA Linnaeu s
S m all stemless herbs from aromatic tuberou s rootstocks or sometimes ,
with short stems Leaves f ew suborbicul ar to ovate or l anceol ate basa l

.
, , .
Inflorescen ce spicate f ew fl ow er ed shortly peduncled erect with f ewl ance ,

-
, , ,
ol ate bracts F lowers white or violet of short duration C alyx mem

.
,
.
b r a n a c eo u s tubul ar or cl a v ate sometimes split down one si de

,
C oroll a , .
tube slender the lobes narro w l inear Lip l arge 2 lobed Staminodes
, , .
,
-
.
l arge cl awed rounded spreading S tamen thin flat not exserted ; anther
, , , .
, ,
narrow crested Ovary 3 celled C apsule Oblon g thin walled ( In hono r

, .
-
.
,
-
.
Of E Kaempfer an early Dutch physician and botani st )

.
, .
S pecie s about 55 tropical A si a an d M al aya 2 in the Philippines , , .
1 . K . L Dus ol G u s ol ( T a g )
GA L A N GA .
,
A gl abrou s stemless herb from tuberou s aromati c rootstocks Leaves .
two horizontally spreading orbicul ar t o broadly ovate acute obtuse or

, , , , ,
broadly acumin ate 7 to 1 5 cm long base rounded F l owers f ew 4 to 6 or , , .

,
more pink the bracts l anceol ate about

, , cm lon g C oroll a tube slender , .
-
,
to 3 cm long the l ip cleft to the mi ddle about cm wi de white o r

, , ,
p ale pink spotted with viol et S taminodes obovate about

-
cm long .
,
.
Staminal crest quadra t e 2 lobed-

,
-
.
N o t common in culti v ation in M anil a fl July—A ug ; widely distributed , . .
in the Philippines cultivated an d spontaneous certainly introduced A , ,

.
native Of India n o w widely sprea d i n the easte rn hemisphere cultivated

, ,
an d spontaneous .
4 C U R C U M A Linnaeu s .
rect herbs from aromatic fleshy rootstocks

E ,
. Leaves distichous Oblong ,
to Oblong ellipti c or obovate u su ally tufted

-
,
. Spikes dense pedun cled , ,
ari sing from the rootstocks u su ally l eafless the bracts l arge persistent , , , ,
forming a dense u sually colored cone like or cylindric head the u p per
, ,
-
bracts Often longer than the lower ones Flowers several in each bract .
,
u sually but a single one Opening at a time bracteol a t e C alyx short

'
, .
,
cylindri c toothed C oroll a tube broad funnel shaped sometimes spl it down
, .
-
,
-
,
one side 2 or 3 t oothed the teeth ova t e or Oblong S taminodes peta

,
-
, .
loid uni t ed with the filament below Lip orbicul ar o r obovate entire
,
'
.
, ,
em er gi n a t e or 2 lobed S tamen somewhat petaloid

, Ovary 3 celled C a p
-
. .
-
.
sule membranaceous globose 3 valved S eeds small arill ate ( F rom the , ,
-
.
, .
'
Indian name signifying yellow ) , .
Species about 42 Indi a to M al aya 2 introdu ced in the Philippines , , .
1 . C . ZE DOA R I A ( B er g ) R os c . T amo , B ara c (T a g ) ; L am p oy a n g

C onic
ootstocks stout fleshy slightly aromatic p ale yellow with Oblong
R , , ,
-
, ,
tuber like branches Leaves u su ally in pairs erect petioled green Often
-
.
, , , ,
with a purplish blotch in the center elliptic oblong t o Oblong l anceol ate ,
- -
,
slenderly acuminate 25 to 70 c m long 8 to 1 5 cm wide S cape from t h e , , .
rootstocks not from the leaf tuft Often appearing before the leaves the
,
-
, ,
pedun cl e 1 0 to 20 cm long covered with f ew loose bra cts S pike cylindric , .

,
5 to 8 cm in diameter 1 0 t o 1 5 cm long composed Of numerous ovate to , , ,
obovate somewhat spreading roun ded bracts the lower ones green more
, , , ,
or less tipped with pink the upper ones u su ally lon g er and purple each , ,
containing several flowers the lower ones Opening first C alyx small b i fi d , .
, .
C oroll a tube about 2 cm long yellowish white sometimes tinged with purple
-
,
-
, ,
the l ip usually yellow 2 lobed ( F l F ilip p l 3 C o s t u s lu t eu s ) ,

-
. . . .
, .
In thi ckets an d Open pl aces common fl J a n A u g ; wi dely distribute d , , . .

-
.
in the Philippines in the settled regions certainly introduced Probably , .
a nativ e of India n ow widely distribu t ed in the warmer pa rts Of the e a st

,
ern hemisphere .
T h e T urme ri c pl ant C lo n ga L with a very yellow root wi dely known , . .

,
her e a s d i la o is not uncommon in the Philippines and its rhizomes a r e

, ,
commonly sol d in the M anila markets but l iving specimens have not b ee n ,
found in ou r area It resembles the above species but its fl o w er scape i s

.
,
-
borne within the tuft of l eaves not di r ectly from the rootstocks ,
.
5 Z I N G I BE R
. A d an s on
S tems
erect leafy from fl eshy underground more o r less aromatic root
, , , ,
stocks Leaves l anceol ate to ellipti c di stichous S pikes erect from the
. , .
,
rhizomes rarely terminating a leafy stem cylindric coni c or ovoid u sually

, , , , ,
peduncled the peduncles covered with b racts the bracts Of the inflorescence
, ,
green or colored imb r i cate u sually holding water each containing from
, , ,
1 to several flowers C alyx tubul ar 3 lobed short C oroll a t ube usually

.
,
-
, .
-
longer th a n the bra ct slender the lobes Oblong to lanceol ate whit e or , , ,
yellowi sh Staminodes none Lip 3 lobed the mi ddle lobe longer than
. .
-
,
the l ateral ones C onnective Of the anther prolonged into a curved beak
.
.
Ovary 3 cell ed C ap sule thin walled splitting into 3 valves

-
. Seeds bl ack -
,
-
.
,
angled arill ate ( F rom the ancient Greek or Latin nam e derived from
, . ,
the Indi an n ame s r i n ga v er a ) .
S pecies 60 tropical A si a t o N ew Guinea about 5 species in the Phi l

, ,
i pp i n es some Of them i n p er f ec t ly known

,
.
1 60 A FL OR A OF M A N I L A .
ou s spreading or r efl ex ed Oblong ovate to l anceol ate acuminate or

, ,
-
, ,
caudate acuminate 25 to 60 cm long 5 to 20 cm wide the petioles Stout

-
, , , ,
short Inflorescence about 30 cm long the base of the p eduncle with an

.
,
Oblong l anceola t e ch artaceou s 8 to 1 2 cm long bract B ranches about

-
, , .
8 scattered S preading stout about 5 cm long covered wi th persistent

, , , , ,
bracts each branch bearing several to many flowers but only one Opening
, ,
at a time C alyx about 4 cm lon g C oroll a p ale straw colored about 7

. .
- -
,
cm long the tube cyl indric the upper lobe about 4 cm long con ca v e
, , , ,
erect the other t wo a s long but r efl ex ed Oblong ovate ; lip about as long
, ,
-
a s the coroll a lobes spreading C apsule el lip soid woody 3 to 4 cm long

-
, .
, , ,
spl itting into 3 valves cro w ned by the persistent calyx ( Fl F il ip p l , . . . .
1 R en ea lm i a elega n s )
, .
Waste pl aces S i n ga lon r are fl al l the year ; wi del y distributed i n

, , , .
the Philippines E n demic . .
7 . C OS T U S Linnaeu s
T all
l eafy herbs sometimes b ranched the leaves Oblong to l anceol ate, , ,
spirally arranged the sheaths entirely closed Inflorescenc e a dens e, con e

, .
l ike terminal or basal spike the bracts stiff imbricate persistent C al yx

, , , , .
tubul ar 3 lobed C oroll a tube broadly funnel shaped as long as the calyx
,
-
.
- -
,
tube the lobes l arge showy Oblong to l an ceol ate Lip l arge obovate
, , , .
, ,
somewh at S p athe like below S tamen very broad and thin petaloid t h e
-
.
, ,
staminodes none C apsules woody 3 celled spl itting down the back Of each
.
,
-
,
cell ; seeds very numerous black angled ( T h e ancient Greek h am e ) , , . .
S pecies about 1 00 chiefly in S outh A merica and A frica , f ew i n the In do

,
M al aya n region 2 in t h e Philippines , .
1 . C . s p ec i o s us ( Koenig ) Smith .
S tems stout about 1 m high an d cm in di ameter leafy Leaves

, , .
spirally arranged Oblong acumin ate sub sessile about 30 cm long softly , , , , ,
pubes cent on the lower surface Spikes solitary termin al o v oi d very .

, , ,
dense 5 to 8 cm long the bracts ovate acuminate purple 3 to

, cm l ong
, , , , .
C alyx fl attened purpl e about 3 cm long the lobes 3 rather short ova t e
, , , , , .
C oroll a segments white oblong 5 to 6 cm long pointed

-
Lip white sub , , , .
,
orbicul ar 6 to 8 cm long crinkled i r r egpla r ly and rather finely toothed

, , , ,
the margins incu rved an d meeting S tamen flat including the broa d con .
,
n ec t i v e about 5 cm long 1 2 to 1 5 mm wide C apsules ovoid to globose , .

,
red crowned by the persistent calyx

, to 2 cm long ( F l F ilip p l , . . . .
Occasionally cultivated fl S ep t —Dec widely distribu t ed in the Phil , .
i pp i n es India to F ormosa southwa rd to N ew Guinea

.
, .
30 . CA N N A CE A E ( CA N N A OR T I CA S -
T I CA S F A M I L Y)
rect coarse perenni al unbranched herb s with leafy stems from fleshy
E , , ,
rootstocks Leaves l arge Oblong acute or acumin ate p arallel veined from
.
, , ,
-
the midrib their p etioles sheathing the stem Flowers irregular perfect
, .
, ,
medium to large usually bright colored an d showy in l ax simple or ,

-
, ,
branched terminal racemes bracteate S ep al s 3 small Ob long C oroll a

, , .
, , .
tube cylin dri c t h e segments 3 l an ceol ate equ al S taminal tube conna t e
, , ,
‘
.
-
below with the coroll a tube the segments 4 or 5 unequal petioled mu ch -

, , , ,
l arger than the petals on e of the smaller ones with a S ingle 1 celled , ,
-
anther attached to its margin Ovary inferior 3 celled ; ovules man y ; .

,
-
C A N N A CE A E 1 61
style flattened adnate to the base of the staminal tube free above F ruit
,
-
, .
globose to ovoid capsul ar the seeds gl obose hard bl ack , , , , .
A single genus i n tropical A merica some species n o w distributed in ,
all warm countries .
1 . CA N N A Linnaeus
C ha racters Of the Family .
( F rom the Latin
“
c ane , probably Of Orien
tal origin ) .
Species 30 o r more n atives Of tropical and subtemperate , A merica ,

some n o w found i n all warm countries .
1 . lowers red less than 1 2 cm in length

F , .
2 Flowers 5 to 6 cm l on g
. .
3 S tems g reen usually l ess than

. m hi gh ,1 C i n d i ca . .
3 Stems midribs Of the leaves inflorescence and fruits purplish ;

.
, , ,
plant 2 to 3 I n hi gh 2 C s p ec i os a . .
2 Flowers 1 0 to 1 1 cm l ong
. .
3 Whol e plant green , inflorescence very gl au cous

. 3 C cocc i n e a . .
3 Whole plant purplish or b ronzy purple

. 4 C w a r s c ewi czi i -
. . .
1 . Flowers yellow Sometimes with small orange d ashes , 5 C gla u c a . .
1 . Flowers ve ry l arge up to 1 6 cm in l ength l emon —yello w blotched and, ,
mottled with orange yellow and r ed d ish yellow - -

.
6
. C fla c c i d a
. i r i d i fl or a
1 . C L T icas ticas ( T a g ) ; Indian Shot

. I N D CA I .
-
.
Whole pl ant green glabrou s up to m in height Leaves 1 0 to 30 cm, , .
long Inflorescence somewhat wa xy glau cous F lowers red sol itary or in

.
-
.
,
pairs the bra cts about

, cm long S epal s 1 cm lon g greenish white some .
,
-
,
times tinged with red C oroll a tube about 1 cm long the lobes red o r .
-
,
reddish about 3 cm long involute Staminodes b ri ght red the outer On e

, , .
-
,
about 4 cm lon g somewhat spatul ate acute or slightly acuminate the

, , ,
others somewhat sm aller the antheriferous one as long as the outer one , ,
about 5 cm wide recurved above the insertion Of the anther C apsules

, .
green Obl ong ovoi d softly echi n ate 2 to

,
-
cm long ( F l F il ip p l
, , . . . .
C ommon in waste pl a ces fl al l the year ; throughout the Philippines , .

,
thoroughly n aturalized A ll tropical countries prob ably originating in .
tropica l A merica .
2 C . I OSA R o s c
. SP E C
Stems 2 to 3 m high purp l ish a s are t h e mi dribs p etioles and ma rgin s , , , ,
of the leaves and the inflorescence the l atter with a gl aucou s bloom Le a ves
, , .
up to 3 5 cm in length F lowers red u su ally solitary about 5 cm lon g .

, , ,
the bracts about 1 2 mm long Sep al s purpli sh e rect about 1 3 mm long .

, ,
.
Petal s erect about 4 cm l ong involute S taminodes red the outer one
, , .
,
sp atul ate 4 cm long toothed at the apex the others S imil ar but n arrower
, , , ,
the antheriferou s one about 5 mm wide r efl ex ed above the insertion Of the ,
anth er C ap sules reddish brown or purplish up to 3 cm in length

.
-
, .
N o t uncommon in was t e pl a ces fl all the year A nati v e Of tro p ical , . .
A meric a .
*
3 . C C OC C I N E A
. M ill .
S t ems about
m high green the inflorescence slightly tinged with , ,
pu rple an d with a conspicuou s waxy bloom Le aves 30 to 40 cm in l ength . .
1 1 1 5 55 — 1 1
Flowers deep red about 1 0 cm long the bracts ovate t o Oblong ovate
-
, ,
-
,
blunt 2 cm long o r less purpl is h gl aucous Sepal s purplish and somewhat

, , , .
gl aucous cm long a cute P etal s 6 cm long 1 cm wide when spr ead

, , .
, ,
involute slightly p aler red than the staminodes and yellowish inside Sta mi
, .
nodes deep red about 8 cm long and 3 cm wide i rregul arly retuse ra rely
-
, , ,
rounded tapering to the base the fourth one n arrower the stamin i fer o u s
, , ,
one about 6 cm long and 7 to 8 mm wide fal cate recu r ved C apsules not , , .
maturing .
C ultivated for orn amental purposes fl all the year its range in the
'
, .
,
P hilippines unknown A n ati v e Of trop ical A merica . .
*
4 C WA R S CE W I C Z I I Dietr
. . .
Whole pl ant bronzy purple 1 to m hi gh Flowers solitary red the -

, .
, ,
tube with traces Of yellow on the inside about 1 1 cm long B ract about 6 , .
mm long suborbicular purplish S ep al s purpli sh cm long obtuse

'
, , .
, , .
C oroll a tube about 2 cm long the petal s r efl ex ed slightly involute 5 cm

-
, , ,
l ong a cuminate purplish red S taminodes 4 about 8 cm long and

, , cm -
.
,
wide red rounded the fourth somewhat broader an d somewhat yellowi sh

, , ,
in the basal p art about 2 cm wi de somewhat in equil ateral ly fal ca t e r e

, , ,
curved above the anther C apsules not m aturing . .
C ommonly cultivated especially for its colored folia ge fl all the year , . .
A native of tropical A meri ca .
*
5 . L
C GL. A U CA .
E re ct green 1 t o m high Leaves 20 t o 3 5 cm long Flowers yell o w

, , . .
,
solitary about 7 cm l ong sometimes with faint orange red dashes inside the
, ,
-
,
inflorescence glaucou s B racts suborbicul ar about cm lon g S epal s .

, .
greenish about 2 cm long P etal s erect sl ightl y in v olute yellow 4 to 5

, .
, , ,
cm lon g S taminodes 4 the fi rst three about

. cm long an d cm , , .
wi de cleft or ir r egul arly retuse at the apex or the third entir e the fourth
, ,
recurved and narrower S tamen about 6 mm wide recu r ved above t h e .

,
insertion Of the anther .
C ultivated for o rnamental purposes fl all t h e year A native of tropi ca l , . .
A meri ca A form with much l arger flowers about 1 2 cm long with mor e
.
, ,
prominent dashes Of orange red al so cultivated may be referable here -

, , .
6 . C S alisb
. I
I R I DI F L OR A
F L A C C DA R uiz P av B andera E sp a n ol a
. . .
( Sp S p ani sh F l ag ; C anna
. .
A commonly cultivated hybrid to 2 m high green the inflorescenc e , , ,
somewhat glaucous Le a ves up to 60 cm in length Flowers l arge and . .
showy up to 1 6 cm in length lemon yellow variou sly blo t ched and spot t ed
, ,
-
,
with orange red an d orange yellow usu ally in p airs

-
B racts green about -
, .
,
cm lon g obtuse S e p al s green purpl ish above

, cm l ong obtuse
.
, , .
C oroll a tube about cm long the petal s 6 to

-
cm long r efl ex ed yellow , , ,
an d purpl ish acumin ate S taminal tube up to , cm l ong the staminodes .

-
, ,
obovate oblong 1 0 to 1 1 cm long margin s c rinkled an d undulate St a men

-
, , .
about 8 cm l on g and 4 cm wi de C ap sules not maturing . .
V ery commonly cultiva t ed fl all the year On e of the numerous hyb rids , . .
produced in E urope from A merican species various forms n ow foun d i n , ,
all l arge town s in the Philippines in cultivation .

32 . OR C HI D A C E A E 1
( OR C H I D OR D A P O F A M ILY)
T errestrial or epiphytic usually succul ent or fleshy herbs the form er
, ,
u sually with thickened tuberous roots the l atter Often wi th thi ck ened b ase s ,
( pseudobulbs ) green more rarel y white an d colorless o r b rowni sh s apro

, ,
p h y t es exceedingly vari able in habit Flowers very irregula r perfect

, .
.
, ,
rarely 1 sexual and monoecious Peri anth of 6 free o r vari ously c ombined
-
.
p arts , in t wo s ets the three outer ( sepal s ) more o r l ess alike the three
, ,
inner ( petal s ) dissimilar , 2 l ater al ones al ike t h e third ( lip or l ab ell um ) ,
very different in shape S tamens and style united i n t o a column opposite

.
the l ip the anther 1 rarely 2 on the front or back of t h e column Pollen

, , , , .
grain s u su ally cohering in 1 t o 4 p airs of waxy or powdery , globose t o

Oblong masses ( pollinia ) in e ach cell Ovary inferior , 1 celled ; ovu l es
, .
-
exceedingly numerou s on 3 p arietal pl a centae F r uit a 1 celled 3 va l ved

, .
-
,
-
cap sule containing innumerab l e minu t e almost dust like seeds

, , ,
-
.
Genera over 450 species abo ut in all p arts of the wor l d chiefly
, ,
trop ical about 77 genera and over 500 S pecies in the Philippines
, .
In the con sideration of the Or c h i d a c ea e onl y those species growing

natu rally within the are a covered by this work have been included no ,
attempt h aving been made t o discuss the numerous forms brought i n

from the p rovin ces an d cu l tiva t ed to inclu de the l at t er would necessitate ,
a consideration of p racticall y a l l th e S pecies with showy flowers foun d at

low a l titudes i n the Phil ippines , a s well as m any Of t h e forms with smal l
an d insign ificant flowers T h e p resenc e Of these cultivated plants in
.
M ani l a i s depen d ent on a continued suppl y which vari es i n quantity an d ,

"
i n number of species from year to year so that a complete orchid flora
“
,
for M anil a for one year might not cl osely apply to those species foun d
here in other years .
A s a rul e only species that grow natu rally in t h e A rchipe l ago at lo w

altitudes can be su ccessfully grown in M anil a those foun d above altitudes ,
Of about 800 meters u su ally soon dying when brou ght to sea level
, The .
co m mon n ative n ame for al l epiphyti c orchids t h e bulk of our species i s , ,
d a po but this n ame is applied to other epiphytic pl ants , su ch as specie s

,
Of fern s growing a s epiphyte s and even to p arasitic pl ants s uch a s , ,
L o r a n t h us etc ,
.
A mong the more generall y cu l tivated species are representatives of the

genu s Den d r o b i um such as D s up er bum R ei c h b f wi th l arge somewh at
, . . .
, ,
rank scented purple flowers from its l eafl ess stems flowering in F eb r ua ry
-
, ,
and M arch the flowers 5 to 6 cm long ; D h et er o ca r p um Wall (D a ur eum

,
. . .
Lindl ) with yellowish flowers about

. cm lon g and D t a ur i ri um Lindl , . .
( F l Filip p l
. .with much elongated stems broad elliptic l eaves and
.
-
, , ,
l ar g e pi nk and purp lish fl owers P h ala en o ps i s species with green leaves

' '
. ,
an d l arge white flowers P a ma b a li s B lume and its variety a p h ro d i t e

, . ,
”
A mes locally k nown as dapo m ariposa th at is b ut t er fl y orchid : with
“ -
, , ,
mottled l eav es and l arge pink flowers P s c h i ller i a n a R ei ch b f ; and with , . . .
mo ttled l eaves and white purple spot t ed flowers P s t u a r t i a n a R ei ch b f ,

,
-
, . . .
For speci a l p ap ers on Philippin e Orchi dacea e see A mes O , Or ch i d a , , .
caa a 1
”
. 2 3 and i n P h i li p J o ur n S c i 4 ( 1 909 ) . . .
Bot . 593—600: 663 —676 ; 6 ( 191 1 ) Bo t . 3 5—56 ; 7 ( 1 9 1 2) B o t . 1 —27 : 1 25 1 43 -

.
OR C H IDA C E AE 1 65
both lo ca l ly known as d a pO tigre that is tiger orchid : with green leaves ”
, ,
and medium straw colored or yello wi sh flowers with pu rplish markings

,
-
P lud d em a n n i a n a R ei c h b f an d with green leaves and small pin k

. .
. .
,
flowers P eq ues t r i s ( Schauer ) R ei c h b f V a nd a with el ongated 2 ranked

, . . .
,
-
l eaves and r ec em o s e flowers V s a n d er i a n a R ei c h b f from M indanao w ith , . . .

,
very l a rge pu rpl ish flowers about 8 cm in diameter and V la m ella t a Lind l , . .
( Fl F ilip p l. with white an d purpl e flowers about

. . cm i n diameter .
A er i d e s represented by A , q ui u q u ev uln er u m Lindl ( F l F ilip p l . . . . .
with showy racemes Of very fragrant flowers each perianth segment and ,
-
the l ip with a l a rge purple spot R h y n c h o s t y li s with R r et us a ( L ) .

, . .
Blume simulating the preceding i n habit and appearance but with odorl ess
, ,
flowers and occasiona l species Of P a p h i o ped i um ( C yp r i d i u m ) as well as

, ,
l ess desirable species Of su ch genera as P h o li d o t a E ri a G r a m m a t op h y llum , ,
( F l F ilip p l
. C y m b i d i u m R en a n t h er a S t a u r o p s i s T r i c h o glo t t i s ( F l
. .
, , , .
Filip p l etc
. . .
1 . T errestrial , sap rophytic white and colorless or b rownish pl ants

, .
1 . Di d y m o p lex i s
1 . T er r es t i a l herbs with green leaves .
2
. Leaves pl ic ate ; flowers f ew in nodding ra cemes the scapes from , ,
the rootstock 2 G eod o r um .
2 . Leaves not plicate ; flowers numerou s in erect spi k es or r acemes ter

m i n a t i n g the l eafy stem 3 Ha b en a r i a .
1 . E longated epiph yti c pl ants with di stichou s l eaves .
2 . Leaves not equitant .
3 Stems not thi ckened at the base

. .
3 2 Stems mu ch thickened at the ba se

2 . Leaves equitant .
1 . D I DY M OP L E X I S Gr i ffith
A white o r brown sap rophyte from thickened tuberou s
s len d er , lea fl es s ,
'
r oots t h e scap e slender

, erect with f ew racemosely arranged flowers the , , ,
pedicel s much elonga t ed in fruit ” Flow ers small the dorsal sepa l connate ,
with the peta l s forming a 3 fi d upper lip the l atera l ones connate into a n -
,
entire or 2 fid lower lip forming a small proj ection at the foot Of the co l
-
um n Lip inserted on the short column foot short broad included C ol

.
-
, , , .
um n elongated n arrow narrowly 2 winged above 2 toothed ; sti gma broad ;

, ,
-
,
-
anther broadly ovate ( Greek twin an d a knitting in allusion to the

”
.
“ “
,
connate sepal s and petal s ) .
A monotyp i c genus by some anthers reduced to G a s t ro d i a R B r

-
, . .
1 . D Griff
.
pa I I e n s .
A slender white or bro wn l eafless saprophyte growing about clumps

, ,
Of b amboo 6 to 20 cm high t h e tuberou s roots 1 to 3 cm long up to 1 cm

, , ,
in d i ameter Flowers white or fl es h colored f ew in l ax racemes the

.
-
, , ,
bracts much shorter than the pedicel s Ovary about a s long as the ped .
i ce l whi ch becomes greatly elongated in fru it Lip fan sh aped cuneat e .

-
at the base S epal s an d petal s adherent forming a tubul ar peri anth 6 t o

.
, ,
7 u m long C olumn about 4mm long half roun ded below n arrowly winged
ag
-
.
, ,
ov e .
A bout c l ump s of bamboo occasional fl Jun e—July ; Of local oc currenc e , , .
in the P hilippines Indi a to F ormosa southward to M alaya .

, .
2 G E ODOR U M
. Jackson
T errestrial
herbs from undergroun d tuberou s roots t ocks the l eaves elli p ,
t i c to lanceol ate pl i cate S capes erect from the rootsto ck stout sheathed
, .
, , , ,
shorter than the leaves F l owers f ew crowded in no dding racemes t h e .

, ,
bracts narrow thin Sep a l s an d the broader petal s connivin g or spreading

, . .
Lip sessile on the sho r t column foot boa t shaped with a forked basal -
,
-
,
ca l lus C olumn short sto ut A nthers 2 appendaged after openin g by t h e

.
, .
,
persistent detached covering of the cel l s .
Species about 9 trop ic a l A si a throu gh M a l aya to A ustral ia 1 in t h e

, ,
Phil ippines .
1 . nutan s ( P resl ) A mes ( G s em i cr i s t a t um

G . . .
A gl abrous pl ant from somewh at fleshy under groun d roots reachin g ,
a height of 70 cm Leaves 2 to 4 l arge vari able in size ellipti c Ob l ong to

.
, , ,
-
l anceol ate pli cat e acuminate up to 35 cm long and 7 c m wi de petio l ed

, , , , .
S c ape s 20 to 50 cm h i g h , l eafl ess , from the b ase Of t h e l ea f shoot , brac -
tea t e R acemes nodding about 3 cm long i n flower l onger in fruit

.
, , .
Flowers pale pin k to purplish about 1 cm long numerou s the lip retuse
-
, , ,
or bilobed at t h e ap ex C apsule noddin g about cm l on g ( F i l Filip

.
, . . .
pl .
In thickets an d Op en pl aces sc attered fl July—A u g ; wi dely distributed , , .
i n the Philippines F ormosa . .
3 . HA B E N A R I A W i lld en o w
r ect s imp l e l eafy , terr es tri al h erbs the l eaves sh eath ing at t h e bas e
E , , , ,
u sually broad Flowers in t erminal spikes or racemes smal l to l arge

.
, .
Sep al s subequal or the dor s al on e short er th an the others the l ateral ones
, ,
ascending to r efl ex ed P etal s shorter or longer than t h e sep al s entire or

.
,
cleft Lip continuou s with the b ase Of the column entire 3 lobed or
.
, ,
-
,
3 p artite spurred at the b ase

-
, A nther adnate to the very short column .
,
the cell s p arallel or divergent below the b ase Often p roduced i nto a tube , .
S ti gm a a single or double visci d area on the column below the anthers or ,

” ”
gl obose or cl avate proc ess es ( Latin thong or rein from the shap e .
“ “
,
of the lip in some species ) .
S pecies more than 400 in most temperate and tropi cal regi on s about 20 , ,
in the Philippines .
1 . Leaves 2 to 5 cm wi d e .
2 S epa l s about 5 mm long

. 1 . H go od y er oi d es
.
2 S ep als 1 2 to 1 4 mm long
. 2 H p elo r i o i d es
. .
1 . Leaves linear less than 1 cm wid e , 3 H co n ges t a

. .
1 . H go o d y er o i d es Don
. .
erect gl abrou s pl ant 30 to 50 cm high Leaves a l tern ate near the

A n .
,
middle of the stem Oblong l an ceol ate a cu t e 5 to 1 1 cm l on g S p ike dense

,
-
, ,
.
,
up to 1 0 cm long cylindric about cm thick Flowers small yellowi sh

, ,
.
,
green the sep al s 5 mm long Petals Oblong obtuse 4 mm long Lip t r i fi d

, .
, ,
. ,
about as long a s the sep al s S pur short about 1 mm l ong .

,
.
In open grass lands along streams M asambong fl July—A u g ; widely , , , .
distributed in t h e P hilippines I ndia to C hin a an d Formosa th rough . ,
M al aya to N ew Guinea .
2 H . .
p elo r i o i d es P ari sh R ei c h b . f .
erect gl abrou s leafy pl ant 30 to 7 0 cm hi gh from Oblong 2 to 4 cm

An , , , ,
long fleshy rootstocks Leaves ellipti c Oblong acute 5 to 1 2 cm long the

, .
-
, , ,
an d showy white or variously colored S ep al s subequal the l atera l ones

, .
,
obl iquely adnate to the foot of the column and forming with it a sac Lip , .
contra cted at the base rarely cl awed adnate to the foot of the column t h e , , ,
side lobes embracing the column or spreading or none the terminal lob e
-
, , ,
flat to sa ccate C olumn short the foot long o r short A nther 2 celled ;
.
, .
-
pollinia 4 in p airs in each cel l ( Greek tree an d life from t h e

,
” ”
.
“ “
,
epiphytic h abit of the species ) .
Species nearly 600 tropica l A sia through M al aya t o A ustralia an d , ,
Po l ynesia abou t 50 in the P hi lippines

, .
1 . D . White Dove Orchid

c r um e n a t u m SW . .
S tems fasci cled glabrou s elongated up t o 1 m i n l en gth slender t h e

, , , , ,
basal bulbs 8 to 1 2 cm long about 2 cm thick Leaves s cattered distichous , , .

,
oblong obtuse 5 to 8 cm long an d

, to cm wide F l owers fuga cious
, .
,
appearing on the upper p arts of the s t ems at t h e nodes white t h e center

'
, ,
p ale yellow , very fragrant sol itary or somewh at fascicled

-
to 3 cm long , , ,
l asting a day or less .
Occasion al on tr ees S anta Mes a to S an Juan del Mont e a l so commonl y , ,
cultivated fl a t intervals all the pl ants i n t h e same region flowering t h e

, .
,
s ame day ; widely distributed in the Phil ippines Indo C hin a to M alaya .
-
.
6 . OB E R ON I A Lindley
T ufted , u su ally
small epiphyti c plants with distichous equitant flattened , , ,
leaves F lowers very numerous minute in dense often cylindric solitary

.
, , , ,
spikes or ra cemes terminating the leafy stems S ep al s broadly ovate o r .
Oblong subequ al the petal s smaller

, Lip sessile concave entire o r 2 t o
, .
, ,
4lobed
-
C olumn very short ; anther terminal in cumbent ; poll inia 4 waxy ,
.
, ,
cohering ( A fter Oberon kin g of t h e fairies )

.
, .
S pecies about 9 0 tropical A si a to the M as carene Isl ands through M al aya

,
to A u strali a and Pol y nesia about 1 3 in the P hilippines , .
1 . O . m er r i lli i A mes .
small tufted gl abrous pl ant 9 cm high or less with many fibrou s

A , , ,
roots stemless or with very short stems Leaves fleshy flattened ensiform
, , .
, , ,
a cute to 7 cm long about 5 mm wi de shorter than t h e inflores cence

, , , .
Peduncle slen der 7 to 1 2 cm long t h e spike 4to 9 cm long about 4 mm in

, , ,
di ameter with numerou s small bracts below the fl o wer bearing p art
,
-
.
F lowers minute reddish verti cillate or subverti cillate the v er t i c els 2 to 3

, , ,
mm ap art short pedicelled S epal s 1 mm long or less Petal s suborbi cul ar

,
-
. .
,
about mm in di ameter the lip 3 lobed as long as the petals the l atera l ,
-
, ,
lobes minute smaller than the middle one , .
On santol trees M asambong an d along the N ovaliches R oad fl N ov ; of

, , . .
very local occurrence in Luzon E n demi c . .
Subcl ass 2 DI C OT YL E DON E A E

. : Pl ants producing seeds with t wo coty
led o n s .
33 .
( CA SU A R I N A OR A GOHO F A M I L Y)
C A S UA R I N A C E A E .
L ea fl es s trees t h e bran chlets cyl in dri c grooved j ointed t h e internodes

, , , ,
terminating in short sheaths of connate subul ate s cales ( reduced leaves )

Flowers uni sexual S taminate flowers in termina l sp ikes formed of short
. ,
superposed toothed cup s ; sep als 1 or 2 concave circumscis s at the b ase ;

, , ,
stamen 1 i n fl ex ed in bud Pistill ate flowers in ovoi d o r gl obose heads

, . ,
bracteate an d 2 bra cteol ate ; ovary minute 1 celled ; styl e 2 fid ; the arm s
'
-
,
- -
sti gmato se to the base ; ovul es 2 coll ateral F ruit an ovoi d o r Oblong con e , .
P I P E R A CE A E 1 69
formed of the enlarged hardened bracts and bracteoles t o gether formin g

2 valved c avities en closing the comp ressed
-
wi nged a chenes the wing , ,
t erminal .
A sin g le genus species mostly A u stralian a f ew M al ayan and Polynesian

, , .
1 . CA SU A R INA F orster
C haracters
of the F amily ( From the Latin name of the casso wary on .
,
account of the resembl ance Of the branches to the feathers of that bird ) .
S pecies about 25 3 in the P hili p pines one cultivated in ou r area

, , .
1 . C . eq u i s et goho i f o li a F orst . A
A dioecious tree 1 5 m high o r less the crown narr owly pyramidal , , ,
resembling some of the conifers in appearance B ranchlets very slender 20 .
cm l ong or less deci duous composed of many j oints the internodes 1 cm

, , ,
l ong o r less S omewhat 6 to 8 angled sulcate S taminate spikes slender

.
-
, .
,
1 to 3 cm long C ones u sually ellipsoid 1 to 2 cm long composed Of about

.
, ,
1 2 rows of achenes en closed in the hardened bracts .
C ultivated for ornamental purposes fl most of the year ; widely dis , .
tributed in the P hilippines along the seashore and some rivers t h e wood ,
very hard Indi a to A u strali a and Polynesi a ; cultivated in other tropi cal
.
countries .
34 P I P E R A . CE A E 1
( P E P PE R OR I OM O F A M I L Y )
Succulent herbs or climbing woody or s ub h er b a c eo us vines usually ,
aromatic Leaves simpl e enti re alternate rarely Opposite or whorled

.
, , , ,
frequently inequilateral ; stipules none or 2 an d connate or a dnate to the

'
,
petiole F lower s m i n u t e 1 or 2 sexu al rarely perfect in axill ary or

.
,
-
, ,
termin al usually slender catkin l ike spikes P erianth none Stamen s 2

, ,
-
. .
to 6 Ovary 1 celled ; sti gm a sessile simpl e or penicill ate ; ovules solitary

.
-
, .
Fruit a small ovoid or globose drupe Often in dense fleshy cylindri c spikes
, , , , .
Genera 9 species or more i n the tropi cs of both hemi spheres 2

,
'
genera and about 1 25 species i n the Phil ippines .
L succulent herbs with minu t e fruits the sti gma s u sually penicillate
ow , .
1 P ep ero m i a .
C limbing su ffrutescent or somewhat woody v ines the fruits not minute t h e , ,
sti gmas not peni cillate 2 P i p er .
1 . P E P E R OM A I R uiz P avon
nnual o r perennial small simpl e or bran ched su cculent herbs Leaves
'
A , , , .
alternate Opposite or whorled entire without stipules S pikes terminal

, , , , .
o r leaf Opposed solitary or fascicled rarely axillary F lowers minute

-
, , .
,
perfect sessil e or sunk i n the rachi s of the slender spikes bracteate

, , .
S tamen s 2 Ovary 1 celled 1 o v uled ; sti gm a u su ally penicill ate

. F ruit
-
,
-
.
minute indehiscent ( Greek

, .
S pecies 400 or more in all tropical countries chi efly A merican 22 in the
, , ,
Phil ippines .
Le aves 1 to 3 cm long pale green base cordate not peltate P p e llu c i d a

,
-
, ,
. .
Leav es up to 1 5 cm lon g green longitudinally striped wi th gray bas e , , ,
rounded peltate ; cultivated only ,
Fo r a consi deration of the P hil ippine species s ee

1
De C andolle , C , A .
“
R evi sion of P hilippine P iperaceae P h i li p J o u rn

”
. . . S ci 5 ( 1 9 1 0) B o t
. . .
405 463 -
.
1 . P
I HB K
. P E L L U C DA .
A n annual v ery su cculent erect b ranched herb 5 to 40 cm high t h e

, , , , ,
stems round often 5 mm thi ck p ale green Le aves ovate acute or obtu s e
, ,
-
.
, ,
base broad cordate p al e green pel luci d shining 1 to 3 cm long S pikes

, ,
-
, , , .
green erect slender 1 to 6 cm long the fruits globose b rownish less than
, , , , , ,
1 mm thi ck .
Very common in damp shaded places on damp wall s etc fl all the year , .
, . .
A n ative of tropi cal A meri ca now widely distribu t ed in most tro p ic al ,
countries .
*
2 . PI Morren
. A R GYR E A .
A gl abrou s pl ant with l arge peltate leaves lon gitudinally striped or

b l otc hed with gray betw een the ne r ves the stems and petioles purpl i sh , .
Petioles u p to 1 5 cm l on g Lea v es broadly ovate 8 to 1 5 cm l on g apex .

, ,
s h ortly an d broadly a cu minate base rounded the ne rves 8 to 1 0 the , , ,
flowering stalk sometimes bearin g mu ch smaller reduced leaves which a r e

often not pelta t e S pikes very slender up to 1 0 cm i n len gth
.
, .
C ultivated S i n ga lon fl at interval s all the year

, Of recent introduction , . .
here a n ative of tropi cal A merica

, .
2 PIPE R
. Linnaeus
M ore
or less climbing shru bs with swollen nodes aromatic when cru shed , .
L eaves entire usu ally unequally sided p oin t ed usually longitudinall y

, , ,
nerved F lowers small dioecious rarely perfect in short or elongate d

.
, , ,
spikes each flower subten ded by a small bract frequently al so with l ateral
, ,
.
bracteoles the former peltate or cupul ar an d adn ate to the rachi s

, .
Perianth none S tamens 1 to 4; fil aments short ; anthers 2 celled Ovary

.
-
.
l celled 1 o v uled ; sti gma s 2 to 5

-
, Fruit ovoi d or globose u sually yellow
-
.
,
or red ( T h e ancient Latin n ame )

. .
S pecies about 650 in all tropical countries over 1 00 i n the P hilippines

, , .
1 . F ru it imbedded in the pulp of the m ature sp ike .
2 . Leaf m ult i pli n er v ed that i s some of the nerves basal others leaving , ,
the midrib above the ba se 1 P b et le . .
2 . Leaf penninerved all the nerves lea v ing the midrib none b asal , , .
2 P . . r et r o r a c t um f
1 . F ruit free n ot imbedded in pulp ; l eaves
, 7
-
nerved from the base .
3 . P . lo h er i
1 . P L I cm o ( T a g ) ; B etel Pepper
. R E TL E . .
A gl abrou s climbing vine r ea chin g a height of 2 to 4 m U pper l e a ves .
ovate 1 0 to 1 3 cm long mostly 7 nerved from near the base the outer
, ,
-
,
p ai r of nerves free to the base apex acuminate b ase somewhat i n eq ui , ,
l aterally roun ded or cordate the petioles to cm long sheathing , , .
M ale spikes about as long as the leaves about 2 mm in diameter the , ,
rachis hirsute F emal e spikes when mature red fleshy 2 to 4 cm long

.
, , , , ,
to 1 cm thick ( F l F il ip p l . . . .
C ulti v ated extensively in Pasay fl occasionally ; throughout the P hilip , .
pines wil d an d cultivated probably introduced C ultivated in all tropica l

, , .
countries .
2 . P . r et r o f r a c t u m V ahl . S abi a
reaching a height of 2 to 4m gl abrous Leaves shor t petio l ed
C limbing , , .
-
,
p ale when d r y oblong to ovate elliptic to 1 6 cm long b ase acute

,
-
, , ,
36 . M OR A C E A E ( M U L BE R R Y, F I G, OR B A L E TE F A M I L Y)
Shrubs or trees sometimes vines usually with milky sap rarely her
, , ,
b a c eo us with al t ernate or Opposi t e entire toothed or lobed lea v es the

, , , , ,
stipules p resent often early deciduous F lowers small u nisexua l often

, . .
, ,
monoeciou s den sely crowed on the outside of small or l arge fleshy globose
, , ,
to elon gated thick or sl ender receptacles or coverin g the inside of a closed

, ,
receptacle Mal e flowers with from 2 t o 6 u sually 4 perianth se gme nts

.
, ,
-
,
which are imbricate o r valvate free or more or l ess united below S tamens , .
a s many as the se gments sometimes only 1 Female flowers with usu ally , .
4 rarely fewer or more segments often more or l ess enl arged an d enve l oping
, ,
the achene at maturity Ovary 1 rarely 2 celled superior h alf superi or .

-
, ,
-
,
or inferior ; sty l es or sti gm as 2 or 1 simpl e or branched ; ovules solitary , ,
pen dulous F ruit various composed of numerou s more or l ess united

.
,
c arpels e ach su rrounde d by its ac cres cent fleshy perianth rare l y dry
, , ,
sometimes ( F i c u s ) the indivi dual fruits borne on the inside of a fleshy ,
closed receptac l e .
Gener a 67 s p ec i es a b out
.
chiefly i n the tropical region s of both
,
‘
h em i s ph er s f ew in subtemperate region s 1 3 genera and about 1 50 species

, ,
-
1 . F l owers and mature fruits born e on the insi d e of a c l osed receptacle .
1 . F i c us
1 . Fl owers on the outside of t h e receptacle .
2 E rect S h r ub s or trees
. .
3 T rees with l arge flesh y fruits each composed Of numerou s ripened

.
,
carpel s with thei r fleshy pericarps forming a variously tubercled , ,
echinate or roughened syncarp , 2 A r t oc a r p us .
3 Fruits sma l l
. .
4 Femal e flower s solitary or f ew together pedicelled ; fr u it u sually

.
,
a solitary carpel 3 S t r eblu s .
4 Femal e flowers numerou s c rowded ; fruit composed of many

.
,
carpe l s .
5 T rees with di stichous pinnately nerved l eaves the fl owers i n

.
, ,
bracteate usually l obed r eceptacles 4 C a s t i llo a

, .
5 Shrubs with p a l mately 3 or 5 nerved leaves the flowers in

‘
-
.
,
den se short spikes 5 M or us .
2 C limbing shrubs or vi n e s
. .
3 U n armed
. 6 M a la i s i a .
3 A rmed with stout Often elongated spines

. 7 Cu d r a n i a , .
2 A small suffrutescent herb the mal e an d female flowers intermixed

.
, ,
in small axill ary peduncl ed head s

,
8 F a t o ua , . .
1 . F IC US Linnaeus
T rees
or shrubs Often climbing with milky j uice Leaves alternate or
, , .
Opposite entire toothed or lobed smooth or rough

, ,
F lowers minute very , , .
,
numerou s on the inner wall of a closed u sually ovoi d or globose fleshy

, , ,
receptacle the receptac les axill ary or variously arranged on the trun k
,
and l a rger branches M ale flower s wi th a 2 to 6 fid p erianth S tamens .

-
.
1 or 2 rarely more , F em ale flowers wi th a perianth a s in the male or

. ,
imperfect or none Ovary usu ally obl ique A chenes small c rustaceou s
. .
, .
( T h e ancient Lati n name ) .

M OR A C E A E 1 73
S pecies 8 00
or more in al l tropical countries f ew in warm temperate ,
regi ons abo ut 1 00 in the P hilippines

, .
A very l arge and polymorphou s genu s many species being erect shrubs ,
or trees a few unbranched others being vines an d very many having a

, , ,
“
strangling habit starting on some other tree with a vin e like habit even
, ,
-
t ua lly kill i ng the supporting host and a ssuming a tree l ike habit -
.
T h e receptacles are sometimes uni sexu al but more often bear both male ,
an d female flowers the former u su ally among o r near the scales at the
,
o r ifice In addition to the male and femal e flowers gall fl ow er s simil ar

.
,
-
to the l atter but with the ovary occupied by the pupa of an Hy m en o p t ero u s
,
insect a re u sually p resent

, .
1 . E rect unbranched shrubs with l arge lea v es up to 8 0 cm lon g crowded at

the ends of the trunk 1 F p s eud o p a lm a . .
1 . B ranched shrub s or trees with leaves less than 40 cm long .
2 R eceptacles borne on the trun k and l arger branches on s p ecia l

.
,
branched leafles s , 2 F n ota . .
2 R eceptacles in the leaf axil s o r in the axils or fallen leaves sol itary ,
.
-
, ,
in pairs ; or fascicled .
3 Leaves harsh and rough to the touch often variou sly toothed or
.
,
l obed sometimes entire or nearly so

, .
4 Leave s very strongly obliquely cordate fragrant in drying ; r e

.
,
c ep t a c les densely hirsute 3 F o d or a t a . .
4 Leaves not obliquel y cordate ; receptacles glabrou s or somewhat

.
hi spid .
5 Leaves altern ate 4 F u lm i fo li a

’
. . .
5 Leaves opposite
. 5 F c u m i n gi i . .
8 Leaves smooth not at all roughened always entire

.
, , .
5 A n erect shrub or small tree with more or less angled or ridged

.
receptacles 6 F h a ui li . .
5 T rees o r shrubs starting as ep i p ly t es and eventu ally strangling

.
thei r host a ssuming a tree like fo rm ; receptac les globose or

,
-
ovoid not ridged or angled , .
6 R eceptacles numerous bo rne on the branchlets below the

.
,
leaves in the axil s of fallen l eaves ; leaves 1 2 to 20 cm

l ong long petioled ,
-
7 F s t i p u los a . .
6 R eceptacles sol itary o r in p airs in the leaf axil s

.
-
.
7 Leaves very densely nerved the ne r ves p arallel close the

.
, , ,
secondary ones a s prominent a s the primar y ones .
8 Leaves 1 5 to 25 cm l ong ; stipu les ver y l arge thin red

. , , ,
deciduou s ; cultivated only 8 F ela s t i c a . .
8 Leaves less than 1 5 cm long ; stipules small i n c o n s p i

. ,
cuon s 9 F b en j a m i n a . .
7 Primary nerves di stant much more prominent than the

.
,
secondary ones .
8 Petioles 6 to 1 2 mm long ; l eaves very coriaceou s ; recep

.
t a c les sessi l e 1 0 F i n d i ca
. . .
8 P etioles up to . cm long ; leaves chartaceou s ; recepta cles

sho rtly pedun cle d 1 1 F co n c i n n a . .
1 . F i c us ps e ud o p a lm a B lanco . N iog niog

-
, N iog niogan ( T a g ) ;
-
L am i o g,
S ula m i o g
erect gl abrous unbranch ed sh ru b
An , ,
2 to 6 high the t r unk 4 to 6
,
cm in di ameter w ith prominent leaf scars,

-
. Leaves crowded at the end of
1 74 A FL OR A OF MA N I L A
the trunk giving the plant the appearance of a smal l p alm oblanceolate
, , ,
a cute or acumin ate cori aceou s up to 8 0 cm in len gth narrowe d to t h e

, , ,
sl ightly cordate base subsessile or shortly petioled the margins coarsely

, ,
and i rre gul arly sinu ate toothed ; stipules lanceol ate persi stent 5 to 7 cm
-
, ,
long R eceptacle s dark green ovoid ob scurely angul ar 3 to 4 cm long

.
-
, , , ,
u sually in pai rs on short peduncl es i n the axil s Of the leaves ( F l Filip . . .
pl .
In thickets near S a n P edro M a c a t i al so cultivated in the ol d B otani c ,
Garden fl all the yea r ; widel y di stributed in the Phil ippines at lo w alti
, .
tudes E ndemi c . .
2 . nota ( B l anco ) M err T ibig

F . .
A n erect tr ee 4 to 8 m high more or less pubescent Leaves ob l ong , .
to oblong obovate 1 5 to 35 cm lon g a cuminate base somewhat inequil atera l

, , ,
cordate margins distantly and i rregul arly toothed the teeth small mor e
, , ,
or l ess pubescent not or slightly roughened R eceptacles borne in l arge

, .
masses on special branched i n fl o r es c en c es springing directly from t h e

,
trunk and from the l arger branches 1 0 to 25 cm in l ength frequentl y ,

'
very dense the receptacl es themselves subglobose green or when matu re

, ,
yel lowi sh fleshy 2 to cm in di ameter

, , .
Occasional in thickets and not uncommon in y ards etc fl a l l the year ; .

, .
throughout the P hilippines at lo w an d medium al titu des E ndemi c . .
3 . o d o r a t a ( B lanco ) Merr P a qu i li n g
F . .
A tree 6 to 9 m high very fragrant in drying the leaves h arsh t h e , , ,
upper su rfa ce with numerous hard p apillae the lower surfac e also rough ,
an d mor e or less pubescent very strongly inequilateral and obl ique l y cordate , ,
one basal lobe broad and rounded the other usually acute 1 5 to 25 cm , ,
‘
l ong acuminate m argins obscurely toothed R ec eptacl es axill ary solitary

, , .
, ,
sessile subglobose den sely hirsute yellowi sh when mature

, , to cm in , ,
diameter ( F l F ilip p l . . . .
Occasion ally cultivated in our area fl all t h e year t h e rough leav es b ei n g , .

,
u sed for scou ring purposes ; wi dely distributed in the Philippines E ndemi c . .
4 . ulm ifol i a Lam (F s i n uos a

F . Isis A si s Ha gup it
. .
,
U pl as
A shrub u su ally from 3 to 5 m high Leaves alternate vari able very .
, ,
harsh oblon g sub entire or undul ately lobed or coarsely t oothed sometim es
, ,
-
,
deeply and narrowly lobed acuminate b ase rounded 3 ne r ved of t en ine , , ,

-
,
q ui la t er a l 9 t o 1 7 cm long 4 to 8 cm wide
, F ruits axill ary solitary or in , .
,
pai rs soft an d fleshy when mature orange r ed t o purp l ish ovoi d to ellip soi d
, ,
-
'
, ,
about cm long the peduncles about 5 mm l on g , .
R ather common in thickets et c fl all t h e year ; throughout the Philip , .

, .
pines very v a r i a b le E n d em i c
‘
, .
5 . F . Isis , Isi s n a puti

c um i n gi i M i q .
A n erect shrub o r smal l tree 2 to 8 m high gl a brou s or t h e y oun g branch , ,
l ets somewhat pubescent Leaves opposi t e l inear to l an ceol ate or ob la n c eo

.
,
l ate sl ightly o r decidedly scab ri d rough to t h e to uch or s om etim es nearl y

, ,
smooth 8 to 20 cm long a cumin ate b ase u sually acut e and somewhat

, , ,
3 nerved ma rgin s entire or irregul arly toothed the n erv es distant distinct ,
-
, , ,
spreading interarching near the margi ns R eceptacl es axil l ary s oli tar y
, .
,
or more often in p airs peduncled subglobos e 1 to cm in di a m eter smooth

, , , ,
o r somewhat roughened b rownish or r eddish when matur e , .

axillary , solitary or in p airs sessil e dark purpl e and fleshy when m a t ure , ,
-
gl abrou s 1 cm in diameter or less the base with three small ovate b racts
, , .
In dry thickets opposite F o rt M c Ki n ley fl N o v —J an ; widely distributed , . . .
in the P hilippines India to M al aya . .
11 c on c i n na M i q B al ete
. F . .
A strangling fig assuming a tree like form 5 to 1 0 m high quit e ,

-
, ,
gl abrous Leaves entire oblon g to elliptic oblong smooth gre en shining

.
,
-
, , , ,
6 to 1 1 cm long a cuminate the petiol es to cm l ong R eceptac l es

, , .
axillary in p airs or solitary globose subsessile or shortly peduncled pin k ,

, , , ,
when mature becomin g soft and flesh y dark purple 7 to 8 mm i n diam ,

-
,
eter smaller when dry ( F l Filip p l

, . . . .
In thickets M asambong to Pasig occasional fl M arch —A p r ; widely

, , , . .
distributed in the Philippines at low a l titudes E ndemic . .
2 A R T OC A R P U S
. Forster
T rees
with milky j uice t h e l eaves alte r nate cori aceous entir e or pin , , ,
n a t ely lobed often l arge F lowers monoeciou s smal l ,densely crowded

, .
,
on g lobose to oblong solitary l ateral axill ary o r terminal receptac l es , , , , .
M al e flowers : P eri anth 2 to 4lobed the l obes obtuse valvate or i m

’
-
, ,
br i cat e Stamen 1 erect Female flowers : Peri anth tubul ar connate

.
, .
, ,
confluent below with t h e receptacle Ovary straight ; styl e centra l or .
l ateral F ruit l arge globose to oblong composed of numerou s greatl y

.
, , ,
enl arged , flesh y perianths and carpel s ( anthocarps ) their tip s h ardened , ,
trun cate pyrami dal or sp inou s A chenes deeply sunk in the fleshy m ass
, , .
,
l seeded ( Greek brea d and

” “
-
.
Species 50 or more tropi c al A si a t o Polyn esia about 1 8 in the P hil , ,
I p p I n es .
Leaves usually less th an 1 5 cm lon g mostly entire ; fruit very l arge born e , ,
on the trunk an d l arger branches oblong 25 to 60 cm long , , .
1 A i n t egr i f o li a . .
Lea v es very l arge deep l y pinnately lobed ; fru it globose to ovoid born e on
, ,
2 A c o m m un i s . .
I I A L f Lanca N anc a ( T a g ) J a k f ruit

'
1 . A . I N T E GR F OL . .
, .
-
.
A tree reachin g a height of from 8 to 1 5 m Le a ves ell iptic oblong .

-
to obovate enti re or sometimes 3—lobed s hining very shortly acuminate

, , , ,
ba se acute 7 to 1 5 cm l ong the stipules sp athe like deciduou s F ema l e

, ,
-
, .
heads from t h e trunk or l a rge b ran ches the males terminal o r axill ary ,
cy l indric 5 to 8 cm lon g about ,cm in di ameter when young enclosed , ,
by sp athe like stipul ar sheaths S epal s 2 F ruit green oblong very

-
, . .
, ,
l arge fleshy edible 25 to 60 cm long the tip s of the anthocarps pyramidal

, , , , .
C ommonly cultivated fl at all sea s on s ; throughout the P hilippines

'
, .
,
cu l tivate d and spontaneou s India to M al aya but frequentl y only culti .

,
v a t ed ; certainly an introduced species in the P hilippines .
'
l
2 A . .
~
C OM M U N I S Forst ( A i n c i s a L f A . . , . . c am an si B l anco , A . r ima

,
B lan co ) . R imas C amansi ( T a g ) ; C ol o

, P ac ac B read
fru it .
A tree reaching a height of 1 5 m Leaves very l arge ovate t o ob l ong, .

,
cori ac eo us 40 to 50 c m l ong or frequently much l arger on young pl ants ;

, ,
s ome much s mal l er l eave s fr equ ently al s o p res en t so m ewhat pube sc en t ,

M OR A CE AE 1 77
or nearly glabrou s acuminate deeply pinnately 3 to 8 l obed t h e l obe s , ,

-
,
lanceol ate acuminate ; stipules l arge deciduous M al e receptacle narrowly

, , .
oblong obovoid cylindric up to 1 5 cm long yellowish F ru it globose to

-
, , , .
ell ipsoid up to 20 cm in l en gth green covered with the sl ightly p roj ecting
, , , ,
rounded to conical tip s of the anthocarp s the individual ones u sua l ly 5 , .
mm in diameter o r less seedless ( A r i m a F l F ilip p l or with , .

, . . .
ovoid to subglobose s eeds about cm in diameter ( A c a m a n s i F l F i li p .

, . . .
pl .
45
uncommon in cultivation fl al l the year ; throughout the Philippin es ,
N ot , .
but neither form indigenou s Widely distributed i n various forms i n M a .
laya and P olynesi a vari able in its fruit characters , .
3 . ST R E BL U S Loureiro
T rees
with somew h at milky j uice Leaves alternate h arsh , rather fi nel y .
,
toothed F lowers axillary small dioecious or monoeciou s M al e flowers

.
, , .
in smal l short peduncled heads S ep al s 4 imbricate Stamens 4 i n

,
-
.
, .
,
flexed in bud R udimentary ovary somewhat dilated above Fema l e

. .
flowers bracteate solitary or 2 to 4 together pedicelled Ovary straight

, , , .
,
t h e style arm s e l ongated F ruit fleshy surrounded by t h e ac crescent

-
.
,
”
sepal s l seeded ( Greek crooked i n reference to the often crooked
,
-
.
branches ) .
S pecies 2 India to M al aya 1 in the P hilippines

, , .
1 . SLour C alios
. as A lo d i g
p er .
A ri gid densely branched tree 4to 1 5 m high

, Leav es oblong ovate .
-
t o subrhomboid very scabri d 4 to 1 2 cm long finely toothed obtu se t o

, , , ,
acuminate base narrowed M al e heads sol itar y or in p airs 4 to 7 mm in

, .
,
di ameter short peduncled , globose greenish yellow or nearly W hite

,
-
,
-
.
F emale flowers peduncled u sually in p ai rs green the sep al s accrescent , , ,
and nearly enclosing the fruit F ruit ovoi d p ale yellow 8 to 1 0 mm long .
,
-
, ,
the pericarp soft fleshy the seed 5 to 6 mm long ovoi d ( F l F ilip p l

, , , . . . .
V ery common fl most of the year ; throughout the Phil ippines, India. .
to C hin a and M alaya .
4 . C A S T ! L L OA Cer v antes
T rees
with abundant l atex and alternate shortly petioled l arge entir e , , , ,
or minutely toothed distichou s leaves Male flowers : Perianth none , . .
S tame n s numerous scattered among the numerous bractlets F emale , .
flowers : perianth 3 to 6 l obul ate Ovary adnate to the perianth sti gm a -

.
,
2 to 5 branched ; ovule sol itary

-
F ruiting peri anth enl arged dry or fleshy .
, ,
more o r less a dhering to the receptacl e and to each other and enclosing ,
the rounded to obl ong nutlets ( achenes ) ( In honor of J del C astillo a . .

,
Mexican pharmacist and explorer ) .
S pecies 1 0 wes t ern A merica from M exico to Peru and B ol ivia a single
, ,
introduced one i n the P hil ippines .
*
1 .I C erv
C .C astilloa R ubber T ree
E L A S T CA . .
A tree reachin g a height of 1 5 m the branches S preading or depressed , ,
the young one densely hai ry Leaves distichous oblong 20 to 45 cm long .

, , ,
8 to 1 5 cm wide acuminate base cordate ; rough pubescent entire the , , , ,

~
,
nerves 1 7 to 20 p airs p rominent M al e receptacles shortly stalked 1 to , .

,
cm long 2 to cm thick lobed the imbricating in v olucre scales nu

, , ,
-
1 1 1 5 5 5— 12
m er o u s , small i n about 6 rows Fruiting receptac l es l arge about 4 cm

, .
,
in diameter each with many red fleshy fru i ts

, t o 2 cm l ong , .
Occasionally c ult i v a t ed fl al l the year A nativ e of Mexico n o w c u l , ,

. .
,
t i v a t ed in many other tropical countries , of recent introduction her e .
5 . M OR U S Linnaeus
T rees
or shrubs with altern ate entire toothed or lobed l eaves which , , ,
are 3 or 5 nerved at the base the stipules l ateral small soon fallin g
-
, , , .
Flowers monoeciou s or dioeciou s spicate M a l e flowers with 4 imbri ca t e , .
sepal s ; stamen s 4 i n fl ex ed in bud ; the ru dimentary ova ry turbin a t e

, .
Fem ale flowers with 4 sepal s which are imbricate accrescent an d fleshy , ,
in fruit Ovary included 1 celled ; sty l e 2 p artite Fruitin g spikes o r

.
,
- -
.
heads composed of m any achenes en closed in the succulent perianth s .
( T h e Latin name ) .
Species few in tropica l and temperate re gions 1 introduced in t h e ,
Philippines .
1 . M
L Moral Morer a ( S p
. A L BA Mulberry
.
, . .
A dioeciou s or monoecious sh rub or sm all tree 3 t o 6 m high Lea v es .
ovate acumin at e b as e cor date 3 nerved mar gi ns tooth ed s ometi m es

, , ,
-
, ,
deeply 3 lobed 5 to 20 cm long slightly h airy along t h e n er v es on t h e

-
, , .
lower surface or nearly gl abrous F ruit axill ary pedunc l ed dar k pu rp l e .

, ,
-
or nearly bl ack when mature fleshy edible to 2 cm long ( F l F il ip , , , . . .
pl .
uncommon in M anil a in cultivation fl

N ot , . all t h e year ; foun d in many
town s in the Philippines an d n aturalized in northern Luzon Introduced .
from C hin a at an early date for the purpose o f feeding silkworms India .
t o C hin a and J ap an cultivated in many other , countries .
6 . MA L A ISIA B l anco
dioecious climbing nearly gl abrou s shrub Leaves alternate entir e

A , , .
,
or toothed penninerved M ale spikes dense shortly peduncled simple or

, .
, ,
sl ightly branched short axill ary P eri anth 3 or 4p ar t ed the se gments

, , .
-
,
valvat e Stamen s 3 or 4 the fil aments i n fl ex ed in bud ; ru dimentary ovary

.
,
small F emale flowers in small axill ary sol itary or fasci cled shortl y
.
, , ,
peduncled heads the flower s surroun ded by bracteoles 1 or 2 fertile

, , ,
the others usually sterile P erianth urceol ate mouth contracted Ova r y .
, .
straight included ; style 2 fi d the branches fili f or m

, F r uit 1 or 2 to -
, .
each head small red the peri carp thin flesh y ( F rom t h e T agalog n a me
, , , , .
,
m a la i s i s .
)
A monotypi c genu s .
1 . c and en s ( Lour ) K S c h (M t o r t uo s a B l anco ) M a la i s i s

M . s . . . . .
A cl imbing shrub reaching a height of 4 to 8 m glabrou s except youn g ,
branchlets an d inflorescen ce Leaves oblo ng ovate to ellipti c oblong smooth .

- -
,
or somewhat rough 4 to 1 0 cm lon g entire or obscu rely toothed acute or

, , ,
acuminate base rounded or a cute often slightly inequilateral the nerves

, , ,
'
small greenish the female inflorescence densely pubescent F ruit oval

, , .
,
6 t o 7 mm lon g bright red sessile 1 or 2 to each receptacl e

,
-
, , .
In dry thickets B a li n t a u a c nea r F ort M c Ki n ley etc fl M a y—June ;

, , , .
,
'
.
wi dely di stributed in the P hilippines S outher n C hin a through M alaya .
to A u strali a and P olyn esi a .

c i ou sor dioecious M ale flowers : C al yx equally or unequ ally toothe d or

.
di v ided P etal s none Stamen s a s m any as the calyx lobes or fewer , i n

. .
-
flexed in bud F em ale flowers : Peri anth much a s in the male flowers
. .
Ovary superior l ce l led ; sty l e o r sti gma solitary ; ovule one erect F ruit
,
-
, .
an achene .
Genera 44 species about 500 of wide distribution but chie fl y tropic a l ,

, , ,
21 genera an d about 1 30 species in the P hilippines

, .
1 . E rect shrub s o r trees .
2 F lowers in axillary fascicles

. 1 P i p t u r us .
2 F l owers p aniculate or cymose

. .
3 V egetative p arts with stinging hairs ; fruit fleshy

. 2 L d p or t ea .
3 N o stinging hairs ; fruit dry

. 3 B o eh m er i a .
1 . S preading or erect herbs .
2 F l owers cym ose

. .
3 A coarse erect branched herb with l arge leaves the vegetative parts
.
, , ,
with stinging hairs 4 F leur y a .
3 A very small herb with small l eaves and no stinging

. 5 P i lea .
2 F lowers i n axil l ary fasci c l es or on sessile or peduncled fleshy r e

.
,
c ep t a c les .
3 . Flowers on a fleshy sessile or peduncled receptac l e involucrate ; ,
leaves strongly i nequil ateral 6 E la t o s t em a . .
3 . Flowers in axill ary fascicles not invo l u crate ; l eav es equil atera l or ,
nearly so 7 P ouz o lzia .
1 . PI PT U R U S Weddell
rec t dioeciou s shrubs or trees Leaves alternate 3 or 5 nerved t h e
E .
,
-
,
s tipules b i fi d F lowers smal l in axillary clusters or t h e clusters S pi c a t ely

.
,
arranged M ale flowers : Perianth 4 or 5 fi d lO

. b es v a l vate Stamens -
, .
4 or 5 F emal e flowers on a somewhat fleshy receptacl e Perianth ovoid

. .
,
n arrowed to a minut e mouth Ovary a dherent to the perianth ; s ti gma .
elongated A chenes smal l surrounded by the a ccrescent fleshy pe r i anths

.
, ,
”
forming a soft and fl eshy fruit ( Gree k to fall and tail in allusion to
”
.
“
,
the inflorescence of some spe cies ) .
S pecies about 1 2 Ma scarene Isl ands to M al a ya A ustrali a and Polynesia

, , , ,
6 in the Philippines .
1 . a r b o r es c en s ( Link ) C B R ob ( P a s p er
P . Da lun o t . . . .
A dioecious shrub or small tree 3 to 5 m high Leaves ovate 7 t o 1 8 .

,
cm long 3 to 1 0 cm wide sharply a cumin ate b ase rounded o r somewhat

, , ,
-
cordate the m argins t oothed the upper surface green only slightly pubes
, , ,
cent a l ittle s cabrid the lower surface pa l e r ather densely and softly
, , ,
pubescent M al e flowers in dense axill ary fascicles the styles greenish

.
, ,
white exserted Femal e flowers small greenish in dense axillary h emi

, .
, , , ,
spheric heads 5 to 6 mm in diam eter the styl es long exs erted Fruit white ,
-
.
,
very soft and fleshy depressed globose 1 cm i n di ameter or less of m any,

-
, ,
s m a ll a c h en es immersed in the fleshy perianth s

’
( F l F i li p p l
‘
. . . .
C ommon in thickets fl al l the year ; throughout the Philippines B orneo

, . . .
2 . L A P OR T E A G a u d i ch a u d
T rees
or shrubs with f ew to many often minute s tinging hairs Leaves , ,
.
'
ample entire or toothed F lowers smal l monoecious or dioeciou s glo m er

, .
, ,
ate i n axill ary p anicles M ale flowers : S epal s 4 or 5 S tamens 5 i n

, . .
,
U R T I CA CE A E 1 81
flexed in bud the rudimentary pistil cl avate or subglobose F emale flowers
, .
“
Perianth segments 4 subequal Ova ry at length oblique A c h ene obl ique , .

.
,
flattened or comp ressed seated on the perianth usually fleshy ( In hono r , , .
of F L de Laporte a F rench entomologist )

. .
, .
S pecies about 50 tropi cal A sia A frica and A u stralia a f ew in N orth

, , , ,
A merica 1 6 in the P hilippines a singl e one i n our area

, , .
1 . L .
( Walp ) Warb
m ey e n la n a L i p y
a L i p a n g calabao
— . .
,
A dioecious shrub or small tree 3 to 5 m high with numerou s minute , , ,
very irritating stinging hairs Leaves ovate to broadly ellipti c ova t e 20

, . -
,
t o 40 cm long 1 0 to 22 cm wide entire shortly acuminate base somewhat

, , , ,
cordate the upp er surface green glabrous the lowe r surface paler rather
, , , ,
densely an d softly pubescent ; petioles 20 cm long or less M al e i n fl o r es .
cence axill ary panicul ate up to 20 cm long Flowers very numerou s

, , .
,
crowded in small glomerules on the branches the perianth se gments about ,

-
2 mm long the stamens about 3 mm long somewhat spirally recurv ed

, , .
Femal e flowers at the ends of the branchlets of the inflorescence 8 to 1 2 , ,
fl a b ella t ely arranged the indivi dual i n fl o r es c en c es 5 to 7 mm in diameter

’
, .
greenish F ruit sm all fleshy pale violet or white 5 to 7 mm i n diameter

.
, ,
-
, .
In thi ckets San P edro M a ca t i fl A ug—N ov ; widely distributed in Luzon

, , . .
an d M indoro E ndemi c . .
On e of the worst of ou r nettle like p l ants T h e stinging hairs appear -

.
to be mostly along the margins of the l eaves and cause very p ainfu l b l isters ,
the best remedy seems to be ammoni a rubbed on the effected p arts .
3 . B OE H ME R I A Jacquin
Shrubs often with herbaceous branches or smal l trees wit h opposit e or
, , ,
a l ternate toothed 3 nerve d l eaves the stipules usually free F lower s

, ,
-
, .
uni sexual in axill ary spiked racemed or p ani cled clusters M al e flowers
, , , , .
Perianth 3 t o 5 lobe d or p arted Stamen s 3 to 5 i n fl ex ed i n bud F emal e

-
.
, .
flowers : Perianth tubular 2 t o 4toothed i n fruit sometimes an g led ,

-
,
‘
winged or swollen Ovary included ; stigm a slender persi stent A chen e

, .
, .
closel y surrounded by the peri anth crustaceou s finally free ( In hono r , , .
of G R B oehmer a German botanist )

. .
, .
Species about 50 chiefly tropic al 9 in the P h i hpp i n es a singl e introduced

’
, , ,
one I n our area .
1 . BI ( L ) Gaudieh
. N VE A R amie . . .
A n erect br anched monoeciou s shrub 1 to 2 m high the branches and

, , , ,
petioles hairy L ea y es all equal l on gpetiol ed broadly ovate acuminate

.
,
-
, , ,
coarsely toothed the upper surface green scabri d with f ew scattered hairs
, , , ,
the l ower surface very white except the nerves , densel y covered with a p ,
pressed matte d white hairs F l owers small clustered the clusters arranged .
, ,
i n axi l l ary panicles shorter than t h e petio l es ( F l F ilip p l . . . .
R arely cultivated in M anil a fl in N ov an d probably i n other mont h s ; , . .
occasional in Luzon and certainly introdu ced Probably a n ative of C hina , .
n o w found in many tropi cal and subtrop ical countries in cultivation .
4 . F L E U R YA G a u d i c h a ud
A nnual
erect herbs u sually wi th f ew o r many stinging hai rs Leave s .
a l ternate toothed 3 nerved F lowers monoecious or dioecious c l ustered

, ,
-
.
, ,
t h e cl usters arranged in c y mes or spikes M ale flowers : Sepal s 4 or 5, .
ova te l anceolate S tamen s 4 or 5 i n fl ex ed in bud R udimenta ry ovar y

-
.
, .
1 82 A FL OR A OF M A N I LA
gl obose or clavate F emal e flowers : C alyx cupul ar 4lobed or sep a l s 4

.
,
-
, ,
equal o r very unequal Ovary oblique ; style ovoid or linear A chen e .

.
oblique compressed exserted membrana ceous ( I n honor of J F Fleu ry

, , , . . .
,
a F rench botanist ) .
S pecies 8 of wide tropic al distribution 2 in the Philippines

, , .
1 F I N T E R R U P TA ( L ) G a u d i ch L i p a n g aso L i p a n g c a s t i la ( T a g )
. . . .
-
,
-
.
A n erect somewhat branched Or simple rather stout annual herb

, to , ,
m high the stems green su cculent the vegetative p arts with scatt ered
, , , ,
somewhat stin ging sp reading hairs Leaves ovate acuminate crenate o r

, .
, ,
serrate base broad rounded or faintly cordate 5 to 1 5 cm long with

, , , ,
s cattered h airs on both surfa ces the petioles long Inflorescence n arrow , .
,
axi l l ary slender up to 20 cm in len gth of numerous short p anicul ately

, , , , ,
a rranged cymes F lowers crowded greenish small intermixed with

.
, , ,
numerous pedicel s of fallen flowers the perianth o f the pistillate ones 1 ,
to mm long ; achenes straw colored compressed to mm long -

, , .
Oc casional in waste places scattered fl al l t h e year but mostly in the , , .

,
r ainy season almost certainly introduced ; widely distributed in the Phi l

,
i pp i n es Indi a to C hina M al aya and Polynesi a

.
, , .
5 . PI L E A L i n d l ey
Herbs ,
the l eaves opposite in equal or unequal p airs entir e or serrate , , ,
usu ally 3 nerved the stipules connate into an i ntra petiol ar one F l owers
-
,
-
.
monoecious or dioecious in axill ary short or long p edunc l ed dens e or ,

-
,
dichotomously branched cymes M al e flowers : S ep al s 2 to 4 free or .

.
,
conn ate at t h e base often swollen or spurred at the b ack S tamens 2 to 4

, . .
R u dimentary ovary coni c or O blong F emale flowers : Sepal s 3 r arely 4 .

, ,
very small une q ua l the dorsal one longest an d sometim es swollen o r

, ,
hooded S taminodes minute or none Ovary straight ; sti gma sessile

. .
,
peni cil l ate A chene ovoi d o r obl ong compress ed membranaceous o r cru s
.
, ,
( Latin fe l t cap from a flower character i n t h e ori ginal species )

“
t a c eo u s . .
S p ecies 1 70 or more of wid e tropica l distribution 1 3 in the Phi l ippines

, , ,
a single intro du ced spe cies in our area .
1 . P I OP H YL L A ( L ) L i eb m (P m u s c o s a Lindl
. M CR Gunpowder P l ant
. . . .
A n erect or a scending s imple gl abrous annu al somewh a t su cculent , , , , ,
u sually gregariou s herb 1 0 cm high or l ess stems slender green or tinged , ,
with pu rple an gul ar Leaves 2 ranked petiol ed t h e bl ades green sub

, .
-
, , ,
elliptic 2 to 5 mm long F lowers in small congested s ub c a p i t a t e n early

, .
, , ,
sessil e axill ary cymes the in dividual flowers greenish o r tinged with red
, , ,
less than 1 mm long .
A bund ant on damp walls etc fl throughout the yea r but mostly in the , .
, .
,
rainy season ; widely di stribu t ed i n t h e Philippines A native of South .
A meri ca n o w introduce d in various other tropic al countri es

, .
T h e common E n glish name i s derived from the fa ct that a c lo w d of pollen

i s di sch arged when the plant i s shaken .
6 . E L A T OS T E M A Forster
Prostrate or erect simpl e or branched herbs sometimes su ff rutescent
, , .
Leaves alternate or a minute one often opposite t h e norm al ones disti chous
, , ,
s essile or subsessile usually obli que or unequal sided mostly 3 nerv ed at

,
-
,
-
t h e b ase or above it Flowers very smal l , monoecious or dioecious crowd ed

.
,
on sessile or peduncled axill ary unisexual involucrate receptacles t h e , , , ,
bracts rounded or Oblong the outer ones sometimes spurred F emal e , .

as many as the petal s and Opposite them u su ally inserted on the peta l s , .
Ovary inferior 1 celled ; style long or short ; ovul e 1 adnate to the wall s
,
-
,
of the ovary F ruit a l seeded berry or drupe

.
-
.
Genera 25 or more species about in all tropical countries a f ew in

, ,
temperate regions 5 genera and about 60 species i n the Philippines

, .
1 . L OR A N T H U S Linnaeus
B ranched ,
gl abrous or pubescent p arasiti c shrub s with opposi t e whor l ed , , ,
or alternate entire leathery l eaves F lowers perfect small to l arge often

, , .
, ,
colored and showy Petal s free or more o r less connate into a cyl indri c or
.
inflated tube the tip s above the insertion of the anthers spreading o r
,
r efl ex ed S tamens inserted on the coroll a lobes the anthers erect adna t e

.
-
, , .
( Greek thong an d flower in reference to the long p etal s of some

” ” “
,
species ) .
S pecies about 500 mostly tropi cal about 50 i n t h e P hilippines

, , .
Leaves alternate ; flowers in pedun cled compound umbel s . 1 . L h a en k ea n us

.
Leaves whorled ; flowers in 2 L . m er r i t t i i

.
1 . L . Presl (L m a li f o li u s P resl ) C a n s a s a y a o
h a en k ea n us . .
A nearl y gl abrou s coarsely bran ched p a r a s i t i c s h r ub to m high

'
, .
Leaves alternate thickly coriaceous l anceol ate to oblong—ovate or ovate

, ,
l anceolate 6 to 1 5 cm long acumin ate acute or obtuse base acute or

, , , , ,
rounded Flowers very numerous in den se p eduncled lateral compound

.
, , , ,
somewh at pubescent umbel s e a ch branch of the umbel carryi ng one ,
sessile and two l ateral short pedicelled flowers F lowers red the coroll a
,
-
.
,
tubular about 3 cm long split about half way to the base into 5 or 6 linear
, ,
-
segments the p arts abo v e the insertion of t h e stamens sharply r efl ex ed

, .
F ru it ovoi d or ellip soi d nearly 1 cm long ( F l F ilip p l 45 9 L m a li f o li us )

, . . . .
, . .
P arasitic on mango trees M asambong S anta Mesa etc fl Dec — F eb ; , , , .

, . . .
widely di stributed on variou s trees in the P hilippines E ndemi c . .
2 L . . Mer r Dapo s a b acau an

m er r it t i i .
A bran ched glabrous shrub 1 m high o r less Leaves coriaceous

, , .
,
oblong obovate to broadly obl an ceolate rounded 3 to 7 cm long Flowers

-
, , .
f ew fascicled in the axil s shortly pedicelled or sessile red 1 2 to 1 3 mm

, , , ,
long Fruit ovoid about 8 mm long

.
, .
On m angrove trees o ccasional fl A p r —June ; occasional in the Phil ip

, , . .
pines on various trees E ndemi c . .
39 . OP I L I A C E A E ( OP I L I A F A M I L Y )
Shrubs or trees sometimes woody vines with alternate simple entir e
, , , ,
leaves and small re gular u sually perfect flowers in simple or compound

, , , ,
a xill ary o r termin al p ani cles spikes or racemes C al yx small n o t enl arged , , .
,
in fruit 4 or 5 toothed or l obed P etal s 4 or 5 free or united or none

,
-
.
, , .
S tame ns a s many as the petals or calyx lobes Ovary free o r ha lf -

.
immersed in the disk 1 celled l ov uled F ruit a drupe the pericarp thin
,
-
,
-
.
,
fleshy the endo carp u sually h ard

, .
Genera 7 species about 20 mostly in th e tropi cs of the Old Worl d f ew

, , ,
in A merica 2 genera and 2 or 3 species in the P hilippines

, .
OL A C A CE A E 1 85
1 . C HA M P E R E I A Gr i ffi th
re ct glabrous shrubs o r small trees with alternate entire l eaves
E , .
Flo wers minute in f ew fl o wer ed cymes which are arranged in axill ary
,
-
panicles the bracts minute C alyx lobes 5 valvate P etal s none Stamen s
, .
-
, . .
5 peri g
, ynous opposite the lobes Ovary superior h alf immers ed in t h e
, .
,
disk ; stigma sessile broad ; ovul e solitary erect F ruit an ellipsoi d drupe
, , . .
Species 2 or 3 T enasserim to M alaya 1 i n the P hilippines

, , .
1 . C . m an i lla n a ( B lume ) Merr . M a la luc b a n

An erect glabrou s shrub 2 to 4 m high Leave s shining oblong to .
,
oblong ovate shortly petioled 7 to 1 4 cm long ba se acute or rounded apex

-
, , , ,
acute or somewhat acuminate Panicles p ale green slender 4 to 1 0 cm .

-
, ,
l ong F lowers p ale green or yellowish green about 2 mm long the calyx
.
- -
, ,
l obes oblong ovate acute mm long sp reading F ru it gl abrous fleshy

-
, , , .
, ,
ellipsoid yellow or red about 1 2 mm long pericarp thin seed l arge

, , , , .
In thickets oc casional fl J a n — M arch ; widely distribute d in the P hil

, , .
i p pi n es B urma to the M alay Peninsul a ; F ormos a

. .
40 OL A C A C E A E
.
( OL A x F A M I L Y )
rect or climbing shrubs or trees with alternate simple entire leaves
E , , , , .
Flowers small regul ar perfect in axill ary racemes or cymes C alyx small
, , , .
,
truncate or 4 to 6 toothed a ccrescent and enclosin g the fruit P etal s 3

,
-
, .
t o 6 free or coherent valvate sometimes cleft

, S tamens 3 or more opposite
, , .
,
the petal s or alternate with them ; staminodes twice a s many as the

,
sta mens often b i fid or none Ovary superior free 1 to 5 celled cell s

, , .
, ,
-
,
l ov uled ; style simple

-
Fruit a drupe or nut like surrounded by the .
-
enlarged often fleshy cal yx , .
Genera 26 species about 1 50 in the tropic s of both hemi spheres 5

, ,
genera and 5 or 6 species in the Philippines .
OL A X Linnaeus
C limbing
shrubs o r trees with alternate entire simple leaves F lowers , , .
in axilla ry simpl e or branched racemes the bracts small C alyx small

, , .
,
cup shaped truncate or sl ightly toothed ac crescent and surroun din g the
-
, ,
'
fruit Petal s 3 to 6 hypogynous valva t e somewhat coherent o r free

.
, , , .
Fertile stamen s 3 the filaments attached near the base of the petal s ;
,
staminodes usually 6 attached nea r the edges of the petal s b i fi d Ovary

, , .
superior free more or less 3 celle d below 1 celled above ; styl e simple ;
, ,
-
,
-
stigm a 3 lobed ; ovules 3 pendul ous F ruit nearly covered b y the fleshy
-
, .
accrescent calyx the stone 1 celled 1 seeded ( Latin smell ing i n allusion
,
”
-
,
-
.
“
to the rank scented wood of some species )

-
.
Species about 30 tropic s of the Old Worl d 1 in the Philippines

, , .
1 . i m b r i c ata R oxb M a la b a gui o

O . .
A scandent shrub reaching a height of 1 0 m or more or a small tre e ,
with pendulou s branches nearly gl abrous Leaves distichous oblong ovate , .

,
-
obtuse t o acuminate base rounded or a cute 6 to 1 5 cm l ong R acemes , , .
puberulent many fl o w er ed dichotomous

, t o 3 cm long
-
F lowers white , , .
,
the calyx truncate Petal s 3 free or nearly so about 1 cm long entire

’
.
, , , ,
o r cleft at the apex S tamen s 3 S taminodes 6 b i fi d nearly a s lon g a s

. .
, ,
the petal s F ru it orange to red when mature ovoid

. to 2 cm long , , ,
qui t e su rrounded by the fleshy calyx except at the apex ( F l F ilip p l . . . .
In dry thickets near F ort M c Ki n ley fl F eb —A p r ; widely distributed in , . . .
the P hilippines C hitta gong to J ava . .
41 . A R I S T OL OC HI A C E A E (A m s r om c m A F A M I L Y )
Herbs
or shrubs erect or cl imbing Leaves altern ate entire or 3 , .
, ,
to 5 lobed ; stipules none F lowers perfect small or l arge regul ar or very

-
.
, ,
i rregular terminal axill ary or l ateral sol itary racemose or cymose

, , , , , , ,
bracteate or ebracteate C alyx superior re gul ar an d 3 lobed or tubul ar .

,
-
,
an d very i rregul ar Peta l s none or very rudimentary Stamen s 6 or . .
more inserted in a ring aroun d the base of the sty l e anther cells opening
, ,
-
by dorsal s l its Ovary i n ferior 4 to 6 celled ; ovules numerous Fruit

.
,
-
.
cap su l ar .
Genera 6 species ov er 200 in most trop ic al and i n some temperate

, ,
countries 2 genera and 6 o r 7 species in the Philippines

, .
1 . A R I S T OL OC H I A Linnaeus
U sually twining p erennia l herbs or sometimes shrubby Leaves entire ; .
petiole usually dilated at the base Periant h variousl y colored the tube .
,
inflated at the bas e then contracte d hairy within the limb dil ated obliquely , , ,
1 or 2 lipped A nthers 6 r arely 5 or more

-
Style short 3 to 6 lobed
.
, , .
,
-
.
C apsule septicidally 6 valved or splitting through t h e pl acentas ( Greek -

.
“
best and chil d birth from repu t ed medicinal p roperties of some species )
” ” “
-
, .
Species about 1 80 chiefly tropi cal 4 or 5 in the P hilippines , , .
Leaves ovate ; flowers racemose small n arrow , , 1 . A . t a ga la

Leaves reniform ; flowers sol itary l arge broad ; cu l tivated onl y , , .
2 A . . elega ns
1 . t a gala C ham T imb angan M al a ube

A . .
,
-
A twining suff rutescent nearly glabrous vine Lea v es ovate to oblong

, , .
ovate 8 to 20 cm l ong acuminate b ase deeply cordate the sinus b roa d

, , , , .
Flowers in axill ary racemes the peri anth purplish rather slender 3 to , , ,
cm long the ba se inflated globose the tube somewhat cu rved the mouth
, , , ,
oblique C ap sule pendulou s ovoid obovoid or Oblong obovoid 2 to 4 cm

.
, , ,
-
,
long with a lon g stipe ( F l Filip p l

, . . . .
In thickets M asambong to Fort M c Ki n ley fl M arch —October ; widely

, , .
di stributed in the P hilippines India an d M alaya . .
*
2 A . M ast
. E L E GA N S .
A vi ne reaching a height of several meters Leaves ren i form or tri an .

,
gular reniform up to 7 cm long and 1 0 cm wide obtuse base broadly

-
, , ,
co r d a t ef F lowers sol ita ry the tube sharply curved the lip exp anded , , ,
concave ovate cordate 6 to 7 cm in diameter pale with numerous purple

,
-
, , ,
spots C ap sule obl ong cylindri c lon gitudinally ribbed 5 to 6 cm long

.
-
, , ,
about cm thi ck .
Occ asionally cultivate d for o r namental purposes fl J a n — M a y A native , . . .
of B razil of recent introduction here

, .
c m lon g dense cylindric about 1 cm in di ameter , eac h bract s ub t ending

, , ,
several flowers F lowers white 4mm l ong .

, .
In open wet or damp places occa sional fl most of the year ; t h roughout , , .
the P hilippines T ropical A si a and A frica M al aya .

, .
2 A N T I G ON ON
. E ndl icher
C l imbing ,
somewhat woody vines from thickened roots with alternate , ,
cordate leaves an d somewhat stem clasping petioles Panicles a x i lla r y o r -

.
,
terminal the ra chis extended a s a tendril Flowers perfect white to deep

, .
,
pink Perianth 5 parted persistent an d somewhat enl arged in fruit the

.
-
, ,
outer 3 lobes larger than the inner 2 S tamens 7 or 8, fil aments connate .
at the base Ovary 3 angled N ut 3 angled smooth enclosed by t h e

.
-
.
-
, ,
persistent calyx lobes -

.
S pecies 3 o r 4in Mexico and C entral A merica 1 n ow widely cultiva t e d i n ,
tropical countries i ntroduced and extensively cultivated here , .
*
1 A RT OP U S Hook
de amo r A rn C aden a
‘
. . LE .
A scandent somewhat woody perennial vine from thic k ened tube r ous
, ,
roots reaching a height of 1 0 m L eaves ovate to pb lo n g—ovate 6 to

, .
,
1 4 cm long prominently reti culate ba se deeply cordate the lobes usua l ly

, , ,
overlapping Inflorescen ce terminal an d in the upper axils of p anicu l a t e

.
,
racemes the ra chises of the racemes p roduced a s ten dri ls F lowers nu

, .
m er o u s pale to deep p ink sometimes white about 1 cm lon g fasci c l ed

,
-
, , , ,
secund the perianth lobes somewhat enl arged persistent loosely sur round
, , ,
ing the ovoi d 1 cm long fruit ( F l Filip p l 462 A co r d a t um ) . . . .

, . .
V ery commonly cultivated for ornamental purposes fl all t h e year A , . .
n ative of Mexico n o w cultivated i n many tropical countries , .
3 . MU E H E L E N B E C KI A M ei ssner
rect shrubs with flatte n ed striate branches an d much redu ced l e aves
E -
( in ou r species ), the sheaths reduced to transverse lines making t h e branche s ,
appear j ointed Flowers small dioeciou s or p o ly ga m o dioecious fascic l ed

.
,
-
,
at the j oints P erianth deeply subequally 5 lobed Stamen s u sually 8

.
-
. .
Ovary 3 angled N ut obtusely or acutely 3 angl ed small enclosed by t h e

-
.
-
, ,
perianth ( In honor of H G M ueh elen b eck an A l satian botanist )

. . .
, .
Species 1 5 A u stralia P olynesi a South A merica an d Mexico 1 introduc ed

, , , ,
1 . M . MeissnP L A T YCL A DA .
A n ere ct glabrou s shrub 1 to 3 m high B ranches green flattened .

, ,
striate 5 to 1 5 mm wide the j oints 5 to 20 mm lon g bearing at the nodes

, , ,
f ew reduced lanceol ate l eaves 4 to 20 mm l ong or the l eaves nearly or

I
, , ,
quite wanting F l ower s whitish smal l about 2 mm long fa scicled r ar el y

.
, , , ,
solitary alternating at the nodes ( F l F ilip p l 3 1 7 E x oc a r p us c er a m i c a )

, . . . .
,
.
Occa sionally cultivated fl all the yea r A native of the Solomon Islands , . . ,
n o w widely distributed in cultivati on i ntroduced her e an d n ow natural ized ,
in some local ities .
43 C HE N OP OD I A C E A E A O O F I L Y)
.
( G OOS E F OOT OR P S T I S A M
Herbs
or shrubs with simpl e a l tern ate leaves Flowers perfect or .
unisexual s mall u su ally regular C alyx of 3 to 5 fre e or connat e sep al s

, , .
.
P etals none S tamens u su ally 5 opposite t h e sep al s perigy nous or h y p o gy

.
, ,
nous Ovary superio r 1 celled 1 o v uled ; sti gmas 2 to 4 Frui t usu all y
.
,
-
,
- .
a utricle enclosed by the calyx .

A M A R A N T H A CE A E 1 89
Genera about 75 species a b out 5 50 in most pa rts of the world , , r ep r e
sented in the P hilippines by introduced forms only .
1 . C H E N OP OD U M l Linn aeu s
rect sometimes aromatic branched herbs with angled stems and a l

E , , ,
ternate enti re lobed or toothed lea v es F lowers small regul ar perfect

, , , .
, ,
in axill ary and terminal , simple or p anicled spikes C al yx inferior the , .

,
sepal s 5 o r fewer persistent S tamen s a s many as the sepal s hypogynous

, .
,
or somewh at perigynous ; filaments distinct anthers i n t r oI s e Ovary 1 ,

'
.
celled free u sually depressed ; styl es 2 o r 3 F ruit a membranaceous

, , .
utricle enclosed by the calyx ( Greek goose and foot in allusion to

”
.
“ “
,
the shape of the leaves of some species ) .
Species about 50 of wi de distribution 2 i ntroduced in the Philippines

, , .
1 . C . I I L A p o s o t i s ( Sp
A M BR OS O DE S . .
A n erect or ascending b ranched herb often nea rly 1 m high with angled ,
s t ems gl abrous o r gl andula r pube scent with a rank a romatic odor when
,
-
,
crushed Leaves oblong to oblong l anceolate 3 to 1 0 cm long repand

.
-
, ,
dentate or undul ate F lowers small spicate S e p al s 5 sometimes only 3.

, .
, .
U tricle l ess than 1 mm l ong ( Fl Filip p l . . . .
Quite frequently cu l tivated by the n atives and occa sionally spontaneous ,
fl March —A p r and probably in other month s ; widely distributed in the

. .
,
Philippines and i n tropical an d temperate countries generally a native ,
of tropica l A merica .
In addition to the above the common beet B et a v u lga r i s L ( Sp , ,

.
, .
,
r em o la c h a ) a native of E urope al so belonging to thi s family i s cultivated

, , ,
by C hinese gardeners for the M anil a markets .
44 . A M A R A N T HA C E A E ( A M AR A N T HU S OR C OL I T E S F A M I L Y)
Herbs , sometimes climbing , rarely sh rubby Leaves Op (D eer i n gi a ) .
p o s i t e or altern ate exstipul ate F lowers in axillary clusters or in simple

, .
or panicled spikes racemes o r heads the bracts and 2 bracteoles scariou s

, , , .
Sep al s 5 sometimes 1 to 3 rigid or scariou s persistent imbricate in b ud

, , , , .
Peta l s none Stamens 1 to 5 opposite the sep al s free or connate below

.
, , ,
often wi th intervening membranaceous staminodes al l united into a cup ; ,
anthers 1 or 2 celled Ovary 1 celled ; styles 1 to 3 ; ovules 1 or more

-
.
-
,
basal Fruit a utricle rarely a berry ( D eer i n gi a ) or cap sul ar indehiscent

.
, ,
or circumsciss Seed orbicul ar or ovate u sually comp ressed

.
, .
Genera 54 species about 450 in all temperate an d tropical countries

, , ,
1 0 genera and about 20 species in the P hilippines .
C l imbing sh rubs ; ovules 2 or more ; fruit fleshy berry lik e ,

-
. 1 . D eer i n gi a
Herbs .
2 Ovules 2
. or more ; fruit 2 C elo s i
. a
2 Ov ules 1
. .
3 . A nthers l celled ; flowers in sessile o r peduncl ed heads

-
.
4 Heads peduncl ed subtended by 2 leafy b racts ; styl e long ; sti gma

.
,
2 fid -
. 3 G o m p h r en a .
4 Heads sessile or subsessile sol itary or clustered ; stigma s ub s es

.
,
sile capitate ,
4 A lt e r n a n t h e r a .
3 . A nthers 2 celled ; inflorescence v arious

-
.
4 S taminodes none
. .
Leaves a l t ern ate

5 .
5 A m a r a n t h us .
5 Leaves Opposite
. 6 P a p ali a .
4 S taminodes present
. .
5 P erfect flowers 1 to 3 in each cluster su rrounded by several

.
,
to many deformed ones 7 C y a t h u la .
5 F lowers all perfect no deformed ones

.
, .
6 S ep al s short h y aline woo ll y

. 8 A c r ua, , .
6 S ep als subulate l an ceol ate awn ed shining finally hardened

.
-
, , , .
9 A c h y r a n t h es .
1 . DE E R I N G I A R . B rown
ambling o r climbing shrubs with altern ate petioled l eaves F l owers

R .
small 1 or 2 sexu al i n simple o r p anicled spikes S ep a l s 5 Oblong

,
-
, .
, ,
spreading in fruit S tamens 4 or 5 ; staminodes none Ovary ovoi d or . .
subglobose ; ovules f ew to m any ; sti gma s 2 o r 4 Fruit a globose or .
ovoid fleshy red or white berry ( In honor of Dr C har l es Deering )

, , . . .
Species 5 or 6 tropical A si a to A ustral i a an d Pol yn esi a 2 in the

, ,
Philippines .
1 . D b a c c at a
.
( R etz ) Moq . .
scandent sl ightly pubes cent or near l y gl abrou s vine reaching a

A , ,
l engt h of 5 to 6 m the branches drooping Leaves ovat e to oblong ovate , .

-
,
entire 7 to 1 4 cm lon g acute or acuminate b as e subtruncate R acem es

, , , .
slen der elongated 20 to 40 cm long in the upper axils forming droop ing
, , , , ,
leafy p anicles F lowers numerous shortly pedicelled greenish white the

.
, ,
-
,
peri anth segments about mm long r efl ex ed Stamens white erect

-
, .
, .
Fruit ovoid fleshy red about 4 mm long ( F l F il ip p l

, , , . . . .
In thickets occ asional fl Oc t —J an ; wi dely distributed in the Philip

, , . . .
pines Indi a to C hina southward t o A ustral ia

.
, .
2 C E L OS I A
. Linn aeu s
rect simpl e or branched h erbs with alternat e l eaves F l owers clus
E , , .
t er ed or spicate white pink purpl e o r yellowish shining , Sep al s dr y , , , , .

‘
,
s tri ate or ribbed S tamens 5 united below into a cup ; anthers 2 celled ;
.
,
-
staminodes none U tri cle ci rcumsciss ( Greek a burning in allusion

. .
“
,
to the seare d look of the flowers ) .
S pecies about 30 in most tropi cal countries 2 introduced in the P hilip ,
p i nes .
1 . C A R GE N T E A L
. .
A n erect , coarse ,
simple or branched gl abrous annu al herb to , ,
m high Leaves linear to l anceolate 4 to 1 4 cm lon g S pikes solitary

.
,
.
,
erect stout dense white or p ink ovoi d to oblong linear 3 to 30 cm long

, , , ,
-
, ,
about cm thick u sually numerous the flowers white or p ale pink , , ,

-
s hining S ep a l s about 6 mm long acute or acuminate the bracts shorter ;

.
, ,
styl e elongated after flowering Seeds shining about mm in diameter .

, .
I n fallow l ands cultivated ground etc fl A ug —F eb ; widely dis , , .

, . . .
tributed in the Philipp ines but certainly introduced A ll tropical coun .
tries p robably a native of tropica l A meric a

, .
In a ddition to the above the C ock s C omb ( C elos i a c r i s t a t a L ) i s not ’

.
uncommonly cultivated for orn amental purposes ( F l F ilip p l 64) it i s . . .
exceedingly v ariabl e with u su ally broader leaves than C a r gen t ea and .

,
*
2 A . I R egel
. C ucharitas ( S p
VE R S C OL OR . .
A s l ender erect or ascending much branched nearly gl abrous h erb

, ,
-
, ,
the stems reddish often p rostrate below 20 to 60 cm long Leaves Oblon g

, , .
obovate to sp atul ate acute or obtu se l on g petioled the blades 1 to 6 cm , ,

-
,
long green an d red or purpl ish Heads axill ary sessile sol ita ry ovoid
, .
, , ,
to subglobose 5 to 7 mm long somewhat hairy , , .
C ommonly cultivated fl all the year ; n o w found i n cultivation in most , .
l arge to wns in the P hilippines Probably a n ative of B razil . .
3 . A . F R U T E S CE N S R . Br .
wide sprea ding branched prostrate perennia l herb the stems rootin g
A -
, , , ,
at the lower nodes the b ranches up to 60 cm in l ength the flowering ones

, ,
ascending the younger ones clothed with long app ressed weak white
, , , ,
h airs Leaves Opposite or the upper ones somewh at whorled oblong to

.
, ,
oblong obl anceol ate or sp atul ate petioled 1 to 2 5 cm long acute or obtuse
-
, ,
‘
.
, ,
entire b ase g radu a l ly narrowed Heads axill ary sol ita ry or clu stered
, .
, ,
white globose to ovoid 5 to 1 0 mm long A nthers 5 S epal s lanceo l ate

, , . .
,
acuminate about 5 mm long U tricl e compressed obovoid about 2 mm

, .
, ,
l on g .
In open waste places fl all the year common about M anil a A , .

, .
native Of tropi cal A merica n o w thoroughly naturalized here but not r e , ,
ported from any other p art of the Orient .
5 . A MA R A NT HU S Linnaeu s
rect branched annual herb s with altern ate l eaves F lowers small
E , , .
,
uni sexu al in dense axill ary clusters or in erect o r drooping densely or

, ,
l axly panicled spike l ike clusters S ep al s 5 or 1 to 3 ovate to linea r

,
-
.
, , ,
Often a rista t e S tamens 1 to 5 free ; staminodes none

. Ovary com , .
p ressed ; style short or none ; ovule 1 F ruit a comp ressed indehi scent or .
,
circumsciss utri cle S eed orbicul ar ( Greek . .
Species many in all warm an d tropical countries 5 or 6 in the Philip ,
p i nes .
1 . S piny in the leaf axil s 1 A s p i n os us

-
. .
1 . Spineless .
2 S epal s an d stamens 5 ; bracts setaceous or awned

. 2 A c a ud a t u s . .
2 S ep al s an d stamen s 2 or 3 ; bracts subulate

. .
3 P l ant dull purpl e or reddish 1 to

. m high ; l eaves acumi nate
-
,
.
3 A . .
ga n get i c us
3 . Pl ant green , to m high ; leaves obtuse , O ften notched .
4A . . v i ri di s
1 . A I OS U S L
. SP N .
A stout erect gl abrous branched annual ,

to 1 m high armed with
, , ,
slend er axill ary spines Leaves lon g petioled oblong to oblong ovate or
, .
-
,
-
ellipti c l anceol ate obtu se 4 to 1 0 cm long F lowers about 1 mm long in

-
, , . ,
axill ary clus t ers an d in elongated t ei m i n a l and axill ary u su ally dense l y '
flowered spikes green or greenish white the setaceous bracts a s long as

,
-
,
o r exceeding the five sep al s .
I n waste pl aces gardens et c fl all the year ; throughout the P hilippines

, .
, . ,
but certainly introduced M ost tropi cal countries . .

A M A R A N T H A CE A E 1 93
2 A . . L
CA U DA T U S .
A n e rect stout branched unarmed annu al herb 1 to 2 m high sp aringly

, , , , ,
pubescent or nearly gl abrous all p arts u sually reddish purpl e Lower ,

-
.
leaves long petiol ed Oblong ovate to ovate lanceol ate acuminate up to 25

-
,
- -
, ,
cm l ong, the upper ones simil ar but smaller Inflorescence termina l an d .
in the upper axil s paniculate the p anicles 1 5 to 30 cm long the p ri mary

, , .
,
br a n ches very numerous 1 0 to 1 5 cm long densely flowered F l owers , , .
about cm l ong Sepa l s oblong to oblong obova t e apicu l ate shorter

.
-
, ,
th a n the c audate acumina t e bracts Stamen s 5 U tricl e 3 toothed at

-
. .
-
the apex circumsciss exceeding the calyx S eed brown o r bla ck shining
, , .
, ,
about 1 mm in di ameter the margins round ( F l F ilip p l 43 0 A p a n i c , . . . .

, .
u la t us .
)
C u l tiva t ed
for its ornamenta l foli age fl all the year In various tropica l , . .
a n d subtrop ical countries in both hem i spheres wil d an d cu l tivated ; i n ,
t r o d u c ed in the Philippines .
3 . A . I L
GA N GE T C U S .
A coarse erect una rmed gl abrous much b ranched herb 1 to

, , I n high , ,
-
the vegetative p arts often dull pu rp li sh or r eddish Leaves l ong petiol ed , -

.
-
broadly ovate acute or shortly a cuminate bas e long decurrent acuminat e

, ,
- -
,
5 t o 1 2 cm long C lusters of flow ers in the low er axils an d f o rm i ng

.
,
elonga t ed sp i k es which a r e cylindric somewhat interrupted , up to 1 0 cm ,
long and 1 cm in di a meter B ra ct s abou t 4 mm l ong l anceol ate, a wned .

,
a cuminate Sepal s l an c eolate a cuminate Stamen s 3 U tri cl e circum

.
, . .
s ci s s shorter than the s ep al s S eed bl ack shining about

, mm in .
, ,
di ameter ( F l Filip p l 289 A c r u en t us )

. . . .
, . .
Occasion ally cultivated fl July— Dec a n d p robab l y in other months ; , .

,
not spontaneou s i n our area , although so found in some p arts of the

Philipp ines certainly intr o duced T ropics generall y cu l tivated and in
, .
,
cultivated ground .
4 A . . I I L C o l ite s
VI R D S .
A n erect gl abrous branch ed unarmed annual 30 to 60 cm high

, ,Leaves , .
long petioled 4 to 1 0 cm l ong , ovate obtuse tip u su ally notched base

-
, , , ,
truncate or decurrent Inflorescence of terminal an d axillary simpl e or .

,
panic l ed i nterru pted sp i k es Flowers very small densely disposed green

, .
, , ,
about 1 mm long S eed brown or bl ack ( Fl F ilip p l 262 E ux olus

. . . .
‘
.
,
c a ud a t us ) .
In open waste p l aces cu l tivate d grounds etc common fl all the year ; , .
, , .
,
throughout the Philippines but probably introduced A ll tropic a l and , .
warm countries .
6 . P U P A L I A J u s s i eu
Herb sor undersh rubs with opposite leaves F lowers perfect or i m .
pe rfect i n spicate clusters the imperfect ones reduced to awn s bearing

, ,
'
s t ell ately sp reading h ook ed b r i s t les Sep al s 5 acuminate 3 to 5 nerved .

, ,
-
.
S t a men s 5 nearly free below ; anthers 2 cel l ed ; staminode s none Ov a r y

,
-
.
ovoid ; sty l e slender F ruit an ovoid comp ressed indehiscent utric l e

.
, , .
Species 3 in tropical A sia and A frica 1 i n t h e P hilippines , .
1 . P . A TR OP U R P U R E A ( Lam ) Moq . .
A slender , e rect straggl in g glabrou s or sparingl y pubescent annua l

, ,
her b to m high Leaves opposite Ob l ong ovate acuminate base

.
-
, ,
1 1 1 555 — 13
1 94 A F LOR A OF M A N I L A
n arrowed petioled S pikes termin al 5 to 30 cm l ong slender the clu sters

, .
,
of flowers remote bracteate woo l ly B ristles of the imperfect flow

, ,
ers, , .
brown or purplish stell ate l y arranged slender hooked at the ends , , , .
In thickets along roads and trails S an Pedro M a c a t i P asay,et c fl , , .

, .
A ug—N o v ; widely distributed in the Philippines surel y introdu ced

.
T rop , .
ica l A si a A fric a an d M al aya , , .
7 . C YA T H U L A Loureiro
Prostrate o r ascending herb s with opposit e leaves F lowers clustered .
,
t h e c l usters spicat e r efl ex ed in fru it Perfect flowers 1 or 2 i n each , .
c l us t er , su rr ounded by imperfect ones r educed to sep al s and wi th ri gid

hooked awn s Sep a l s 5 1 nerved acuminate S tamens 5 conna t e united
.
,
-
, .
, ,
be l ow wi th t h e retu s e or 2 fi d staminodes Ovary obovoid , ovu les 1 pen -

.
,
d ulou s F ruit a sma l l , ovoid ind ehiscent utricle ( Diminutiv e of Greek

.
, .
”
N IL )
S pecie s about 1 0, of wide tropica l distribution , t he following in t he
Phi l ippin es .
1 . C P R OST R A T A ( L ) Bl
. . . Dayang
A n annual branched herb t h e s t ems prostrat e an d creeping b elow , ,
r eaching a len gth of 1 m or more the branches erect or ascendin g , .
Leaves rhomboid oblong 2 to 8 cm long acute or obtu se gra dually -

, , ,
n arrowed from the mi ddle to the acute b ase nearly sessile S pikes terminal , .
an d a xill ary slender peduncled 5 to 20 cm long C lusters of flowers

, , , .
num erous ovoid about 3 mm l ong gr eeni sh Sep al s pubescent

, , , . .
In thick ets occasional fl N ov —F eb ; common an d wi dely di stributed in

, , . . .
t h e Phi l ippines T ropic s genera ll y . .
8 . A E R UA F or s k a l
Wool l y herbs o r undershrubs sometimes climbing Leaves alternat e or , .
opposit e F l owers sma ll in so l itary or p anicled spikes o r i n s essil e

.
a xill ary heads S ep al s 4 or 5 short thin all O. r only the inner on es , , ,
woolly Stamen s 4or 5 connat e bel ow with interposed l in ear staminod es ;

.
, ,
a n th er s 2 c el l ed F ru it an indehiscent or ci rcums ci s s utri c l e

-
. .
Sp ec i es about 1 0 in tropica l A sia M al aya an d A frica 2 in t h e Phil , , ,
i p p i n es .
1 A L ANAI A ( L ) Juss
'‘
. . . .
ascending or p rostrat e densel y grayish pub escent herb t h e s t ems

An -
,
to m in length simpl e or branched Leaves altern ate petiol ed , , .

,
el l ipti c t o orbicula r or obovate obtuse 1 to cm long Spik es num erous , , .

,
white axillary sol itary or c rowded in the axils densely flowered 1 cm

, , , ,
l ong or l ess the flowers gre en and white 2 mm i n diameter ( F l F i l ip

, , . . .
pl .
open dry l ands common l ocally fl all the ye a r ; throughout

I n , , . the
Philippines at lo w altitu des undoubtedly introduced A fri ca India , .
, , an d
M al aya .
9 A C HY R A N T H E S Linn aeus .
C oarse herbs
th opposit e leaves t h e flowers in simple or p anic l ed
wi ,
s pi k es , d efl ex ed immediately aft er opening t h e bracts and b r acteol es ,
spin escent S ep al s 4 or 5 the fi l aments connate at the base t h e s tami

.
, ,
1 . a c uleata L
P . .
A l arge scandent shrub glab rous or sp aringly pubescent the branches , ,
pendulou s a rmed with sol itary axillary recu rved spines which a r e 1 cm
, , ,
long or less Leaves ovate Oblong to elliptic shining 6 to 1 0 cm long

.
-
, , ,
obtuse or obscurely a cumin ate b ase acute Inflorescence axill ary and , .
terminal peduncled Of densely flowered corymbose cymes F lowers

, , .
yellowi sh white the mal es 4 to 5 mm in di ameter F ru it narrowly oblong

-
, .
or cl ava t e 5 ribbed 7 to 1 4 mm l ong vis cid the rib s mu ri cate with several
,
-
, , ,
rows of gl ands ( Fl F ilip p l . . . .
In thickets Ma sambong fl J a n —F eb ; widely distributed in the Philip

, , . . .
pines T ropi cs generally

. .
*
2 . P . malu co ; M aluco
A L BA Sp a n o gh e . C oles -
A n erect un armed glabrous or nearly gl ab rous tree reaching a height

, ,
of 1 0 m Leaves thin very pale green or often nearly white when youn g
.
,
-
,
Oblong ovate acumin ate base rounded 1 2 t o 25 cm long

-
, C ymes term inal , , .
,
dense corymbose the m ale flowers whi t e or greeni sh white about 6 mm

, ,
-
,
long the female ones smaller Fruit long pedicelled club shaped 5 angled
, .
-
,
-
,
-
,
t h e angles with one r o w of pri ckles ( F l Filip p l 4 4 C o r d i a 9 o li t o r i a

) . . . .
, , . .
Frequently cultivated for its ornamental p ale fol iage but rarel y or , ,
n ev er producing flowers in M anila A native of M al aya n o w cultivated in .

,
I ndi a an d C eyl on .
2 B OU G A I N V I L L E A C o m m er s o n .
C l imbing
spiny vines with alternate leaves Inflor es cen ce axillary or .
terminal showy the flowers inser t ed below the mi ddle Of the l arge colored
, ,
bracts whi ch are borne in threes P eri anth tubular slightly curved t h e .
, ,
lobes 5 or 6 short sp reading S tamens 7 or 8 equ al in cluded Ovary

, , .
, , .
stipitate n arrowly fus i form U tri cl e s tip itate cylindric or clavate ( In

, .
, .
honor of A de B oug a i nville a French n avigato r )

.
, .
Sp ecies 7 in trop ical A meri ca 1 now cultivated i n all tropi cal and
, ,
subtropical countries .
*
1 . BI I S Willd
. S P E CT A B L .
A stout climbin g spiny slightly pubescent or nearly gl abrous woody

, , ,
vine reaching a height of 1 5 m with long drooping bran ches Leaves

, , .
ova t e 6 to 1 0 cm long acuminate b as e u sually rounded each axi l with a

, , , ,
s t out slightly curved sharp spine 5 to 8 mm long F l owers in the upper

, , .
axil s forming a termin al leafy inflorescence C ymes peduncled tri cho

, .
,
tomo n s the flowers in groups of threes on the ultimate b ranches ea ch

, ,
group of flowers subten d ed by three large thin p ersistent colored Oblong , , , , ,
Ovate acuminate to 4 cm long bracts F lowers salver shaped inserted

, .
-
,
on t h e midrib of t h e bracts , t h e tub e slender about 2 cm lon g gr eenish , , ,
angled i n flated below t h e l imb whi t e 5 to 7 mm in di ame t er

, , , .
Frequently cultivated but not spontaneous fl Oc t —M arch A most , , . .
striking orn amental a native of B razil n o w culti v ated in many other , ,
3 M I R A B I L I S Linn aeus .
Gl abrous or gl andul ar herbs the bran ches forked Leaves opposite the , .
,
lower ones petioled the upper Of t en sessile I nvolucres 1 t o many fl o wer ed , .

-
,
calyx like the 6 lobes imbri cate not enl arged af t er flowering usually
-
, , ,
arranged in dense cym es P erianth tube elongated white o r colored .

-
, ,
constricted above the ova ry the limb 5 lobed petal like S tamens 5 or 6 ,
-
,
-
.
,
un equa l in len gth exserted Ovary ellipsoi d or ovoi d ; sty le fili f o r m , .

,
A I Z OA CE A E 1 97
exserted ; stigma capitell ate U tri cle obovoid coria ceous ( A dapted from , .
t h e Latin
S pecies about 25 i n tropic al A merica 1 now cultivated in many warm
.
, ,
countries .
1 . M . J A L A PA L . A l as cuatro Oraciones ( S p ,
.
-
F il .
) F ou r -
O clock
’
, M ar v el of
P eru .
erect nea rly o r quite glabrous branched pl ant 20 to 80 cm high

An , , .
Leaves 4 to 1 0 cm long narrowly ovate acuminate base Often subtru ncate , , ,
an d somewhat inequilateral Involu cres crowded calyx like 1 c m long or .

,
-
,
less 1 fl o w er ed Perianth white purple or yellow ,the tube cy l indri c

,
-
.
, , ,
slightly enlarged upward 3 to 4 cm long the l imb spreading F ruit , , .
narrowly ovoid about 8 mm lon g black finely ribbed , , , .
C ommonly cultivated fl a ll the year ; th roughout the P hilippines in , .

,
an d about town s cultivated an d naturalized A native Of tropical A merica

, .
,
n o w culti v ated in many warm countries .
4
. 80E R HA A V I A Linn aeu s
Diffuse
sp reading herbs with divari cate b ranches and opposite leaves .
F lowers small j ointed on their pedicel s p anicl ed or umbell ate bracteol ate
, , , .
P erianth tube funnel shaped sho rt 5 lobed S tamens 1 to 5 unequ al

- -
, ,
-
.
,
exser t ed Ovary Obl ique stipitate F ruit small glandul ar 5 ribbed the
.
, .
, ,
-
,
utricle Oblon g ( In honor of H B oerhaave an early Dutch botanist )

. .
, .
Species 25 or more in tropi cal an d subtrop ical regions of both hemi ,
spheres a singl e va ri abl e on e in the P hilippines

, .
1 .I BL . D F F U SA .
A diffuse sp reading l axly branched glabrous or somewhat pubescent

, , ,
herb the branches sometimes 2 m in len gth Leaves scattered ovate

'
, ‘
.
, ,
ellipti c o r oblong sometimes undul ate p al e beneath 1 to 4 cm long apex

, , , , ,
rounded or a cute base usually rounded C ymes very l ax panicled the , .

, ,
branches slender flowers usually fasci cled or subumbellate on the ultimate

,
branchlets pink about mm long Fruit gl andul ar na rrowly Oblon g

, , .
,
obovoid about 3 mm long ( Fl Filip p l

, . . . .
In waste pl aces occasional surely i ntroduced fl S ep t — M ay ; widely

, , , .
distribute d in the Phil ippines T ropi cal A sia to P olynesia . .
46 A I Z OA C E A E
.
( M OL L UGO OR T OST ON F A M I L Y )
Herbs
with entire simple alternate opposite or whorled leaves F low , , , , .
ers in axillary or terminal clu sters or cymes small re gul ar perfect C alyx , , , .
of 4 or 5 nearly free or more or less united segments u su ally persi stent ,

.
P etal s none S tamens peri gy nous o r hypogyn ous f ew or many

. Ovary , .
free 2 to 5 celled of 2 to 5 united c arpel s ; styles as many as the carpel s ;

,
-
,
ovules u sually many rarely f ew or o n e in each cell axile Fruit capsul ar

, , .
,
circumsciss or dorsally dehi scent Seeds numerou s sm all .

, .
Gener a 7 species 52 chiefly in A frica a few in most tropical and sub

, , ,
tropical countries 3 genera an d 5 species in the P hilippines , ,

.
1 . C apsul e
circumsciss ; stamens inserted on the calyx tube -
.
2 Ovary and cap sul e 3 to 5 celled

. 1 S es uv i u m -
.
2 Ov ary and capsule 1 or 2 celled 2 T r i a n t h em a

'
-
. .
1 . C apsule dehi scing dorsally ; stamen s inserted on the receptacle .
3 M o llugo .
1 . S E SUVI U M Linna eu s
P rostrate
or spreading succulent branched herbs Leaves opposite very , , .
,
fleshy enti re F lowers small axillary solitary C alyx tube short the
,
.
, , .
-
,
lobes 5 persistent S tamens f ew or many inserted near the top Of the

, .
,
calyx tube Ovary free 3 to 5 celled ; styl es 3 to 5 ; ovu les many F ru it

-
.
,
-
.
a n ova t e oblong membranaceous 3 to 5 celled c i r c u m s c i s s ly dehiscent cap

-
, ,
-
,
sule ( A n unexplained name )

. .
S pecies 4 along the seashores of warm countries 1 in the P hilippin e

, s , .
1 . ortula c a s t r u m L Damp alit

S .
p .
A fleshy p rostrate spreading branched herb the stems rooting at the

, , , ,
n odes often reddish , 20 to 5 0 cm in length with short ascending branches , , .
Leaves oblong l inear to linear green fleshy very thick 2 to 4 cm long

-
, , , , ,
the petioles short dil ated below and cl aspin g t h e stems by their thin margins
, .
F lowers small shortly pedic elled C alyx pink or red within the se gments
, .
,
5 to 6 mm long cuspidate C ap sule about 5 mm long , . .
A long the b anks of tidal streams etc M aypaj o fl : M a y an d prob ably in , .

, ,
other months ; along the seashore throughout the P hilippines M ost tropical .
an d subtropi cal seashores .
2 T R I A N T HE M A
. Linnaeu s
P rostrate ,
gl abrous or sl ightly hairy succulent branched annual herbs , , , .
Leaves petioled opposite in unequ al p airs entire ovate to obovate thei r

, , , , ,
petioles dil ated at the ba se and connected by their thin margins F lowers .
a xill ary small solitary sessile or pedicelled C alyx tub e short or long
, , , .
-
,
5 lobed Often colored within

-
, Stamens 5 o r more inserted near the top .
,
of the calyx tube Ovary free 1 or 2 celled ; styles 1 or 2; ovules 1 to

-
.
,
-
many C apsule thin or cori aceou s cl avate to obovate circu m sciss ( Greek
.
, , .
“
thre e an d flower from the a rrangement of the flowers in some speci es )
” “
, .
Species about 1 0 tropical and subtropi cal a singl e one in t h e Philippines , , .
1 . T . L ( T m o n o gy n a T oston ( T a g ) ; A yam
P OR T U L A CA S T R U M . .
Gl abrou s or nearly so the b ranches up to 60 cm or more in length ,

.
Le a ves obovate 1 to 5 cm long F lowers a xill ary solitary sessile the

, .
, , ,
calyx lobes oblong mu cron ate 4 to 5 mm long pink imbri cate Stamens
-
, , , , .
about 1 5 S tyle simple C ap sule 5 to 6 mm lon g tru ncate ; seeds about 1 0

. .
, ,
small ( F l F ilip p l 1 65 T o b co r d a t a )
. . . .
, . .
In open waste pl a ces cultivat ed l ands etc fl A ug—M ar ; in and about ,

.
, . . .
towns in the P hilippines A ll tropical countries . .
3 . M OL L U G 0 Linnaeus
S p reading
or ascending b ranched herbs the leaves entire alternate , , ,
opposite or whorled fleshy F lower s s m a ll axillary sessi le or pedicelled

, , .
‘
, , ,
in c l usters cymes or racemes S epal s 5 p ersi stent Stamen s 3 to 5

, , .
, . ,
rarely many the staminodes small o r none Ovary free 3 to 5 celled ;

,
.
,
-
ovules many a xill ar y ; styles 3 to 5 C apsule enclosed by the sep al s

,
. ,
membranaceou s loculi ci dally 3 to 5 valved ( Old Latin n ame f o r some

,
-
.
soft pl ant ) .
Species about 1 2 in tropical and subtropical countries 3 in the P hilip ,
pines .
Densely pubescent 1 . M lo t o i d es
.
Glabrou s 2 M . . o p p o s i t i fo li a
2 P . ole r a c ea L G ola s i m a n ( T a g ) ; Purslane . .
A n annual p rostrate or spreading su cculent b ranched herb q uite

, , , ,
glabrous 1 0 to 5 0 cm l ong the stems Oft en purpl ish Leaves fleshy flat
, , .
, ,
obtuse Oblong obova te base cuneate 1 to

,
-
cm long Flowers in sessile , , .
,
axill ary an d terminal f ew fl o wer ed heads the heads solitary or cymose ,

-
, ,
the buds comp ressed Petals 5 yellow about as long as the sepal s S t a .
, , .
mens 8 to 1 2 ( F l F ilip p l
'
. . .
I n Open wa s t e places , very common fl all the year ; throughout t h e , .
Phi l ippines A ll temperate an d tropi ca l countries

.
.
3 . P . I F I DA L
Q U A DR .
A slender p rostrate annu al succulent plant the stems Often rootin g

, , , ,
at the nodes t h e noda l appendages pilose Leaves ovate elliptic about 5

, .
-
,
mm lon g subsessi l e F l owers small terminal solitary , surrounded by a

, .
, ,
4leaved involu cre an d cop iou s white hairs

-
Pet a l s 4 yellow .
, .
C ementerio de l N ort e Pasay etc i n waste p l aces fl a ll t h e year ; of l oca l , , .

, , .
o ccu rrence i n the Philippines an d a pp arently introdu ced T ropica l A si a and .
A f rica .
48 B A S E L L A C E A E
.
( B A SE L L A OR L I BA T O F A M I L Y )
T wining ,
gl ab rous h erbaceous vines mor e o r l ess succulent Leaves , , .
a l t ernate entire Inflores cence axillary spicate or racemose Flowers

, .
, .
sma l l perfect 2 bra cteol ate Sep al s 2 more or l ess adna t e t o the coroll a
, ,
-
.
, .
C oro ll a lobe s 5 nearly fr ee or mor e or less united

-
, St a men s 5 ; anth ers .
vers atile Ovary free 1 celled 1 ov uled F ru it indehi scent dry or fleshy
.
,
-
,
-
.
,
surrounded by t h e p erianth .
G enera 5 s pecies about 1 4 mostly in tropical A meri ca 2 genera and 2

, , ,
sp ecies in t h e Philippines both introduced , .
Sep al s not winged ; filaments erect in bu d 1 . B a s ella

S ep a l s b roadly winged down t h e b ac k ; fi l aments re cu r v ed in bud .
2 A n r ed er a
.
1 . BA S E L L A Linnaeus
su ccu l en t glabrous twining vine Leaves alternate entire F l owers
A , , .
, .
in axi l l ar y s pik es white or r ed smal l B racteoles minute caducous Se

, , .
'
, .
p a l s 2 conn a t e not keel ed C oro ll a 5 fi d , somewhat fl es h y t h e l obes erect

, , .
-
, ,
o btus e Sta m en s 5 i ns ert ed on t h e coroll a tub e F i l am ents straight i n

.
,
-
.
bud Ovar y globose ; s tyles 3 connat e at t h e b a se ; sti gmas l inear cl avate

.
,
-
.
Fruit a globos e utricl e enclosed in and adn ate to t h e p eri anth ( A M a l abar .
nam e ) .
A s in gl e variable species foun d in most tropical countries its ori gina l ,
h om e uncert ain possibly tropi ca l A sia , .
1 . B . L Liba t o
R U BR A .
A succulent branched glabrous twi ning herbaceou s vine reac hing a

, , , , ,
length of several meters the stems green or purpl ish Leaves somewhat , .
fleshy ovate p etioled acumin ate b ase cordate to decurrent 5 to 1 2 cm

, , , , ,
l on g Sp i k es axill ary solitary, 5 to 20 cm l o ng F lowers pink about 4

.
, .
,
m m l ong Fru it ovoi d or globos e 5 to 6 mm long ( F l F ilip p l

.
, . . . .
Occasional i n waste p l aces escaped from cultivation fl most of the , , .
year ; throughout the Philippines but certainly introduced her e In most .
tropical countries wil d o r cultivated possibly a n ative of India , ,

.
N YM P HA E A CE A E 201
2 A N DR E D E R A J
. u s s i eu
scandent glabrous annual vine from fleshy tuberous roots Leaves

A , ,
.
somewhat fleshy entire R acemes axillary F lowers smal l perfect the

, . .
, ,
bra cteoles small Sep al s 2 boat shaped en closing the corolla broadly
.
,
-
, ,
k eeled down the back C orolla deeply 5 p arted thin Stamens 5 the .
-
, .
,
fil aments r efl ex ed in bud Ovary small rounded ; styles 3 somewhat con .

, ,
n ate at the base U tricl e ovoi d or globose included in the perianth

.
,
.
A monotyp i c genu s of tropi cal A me rica introduced in the P hilippines ,

.
1 . A . S CA N DE N S ( L ) M oq . .
A glabrou s ,
somewhat su cculent herbaceous annu al vine from l arge , , ,
fleshy tuberous roots S tems green or purpl ish slender Leaves shining
, .
, .
,
somewhat fleshy ovate to Oblong ovate obtu se to shortly acuminate 5 to

,
-
, ,
1 0 cm long R acemes axill ary solitary erect usu ally simple 1 2 to 20

.
, , , ,
c m l on g F lowers numerou s pale greeni sh 3 m m lon g the sepal s broadly

.
,
-
,
.
,
winged down the ba ck .
C ommon in thickets along roadsi des etc fl A u g — N o v A native of tro , .

, . .
pical A merica n ow thoroughly naturalized in an d about M anila but not

, ,
reported from any other p art of the Orient .
49 N Y M P HA E A C E A E
.
( W A T E R L I L Y OR L AUAS F A M I L Y)
qu atic perennia l herbs often from stout rootsto cks the l eaves usually
A , ,
floating often pel tate Flowers solitary Often sho wy on elongated scapes
, .
, , ,
floating on the surface Of the water or raised above the surface S ep als .
3 to 5 free Petal s 3 t o many free hypo gynou s or adnate to the fleshy

, .
, ,
disk Stamen s many C arpel s 3 or more free or conn ate o r irregularly

. .
, ,
sun k in pits in the fleshy disk ; ovules f ew or many F ruit of free and .
indehiscent carpels or the carpels more or l ess united or sometimes of the

, ,
enlarged fleshy disk bearing the nut like c arpel s sunk in its crown S eeds -
.
naked Or arill ate ,

.
Genera 8 species about 50 in all temperate an d tropical regions 2

, , ,
genera an d 3 or 4 species in the P hilippines .
1 . CA ST A L I A S ali sbury
Herb s
of f r esh water , the roo t s to cks l arge creeping F lowers on elon , .
gated scapes usually floating rarely borne above the surface of the water
, ,
.
Sep al s 4 Peta l s white or colored i n several to many series the inner

.
, ,
ones gradually smaller an d transformed into stamens Fil aments petal .
like ; anthers linear C arpels many in one series sunk i n the fleshy disk.
, , ,
crowned by the radiating sti gmas ; ovul es many F ruit a spongy berry .
ripening un der water ( A fountain of Greek mythology ) . .
S pecies about 25 i n all warm countries 2 i n the Philippines , .
1 . C . ST E L L A TA ( Willd ) Waterlily . B lume ( N y m p h a ea s t ella t a .
Leaves ovate to suborbicul ar entire rounded slightly peltate b ase , , , ,
deeply cordate 1 5 to 25 cm long often purpli sh beneath glabrous F lowers

, , , .
fragrant white about 8 cm in diameter Sepal s green with f ew purpl e

, , .
,
dashes acuminate Petal s linear Oblong to l anceol ate

, .
-
.
In sta gn ant pool s of fresh water M al ate rare fl S ep t —N o v ; in the , , , . .
Philippines known only from M anil a certainl y introduced T ropic al A sia ,

.
and A frica .
C .
p u b esce n
s ( Willd ) B lume ( L a u a s i s of wide distributio n in
.
,
the Philippines differing in many ch aracters from the above but es

, ,
pec i a lly in its leaves being pubescent beneath ; it does not occur in our
area T h e lotu s ( N elum bi u m s p ec i o s um Will d ) ( B a i n o T a g ) occur s
. .
, .
in Laguna de B a y and its flowers are occ asionally sol d in M anila

, .
50 . C E R A T OP HY L L A C E A E ( C E R A T OP HYLLU M OR I N A TA
F A M IL Y)
S ubme rged ,
sl ender monoecious herbs gr owing in fresh water the , ,
l eaves whorl ed cleft into slen der toothed lob es F lower s minute axill a r y ,
, , .
,
sessile the perianth or i n v o luc r e of 6 to 1 2 n arrow 2 fi d s egments M ale

,
'
, ,
-
.
flowers with 20 to 30 stamens F emale flowers with a sessil e ovoid .

, ,
1 celled ovary ; styl e subul ate ; ovule solitary

-
F r uit a small cori aceo us .
, ,
ovoi d or ellip soi d compressed nut term inated by t h e style

, , .
A single genus with 3 species of w id e di stribution in fr esh water in

temperate an d tropica l regions of the worl d a sin gl e sp ecies in the ,
Philippines .
1 C E R A T OP HY L L U M Linnaeu s .
'
C h a r a c t er s of the F amily .
( F rom the Gree k horn and “
le a f .
1 . C . d eme r s um
L Inata .
S tems long branched slender submerged densely leafy

, Leaves , , , .
to cm long whorled the se gm ents spreading when submerged l in ear

, , , ,
toothed Segments of the p eri anth subul ate F ruit vari able with t wo .
,
horn s at the base .
P a sig R iver not uncommon floating down from Lak e B a y ; wi del y

,
distribute d in the P hilippines M ost temperate an d tropic al regions . .
51 . R A N UN C UL A CE A E ( C L E M A T I S F A M I L Y)
nnu al or perennial Often suffrutescent herb s somet i mes climbing
A , .
Leaves opposite or alternate simple or compound entire toothed o r l obed , , , , .
F lower s regula r i n ou r gener a perf ect or 1 sexual Sep al s 5 or mor e ,

-
. .
R arely fewer valvate or imbricate deciduous sometimes petaloi d

, Petal s , , .
none or 3 to 5 or more hypogyn ous sometimes small S tamens h yp o gy

, , , .
nous usu ally m any C arpel s usu ally many free 1 c elled e a ch with 1
, .
, ,
-
,
or more ovul es F ruit of numerou s 1 seeded achenes Often ta i l ed or

.
-
,
otherwi se appen daged .
Genera 30 species about in all p arts of t h e worl d 5 gen era and

, ,
1 0 species in the Philippines mostly at medium or higher a l titudes ,

.
1 . N A R A V E L lA DeC a n d o lle
C limbing ,
herb aceous or shrubby pl ants Leaves opposite 3 foliol at e or .
,
-
2 foliolate the termina l l eaflet u sually transformed into a tendril

-
,
F lowers .
axilla ry sol itary or r acemose long peduncled Sep al s 4 or 5 Petal s 6

, ,
-
. .
to longer than the sep als A chenes n arrow stipitate beaked or .

, ,
crowned with the long bear ded styles ( N amed from the an cient city .
“
Of Gour in B en gal )
”
.
Species 3 Indi a t o M al aya 2 in the P hilippines

, ,
.
1 . N err
. R olf e
lo h er i M . .
A slender herbaceous slightly pubescent vine becoming nearly o r

, , ,
quite glabrous Leaves with 2 ovate to oblong ovate 5 nerved somewhat

.
,
-
,
-
,
2 T I N OS P OR A
. M iers
C limbing
vines with very bitter sap and warty stems Leaves deciduous .
,
thin entire p almately 3 to 5 nerved R acemes l ateral slender M al e

, ,
-
.
, .
flowers : S ep al s 6 Petal s 6 rarely 3 cuneate ovate to subcorda t e S tamens

.
, ,
-
.
6 ; fil aments flattened F emal e flowers : S epal s about as in the males . .
P etal s minute sp atul ate Oblon g S taminodes 6 , Ovaries 3 free erect ; -

. .
, ,
styles short Drupes 3 o r fewer by abortion compressed stipitate globose

.
, , , ,
or ellip soid the endoc arp dorsally convex ventrally fl at or slightly con cave
, , .
( From the Old Latin name of Vi b ur n um t i n u s and the Greek

Species 24 tropical A si a an d to M al aya an d A u stral ia 1 in the P hil
, ,
i p p i n es .
1 . r eti c ul a t a Miers M a c a b uh a y
T . .
A very bitter climbing dioeciou s vine reaching a height of 4 to 1 0 m

, , ,
the branches pendulous all p arts gl abrous t h e stems up to 1 cm thick , , ,
somewhat fleshy with s cattered p rotube rances Leaves thin ov ate acu
, .
, ,
minate bas e trun cat e or somewhat cordate gl abrous shining 6 to 1 2 cm

, , , ,
l ong base 5 nerved ; petio l es

,
-
to 6 cm l ong R ac emes sol ita r y or in .
p airs from the a xil s of fallen leaves p ale green slender 1 0 to 20 cm long ,
-
, , .
M al e flowers p ale green short pedicelled Outer three sepal s -

mm long ,
-
.
,
the inner three 4 to 5 mm l ong Drupes 7 to 8 mm l ong . .
In dry thickets common B a li n t a u a c to Fort M c Ki n ley fl M a n M a y ;

, , , .
-
widely distributed in the P hilippines E ndemic . .
3 . C I S S A M P E L OS Linn aeus
Scandent s l ender su ff rutescent or woody vines the leaves ovate some
, , , ,
times pe l ta t e M al e flowers in a xill ar y cymes small S epals u su a lly 4

.
, .
,
erose Petal s 4 connate Stamens 4 conn ate su rroun ding t h e apex of

.
'
, .
, ,
t h e staminal column F emal e flowers r acemed fa sci cul ate in the axil s of
-
.
,
leaf y bra cts S ep al s 2 or sep a l 1 and peta l 1 2 nerved Ovary 1 ; style

.
, ,
-
.
short F ruit gl obose fl es hy l seeded ( Greek ivy an d grap e

.
”
, ,
-
.
S pecies 21 in all tropi cal countries a single vari abl e one in the P hilip
, ,
pines .
1 . C i L Si n s a o s i n s a oa n
.
pa r e r a .
-
S candent slender more or l ess pubes cent or nearly gl abrou s 3 to 4 m

, , ,
high or of i ndefinite len gth Leaves ovat e to orbi cul ar ovate Oft en broader
, .
-
,
than long 2 to 7 cm lon g a cu t e u sually api cul ate bas e broad somewhat
, , , , ,
cordate or subtruncate usu ally slightly peltate M ale panicles slender 3 , .

,
to 6 cm long h airy u sually diffuse the flowers very small greenish F emale
, , , , .
r acemes 2 to 6 cm l ong t h e b ra ct s green r eniform 1 to cm l ong broad er , , , ,
than l ong Fruit fleshy globose red 5 to 7 mm i n di amete r somewhat

.
, , , ,
pubescent ( F l F ilip p l . . . .
I n thickets flowering at interv al s throughout the y ear ; common and

,
widely di stributed in the Philippines A ll tropi cal countries . .
53 . M A G N OL I A C E A E ( M A GN OL I A OR C H A M P A CA F A M I L Y )
T rees
or shrubs sometimes scandent with altern ate simple entire , , , ,
o r toothed l eaves S tipules l arge sm all o r wanting F lowers yellow .

, , .
or white fragrant axill ary and termin al solitary perfect Sep al s an d

, , , , .
petal s similar deciduou s thin arranged in whorl s of threes Stamens

, , ,
.
numerou s many seri ate hypogyn ous ; anthers adna t e introrse C arpel s
,
-
, ,
.
many free or p artly cohering in one whorl or on an elongated axis ;

,
AN ON A CE A E 205
ovules 2 o r more F ruit of several to many follicles or berry l i k e .

,
-
,
arranged in a whorl or on an elongated cone S eeds sol itary o r f ew some .

,
times pendulous from a l ong funicle .
Genera 9 sp ecies about 80 chiefly natives of the mountains of trop ic al

, ,
'
and temperate A sia an d of the eastern U nited S tates a few i n M a l aya ,
and A ustrali a 5 genera and about 1 5 species in the P hilippines

, .
1 . M I C HE L I A Linnaeus
T ress
with alternate simple enti re leaves the stipules large sheathing , , , ,
the buds deciduou s Flowers axill ary solita ry y ellow or white very
, .
, , ,
fragr a nt Sep al s and petal s similar 9 to 1 5 o r more 3 o r more s eri ate

.
, ,
-
,
deciduous Stamens numerous many seriate ; fil aments fl at ; anthers

.
,
-
a dnate C arpe l s many on an elongated axis ; sti gm a decu rrent ; ovu l es

.
,
2 o r more F ruit a l ax or dense elongated S pike of coriaceous dorsall y

.
,
dehiscing carpel s S eeds pendulou s from t h e carpel s by a long cord ( In

. .
honor Of P A M icheli an ea rly Ital ian botanist )

. .
, .
S pecies about 1 5 Indi a to C hina and M al aya 2 introduced and one or , ,
t wo indigenous speci es in the Philippines .
Flowers deep yellow -

. 1 . M . c h a m p a ca
F lowers white 2 M . . lo n gi f o li a
*
1 M C H A M P A CA L S a m p a c a or champaca ( S p
. . . .
A small tree t h e y oung branchlets app ress ed pubescent

, Leaves ova t e -
.
lanceol ate to Oblong l anceo l ate gradua l ly n arrowed upward to t h e l ong -

,
a cumin ate apex 1 2 t o 20 cm l ong to 6 cm wide F l ow ers y ellowish

, .
brown ve r y fragr ant 4 to 5 cm long ; perianth segments usu ally 1 5 to

, ,
20 Ovaries pubesc ent

.
( Fl Filip p l . . . .
Introdu ced from Indi a o r Mal aya and only cultiva t ed in t h e Phi l ippines ,
not S pontaneous ; occa sional in M anil a fl J un e—Dee and probably in , .

,
ot h er months .
*
2 . M . L ON GI F L OR A B lume . C h a m p a c a n g—puti
small tree wi th elliptic ovate to ellipti c oblong leaves up to 20 cm
A - -
,
l ong an d 9 cm wide F lowers white . .
Introduced an d occasionally cultivated i n Manila fl S ept and other , . .

,
months ; a native of J ava .
T h e fruits of I lli ci um a n i s a t um L the star anise locally known as .

,
-
,
s a n ki a r e imported from C hin a in considerable quantities and are sol d

,
in the local m arkets T h e S pecies however does not grow in the Phil .
,
I pp I n es .
5 4 A N ON A
. CE A E ( C U S T A R D A P P L E OR L AN U T A N F A M I L Y)
T rees
or shrubs sometimes scandent Leaves al t ernate exstipul a t e , .
, ,
simpl e entire F lowers perfect Sepal s 3 free or connate u sually va l

, . .
, ,
vate P etal s 6 hypo gynous 2 S eri ate o r t h e inner absent S tamens many
.
, ,
-
, .
,
h yp ogynous closely p acked on the torus ; fil aments S hort or none ; anthers

,
a dnate the conne ctive produced into an Obl ong or truncate hea d Ova ries
, .
one or more free or u nited ; sti gmas distinct ; style none o r ve r y sho rt ;
,
o v ules 1 o r more F ru it of 1 or more sessile or stalked 1 to many

.
, ,
seeded fleshy indehiscent carpel s rarely d ry an d dehiscent

, , , .
Genera about 45 species 500 chiefly i n the tropics Of the Old Worl d , , ,
about 20 gener a an d 80 specie s kno wn from the Philippines .

1 . S can dent shru bs .
2 Petal s sp reading broad flat not covering the anthers

. 1 , , , . U ba r i a
2 Petal s inflated at the base conniving and coverin g the anthers
.
, .
2 A r t a bo t r y s
.
1 . E rect shrubs or trees .
2 . Inner petal s very different from the ou t er ones ; ovul es sol itary in
each c arp el ; fruit l arge fleshy of many conn ate ca r pel s edible , , , .
3 A n on a .
2 . Inner petal s similar to the outer ones or wanting , .
3 Ovules many 2 seriate ; petal s long l anceol ate

. 4 C a n a n gi um
,
-
, .
3 Ovu les 2 to 6 1 seri ate on the ventral suture

.
, 5 U n on a-
.
3 Ovules 2 ba sal
.
, .
1 . U V A R I A Linnaeu s
S can dent S hrub s u sually more or l ess stell at e pubescent Flowers ter -
.
minal l eaf Opposed or extra axillary cymos el y fas cicled or solitary S epa l s
,
-
,
-
, .
3 densely pubescent
, Petals 6 orbicul ar imbri cate in 2 rows S preading .
, , , .
S tamens indefinite ; top of the connectives trun cate Ovaries many , linear .
ob l ong ; ovules man y 2 seriate rarely few or 1 seriate R ipe carpels ,

-
,
-
.
fleshy usually many seeded ( Latin grape from the resembl an ce of the
,
”
-
.
“
,
fruit of some species ) .
A l arge genus chiefly of trop ic al A si a and M alaya about 1 2 known to

, ,
o ccu r in the Philippines a single one in Our area , .
1 . U
ufa B lume S usong cal abao
. r .
-
A scandent shrub Often 5 t o 6 m in length the younger p art s an d lower ,
surfa ces of the leaves rather densely and softly pubescent with s t ell ately
arranged rusty short hai rs Leaves Oblong ovate to ob long l an ceol ate 8
, , .
- -
,
to 1 6 c m long , apex acuminate b ase rounded o r cord a te the p etiol es ver y , ,
short Flowers extra axill ary , s ol itary or 2 or 3 in dep auperate cymes

.
-
usuall y about to 2 cm in di ameter F ruits fleshy, red when mature . .
( F l Filip p l 1 9 5 U p ur p ur ea )
. . .
, . .
In thickets La Loma to Guadalupe fl M ay—July ; rather widel y dis

, , .
tributed in the Philippines at low altitudes ; M alay A r chipel ago

'
2 A R T A B OT R Y S R
. . B rown
S candent
shrubs with S hining leaves F lowers mostly sol itary usually .
,
on woody mostly hooked recurve d peduncles S ep als 3 va l vate Petal s

, , .
, .
6 in 2 series thei r bases conc a ve connivent t h e limb s spr eading flat or

, , , ,
terete S tamens m any obl ong or cuneate the conn ectiv es truncate or
'
.
, ,
produced T oru s flat or convex Ovaries f ew or many ; style oblong ;

. .
” ”
ovul es 2 erect R ipe carpel s fleshy ( Greek j oint an d panicle in allu
, . .
“ “
,
sion to the pecul iar inflorescence ) .
S pecies about 25 tropi cal A fri ca A sia and M al aya about 4 in t h e , , , ,
Philippines a single introduced one i n our area ,

.
*
1 . I A ( Lam ) Merr (A Od o r a t i s s i m us R
. U N C N A TU S Ilang ilang . . . .
-
(16: C hin a ( S p
A S candent woody shrub g

.
l abrous or nearly so 3 to 4 m in len gth , ,

.
Leaves Oblong ellipti c to oblong l anceolate acumin ate b ase acute 9 to 1 6

- -
, , ,
cm long F lowers yellow fragrant solitary or in p airs Sepal s gr een

.
, , .
,
s hort ovate connat e below Petals elliptic Oblong to ovate l anceol ate above - -
.
, ,
3 . A L A t es ( S p
. S ugar A pple
S Q U A M OS A . . .
A small tree 3 to 5 m high Le aves somewhat pubescent when young .

,
oblong obtuse acute or obs cu rely acuminate, 8 t o 1 5 cm l ong ; peti oles 1

, , ,
to cm long F lowers axill ary solita ry about . cm l on g ; pendulou s , , ,
pubes cent 3 angled greenish white or yellowish F ru it s omewhat hea r t

,
-
,
-
.
shaped or ovoid l arge fleshy pal e or gl au cou s when m ature edible 6 to

, , , , ,
9 cm long the outsi d e roughened by the ends of t h e carpel s

, ( F l F ilip . . .
pl .
C ommonly
culti v ated fl most of t h e year ; wi dely di stributed i n t h e , .
P hilippines and subspontan eo us A native of trop i cal A meri ca introdu c ed .

,
in the Philippines at an early date by the S pani ards ; now found in most
tropi cal countries .
4 C A N A N G I U M B ail l on .
T r ees
with rather l arge leaves somewhat droop in g b ranches an d l ar ge ,
a xill ar y fasci cled flowers S ep al s 3 ovate v a lva t e P etal s 6 2 s eri ate

, .
, , .
,
-
subequal long fl at Stam ens linear anth er c ell s app r oxi mate extrors e ;
, , .
,
-
,
connective produ ced into a lanceol ate acut e p ro cess Ovaries many ; ovu l es , .
num erous 2 S eri ate F r uit fl eshy cylin dri c Oblong sta l k ed ; seeds many ,
,
-
.
,
-
,
the testa c ru sta ceous pitted ( From the M alay n am e of on e s p eci e s )

, . .
T wo or three species confined to M alaya a sing l e o n e in t h e Phi l ippines , .
1 . o d o r a tum ( Lam )
C . o d o r a t a Hk f . Il ang , . .
il ang
A medium sized to rather l arg e tree t h e branches somewhat droopin g
-
, .
Leaves oblong ova t e apex a cumin ate b ase u su ally rounded 1 2 to 20 c m

-
, ,
long u sually S l ightly pubescent beneath F l owers very fr agrant greenish

, .
, ,
soon tu rn ing yellowish pendulous their pedicel s 1 to cm l ong elonga t ed

, , ,
in fruit S ep al s o v ate pubescent Petals somewhat pubescent l anceol at e

.
, .
, ,
4 to 6 cm long to 1 cm wide F ruit fleshy Oblong cylindric , green or

, .
,
-
olivac eous 2 cm long ( Fl F ilip p l 221 C a n a n ga o d o r a t a )

, . . . .
, .
Very c ommonly cultivat ed in M anila fl al l t h e y ear , the flower s bei n g , .
di sti ll ed in large qu antities for t h e valu abl e perfum e Oi l kno wn a s i l ang -
ilang ; throughout t h e Phil ippin es cultivated an d i ndigenous a s cend i n g , ,
to at least 700 m in for ests A v a T enasserim and Java ; pl anted in many .

, ,
other tropical c ountries .
5 . U N ONA Linnaeu s
rect or sc an dent shrubs or trees Flowers u s ua lly solit a ry ax i llary ,
'
E .
,
extr a axill ary or leaf Opposed S ep al s 3 Petal s 6 2 s eriate S ta m en s

-
,
-
. .
,
-
.
cuneate ; anther cell s l inear extrorse top of the connective subgl obose o r , ,
tru ncate Ov aries numero u s ; sty le ovoi d or Oblong recu rved grooved ;
.
, ,
ovu les u su al ly 5 or 6 1 S eri ate R ip e carpels many el onga t e d and con

,
-
.
,
s t r i c t ed between the seeds ( A ltered from A n o n a another g enu s of t h e .

,
family ) .
Species about 50 trop ical A si a and A f ri ca about 7 known from the

, ,
Philippines ; one introduced in our a rea .
1 I. U I ( Lour ) DC
. CH N E N S S . .
(U . d i s c o lo r Vahl ) .
A n erect S hrub or a smal l tr ee Leaves 8 t o 1 5 cm lon g ob l ong t o

.
,
oblon g ova t e apex a cumina t e

-
, , b as e rounded nearl y gl a brous the l ower , ,
su rfa ce when dry somewhat , , gl au cou s P edun cles extra axill ary about
.
-
,
L A U R A CE A E 209
5 cm long l fl o w er ed with a lanceol ate 2 cm l o n g b ract below the middle

,
-
, , .
S epal s ovate l anceol ate acuminate about -

cm long P etal s somewh at , ,
.
pubescent yellow fragrant 4to 5 cm long C a rpel s numerou s monil iform

, , , .
, ,
2 to 5 cm long stalked ea ch j oint with a single seed , ,

.
I have seen a single specimen of this collected in M anila but have never ,
seen the living pl ant ; introduc ed here although apparentl y indigenou s i n ,
Pa l awan India to M al aya . .
6 . P OL Y A L T HA B lume
Erect shr ub s o r trees F lO

wer s leaf Opposed solitary S epa l s 3 P etal s .
-
, . .
6 2 seri ate ovate or elongated flat

,
-
, S tamens cuneate ; anther cells ex , .
-
t r o r s e remote
, Ovaries many ; ovules 1 or 2 basal and erect or subba sa l
.
,
”
and a scending ( Greek many an d to heal from supposed medicina l
”
.
“ “
,
p roper ties of some s p ecies ) .
S pecies about 50 most l y tropic al A si a an d M al aya a f ew in A fri ca and

, ,
A u s tralia about 1 5 in the Philippines

,
.
1 . P . s u b er o s a ( R oxb ) . B enth . Hook . f . T a gp ut a gp u a n , Duh a t d uh a t a n
Ahrub or small tre e 2 to 4 m h i gh the branch lets sl igh tly pub es c ent
S , .
Leaves ob l ong to n arrowl y obo va t e oblong sub ac u t e, blunt or s om ewhat -

,
rounded at the apex 5 to 1 1 cm long sligh t l y pubes cent b en e at h t h e , , ,
peti ol es very short Flow ers p al e yellow so li ta r y 1 c m l ong or less th ei r

.
-
, , ,
ped i c el s l eaf opposed slen de r , 1 t o 2 c m l ong the sepal s a n d p etal s sligh t l y

-
, ,
pubescent F ruits numerou s ovoid or globos e purp l e fleshy edib le 4 t o

.
, , , , ,
5 mm l on g ( F l F ilip p l 1 93 P h a ea u t h u s m a la ba r i c us )
. . . .
,
.
Occasional i n thick ets etc fl all the year ; widel y distributed in t h e .

, .
Philipp i n es at low a l titudes Indi a . .
55 . L A UR A CE A E (L A U R E L OR B A T I C U L ING F A M I LY )
T rees
o r S hrub s with opposit e alterna t e or somewhat whor l ed ex , , ,
stipul ate l eaves o r ( C a s s y t h a ) l e afl ess p ara sitic herb aceous vines F l ow

, , , , .
ers small regular perfect or un i n s ex ua l an d monoeci ou s or dioeciou s

, , , ,
axil l ary u sually panicul ate sometimes spicate Peri anth wi th a S hort
, ,
.
tube the segments 3 to 8 usually 6 Often deciduous S tamens 6 to 30

, , , .
,
usua l ly 9 in 3 or more rows inserted on the peri anth tube ; fi l aments fl a t

, ,
-
tened sometimes with gl ands near the ba se ; anthers 2 or 4celled opening

,
-
,
b y up cu rvi ng lids Ova ry superior 1 c ell ed with a solita ry ovule p en

-
.
,
-
,
d ulo u s from t h e top Fruit dry or fleshy often su rrounded at t h e b a s e

.
,
by the persi stent peri anth t ube S eed solitary p endulou s emb ryo l a r ge
'
-
.
, , ,
co ty l edon s pla n O convex endosperm none -

, .
Gener a 47 S pecies more than , warmer p arts of both hemi sp h er es ,
chiefly tropical about 1 2 genera and 75 species in the Philippine

,
s
1 . S hrubs or trees .
2 Perianth persistent in fru it ; fruits smal l

. .
3 Leaves and bark ve ry aromatic ; l eav es mostly 3

. or 5 nerved ; -
flowers not 1 C i n n a m o m um .
3 Leaves an d bark not or but slightly a romatic ; leaves penninerved ;

.
flowers involucrate 2 L i t s ea .
2 Peri anth deciduous ; fruit large fleshy edible

.
3 P er s ea ,
.
1 . T wi ning l eafless yellow brown p arasitic slender vines

,
4 C a s s y th a
,
-
, ,
.
1 1 1 5 55— 14
1 . C I N N A M OM U M B lum e
T rees
with opposi t e cori aceous 3 nerved leaves an d very a romatic bark , ,
-
,
and t wigs Flowers small often unisexual i n axill ary or subte rmina l
.
, ,
p ani cles or racemes P eri anth tube short cup sh aped o r camp anul a t e, the
.
-
,
-
segments 6 either deciduou s or persi stent an d enl argin g in fruit S t a

, .
men s 9 in 3 rows ; anthers 4celled Of the fi rst two rows introrse of t h e

,
-
, ,
thi rd r o w extrors e a fourth r ow represente d by 3 s agittate sta minodes

, .
F ru it small ovoid surrounded at t h e base b y t h e enl arged persi s t ent

, , ,
.
perianth ( From the A rabi c n am e of cinnamon )

. .
Species about 50 4 to 5 i n t h e Philippines a s ingl e introduced on e in

, ,
our ar ea .
i s
1 . C . Z E YL A N I C U M ( L ) Bl
. . C anela C innamon .
Asmal l tree gl abrou s except the fin ely silk y pub esc ent buds Leaves
,
-
.
cori ac eo us , shini ng 8 to 1 5 cm lon g ova l o r ov a l l anceol a t e bas e acute

, ,
-
, ,
apex a cuminat e s trongly 3 o r 5 n erved Pani c l es usually about as long

,
-
.
a s the leaves mostly clustere d in t h e upp er a xi l s Flowers numerous

, .
,
p a l e yellow s ma l l pubes cent outsid e with gr ayi sh h airs F ru it about 1

-
, , .
c m l ong oblong ovoi d dry or S light l y fleshy surrounded by t h e en l arged

,
-
, ,
perianth the p eri a nth segments p er s is t ent

,
-
.
Oc casion ally cultivate d i n M anil a fl M ay—A ug, an d prob ably in ot h e r , .
months ; introdu ced from Indi a or C eylon .
I n a ddition t o t h e abov e t h e camphor tr ee [C ca m p h o r a ( L ) N e es ! a .

'
, .
,
n ativ e of C hin a and Fo r mo s a i s r epresented in our ar ea by youn g speci ,
mens cultivated in Si n ga lon .
2 L ITSE A
. Lam a rc k
T re es
with p enninerv ed a l t ernate l eav es and r a th er small , dio ecious ,
flow ers crowded in small glomeru les or umb el s each umb el subten ded b y ,
4 conc a v e imbri cat e bracts which look lik e s ep al s fo r min g a n involucr e , ,
t h e glomerules or umbel s umb ell ate ly or racemos ely arranged a xill ary P er , .
i a n t h tub e l on g or short
-
Stam ens in severa l rows t h e inne r most ones mor e .
,
o r l ess imp erf ect ; anthers all i ntrorse 4ce l l ed F ru it gl obos e or ovoi d ,
-
.
,
oft en fleshy , s ea t ed on the cup S haped en l arged p eri anth tub e ( F ro m the -
,
-
.
C h ines e n a m e of on e sp ecies ) .
Species mor e th an 1 00 in t h e In do M a l ayan region 25 o r more in t h e ,

-
,
Ph i l ippines t wo i n our a r ea , .
Heads or umbel s of flowers solita ry or umbella t e ; l eaves very densely and

softly pubescent 1 L glu t i n o s a . .
Heads or umbel s racemosely di s pos ed ; leav es glabrou s or only S l igh tl y

‘
pubescent 2 L p er r o t t et i i . .
1 . t gluti n os a ( Lour ) C B R o b
s ca Puso puso . . . .
-
A tree 1 0 m high or less t h e young p arts usually mor e or less s oft ly ,
pubescent Leaves ellipti c to oblon g elliptic u su ally softly pubescent 9

.
-
, ,
to 20 cm long U mbels in the upper axil s sol i t ary or umbella t e 1 to

.
, ,
cm in diam et er th eir peduncl es about 1 cm l ong containin g many smal l

, , ,
crowded yellowi sh flowers F ruit glob b o s e 8 mm in di amet er or l ess

, .
, .
( F l Filip p l 3 60 S ebi f er a glu t i n o s a )

. . .
,
.
Occasional M al a t e Pasay M asambong etc fl M ar —M ay ; wi dely dis

, , , .
, . .
tribu t e d in the Philippines at low altitu des an d in the Indo M alayan r egion -
generally .
2 L p er r o t t et i i ( B lume ) F Vill B acan ( Vi s M a gui li c B ati -

. . . . .
, ,
culing ( T a g ) ; Cub i la n
56
. HE R N A N D I A C E A E ( HE R N A N DI A F A M I L Y )
T rees , S hrubs , o r
woody vines with al t erna t e entire simple or 3 foliol ate , , ,
-
,
ex s t ipul ate leaves Inflorescence cymose or p ani cul ate axillary or termin al
.
,
.
F lowers regul ar perfect o r through abortion monoecious the peri anth

, , ,
s egments 3 to 1 0 valvate in t wo series or the coroll a wanting Stamens

, , ,
.
f ew inserted in a single r o w the fi la m en t s w i t h gl ands or staminodes at

, ,
t hei r b ase ; anthers introrse 2 celled openin g by recurved valves Ovary ,

-
,
.
inferior l celled with a S in gle pendulous ovule Fruit various inde

,
-
,
.
,
hi s cen t sometimes winged

, .
Genera 4 S pecies 27 in all tropi cal countries 3 genera an d 4 S pecies in

, , ,
the Phil ippines .
1 . I L L I GE R A B lume
C limbing hrubs with alternate 3 fo liolate l eaves t he leaflets entire

S ,
-
, .
I n flO r es cen c e axillary elongated l ax cymose F lowers 5 m er ous br a c

, , , .
-
,
t eola t e t h e calyx tube S hortly constricted above the ovary t h e l imb 5 lobed
, ,
-
.
Pet al s 5, va l vate Oblong a l tern ate with t h e calyx l obes and about a s long
, ,
-
.
Stamens 5 epi gyn ous the filaments wi th a p ai r of staminod es on each side

, ,
ne ar the ba se Ovary 1 cel led inferior 1 o v uled ; styl e simp l e fili f o r m ;

.
, ,
-
,
s t i gm a dil a t ed F ruit i ndehiscent with 2 broa d l ate ra l wings and f r e

.
, ,
quently with t wo additional keel s or narrow wings ( In honor of J K W

’
. . . .
I lli ger a Ge rm an naturalist )

, .
Species 1 3 1 i n A fric a the remaining 1 2 Indi a to southern C hi n a an d

, ,
F o rmosa southward to the M al ay Peninsul a an d A rchipel ago 2 in the ,
Phi l ippines .
luzo n ( Pres l ) Merr

'
L l. en s i s (I . . m ey en i an a
vi n e r eaching a
A 5 m nearly gl ab rous exc ept the som eheight of 4 to ,
wh a t pubescent younger p arts and inflorescence Leafl ets broadl y ovate .

,
so mewh at a cumina t e base rounded or slightly cordate 5 to 1 0 cm long, , .
C ymes axillary l ax up to 20 cm in len gth Flowers p inkish to purplish

, , .
r ed 8 t o 1 0 mm long
, F ruits somewhat 4 angled inclu ding t h e l ateral.
-
win gs 2 to 3 cm long 4 to 5 cm wi de t h e wi ngs rather thin rounded t h e

two addition al keel s or narrow wings betw een t h e broad ones 5 mm w
, , , ,
ide
o r l ess .
In thi ckets M asambong to Dil iman fl Sept — Oc t ; wi dely distributed

, , . . .
in the Philippines F ormosa . .
57 . P A P A VE R A C E A E ( P OP P Y F A M I L Y )
nnu a l herbs with yellow j uic e Leaves al t ernate se ssile sinua t e lob ed
A .
, ,
-
,
Sp iny Flowers l arge yellow perfect regul ar

. Sep a l s 2 or 3 Peta l s 4
, , , .
,
.
to 6 S t amen s indefinite Ovary 1 ce l led ; style s h ort ; stigm a 4 to 7 lob ed ;

. .
- -
o vu l es very man y on 4 to 7 p arieta l p l acentas C apsule deh i s cing at t h e .
t op by short valves ; seeds man y .
Genera 30 S pecies about 300 R epresented in the Philippines by a

, .
singl e introduced genus and species .
1 . A R G E M ON E L i nna eu s
of t h eF amily as gi ven above ( F rom a Gr ee k name si gnify
C haracters .
i n g a de seas e of t h e eye for which t h e j u i ce of a pl an t so ca ll ed w a s,
con s i der ed to b e a remedy ) .
Species 6 in tropical A meri ca 1 n ow found in many other countr i es ,

.
CR U CI F E R A E 21 3
1 . A .I CA N A L
ME X .
A n erect rather stout bran ched annual herb 1 m high o r l ess with
, , , ,
yellowi sh sap Lea v es 5 t o 1 5 cm long more or less va r i egate d With

.
,
gr een and white gl aucous the base broad half clasping the stem pro
, , ,
-
m i n en t ly S i nuate lobed spiny F lo weI s terminal yellow 4 to 5 cm i n , .

, ,
diameter C apsule spiny about 3 cm long ( Fl F ilip p l

.
, . . . .
Waste pl aces roadsides etc fl most of the yea r A native of tropical

, . . .
A meri ca introdu ced into the P hilippines at an early date and n o w wi de ly

,
di stributed ; tropi cs of the World .
58 . CR UCI F E R A E ( M U ST A R D OR M OST A Z A F A M I L Y )
Herbs
with watery often pun g ent j ui ce B asal leaves in a ros et te ,
, .
t h ose on the stem altern ate variou sly toothed or lobed o r entire Flower s , , .
racemose Sepal s 4 free the two l at eral ones Often large and saccate at
'
.
, ,
t h e base Petal s 4 free imbric ate S tamens u sually 6 the t wo outer

.
, , .
,
Opposi t e the l ateral sepals the 4 inner longer in opposite p ai rs Dis k ’
, , .
usually with 4 glands opposite the sepal s Ova ry 2 o r 1 celled ; styl es

'
- -
.
S hort o r none ; ovules u sually many an d 2 S eriate Fruit u su ally a 2 celled -

.
-
,
2 valved pod the valves d i c i d u o u s an d leaving the seeds on the pl acentas

-
, ,
or indehiscent or j oin t ed S eeds small , . .
Genera 21 8 species about mostly in the temperate regions of the

,
Old Worl d 4 genera and about 6 S pecies in the Philippines mostly i ni

, ,
t r o d u ced .
1 . P ods dehiscent .
2 S ee d 2 seriate ; c otyledons plane accumbent

.
-
, .
2 S eeds 1 S eria te ; cotyledons conduplic at e

.
-
.
.
1 . P ods indehi scent
1 . N A ST U R T IU M R . B rown
E rectimple or branched gl abrou s or hairy herbs Leave s entire lobe d

, S , .
,
or p i n n a t i fi d F lowers small yellow racemose Sepal s short spreading;

.
, , .
,
equal at the base Petal s short na r rowed below or wanting: S t a men s

.
, ,
2 4 or 6
, , Po d slender cylindric S hort or long S eeds s m all 1 s er ia t e
.
, , .
,
-
,
the cotyledons accumbent ( Latin name of a strongly scented cress f ro m .

,
“
nose an d to t wi st
” “
.
S pecies about 20 in temperate and tropi cal countries 1 in the P hil ,
i p p i n es .
1 . I N DI CU M DC
N . .
A n erect usually bran ched nearly glabrous herb 20 t o 4

, 0 cm hi gh .
Le av es oblong variou sly lobed ari d toothed 5 to 1 0 cm long Oft en lyrate ,

, , ,
p etioled the upper ones sessile or nearly so

, R acemes long many fl o w er ed ; .
,
-
flowerin g at the tip Flowers small yellow to 3 mm lon g t h e sep al s

.
, , ,
as long as the petals Pods spreading slender cylindri c 1 to 2 cm lon g .

, , , .
Damp ditches alon g roadsides etc fl all the year widely distribute d i n , .
, .
,
the P hilippines and undoub t edly introduced In di a to J apan southward

, .
,
to M al aya .
2 B R A S S I C A Linnaeus .
rect simple or branched glabrou s or hairy herbs Leaves l arge lyra t e

E , , .
,
or p i n n a t i fi d sometimes entire R acemes long many fl o w er ed F lowers

, .
,
-
.
small yellow S ep al s erect or spreading the l ateral ones u su all y sa cc ate

'
’
, .
,
at the base P ods slender dehiscent cylindric or angul ar often with an

‘
.
, , ,
i ndehiscent beak Seeds 1 seri ate ; cotyledons u sual ly condupli cate ( Latin
.
-
.
name of the cabbage ) .
S pecies about 80 in the temperate p arts of the Old World a f ew intro ,
d uc ed in the Philippines .
1 . B . Mostaz a ( S p
J U N CE A ( L ) C oss
. . .
A n erect branched gl abrou s annu a l , to 1 m high Leaves 5 to 1 5 cm, .
l ong or in some cultivated forms mu ch l arger thin Oblong obovate to Oblong

, , ,
-
l a nceol ate irregul arly toothed or subentire or the l ower ones lobed or pinna
, ,
t i fid F l owers yellow 6 to 8 mm long

. Pods ascending l inear l anceol ate, .
,
-
,
to 3 cm long somewh at contracted between the s eeds the beak seedl ess
, , .
C ommonly cu l tivate d al so occasion al in wa ste pl aces fl al l the year ; , , .
c ertainly an introduced pl ant in the Philippines E urope t o India and .
Ch ina introduced in other region s

, .
T h e form commonly cultivated by C hi nese gardeners known as p ech a i , ,
seems to be a fo rm of B j un c ea ( L ) C oss C abb age ( S p r ep o llo =B r as s i c a

. . . .
,
o lem c ea L ) is al so commonly cultivated in and about M anil a an d in many

.
Of the p rovinces ; it i s a n ative of E urope

'
3 . R A P HA N U S Linnaeu s
C oarse ,
erect gl abrou s or h airy herbs usually with fleshy t a p roots
, , .
Leaves lyrately or p innately lobed F low ers l arge white to p ale purplish .
,
-
,
i n el ongated r acemes Sep al s erect the l ateral ones sac cate at the bas e
.
, .
P o d indehiscent elongated constricted between the seeds and wi th a long

, , ,
beak ( T h e ancient Greek name )

. .
Species about 6 in E urope and A sia 1 introduced and cultivated in the

, ,
P hilippines .
*
1 .I L R abano
R . R adish
SA T VU S . .
A coarse erect branched plant to , m high from a fleshy t a p root

, , ,
t h e l eaves up to 20 cm long lyrately lobed rough and somewhat hairy or , ,
nea rly gl abrou s Flowers white to p ale purple about . cm long Pods -
, .
lanceol ate long beaked acuminate f ew seeded 2 to 6 cm long

,
-
, , , .
C ommonly cultivated occ asionally flow ering A n ative of E urope or A si a , .

,
I ntroduced her e and very generally cultivated .
59 . CA P P A R I DA C E A E ( CA P E R OR BA UA G F A M I L Y)
Herb s ,
hru bs or trees erect or climbing Leav es S imple or p a l ma t ely
s , , .
compoun d alternate the stipules 2 or none sometimes represente d by sharp

, , ,
spines Flow ers regular or irregul ar perfect solitary racemed umbelled

.
, , , ,
or corymbose terminal o r axill ary S ep al s 4 fre e or connate P etal s 4

, .
, .
,
hypogyn ous or inserted on the di sk S tamens 4to many som etimes inserted .
,
on a long or short gy nophore Ovary stalked or sessile 1 celled ; styl e short .

,
-
or none ; ovules many on 2 to 4 p arietal pl acentae F ruit a cap sul e or , .
berry like -
.
Genera 40 species over 400 in the warmer p art of both hemispheres 5

, , ,
genera and 20 species in the Phil ippines .
1 . rect or climbing spiny shrub s with simple leaves

E 1 '
. C app a r i s
1 Herb s with digitately compound leaves .
2 S ta mens inserted on the disk ; petal s imbri cate in bud

. 2 C leo m e
.
2 S t a m en s i nserted on t h e gyn ophor e ; peta l s spr eading in bud

. .
3 . G yn a n d r op s i s
*
4 C . I A Lam ( C m a ri a n a
. C OR D F OL I A lcap arro ( S p . . .
A S h rub about 2 m high una rmed the younger parts somewhat pube s , ,
cent Leaves broadly ovate to subo rbicular soft base cordate apex broad
.
, , ,
and retuse 4 to 7 cm long Flowers l arge axill ary solitary long pedi
, .
, , ,
-
celled the s ep al s green unequ al concave the petals very Obl ique 3 to 5
, , , , ,
cm lon g white turning purplish F ruit somewhat club shaped la rge ( F l

, , .
-
, . .
Fil ip p l 1 79 C m a ri a n a )
. .
, . .
Para n aque oc ca sionally cultivated fl S ept — Oc t and probably i n other

, , . . .
,
months ; introdu ced from the M a r i anne I sl ands M ari anne C aroline and .
, ,
M arshall s Isl ands ; T imor .
2 C L E OM E Linnaeu s .
E rect
ften rank s cented herbs with digitately 3 to 9 foliol ate l eaves
, O - -
.
F lower s y ello w racemose Sep al s a n d petal s 4 each Stamens 4 or more

, . .
,
in serted on the disk Ovary sessil e or on a short gyn ophore ; ovules on .
2 p arietal pl ace nta s Fruit an Oblong or l inear 2 valved c apsul e the valves
.
,
-
,
sep arating from the seed bearin g pl acentas Seeds small numerou s reni -
.
, ,
form ( A Latin pl ant name of uncertain origin )

. .
Species about 80 chiefly tropi cal 2 i n the Philippines both introduced

, , .
, .
1 . .L
C VI S COSA .
A n erect branched annual gl andul ar pubesc ent so m ewhat rank smelling

, , ,
-
,
-
herb to 1 m hi gh Leave s 3 to 5 foliol ate the l eaflets 1 t o 3 cm long

.
-
, ,
Oblo n g to obo vate Oblong Flowers in leafy termin a l rac eme s the pe dicel s 1
-
.
,
c m long or less Pe t als yellow narrowly obo vate 7 t o 8 mm long S tamens

.
, , .
1 2 t o 20 C a ps ules cylindric s triate gl andul ar pubescent 4 to 7 cm long

.
, ,
-
, ,
3 t o 4 mm in di ameter n arrowed above , .
In Open waste pl aces fl all t h e y ea r ; through o ut the P hilippines but , .
certainly not indi genous I n all tropic al countries . .
3 . G Y N A N DR OP S I S DeC a n do lle .
A n erect , annual , gl andular

pubescent or gl abrou s herb L eaves digi -
.
t a t ely 5 foliol ate , long petioled

-
F l owers in racemes S ep al s and p etal s 4 -
. .
e a ch t h e latter l ong cl awed spreading in bu d S t am en s 6 t h e fil amen ts

,
-
, .
,
adn ate below t o the S lender gy nophore sp r eading above Ova ry long , .
stalked C ap sule cylindri c elong a t ed 2 valved the v alves sepa r ating from
.
, ,
-
,
”
t h e pl acen t a s S eeds many small renifo r m ( Greek woman and man
” “ “
.
, , .
,
in reference to the fil aments being adna t e to the stalk of the ovary ) .
A monotypic genu s foun d in all tropical countries but probably intro , ,
d uc ed here .
1 . G . P E N T A P H YL L A ( L ) DC . .
erect branched somewhat pubescent herb 0 4 to 1 m high the st ems

An , , ,
.
,
usu ally purpl ish Leaflets 5 sessile or nearly so obovate or oblong obovate
.
, ,
-
,
acute or obtuse entire or S lightly serrulate 2 to 5 cm l ong R a cem e s ter

, , .
minal elonga t ed gl andul ar pubescent flowering at the tip t h e pedicel s

, ,
-
, ,
about cm long each subtended by a 3 fol iol ate bra ct S ep al s lanceol ate
,
-
.
,
green about 4 mm long Petal s whi t e or tinged with purpl e 1 to

,
cm .
,
lon g the bl ades ellipti c to obovate Gynophore purpl ish

,
cm long t h e .
, ,
fil aments to cm long C apsules cylindric 4 to 1 0 cm long about 5 .

, ,
-
mm in diameter Seeds very numerous small ( F l Filip p l .

, . . . .
In open d r y grass l ands especi ally near the sea Pasay fl all the year ; , , , .
widely di stributed in the P hilippines T ropics general ly . .

CR A S S U L A C E A E 21 7
60 M OR I N G A C E A E
.
( M OR I N GA OR M A L U N GA Y F A M IL Y)
Deci duou s
trees with soft wood Leaves altern ate 3 pinna t e ; l eaflets .
,
-
opposite entire the pinnules j ointed to the rachis u sually glandul ar at the
, , ,
base Panicles axill ary F lowers perfect sl ightly irregul a r C alyx cu p

. .
, .
shaped 5 cleft the segments unequal petaloid deciduous from abov e t h e

,
-
, , ,
b a se Pe t a l s 5 unequal the upper one smaller er ect the l ateral ones ascend
.
, , , ,
ing ante ri or one l arger r efl ex ed S tamens in serted on the edge of the disk
, , .
,
d eclina te 5 perfec t op po site the petals altern ating with 5 r ed uced antherless
, , , ,
fi laments ; anthers d o r s i fi x ed l celled Disk l ining the calyx tube Ovary ,

-
.
-
.
stipitate 1 c elled ; style S lender tubular ; st i gma perforated ; ovules nu

,
-
,
m er o us i n 2 series on 3 parietal placentae C apsule elonga t ed beaked .

, ,
3 an gled l oculicida l ly 3 valved corky within

-
, S ee ds many in pits on the -
, .
,
va l ves cork y winged ,

-
.
A S ingle genu s containing 3 species n ati v es of western A sia and northe rn

, ,
A frica .
1 . M OR I N GA J u s s i eu
C harac t ers of the F amily .

( From the S ingalese name ) .
*
M OL E I F E R A Lam ( M p t er ygos p er m a
1 . . M a lun ga y ( T a g ) ; . .
Horse radish T ree -

.
A smal l tree 8 m hi gh o r l ess bark corky roots with a pun gent tast e , ,
.
Leaves 25 to 5 0 cm long u su ally 3 pinn ate ; pinnae 4 to 6 p airs ; l eaflets ,

-
3 to 9 on the ultimate pinnules p ale beneath thin ovate to el liptic 1 to 2 , , , ,
cm l ong Panicles S preading F lowers white . t o 2 cm long Fertile .

, .
fil aments vi llou s at the base Ovary hairy Pod 1 5 to 30 cm long pen . .

,
d ulo u s 3 angled 9 ribbed Seed s 3 angled wi nged on the angles ( F l

,
-
,
-
.
-
, . .
Filip p l . .
Occasional in our area but cultiva t ed only fl J a n —M ay ; wi dely d i s t r i b , , . .
ut ed in the Ph ilippines A nati v e of India n o w widely distributed in the .

,
tropics and probably introduced into the P hilippines in prehistori c times .
T h e leaves are cooked for food .
61 . CR A SSUL A CE A E ( S T ON E CR OP OR SI E M P R E V I VA F A M I L Y)
Succulent u sually perennial herbs Leaves altern ate or opposite simple

, .
,
or pinnately compound extipul ate F lowers small to l arge cymose , .

, ,
sometimes spicate ra c emose o r p ani cul ate regul ar perfect or unisexual -

, , .
C alyx 4 or 5 fi d free P etal s as m any a s the sep al s free or connate

-
, .
, .
Stamens hyp ogynou s or upon the petal s as ma ny or twice as many as the ,
petal s C arpel s u su ally as many as the petal s with a hypogynou s gl and or

. ,
scale at the ba s e of each free or connate b elow ; ovules many on the edges ,
of the carpel s F ruit a many Seeded follicle dehiscin g down the inner face
.
-
.
S eeds albuminous ; emb ryo terete ; cotyledons S hort .
Genera 1 3 species about 400 widely di stributed but f ew in A ustralia

, , , ,
Pol ynesia and S outh A merica 3 genera an d 3 or 4 S pec i es kn o wn from

, ,
the Philippines .
C alyx lobes short - 1 . B r y op h y llu m

C alyx lobes free nearly to the base
-
2. Ka la n c h o c
21 8 A FL OR A OF MA N IL A
1 . B R Y OP HY L L UM S alisbu ry
rect perennial herbs Leaves opposite thick succulent crena t e sim

E , .
, , , ,
p l e or 3 folio l ate Flowers l arge pendulous in spreading p anicles C alyx

-
.
, , .
with a l ong inflate d tube ; lobes 4 short valvate C oroll a with a c a m p a n u

, , , .
l a t e tube and a S ho rtly 4fid limb St amen s 8 in 2 series inser t ed on the -

.
, ,
midd l e of the coroll a tube Hypogynous scales 4 obtuse C arpe l s 4 fr ee

-
.
, .
,
or connate at the b ase attenu ated into long styles ; ovules very many , .
F o ll icles 4 many seeded

”
( Greek swell or ful l and leaf in refere n ce
” -
” “ “ “
, .
to the thick flesh y leaves ) .
Species 4 in trop ical A fri ca the following throughout the tropics , .
1 . I B .
( L a m ) Kurz (B ca ly ci n um
P N N A TU M C a t a ca t a ca
. .
S iem p re viva
A n erect more or less bran ched gl abrou s succul ent h erb
, to m , ,
hi gh Leaves S imple or pinnately compound the leaflets elliptic crenat e

.
, , , ,
usu ally about 1 0 cm l ong thick and succulent Flowers p ani cu l ate pen , .
,
d ulou s C alyx brownish or purpl ish

. to 4 cm long cyl indric C orol l a , , .
about 5 cm long inflated at the b ase then constricted t h e exserted p art s , , ,
reddish or purpl ish the l obes acuminate ( F l F ilip p l , . . . .
In th i ck ets a nd open p l aces al so cultivated fl Dee —M ar ch ; wi del y d i s t r i b , , .
u t ed in t h e Philippines and probably of prehi storic intr o duction T rop ic s .
of the worl d probably ori ginating in A frica

, .
2 . K A L A N C HOE A dans on
Stout erect su cculent perenni al herbs Often unbranched the l eaves Op

, , , , ,
p os i t e or the upper ones alternate entir e or la c i n i a t ely 2 o r 3 fid

, F l ow er s ,
-
.
erect yellow in many fl ower ed s ub p a n i c ula t e cym es C alyx de eply 4

, ,
-
, .
-
p art ed C oroll a s alver shaped t h e tub e fl a s k l ik e n arrowed abov e, t h e

.
-
,
-
,
limb spreading 4l obed longer than t h e calyx persist ent Stam ens 8 i n
,
-
, , .
,
t wo series a dnate to t h e corolla tube

, Hypogynous sca l es 4 l inear or -
.
,
Ob l ong C arp el s 4 a dnate to t h e b ase of the coroll a tube n arrowed into

.
,
-
,
lon g sty l es ; ovules many Folli cles 4 S eeds very many , oblong s ma ll . .
, .
( From the C hinese name ) .
Species about 60 chiefly in tropi cal A frica f ew in A sia an d in tropica l

, ,
A merica 2 in the Philippines , .
1 . K
I I ( L ) Pers
. L A C N A TA . .
A n erec t simple robust pl ant less than 1 m in height quite gl abrous

, , , .
Leaves opposit e flesh y pinn atisect 8 t o 1 5 cm l ong t h e lobes distant

, , , , ,
Spr eading subentire toothed or somewha t lob ed l anc eolate dista nt f ew

, , , , , , .
Inflorescence t erminal peduncled Flowers about cm long t h e s ep a l s

, .
,
gr een l an ceol ate a cumin ate t h e limb of the coroll a sprea din g, about 2 cm
, , ,
in diame t e r .
R ar e in cultivation S i n ga lon fl J a n a n d probab l y i n o th er mo n th s

‘
, , . .
, ,
introduced T r opical A frica through Indi a to C hin a an d Formo s a s outh

.
,
ward to M al aya .
64 C ON N A R A C E A E
.
1
( C ON N A R U S OR P A L O S A N T O F A M I L Y )
rect o r climbing shrubs or small trees Leaves al t erna t e exstipulate

E .
, ,
1 to 3 fol iol ate or o dd pinnate ; leaflets entire

-
Flowers racemose or pani -
.
cled regular perfect C alyx 5 l obed persistent Petal s 5 free or nearly

, , .
-
, .
,
so Stamens 5 or 1 0 those Opposite the petal s of t en S hor t er or imperfec t

.
,
Dis k none or small C arpels u su ally 5 rarely more or less free O

r near l y .
, ,
so 1 celled 2 Ov uled Fruit of 1 rarely 2 or 3 sessile or stalked 1 or

,
-
,
-
.
, , ,
2 s eed ed f o lli c les the testa usually a r i lliform

-
.
, .
Genera 1 7 S pecies about 1 75 all tropical ; 6 genera and 1 7 species in

, ,
the Philippines .
Fruit sessile
F ruit
1 . R OU R E A A ub let
S candent
hrubs with Od d pinnat e leaves the leaflets entire P anicles
S -
, .
axillar y F lowers small Sepal s 5, orbicul ar somewhat enl ar ged a n d

. .
,
c l asping the base of the ripe cap sules P etal s 5 u su ally l inear Obl ong .
,
-
.
Stamens 1 0; fil aments conna t e below Ovaries 5 4 u su a lly imp er fect .

, .
C ap sules sessile cu rv ed Seeds arill ate ( A name for one or som e of , . .
the species i n F rench Guiana ) .
Sp eci es about 50 2 in the P hilippines , .
1 . R t a ( B l anco ) Merr ( R m u lt i flo r a Plan c h ) C a m a gs a ( T a g )

. er ec . . .
P alo S anto ( S p .
A suberect or scandent woody glabrous shrub 1 to 3 m high Leaves , , .
1 5 to 25 cm l ong the l e a flets 1 2 to 20 Oblong ovate t o oblong l anceolate , ,

- -
,
4to 8 cm long Pani cles axillary many fl o wer ed 5 to 1 5 cm long F lowers

.
,
-
, .
white or pink 5 to 7 mm lon g v ery num erous P ods red about 1 cm , , .

‘
,
long sessile somewhat curv ed S plit down one side surrounded at t h e

, , , ,
ba s e b y the calyx ( F 1 F i lip p l . . . .
I n thickets S an Juan del M onte fl A pril June ; wid el y distribu ted in

, , .
-
t h e Philippines E nd em ic . .
2 00 N N A R
. U S Linna eus
S candent
hrubs with o dd pinnat e leaves the leaflets 3 t o 5 or more
S -
, ,
entire P anicles axill ary an d te rminal F lowers small S ep al s claspi ng

. . .
the pedicles of the capsules Petal s 5 sl ightly enl arged upward Stamen s .
, .
1 0 5 alternating ones S hor t er than the others

,
Ovaries 5 pub esc ent .
, ,
one perfect the other 4 imp erfect C ap sules Obliqu e i nflated broader
, .
, ,
upward the valves glabrou s or pubescent within Seeds arill ate

, . .
S pecies about 70 all tropi cal ; 1 0 in the Philippines a single o n e in , ,
our area .
1 . C l anch S a n d a len o
. n e ur o c a ly x P .
A scandent woody vine 2 to 6 m high nearly gl abrous except the ,
infloresce nce Leaves 25 to 30 cm long Leaflets 5 t o 7 oblong blunt

. .
, ,
a consideration Of the known Philippine genera and S pecies see

1
F or
”
M errill E D A R evision of P hilippine C onnara ceae P h i li p J o ur n S ci
“
. . . .
, . .
,
4 ( 1 9 09 ) B o t . 1 1 7 1 28 -
.
L E GU M I N OS A E 221
acuminate 8 to 1 5 cm long subcoriaceous P anicles in the uppe r axils

, , .
,
rusty pubescent many fl o w er ed 1 0 to 20 cm long Flowers yellowish

-
,
-
, .
white fragrant about 7 mm long P ods red 2 to 3 cm long obovoid

, , .
, , ,
somewhat cu rved and compressed S hort stalked ,

-
.
In thickets M asambong fl F eb M a rch ; widely distributed in the Phil

, , .
-
i p p i n es E ndemic . .
65 L E . G U M I N OSA E 1
( B E A N OR N A R R A F A M I L Y )
nnual or perennial herbs or vines shrubs or trees Leaves usuall y
A , , .
al t ernate stipul ate S imple digitate or pinnate Flowers in axill ary or

, , , , .
terminal racemes or p anicles sometimes solitary bracts and bracteol es , ,
usually p resent F lowers regular ( M i m o s o i d ea e ) o r i rregular u su ally

.
,
perfect C alyx truncate or toothed sometimes 2 lipped the l obes some

.
,
-
,
times free or nearly so P etal s u sually 5 sometimes reduced to 1 or 3 .

, ,
equ al ( M i m oso i d ea e) or very unequal S tamens normally 1 0, fewer in .
some genera or in definite in some M i m o s o i d ea e; fi l aments free or variously

,
combined Ova ry free superior 1 to many ov uled ; styl e S imple ; stigma

.
, ,
-
capitate te rmin al or obl ique F ruit a u sually dry or sometim es fleshy pod
, .
,
S plitting down one or both sutures or sometimes indehiscent or sep aratin g ,
into 1 seeded indehiscent j oints S eeds u sually exalbuminous

-
, . .
On e of the l argest families consisting Of about 500 genera and , ,
S pecies in all p arts Of the worl d 9 1 genera and about 29 0 species in

, ,
the P hilippines .
T hi s v ast fam i ly i s divided in t o three very natural subfamilies treated ,
by so me authorities as distinct families T hey are the M i m o s o i d ea e with .

,
regul ar flowers t h e petal s valvate free or united above the base the
, , ,
stamens defini t e or indefinite ; the C a es a lp i n i o i d ea e with i rregular flowers , ,
the petal s imbricate th e upper o n e innermost in bu d sometimes reduced

, ,
to 1 or 3 the stamens definite ; and the P a p i li on a t a e with very irregul ar

, ,
petals the coroll a papilionaceous that I s b ut t er fl y like consisting of the

, , ,
-
,
upper ou t er petal the standard the fou r others in t wo Opposi t e p airs

, ,
called the k eel a nd the wings the stamens definite thei r fil aments variously , ,
united A ll have in common the characteristi c fruit known a s a pod or

.
le gume which may be dehiscent o r indehiscent dry o r fleshy an d 1 to

, , ,
many seeded -
.
1 . Petal s valvate ; flowers re gul a r . A . M i m oso i d ea e

1 . Petal s imbricate ; flowers i rre gul ar .
2 F lowers not p apilionaceou s the upper petal interior

.
, .
B . C a es a lp i n i o i d ea e
2 F
. lowers papilionaceous the upper petal ( standard ) exterior , .
C . P a p i li o n a t a e
A . M I M OS OI DE A E
1 . C alyx lobes valvate

-
.
2. Sta mens usually numerous at least more than twice as many as ,
the peta l s .
a con si deration of the k no wn Philippine species see Merril l E B

F or
.
, . .
,
A n E numeration of P hilippine Le guminosae with Keys to the Genera ,
and Species ”
P h i li p J o ur n S ci 5 ( 1 9 1 0) B o t 1 —1 36
. . . . . .
Filame nts more or l ess connate

3 . .
4 P ods indehiscent septate between the seeds

. 1 E n t er o lo bi um
, .
4 Pods dehiscent o r indehiscent not septate between the seeds

.
, .
5 Pods stron gly spirally twi sted

. 2 P i t h eco lo bi um
5 Pods straight thin
. 3 A lbi z
, zi a .
3 F il aments
. free 4 A c a ci a '
.
2 Stamens a s many or twice a s m any , as t h e p etal s

.
, .
3 A nther s not gl and tipped

.
-
.
4 A n erect S hrub or small tree ; pods straight flat smooth

.
, , .
5 L euc a en a .
4 A su ff ru tescent spreading spiny h erb with very sensitiv e l eaves

.
, , .
6 M i m os a .
3 A nthers gl and tipped

.
-
.
4 Pods indehiscent ; shrubs or sm a ll trees armed with l ong sp ines

. .
7 P r o s op i s .
4 Pods dehi scent ; unarm ed trees

. 8 A d en a n t h er a . .
1 . C al yx lobes imbrica t e ; l arge unarm ed tr ee s wi th bipinna t e l eav es and

-
very numerou s small l eaflets t h e flowers v er y numerous in dense , ,
obovoi d h eads .
9 P a r ki a .
B . CA E I I
S A L P I N O DE A E
1 . C alyx entire or t h e s egments abov e t h e r eceptacle mor e or less united

,
into a toothed or l obed tube .
2. L eaves 2 pinnate ; spiny climbing s hrubs

-
1 0 M ezou eur u m .
2. L eav es simpl e 2 cleft or l ob ed ; un armed s h r ub s vi n es or tr ees

,
-
, , .
11 . B a u hi n i a
1 . C alyx segm ents fre e or nearly fre e above t h e r eceptacle
-
.
2. Leav es 2 pinn ate -

.
3 C al y x s egments valvate ; l arge tr ees wi th v er y showy red and yellow

.
-
flowers an d numerous small l eaflet s 1 2 D elo n i x .
3 C alyx segm ents imbricate

.
-
.
4 Pods not win ged ; er ect slightly s piny S hrubs

. 1 3 C a es a lp i n i a ,
.
4 P ods winged on on e o r both sutur es

. .
5 C limbing v ery spiny shrubs ; pods wi nged alon g o n e sutur e

.
, .
1 0 M ezo n eur u m
.
rect unarmed trees with l arge panicl es of showy yellow

5
. E ,
flowers ; pods winged along both sutures 1 4 P elt o p h o r um .
2. Leaves 1 p innate or reduced to S ingl e leafl ets

-
.
3 A nthers b a s i fi ed Op ening by termin al pores ; h erbs shrubs or tr ees

.
, , , .
15 . Ca s si a
3 . Anthers versatile Openin g by longitudinal slits , .
4 Ovary or its stipe more or less adherent to t h e calyx tube

.
-
.
5 Peta l s 3 ; pods fleshy

.
5 Peta l 1
. .
6 Perfect stamens 3 ; seeds not arill ate

. 1 7 I a t si a .
6 Perfect stamens usu ally 7 ; seeds arill ate

. 1 8 P a h ud i a .
4 Ovary quite fre e from calyx ; ovules 1 or 2 rarely 3 ; petal s 5

. . .
19 . C y n o m et r a
C . P A P I L I ON A T A E
1 . Fruit composed of 1 -
seeded j oints which are usually indehiscent .
2 Leaves pinnate
. .
4 Pods
.
dehiscent .
5 Leaves not gl an d dotted beneath

. 43 P u er a r i a
-
.
5 Leaves gland dot t e d beneath

.
-
.
6 Herbaceou s vines
. .
7 P ods acuminate scarcely depressed between the s eeds

.
,
.
44 B a n b a r i a .
7 Pods obtuse or apicul ate

. deeply depress ed betw een the ,
seeds 45 C a n t h a r o s p er m um .
6 E rect shrubby ; cultivated

.
,
46 C a j a n us .
3 . Leaflets not stipellate the stipel s repl aced by l arge gl an ds ; trees ,
with l arge red flowers 47 E r y t h ri n a .
3 . Leaflets stipell at e ; herbaceo us or w oo dy vin es .
4 S tyle not bearded below t h e sti gma

. .
5 Stamens monadelphous the v exill ary filam ent more or less

.
,
united with the others .
6 N odes of the racemes not swollen

. 46 T er a m uus .
6 N odes of the r acemes swo ll en

. .
7 U pper lip of the ca lyx proj ectin g di st inct ly lon ger than
.
,
the lower one ; pods l ar ge k eel ed al on g each s id e of t h e ,
dorsa l suture
7 U pper l ip of the calyx not exceedi n g t h e l ow er o n e ; pods
.
small not keel ed , 43 P u er a r i a .
5 Stamens diadelphou s the vexill a ry o n e fr ee from the others

.
, .
6 N odes of the r ec em e not swollen ; pods l ongitu din a lly ridged

.
,
51 C en t r o s em a .
6 N od es of the racemes swo l l en

. .
7 Flowers l arge ; p eta l s v ery un eq ua l ; po d s l ar ge dense l y

.
,
pubescent or cover ed with stin ging h air s 52 M u cu n a .
8 F lowers small petal s nearly equal ; pods small

.
, .
53 . G a la c t i a
4 Style bearded below the sti gma
. .
5 . Stigma obli q ue .
6 Keel spiral ly twi sted

. 54 P h a s eo lu s .
6 K eel not spira l

. .
7 Style fi li f or m ; leaflets entire

. 55 Vi gn a .
7 S tyle flattened upward ; flower s blu e ; l ea fl ets toothed ;

.
roots l arge fle shy turnip S haped 56 P a c h y r r h i z

, us ,
-
. .
5 . S ti gma not o b l ique .
6 Pod fl attened not winged

.
, 5 7 D o li c h o s .
6 Pod squ are 4wi nged

.
, 58 P s op ho c a r p us
-
.
M I M OS OI D E A E
1 . E N T E R OL OB I U M M a r tius
E r ect un a rmed l arge trees L eaves evenly bipinna t e F l owers i n
, , . .
glo bose head s 5—m er ou s u su a lly perfect C a l y x c ampa n ul ate too thed
, , .
,
.
C oro ll a funnel shaped pe t al s connate to t h e middle

-
St a m en s m o n a d el
, .
phon s mu ch exserted ; anthers not gland cr es ted Ova ry s es s i le many

,
-
.
,
Ov u led Po d strap S haped straight somewhat thick en ed a n d fl eshy the

.
-
, , ,
mesocarp pulpy and soft the endocarp fi r m t h e su t u r e s th i c ken ed ( Gre ek

, , .
“
intestine and
Species 5 or 6 in tropical A merica the fol l owing introduced here ,
.
LE GU M I N OSAE 225
1 . E . SA M A N ( J acq ) . P r ai n ( P i t h eco lo b i u m s a m a n A caci a ( S p .
ain tree R -
.
A l arge tree reachin g a height of 20 to 25 m the branches wide spread ,

-
ing Leaves evenly 2 p innate pinnae 8 to 1 2 1 5 cm l ong o r les s ; leaflets 1 2

.
-
, ,
to 1 6 i n the upper pinnae 6 to 1 0 i n the lower ones decreasing in size down , ,
ward pubescent beneath Oblong rhomboid b as e an d apex more o r l es s

, ,
-
,
obl i que the m i d n er v e diagonal

, to 4 cm l ong Flowers pink in dens e , .
, ,
peduncl ed axill ary sol ita ry or fascicled heads P o d straight somewhat

, .
,
fleshy indehi scent 1 5 to 20 cm long 2 cm wi de the mesocarp pulpy sweet

, , , , , .
( Fl F ilip p l
. . .
Very commonly cultivated a s a shade tree d ec i d o u s in February fl , , .
‘
M arch—Sep t ; qu ite generally cultivated in the la rger town s in the Phil
i pp i n es A n ative of the West Indies n o w widely distributed in the tropi cs
.
,
i n cultivation .
2 P I T H E C OL OB I U M M a r tius .
rect trees with 2 pinnate leaves sometimes with spinos e stipu l es

E -
.
Flowers small perfect 5 m er o u s in globose heads which are solitary fas

, ,
-
, ,
cieled or p aniculate C alyx c amp anul at e or funnel S haped shortly toothed

, .
-
,
.
C oro ll a n arrowly funnel sh aped t h e peta l s unite d below t h e mi ddle -

, .
S t amens exserted monadelphou s ; anther s not gl and crested Ovary many

,
-
.
o v uled ; styl e fili f o r m ; sti gma capitate Pod strap shaped variousl y .
-
,
fa l c ate or circinate usu ally much twi sted at matu rity dehiscent Seeds
, , , .
arill ate or not ( Gr eek monkey and ”

.
“
Species about 1 00 tropical most l y A m erican 9 in the Philippines

, , , .
1 . P . DU L CE ( R oxb ) . B enth . C a m an c h i les , C a m o n s i l ( Sp .
tree 5 to 1 8 m high the ultimate bra nches Often pendulous armed

A , ,
with S hort S harp stipul ar S pines , Le aves evenly 2 pinnate 4 to 8 cm

, .
-
,
long ; pinn ae a S i ng l e p ai r each pinn a beari ng a S ingl e p ai r of obli qu e , ,
ova t e oblong obtuse 1 to 4 cm long leaflets Flowers white in dense

-
, , .
,
heads about 1 cm in diameter their peduncles solitary or fascicled in the ,
axil s of smal l bracts along the S lender branchlets Pod turgid twis t ed , .
, ,
Often S piral 1 0 to 1 8 cm l ong a b out 1 cm wi de dehiscent a l on g the l ower

, , ,
suture the valves red when ripe S eeds 6 t o 8 surrounded by an edible

, .
, ,
whitish pulpy arillus ( F l F ilip p l

, . . . .
C ommon and widely distributed fl Oct —A pril A native of tropical , . . .
A merica n o w throughly n atural ized in the Philippines and al so foun d in

, ,
Indi a an d M al aya T h e local names a re cor r uption s of its Old Mexican n ame
.
Q ua m o c h i t l .
3 . A L B I Z Z I A Du r a zz
U na r med trees with 2 pinn ate l eaves F lowers small 5 m er ous , p er f ect , -
.
,
-
pedicelled or sessile in globose heads which are usu a lly p anicu l ate C alyx .
c ampanul ate or funnel shaped toothed C oroll a funne l sh aped the petal s -
, .
-
,
united below the middle Stamens many monadelphou s at the ba se long .

, ,
exserted ; anthers not gland creste d Ovary many ov u led P o d thin flat -
.
-
.
, ,
strap sh aped straight not curved or twisted indehi scent or very tardily so
-
, , , .
( In honor of the noble Italian family of A lb i zzi ) .
S pecies about 30 in the tropic s of the Old Worl d 8 in the P hilippines ,

.
1 1 1 555 — 1 5
1 . Leaflets small never more than 5 cm l ong , .
2 Fl owers sessile ; upper half of the leaflets broader than the lower
. .
1 A p roc er a . .
2 F lowers pedicell ed ; lower half Of the leaflets broader than the upper
. .
2 A
. . lebb ec k
1 . Leaflets l arge the upper ones 1 0 to 1 8 cm long , .
2 P innae with 2 p airs of leaflets which are pubescent beneath

. .
3 . A . o n ar i a
sa p
2 . Pinnae with 1 p air of gl abrous leaflets 4 A a c le
. .
1 . oc e r a ( R oxb ) B enth A n i n a p la ; A clen g p arang ( T a g )

A .
pr . .
-
'
.
A n erect S lightly pubescent or nearly gl abrou s tree 1 0 to 25 m high

, .
Leaves about 40 cm long ; pinnae 6 to 1 0 1 5 to 20 cm long ; leaflets 1 2 to ,
20 oblon gellipti c rounded or retuse 2 to 5 cm long somewhat Oblique

,
-
, , , . .
Panicles termin al or in t h e upper axils up to 20 cm l ong diff use F lowers , , .

.
y ellowish white in globose heads at the ends Of t h e bran chlets the heads
-
, ,
i n flower 1 to cm i n di ameter P ods Oblong thin smooth flattened .

, , , ,
1 0 to 1 5 cm l ong 2 to cm wide containing 8 to 1 0 seeds, , .
In Open dry l ands M asambong fl S ep t ; wi dely distributed in t h e P hil

, , .
i pp i n es Indi a to M al aya
. .
*
2 A . . L E R BE C K (L ) . B enth . L an gui l
nearly gl abrous or somewhat pubes cent tre e 8 to 1 2 m high Leaves
A .
about 25 cm long ; pinnae about 6 1 5 cm long ; leafl ets 6 to 8 Oblong obtuse , , , ,
somewhat Obl ique 2 to 5 cm long coria ceous F lowers i n long p eduncled

, , .
-
axillary fascicled heads the peduncles up to 6 cm in length Heads in

, , .
bud about 2 cm in diameter in flower including the anthers 3 to 4 cm

, , , ,
in diameter : C oroll a greeni sh yellow Stamen s white and green P ods -

. .
oblong coriaceous 1 5 to 20 cm lon g 2 to 3 cm wide flat S hining reticul ate

, , , , , , ,
swollen or impressed Opposite the seeds ( F l Filip p l . . . .
Occasionally cultivated as shade tree fl M ar ch —June ; not common in -

, .
the Philippines apparentl y introduced and cultivated only A native of

, .
tropical A frica an d A si a n ow in most tropical countries , .
3 . a pona r ia ( Lou r ) Bl Gogon to co M a la t o c o

A . s . .
-
,
A small tree 5 to 1 0 m high Leaves 30 to 40 cm long ; pinnae 4 the .

,
upper p ai r usually longer than the lower ; leaflets 4 to 8 gradually larger ,
toward the ends of t h e pinnae 5 to 1 5 cm long ov ate to elliptic ova t e , ,

-
,
acumin ate often inequilateral more or less pubescent P anicles terminal

, ,
.
,
pubesc ent spreading 1 5 to 30 cm long F lowers white crowded in heads

, , .
,
at the ends of the ultima t e br anchlets heads in flower to 2 cm in ,
diameter C alyx pubescent P ods t hin flat 7 to 1 8 cm long

. to 3 cm .
, , ,
wide containing 7 to 1 2 seeds

, .
I n thickets M a sambong fl S ep t — Oc t ; wi dely distributed in the P hilip

, , . .
‘
pines ; M al aya .
4 . a c l e ( B l anco ) Merr (P i t h eco lo bi um a c le

A . A cle .
A tree reaching a height of 20 m or more glabrous except the i n fl o r es

'
cence Le a v es bipinnate the petiole 2 to 5 cm long ; pinnae a single p air ;

.
,
leaflets 4 to 8 the upper ones of each pinna the l argest 8 to 1 8 cm lon g

, , .
I nflorescence axillary pubes cent of several short p ani cles Flowers 1 0 to

, , .
1 5 in each head greenish white the calyx 3 mm long the coroll a 7 mm

,
-
, ,
l ong P ods 20 to 40 cm long

. to 5 cm wide indehiscent inflated opposite , , ,
the seeds S eeds 1 0 to 1 2 in each pod about 2 cm long

.
, .
In thickets common fl all the yea r ; very widely distribu t ed in the

, , .
Philippines thoroughly n atural ized A n ative of tropical A merica n o w

, .
,
found al l over the tropics .
6 . M I M OS A Linn aeu s
Herbaceous
p rickly pl ants with bipinnate sensitive leaves the leaflets , ,
small Flowers small in dense globose heads polygamous mostly 4m er ou s

.
, , , ,
-
.
C alyx camp anul ate S hort toothed Petal s connate below S tamens as '
-
, . .
many as or twi ce the number of the petal s much exserted ; anthers not
, , ,
gland crested Ovary stalked Pod fl at membran aceous made up of 1

-
. .
, ,
seeded j oints that on maturity sep arate from the sutures ( F rom the .
Greek mimi c the sensitive leaves m i m i c i n g living animal s )

“
, .
A very l arge genus mostly confined to tropical A merica a single intro ,
d uc ed one in the P hilippines .
1 . M . P U DI CASensitive P lantL . M a cah i a .
A diffu sely S p reading suffrutescent herb the stems branched up to 1 , , ,
m in l en gth sp aringly prickly and with numerou s d efl ex ed bristly hairs

, .
Leaves very sensitive both the pinnae and the l eaflets falling when touched ; ,
p innae u su ally 4 digitately arranged at the end of each petiole 4to 9 cm

, .
,
long ; leaflets n arrowly oblong inequil ateral acute 1 to c m lon g sessile , , , , ,
sp aringly bristly Heads long peduncl ed solitary or 2 or 3 in each axil .

-
, ,
nearly 1 cm in diameter Flowers pink very numerous Stamens 4 Pods

‘
.
, . .
fl at sl ightly recurved numerous 1 to 2 cm long made up Of from 3 to 5

, , , , ,
1 S eeded j oints that at m aturity fall away from the persistent armed
-
, ,
sutures which bear numerou s weak spreading yello wi sh white bristl es , , ,

-
.
( Fl Filip p l. . .
I n Open waste places very common fl all the year ; throughout the Phil , , .
i p p i n es A native of tropi c al A merica n ow found in al l tropi ca l countries

.
, .
7 . PR OS OP I S Linnaeus
rect S hrubs or trees wi th stout spines Leaves 2 pinnate the leaflets
E .
-
,
'
numerous small Flowers p olygamous small in spik es or S pike l i k e r ace

, .
, ,
-
mes C alyx small camp anu l a t e entir e or S lightly 5 t o Ot h ed Petals 5

.
, ,
-
.
,
li gul ate somewhat coherent at the b ase S tamens 1 0 free somewhat ex

, .
, ,
s er t ed ; anthers crowned with a gl and Ovary many ov uled P o d turgi d .

-
.
,
narrowl y Oblong somewhat cu rved the mesocarp flesh y septate between the, , ,
seeds ( A n ancient Greek pl ant name of uncert ain application )

. .
Species 25 or more in most tropical countries 1 introduced in the P hilip ,
p i nes .
1 . P . aves A roma ( Sp
VI DA L I A N A N . .
A shrub or a small tree 2 to 6 m high gl abrou s throughout the branches , ,
a rmed with numerous long sh arp spines Leaves bipinnate solitary or , , .

,
somewhat fascicled each leaf or fasci cl e subtended by a p air of t o 4 cm,
long S pines mostly wi th 2 p airs Of 5 to 1 0 cm long pinnae Leaflets nu

,
.
m er o u s linear Oblong about , cm l ong obtu se S pikes axillary 8 t o 1 0

-
, , .
,
cm long F lowers numerou s yellowi sh or straw colored spreading i n

.
,
-
, ,
cluding the stamens about 7 mm long P ods 1 5 to 20 cm long nearly 1 .

,
cm wide somewhat c ompressed rather strongly curved containing about

, ,
20 seeds ( F l F ilip p l . . . .
A bundant alon g the Pasay beach and along and near some tidal streams , ,
fl S ep t —M arch ; very abu ndant about M anil a B a y and in a f ew other local

. ,
ities in the Philippines undoubtedly introduced from M exico ,

.
8 . A DE N A N T H E R A Linn aeu s
rect unarmed trees with 2 pinnate leaves F lowers small perfect
E -
.
, ,
5 m er o u s in S pike like racemes C alyx campanulate toothed P etal s val

‘
- -
, .
, .
vate cohering at the base l anceolate S tamens 1 0 free ; anthers gl and

, , .
,
tipped Ovary sessile many o v uled P o d strap S haped falcate the v alves
.
,
-
.
-
, ,
coriaceou s twisted after dehiscen ce Seeds 2 col ored ( Greek gland and
, .
-
.
“ ”
“
anther from the gl and tipped anthers )
”
-
.
S pecies 5 o r 6 in most tropical countries 1 in the P hil ippines ,

.
1 . i nte r m ed ia Mer r M a la s a ga d T a fi gli n ( T a g )

A . .
, .
A n erect gl abrou s tree 1 0 to 1 5 m high Leaves 25 to 40 cm long ; .
pinn ae 4 to 6 1 0 to 20 cm long ; leaflets 5 to 9 elliptic trunc ate or S lightly

, , ,
retu se when dry dark above pal e beneath 2 to 4 cm long R acemes in

, , , .
the upper axil s solitary or p ani cul ate 1 2 to 20 cm long slende r F lowers
, , , .
numerous browni sh about 3 mm long thei r pedicles slender Pods nar

, , , .
r o wly oblon g about 1 5 cm long 1 to , cm wide containing 8 to 1 2 some , ,
what compressed 8 mm l ong shining seeds half red and h alf bl ack
, , .
C ementerio del N orte fl A u g —Oc t ; widely distributed in the P hilip , . .
p ines E ndemic . .
9 P A R K I A R B rown . .
T all ,
una rmed trees with evenly bipinn ate leaves the leaflets very nu ,
m er o u s small F lowers in dense long peduncled obovoi d heads C alyx

, .
,
-
, .
tubul ar shortl y 5 cleft the lobes imbricate C oroll a tubul ar somewhat

,
-
, .
,
cleft Stamens 1 0 exserted the fi li f o r m fil aments i n the lower part uni t e d

.
, ,
with each other and with the coroll a tube ; anthers gl an d tipped Ovary - -
.
stalked P o d l arge fl at str ap shaped cori aceous very tardily dehi scent
.
, ,
-
, .
( In honor of M P ark an A fri can traveler ) .

, .
A genus of about 1 0 S pecies in the tropics Of both hemispheres 2 , ,
1 . P .
( DC ) M err
t im or C up ang
ian a . .
A ve r y l arge tree 25 to 40 m high Leaves evenly bipinnate , 30 to 80 .
cm long ; pinnae40 t o 60, 8 to 20 cm long ; leaflets 60 to 1 40, linear Oblong, -
falcate 6 to 1 2 mm long close set shining above acute Heads den se

, , , , .
,
obovoi d or pyriform axill ary long peduncled up to 6 cm in l en gth , ,

-
, .
F lowers white an d yellow about 1 cm long Pods 25 to 30 cm long about , .

,
cm wide rather thick pendulous black an d shining when matu re con

, , , ,
taining from 1 5 to 20 seeds .
A single tree in the Old botani c garden fl N o v ; widely distri buted in , . .
the P hilippines T imor its othe r range un certain

.
, .
C A E S A L P I N I OI D E A E
1 0 M E Z ON E
. UR UM Des f on t a i n es
Woody prickly climbers with abruptly 2 p inn ate leaves F lowers in

,
-
.
pani cled racemes C alyx very Obl ique u su ally deeply cleft the disk mostly
.
, ,
b asal the lobes imbri cate the lowest one hooded l arger than the others
, , ,
.
P etal s obovate spreading subequal S tamen s free declinate exserte d

, , .
, , .
Ov ary m any o v uled ; style fi li f o r m , incu r v ed

-
P o d oblong flat thin i n .
, , ,
dehiscent with a broad win g extending down the upper suture ( Greek
, .
“
middle and nerve in allusion to the nerved pods )
” ”
, .
S pecies 1 0 i n the tropi cs Of the Old World 3 in the P hilippines , .

1 p u b e s c en s Desf
M G amat cabag B auag -
. . .
,
A scandent woody very spiny vine reaching a length of from 3 to 5

’
, ,
m Leaves 30 to 50 cm l ong the rachis softly pubes cent armed with stout
.
, , ,
sharp recur v ed spines ; pinnae 24 to 30; leaflets 12 to 20 oblong thin

, , , ,
pubescent 1 to 2 cm long Pani cles terminal many fl o wer ed pubescent

, .
,
-
, ,
1 5 to 25 m long F lowers yellow about 3 cm in di ameter

. P ods oblong , .
,
thin indehiscent 1 1 to 1 3 cm long about

, cm wide including the thin
, , ,
8 mm wide wing along the dorsal suture .
In open dry l ands and thickets La Loma to S an P edro M a c a t i fl Sept , , .
N o v ; of v ery local occurren ce in the P hilippines

. T imor . .
11 . BA U H I N I A Linnaeus
l
rect shrubs or trees or climbing vines sometimes with circina t e ten

E ,
drils Leaves S imple usually deeply cleft from the tip rarely entire
.
, , .
Flowers usually showy in S impl e or p anic l ed ra cemes C alyx tube short , .

-
or long, the limb entire and S p athe like or 2 to 5 cleft Petal s 5 subequ al - -
.
, ,
usu ally cl awed Stamen s 1 0 or reduced to 5 3 o r 1 when fewer than 1 0

.
, , , ,
u su ally with sterile fil aments Ovary many ov uled ; style short or lon g ; .
-
stigma Often peltate P o d linear t o Oblong flat dehiscent or indehi scent .

, ,
.
( In honor of K B auhin an earl y Swiss botanist ) .

,
.
S pecies about 1 50 in all tropical countries 1 8 in the P hilippines

’
.
,
1 . F ertile stamen s 1 0; shrubs .
2 . T ip s of leaf lobes rounded ; flowers yellowish sol itary or in p ai rs ;

-
pods pubescent 1 B t o m en t o s a . .
2 . T ips Of leaf lobes acute ; flowers white racemose ; pods gl abrous

-
, .
2 B . . a c um i n a t a
1 . F ertile stamen 1; a tree

1 . L
B . T OM E N T OS A .
A n erect bran ched S hrub to 3 m high the bran chlets lower surfaces
, , ,
of the l eaves an d t h e pods somewhat pubescent Leaves 4 to 7 cm long

, .
,
about a s wide split about one third to the b ase into two ovat e rounded
,
-
, ,
lobes Flowers p ale lemon yellow u su ally in p airs on axillary peduncles

.
- -
, .
C alyx limb sp ath aceou s S pl it down o n e si de

-
P etal s about 5 cm long 4 , .
,
cm wi de S tamen s 1 0 all fertile unequ al in len gth the fil aments 1 to

. .
, , ,
2 cm l ong Pod 9 to 1 1 cm long about

. cm wi de flattened acumina t e , , , ,
containing 6 to 1 0 seeds ( F l F ilip p l 1 1 9 B bi n a t a ) . . . .

, . .
C ulti v a t ed for ornamental purposes fl most of the year A native of , . .
India now r ather widely di stri buted in the tropi cs in cultivation an d as

,
an esca p e .
2 B . I L. A CU M N A T A .
A n erect shrub 2 to 4 m high somewhat pubes cent Leaves 7 to 1 3 , .
cm long 6 to 1 2 cm wide b ase somewhat cordate 9 to 1 1 nerved the lobes

, , ,
-
,
acu t e or sl ightly acuminate about one thir d the length of the leaf R a ,
-
.
c em es axillary short few fl o wer ed C alyx green about 3 cm long split

, ,
-
.
, ,
down one S i de acuminate the apex with 5 S hort sl ender teeth C orolla
, , , , .
white about 8 cm in diamet er S tamens 1 0 S horter than t h e petal s all

, .
, ,
acuminate gl abrou s containing 7 to 9 seeds ( F l F ilip p l 1 1 1

, ,
. . . .
I n d r y thi ckets opposite S a n P edro M a c a t i al so cultivated fl A ug Oc t ; , , .

-
.
of local occurren ce in the P hilippines ; an d surely introduced Indi a to .
C hina an d M al aya .
232 A F LOR A OF M A N I L A
2 S hrubs
. or trees ; leaflets m any , 7 or more p airs on each pinna .
3 . Stamens several times as long as t h e petals ; pods about 2 cm wide .
3 C p u lc h err i m a . .
3 . S tamen s not or but little longer than the petal s ; pods 3 to 4cm wide .
4 C s a pp a n . .
1 . c r i s ta L ( C b on d uc ella
C . C a lum b i b i t
. .
A s candent woody vine reaching a length Of 1 0 m or more the stems ,
ve ry spiny Leaves bipinnate often nearly 1 m long the rachis armed

.
, ,
with stout sharp recurved spines ; pinn ae usu ally about 1 0 pa irs a b OI I t
, , ,
20 cm long with a pair of S hort sharp S p ines at the attachment of each

,
p air of leaflets Le a flets about 1 0 p airs Oblong obtu se or acute somewhat

.
, , ,
pubescent 2 to 5 cm long R a cemes axill ary simpl e or panicled dense

, .
, ,
at the top F lowers yellow about 1 cm l on g Pods 5 to 7 cm long oblong

.
, .
, ,
inflated covered with slender S pines Seeds l arge one or t wo subglobose

, .
, , ,
hard gr a y shining
, , .
In thickets especially near t h e sea fl S ept —J an ; throughout the P hilip , . . .
pines near the seashore C osmopolitan in t h e tropics . .
2 C . n u ga ( L ) A i t S apinit
. . .
A gl abrous s ca ndent shrub reaching a length of 1 0 m or more t h e

, ,
branches armed with short stout ha r d hooked prickles Leaves b i p i n , , , .
nate 20 to 30 cm l ong the ra chi s a r med with recu rve d spines beneath ;
, ,
pinn ae 6 to 8 rather distant ; leaflets 4 to 6 on each pinna coriaceous

, , ,
shining ovat e to ellipti c —ovate a cut e 2 to 5 cm l ong Pani cl es termina l

, , , .
,
ample many fl o wer ed F lowers yellow racemosely arranged about 1 cm

,
-
.
, ,
in di ameter S tamens woolly at the b ase S lightly exserted P ods 4 to 5

.
, .
cm long to 3 cm wide beaked h ard indehiscent containing a S ingl e

, , , , ,
seed ( F l F ilip p l
. . . .
In thickets near the seashore o r w ithin the influence of brackish water ,
P asa y fl all the year ; throughout the P hilippines near the sea
, . T ropics .
of the worl d .
3 . C . I M A ( L ) S w C aballero ( S p
P U L CHE R R . . .
A n erect gl abrou s sp aringly spiny shrub or small tree

, to 8 m high ,
.
Leaves bip innate ; pinnae 4 to 8 p airs 6 to 1 2 cm long ; leaflets sessil e 7 , ,
t o n p ai rs obtuse elliptic 1 to 2 cm l ong ; ,

R acemes terminal lax the , , , ,
pedicel s long S lender F lowers red and yellow , or yellow about 4 cm in

, . ,
diameter the petal s crisp ed cl awed ; stamen s lon g exsert ed Pods 5 to 9

, ,
-
.
cm long cm wi de ( F l F ilip p l
, . . . .
C ommonly cultiv ated for ornamental purposes fl all the year A , . .
native of tropic al A merica introduced here at an early date and natural , ,
iz ed N o w everyw here in t h e tropics

. .
4 C . . L S app ang Sibucao ( T a g

S A P PA N .
, .
,
A small tree 3 to 5 m high with s cattered prickles Leaves up to 50 , .
cm long ; pinnae about 20 opposite 1 0 to 20 cm long ; le aflets 20 to 30 , , ,
Oblong to Oblong rhomboid very obl ique attached at t h e lower corner

-
, , ,
apex usu ally retuse Panicles often as long as the l eaves t erminal F l ow .
, .
er s yellow 2 to cm in diameter t h e filaments densely woolly in the

, ,
lower one half P ods Oblong to Oblong obovate hard indehiscent shining
-
.
-
, , , ,
about 7 cm long to 4 cm wide with a hard recurved beak at the upper

, ,
angle ( F l F ilip p l
. . . .
In thickets S a n Pedro M a c a t i fl A ug—S ep t ; common and wide l y

, , .
di stribu t ed in the Philippines but p robably i ntrodu ced Indi a an d Mal aya , . .
LE GU M I N OSA E 233
1 4 P E L T OP HOR U M V oge l
.
U narme d trees with abruptly bipinnate leaves an d showy yellow flowers

in ample te rminal and axill ary p anicles C alyx deeply cleft the lobes .
,
imbric a t e Petal s oblong or roundish spreading S tamen s 1 0 free de ol i

.
, .
, ,
nate the fil aments with a dense tuft of hairs at the base ; anthers unifo rm
, .
Ovary sessile free few o v uled ; stigm a l arge peltate

, Pod oblong flat
,
-
, .
, ,
”
indehiscent wi nged along both sutu res ( Greek S hiel d and to h ea r
,
”
.
“
,
from the peltate sti gma ) .
Species about 6 in most tropica l countries 1 i n the P hilippines ,

.
1 . i n e r me ( R oxb ) N aves ( P f err ugi n e u m

P . . .
A tree usually 8 to 1 5 m high with a dense cro wn of spreading b ranches ,
the younger parts an d inflorescence brown tomentose Leaves 25 to 40 cm -

.
l ong ; pinnae Opposite 1 0 to 1 5 p airs 5 to 1 2 cm lon g ; leaflets Oblon g

, , ,
1 0 to 1 5 p airs somewhat Oblique obtuse or retu se 1 0 t o 1 8 mm long

. , , .
Panic l es 1 0 to 20 cm long C alyx brown tomentose P etal s yellow obovate .

-
.
, ,
abo ut 2 cm long Pods Oblong 5 to 8 cm long gl abrou s closely long

.
, , ,
i t u d i n a lly veined 1 to 4 seeded ( F l Filip p l

,
-
. . . .
C ommonly cultivated as a S hade tree fl M arch A pri l ; of loc a l o ccu r -

, .
-
rence along the seashore in the Philippines C eylon through M al aya to .

,
northern A ustrali a .
1 5 C A S S I A Linnaeu s .
rect trees shrubs or herbs Leaves abruptly pinnate F lowers

E , , . .
usually large and sho wy in axill ary an d terminal racemes o r p ani cles , .
C alyx tube short the sep al s imbric ate

-
P etal s 5 subequ al
, Stamens 1 0
,
.
, .
,
r arely all perfect 3 to 5 being reduced to staminodes or sometimes absent ;

,
anthers mostly b a s i fi x ed opening by terminal pores or with the S l it more ,
o r les s continued down ward Ovary sessil e or stalked P o d very vari able . .
,
‘
t erete or flat dehi scent or indehiscent u sually septate between the seeds
, , .
( A n an cient name derivation obscure ) , .
A ve r y la rge genus in all tropical regions and a few species in temperate ,
countries about 1 2 in t h e Philippines

, .
1 . T rees 1 . C . s i a m ea
1 . U ndershrubs S hrubs or su ff rutescent herbs

, , .
2 Leaves with gl ands on the common rach is ; suffrutescent herb s o r

.
undershrubs .
3 Leaflets obtuse ; seeds rhombohedral

. 2 C t om . .
3 Leaflets acumin ate seeds compressed

.
, .
4 P lant gl abrous or nearly so

. 3 C occ i d en t a li s . .
4 P l ant pubescent
. 4 C hi r sut a . .
2 Leaves wi thout glands on the rachis ; a coarse b r anched S hrub with

.
l arge l eaves racemose bracteate fl owers an d w i nged pods

, , .
5 C . a la t a
1 . C Lam ( C flor i d a Vahl ) A caci a ( S p

. SI A M E A . . . .
tree 8 to 1 2 m high the branches spreading Leaves equally pinnat e

A , .
,
1 5 to 25 cm long ; l eaflets 8 to 1 4 opposite Oblong obtuse or retuse 2 to 5 , , , ,
cm l on g Panicle l arge erect terminal 1 5 to 30 cm l ong extending into

.
, , , ,
the upper axil s composed of al ternate corymb s F lowers yellow about

, .
,
cm in diameter S tamens 7 the other 3 upper ones reduced to stami

.
,
nodes ; the lower 3 l arger than the l ateral ones P ods nearly straight thin .
, ,
flat 1 5 t o 20 cm l ong
, to cm wide containing 1 5 to 25 seeds ( F l
, , . .
F ilip p l . .
C ommonly
cultivated a s a shade tree not spontaneous fl June Dec ; , , .
-
i ntroduced from Indi a or M al aya India to C ochin C hina the M alay Penin .
,
sul a an d A rchip el ago .
2 C . L . T OR A .
S tout erect glabrous rank smelling suffrutescent annua l 1 m high or

, , ,
-
,
less Leaves 8 to 1 2 cm long the stipules linear subul ate ; leaflets 6,

.
,
-
obovate to oblong obovate obtuse ap icul a t e 2 to 5 cm long F lowers-

, , , .
axill ary in pairs the peduncle very S hort t h e pedicel s

, cm l ong or
,
"
,
less C oroll a yellow

. cm in diameter: Pod slender up to 1 5 cm lo ri g , , ,
3 to 4 mm thick ( Fl Filip p l . . . .
In Open waste pl aces very common fl all the y ear ; throughout the , , .
Philippines A n ative of trop ical A merica n ow in most tropical countri es

.
, .
3 . C OC C I DE N T A L I S L
. .
A n erect , somewhat
branched gl abrous suff ru t escent h erb or a S hrubby , , .
plant to m high Leaves pinn at e about 20 cm long t h e rachi s wit h .

, ,
a l arge gland at the b ase Leaflets rank smellin g 5 pairs Oblong la n c eo .

-
, ,
-
l ate acuminate 4 to 9 cm l ong R acemes few fl ower ed axill a ry and term

, , .
-
,
inal corym bose F lowers yellow 2 cm long Pods about 1 0 cm long

, .
, .
,
9 mm wide thickened containing about 40 seeds , ( F l Filip p l , . . . .
In open waste pl aces fl all the y ear Wi dely distributed in the Philip , . .
pines A native Of tropical A merica n ow in most t r o pica l cou n tri es

.
, .
4 C . I L. H R SU T A .
A n erect branched , annu al su ffru t escent herb or un dershrub

, to ,
m high Leaves equally p innate 1 5 to 30 cm long ; l eaflets 8 to 1 2 ovate

.
, ,
to obl ong ovate acuminate more or less pubescent 4 to 1 0 cm long

-
, , , .
F lowers yellow about 2 cm in di am eter in p airs in t h e axil s of the l eav es

, ,
or in terminal somewhat crowded p anicles P ods 1 5 to 25 cm long ab out

, .
,
5 mm wi de pubescent t h e seeds very numerous

, , .
Occ asional in open waste places fl N ov f—J an Of local occurrence in , . .
the Philippines A n ative of tropi cal A merica now p antropic

.
, .
5 . C L A capul co C apulco C a pur co

. A L A TA .
, ,
A coarse erect branched shrub to 3 m high the branches stout ,

, , .
,
green Leave s equ ally pinn ate 40 to 60 cm lon g ; leaflets 1 6 to 28 oblong

.
, , ,
apex broad rounded apicul a te 5 to 1 5 cm l ong, gradu all y increasing in

, , ,
size upward Inflorescence Of terminal an d axill ary S imple or p anicl ed

.
,
S pike like peduncled racemes 1 0 to 50 cm long F lowers yellow a b out

-
, , .
,
4 cm in diameter t h e buds subtended by thin yellow oblong concav e bracts

, , , , ,
to 3 cm long which a r e imb ricate and conceal the buds falling a s t h e

, ,
flowers Open U pper 3 stamen s reduced t o staminodes the lower two with
.
,
l arge anthers the l ateral p airs small P ods s traight spreading abou t
,
.
, ,
1 5 cm long cm wide valves with a crenul ated chartac eous wi ng run

, , ,
ning from en d to end S eeds 50 to 60 flat t ened trian gul ar ( Fl F ilip .

, , . . .
pl .
In open wa ste pl aces fl Oc t — J an ; widely distributed in t h e Ph i l ippine s , . . .
in and about towns T ropics of t h e Worl d a nati v e of tropical A merica

.
,
.
C a ss i a gla u c a Lam a native of south eastern A si a , w a s introduc ed and .

,
-
cultivated in the Old B otanic Garden in S p anish times It s eem s not to .
ha v e p ersisted It is a tree the flowers with 1 0 p er f ec t s tam en s

.
,
.
18 . PA HU DI A Miquel
U narmed trees with even pinnate leaves F lowers in terminal panicles -

. .
C alyx pubescent the tube elongated the limb 4lobed the l obes imbricate
, ,
-
, .
Pet al 1 shortly cl awed broadly orbicul ar the others r udimentary or none

, , , .
S tamens 9 with 7 perfect rarely 7 with 5 perfect fil aments more or less , ,
united or free Ovary stalked stalk a dnate to the c alyx tube P o d

, .
,
-
.
oblong to r h omboid thick woody 2 valved d eh i s c en t h s ep t a t e between the

, , ,
-
,
seeds S eeds ovate to Oblong bas e arill at e ( In honor of C F P a h ud )

.
, . . . .
S pecies 8 B ritish Indi a to M al aya and tropical A fric a , 1 i n the P hil

,
I p p I n eS .
1 . h om b oi d ea ( B l anco ) F rain (A fzeli a r h o m b o i d ea V i d ) T indalo

P . r .
B alayong
A tree reaching a height Of 25 m glabrou s except the inflorescence , .
Leaves simply pinnate up to 25 cm l ong ; leaflets usu a lly 8 opposite oblong , , ,
Ovate to elliptic ov a t e acuminate shining 5 to 8 cm l ong -

P anicles term
, , , .
inal and axillary pubescent equaling or shor t er than the leaves , ,

’
C a l yx gr een pubescent Peta l y ellowish red Pod wood y thick some

, .
~ -
.
, ,
what rhomboid about 20 cm l ong 8 to 1 0 cm wide about 8 se eded t h e

, , ,
-
,
seeds bl ack more than one half enclosed by the orange red aril ( Fl Fi l ip
,
- -
. . .
pl .
Immature specimens in S i n ga lon in cultivation A wi dely distributed .

,
endemic v aluabl e timber tree i n regi ons near M anil a fl A u g— S ept

, , . .
19 . C Y N OM E T R A Linn aeu s
rect u su ally gl abrous S hrubs or trees Leaves alternate pinnate the
E , .
, ,
l e a flets cori aceous entire Opposit e f ew, unequ al or t h e l eaves some, , , ,
times simple F l ower s numerous small bracteate in axillary fascicles

.
, , , ,
S hort r acemes or corymbs C alyx tube very S hort dis k subbasal the lob es
, .
-
, ,
4 or 5 oblong imb ri cate , P etal s 5 obl anceol ate equal

, S tamens 1 0 the .
, , .
,
fi l aments free exserted Ovary sessil e or short stalked , 2 Ov u led P o d

, .
- -
.
tu rgi d or fl at indehiscent Often very thick an d u sually ru g

, ose ( Greek , .
” ”
“
dog and womb from the shape Of the pod of some S pecies )
“
.
S pecies 25 or more in all tropi cal countries about 7 in the P hili p pines , , .
1 . C . s i m p li c i f o li a
'
Harms .
A a height of 1 5 m or more glabrous Lea v es S imple

t r ee, r ea c h i n g , .
,
coriaceous S hort p e t iol ed Oblong ovate to elliptic ovate apex obscurely

,
-
,
- -
,
acuminate the bas e usually roun ded 5 to 9 cm lon g green and shining
, , ,
on the upper surface the lower surface somewh at gl aucou s when fresh ,
.
F lowers small white in 5 to 1 0 mm long many fl o w er ed axillary racemes

, , ,
-
, .
Petal s narrowed below P ods 2 to 3 cm long obliquely oblong flattened “ , , .
I n thickets near San F rancisco del M onte ; rather widely distributed in

'
the Philippines E ndemic . .
C y u om et r a c a u li fl or a L a M a l ayan species was formerly cultivated in

’
.
, ,
M anil a but appears no longer to be found here ; it i s ch arac t erized by its

,
leaves having one pair Of le a flets and its flowers being bo rne in racemes ,
that S pring from the trunk an d la rger branches .

L E GU M I N OSA E
PA PI L I ON A T A E
20 A E S C HY N OM E N E
. Linnaeus
rect branched herbs the leaves with very n umerous close se nsitive ,
E , , ,
Od d pinn at e small linear leaflets

-
F lowers small in f ew fl o wer ed r acemes
, , .
,
-
.
C alyx deeply 2 l ipped the lip s somewhat toothed S tandard orbicu l ar ;

-
, .
keel not beaked S tamens in 2 bundles Of 5 each Pod l inear stalked flat ,
. .
, ,
4 to 8 S eeded ultimately separating into l seeded points

-
, ( Greek being -
.
ashamed from the sensitive le aflets )

”
, .
S pecies about 30 in a ll tropical countries 1 p robably introduced in , , ,
the Phil ippines .
1 . A L I N DI OA .
A n erect branched suffrutescent annual herb

, to m high gl a , , ,
brous the branches green cylindric Leaf rachi s 3 to 5 cm long the

, , .
-
,
leaflets S i ma ll l inear or oblong numerou s obtuse 1 nerved close about

, , , ,
-
, ,
5 mm l on g ; stipules l anceol ate 1 cm long deciduous p roduced below the , , ,
point of a ttachment R acemes axil l ary , S hort 1 to 4fl ower ed Flowers .

,
-
.
about 8 mm long yellow and purplish Pod l inear Oblong straight or

, .
-
,
cur v ed 1 to 3 cm long about 3 mm wi de composed of from 4 to 8 j oints

, , , .
In open wet grass l ands fl all t h e year ; throughout the Philippines but , .
,
p robably introduced T ropic s of the Old Worl d extending to J ap an .

, .
21 . A R A C HI S Linnaeu s
Low u sual ly p rostrate herbs with even pinnate leaves the leafl ets 2
,
-
,
or 3 pairs not stipellate F lowers yellow

, crowded in short axi l l ar y .
, ,
spikes or pedicelled in the axils of the leaves C al yx tub e S lender the

, .
-
,
4 upp er wi ngs oblong ; keel incu rved beaked F il aments united in a , .
closed tube some anthers versatile the alternating ones s ubb a s i fix ed Pod
, , .
Oblong cylindric reticul ate indehiscent torulose but not j ointed maturing
-
, , , ,
under the surface of t h e ground ( A n cient Greek name for some l egumi .
n ou s pl ant ) .
Species 7 al l tropica l A meric an 1 n ow cultivated in all warm countries

, , .
*
1 . A L M ani
. H YP OGA E A Peanut . .
A n annual spreading hairy branched herb the stems 3 0 to 8 0 cm lon g

, , , , .
Leaves 8 to 1 2 cm l ong the base of the petiol e cl asping t h e sheath , , ,
p roduced in 2 l inear lanceol a t e stipules Leaflets Ob l ong t o obovate 2 to -

.
,
5 cm long F l owers axill ary f ew fascicled yellow about 8 mm l on g

.
, , , , .
P ods ripening under ground Oblong leathery reticul ate 1 to 5 cm long , , , , ,
containing from 1 to 3 seeds ( F l F ilip p l . . . .
C ommonly cultivated fl Dec —M arch A native of tropical A merica n ow , . .
widely distributed in cultivation in most tropical an d subtropic al countries .
22 Z OR N I A
. Gmelin
Slender annu al herbs gl and dotted the leaves compound leaflets in 1 ,
-
, ,
o r 2 opposite pairs F lowers small in lax racemes enclosed by l anceol ate

.
, ,
,
p ai red bracts C alyx small the upper teeth short connate C oroll a ex
.
, , .
s er t ed S tamen s monadelphou s the anthers dimorphou s

. Ovary many , .
38 A FL OR A or MA N IL A
o v u led of several roun ded flattened finely prickly indehiscent

. P od , , , , ,
1 seeded j oints
~
( In honor of J Zorn an early German physician and
. .
,
botanist ) .
S pecies 1 0 all of tropi cal A merica except 2 ; 1 prob ably introduced

, , , ,
1 Z DI P H YL L A ( L ) Pers
. . . .
Gl ab rous the stems slender wiry branched sprea ding or ascending from
, , , ,
the rather stout root up to 40 cm in l ength Leaflets 2 l anceolate acute , .

, ,
or acuminate 1 to cm l ong ; stipules lanceol ate produced below the

, ,
point of insertion R acemes 2 to 6 cm long slender 3 to 1 5 fl o wer ed

.
, ,
-
.
F lowers small yellow quite hidden by the p aired l anceo l ate acuminate
, , , , ,
persi stent br acts whi ch are 8 to 1 0 mm long an d tailed at the base Pod .
of 2 to 6 round prickly j oints about 2 mm wide

, , .
In open dry grass l ands S a n P edro M a c a t i fl N o v —Jan ; of local ,

'
, . . .
occurrence in the P hil ippines p r ob a b ly i n t r o d u c ed M ost tropical countries , .

,
possibly ori ginating in tropi cal A merica .
23 . D E S M OD I U M Des v a ux
H erb s ,
shrubs or sm all trees with simpl e or 3 foliol ate stipulate leaves
,
-
.
F lowers small white pink red or purplish in few to many fl o w er ed

, , , , ,
-
axill ary or terminal racemes or umbel s sometimes p ani cled C alyx teeth , .
-
longer or shorter than the tube the upper t wo often subconn ate C oroll a ,
.
exserted ; standard broa d ; wi ngs more or less adhering to the usually

obtuse keel U pper stamen free or p artly so the other 9 united Ovary
.
, .
f ew to m any o v uled P o d usu ally comp osed of few to m any l seeded

-
.
,
-
,
indehiscent compressed j oints smooth or covered with minute hooked hairs

, , .
( Greek bond or chain allusion t o the j ointed pods )

” “ ” “
, .
S pecies 1 30 or more in al l tropical countries a f ew in temperate regions , , ,
30 i n the Philippines .
1 . Leaves 3 fol iol ate .
2 B racts l arge orbicul ar persis t ent l eaf l ike enclosing an d concealing

.
, , , ,
th e flowers . 1 D p u lc h ellum
. . .
2 B r acts very smal l or none

. .
3 Fl owers umbell ate umbel s arranged in terminal or axil l ary p ani

.
,
cles ; erect shrubs 2 D q ui n q u ep et a lum . .
3 F lowers not umbell ate ; herbs or undershrubs

. .
4 Pods not sinuate the segments much l onger than broad

.
,
.
3 D sco r p i ur u s . .
4 P ods deeply sinu ate spirally twisted the Segments as broad

.
, ,
as long 4 D p r oc u m b en s . .
4 Pods not deeply sinu ate nor spir ally twisted

. .
5 Prostrate or spreadin g su ff rutescent ; le a ves silvery pubescent

.
,
-
beneath ; flowers numerous 5 D c a p i t a t um . .
5 Slender sp reading herb s with 1 to 3 flowers in the leaf axils

.
-
.
6 P edicel s u sually shorter than the petioles ; leaflets obovate

.
cunea t e truncate or emarginate ; branches nearly gl abrous ,

.
6 D t r i fl or um
.
'
.
6 . P edicel s
longer than the p etioles ; leaflets usu ally oblong .
,
rounded at the apex ; branches pubescent with spreading

hairs . 7 D h et er op h y lla . .
1 . Leaves 1 -
foliol ate .
240 A FL OR A or MA N IL A
In thickets open waste lands etc S a n P ed ro M a c a t i T ondo et c ; fl

, , .
, , , . .
Sep t May ; l ocal in the Philippines an d cert ainly introduced ; undoubtedly

-
a native of tropic al A merica n ow in m any tropical countries , .
5 . D a pitatum ( B u rm ) DC M a n i m a n i M a n i m a n i h a n
. c . .
,
A somewhat wood y l ant the branches prostrate and spreading or

p ,
somewhat ascending up t o 1 m i n length all p a rt s more or less whi t e , ,
pubescent at least when young L eaves 3 foliol ate ; l eaflets broadly o bo

, .
-
v ate ba se wedge shaped apex rounded tru ncate or retu se

,
-
to 4 cm , , ,
l ong silky pubescent with white hairs beneath R acemes numerous axil
,
-
.
,
l a r y an d terminal dense many fl o w er ed 2 t o 5 cm long F lowers p ale , ,

-
, .
purple about 6 mm long Pods nume r ous 1 to 2 cm long veined somewhat

, .
, , ,
pubescent consisting of from 3 to 6 j oints

, .
In open grass lands C aloocan to F ort M c Ki n ley fl N ov —J an ; wi dely , . . .
di stribute d i n the Philippines possibly introdu ced Indi a to M al aya , . .
6 . DI OR U M ( L ) DC
. TR F L . .
A slen d er prostrate b ranched somewhat hai ry herb the s t ems 1 0 to 30

, , , ,
cm long Leaves 3 fol iol ate small the stipules brown acuminate Leaf
.
'
-
, , , .
lets oblong ellipti c to obovate u sually retus e 7 to 1 5 mm long

-
F lowers , , .
purpli sh about 6 mm long axill a ry solitary or 2 or 3 together the pedicel s

, , , ,
sl ender about 1 cm l ong Pod 5 to 1 2 mm long of 2 to 6 j oints

, .
, .
In open dry grass l ands l awn s wa s t e pl aces etc common fl most of the , , , .
, , .
year ; throughout the P hilippines un doub t e dly introdu ced C osmopol itan , .
in the tropics .
7 . D H E T E R OP H YL L
. UM ( Willd ) DC . .
p rostrate spreading slender pl ant the s t ems clothed with long

A , , , ,
S p reading hairs branched 1 0 to 40 cm l ong Leaves 3 foliolate ; leafl ets

, , .
-
oblong ellipti c or obovate oblong apex rounded 1 to 2 cm long h airy

,
-
,
-
, , ,
beneath Pedicel s axillary slender much longer than the p etio l es 1 or

.
, , ,
f ew fl o w er ed
-
F lowers purpl e 5 to 6 mm l ong . Pods about cm long , .
,
of 4or 5 j oints the j oints as bro ad a s long t h e upper sutu r e continuou s t h e

, , ,
l ower indented .
In open grass l ands Santa Mes a , M asambong etc fl Oct —J an ; of v ery , .

, . . .
local occurrence in t h e Philippines undoubtedly introduced Indi a to the , .
M ascarene Isl ands C hin a an d M al aya , , .
8 . D I Q U E T R U M ( L ) DC
. TR . .
A n erect branched suffrutescent herb or a shru b 1 to 2 m high

,
Leaves , .
simple oblong to l an ceol ate acuminate 1 0 to 25 cm long ; petiol e 2 to 3

, , ,
cm long prominently winged R acemes termina l and axill a ry up t o 30

, .
,
cm in l engt h Flowers numerous purplish about 5 mm long Pods 2 t o

.
, , .
5 cm long the j oints 6 to 8 nearly squ are

, ,
.
C ementerio del N or t e fl Oc t —Dec ; of local o ccurren ce in the P hilippines , . . . .
I ndi a to the M ascarene I sl ands C hina Mal aya and northern A ustral ia , , ,
.
9 . i r gatum Zo ll
D . v .
A slender erect simple or somewhat br anched undershru b less than 1

, ,
m high more or less pubescent Leaves simple ovate to oblong ovate

, .
,
-
,
a cute to a cumin ate 7 to 1 4 cm long appressed pubescent beneath the , ,

-
,
petioles sho rt pubes cent about 6 mm lon g R acemes terminal and axill ary
’
, , .
,
erect many fl ower ed slender 6 to 20 cm long F lowers white u sually

,
-
, , .
,
LE GU M I N OS A E 241
tin ged with pink 4 to 5 mm lon g P o d pubescent sl ightly curved o r , .
,
fa l cate 1 to nearly 2 c m long consi sting of from 3 to 7 j oints ( F l F ilip

, , . . .
p l.8 3 7, D ga n get i cu m . .
)
In thickets M a sambon g fl , , . N o v —J of local occurrence in Luzon and
. an .
;
Pal awan B u rm a the M alay .
, P enin s ula an d J ava , .
10 D
‘
GA N GE I I C U M ( L ) DC
’ ‘
. . . .
erect or ascending suffrutes cent somewhat bran ched plant usu ally
An , ,
about 1 m high the stem s slender somewhat angular an d grayish pubescent

, ,
-
.
Leaves simple the petiol e to 2 cm long the bla des oblong ovate acute
, ,
-
, ,
base rounded grayish pubescent beneath 6 to 1 3 cm long , to 7 cm wide -

, , .
R acemes lateral and termin al ascendin g slender up to 30 cm lon g , , , .
Flowers numerou s pale greenish about 4 mm long Pods numerous some -

, .
,
what cu r v ed crowded to 3 cm long about 3 mm wide consistin g of

, , , ,
from 4to 1 0 j oints pubescent , .
In open rather dry l ands S a n P edro M a ca t i etc fl most of the year ;

, , , .
, .
widely distributed in the P hilippines undoubtedly introduced T ropica l , .
A frica an d A sia extending to A ustral ia an d Polynesi a

, , .
I D ( B ea uv ) DC ( D la t i fo lz
'
11 . . L A S OCA R P U M um . . .
A n erect somewhat branched suffrutes cent herb or undershrub 1 m

, ,
high or less den sely an d softly pubescent Leaves simple rarely 3 folio l ate
, .
,
-
with a p ai r of much redu ced l ateral leaflets coriaceou s broadly ovate , , ,
rounded or obtu se base broadly rounded o r sub cordate 4 to 8 cm lon g , , .
R acemes axillary an d terminal erect solitary densely m any fl o wer ed 5 to , , ,

-
,
1 0 cm l ong F lowers pink purpl e 4 to 5 mm long

. Pods to 2 cm lon g -
, .
,
linear about 5 j ointed slightly curved den sely co v ered with spreadin g
, ’
-
, , ,
h oo k ed h a i r s .
In open d ry pl aces near Fort M c Ki n ley fl N ov Dec ; widely distributed , . .

-
.
in the P hi l ipp ines p rob ably introduced T rop i cal A fric a A sia an d M al aya ;
, .
, ,
introduced in the West Indies .
24 A L Y S I C A R P U S N
. ecker
rect or spreadin g branched annu al herbs Leaves simple stipe ll at e,
E , , .
,
suborbicula r to l inear Flowers small i n axill ary or termin a l racemes .

, .
C alyx d eepl y toothed the upper 2 teeth often connate C oroll a not , .
exserted ; standard broad ; keel obtu se adhering to the wings S tamen s , .
diadelphous Ovary sessile or subsessile many o v uled Pod cy l indri c or

.
,
-
.
turgid compose d of several indehiscent 1 seeded j oints ( Greek ch ain

,
”
, ,
-
.
“
”
an d fruit in allu sion to t h e j ointed pods )
“
, .
S pecies about 1 5 in the tropi cs of the Old Worl d 3 in the P hilipp ines , ,
possibl y all introdu ced .
1 . Leaves l inear t o l anceol ate lin ea r ; pods smooth ; c alyx equal ing several -
j oin ts of the pod

1 . Leaves suborbicular t o oblong or oblong lanc eol at e ; calyx as long as the -
first or the fi rst t wo j oints of the pod .
2 E rect or suberect often 1 m high ; p ods quite gl abrou s

. 2 A v a gi n a li s . . .
2 Prostrate o r sp reading ; pods pubescent

. 3 A n u m m u la r i f o li u s . .
1 . A . b u plur lf o li us ( L ) DC. .
erect slender bran ched somewhat wi ry herb 25 to 50 cm high

An , , ,
.
Leaves l inear t o linear l anceol ate 2 to 5 cm long ; stipules l anceol ate -

,
acuminate brown 8 mm long or l ess R acemes terminal s l ender inte r

, , .
, ,
1 11 555 —1 6
r up t ed ,to 1 5 cm long the flowers in p airs 6 mm long the pedicels very

10 , , ,
sho rt C alyx teeth twice a s l ong a s the tube P ods 1 cm long o r less
. .
,
composed of 4to 6 glabrous smooth j oints , , .
In open grass l ands S an P edro M a c a t i common fl .Oc t —F eb ; of local , , , . .
occurrence in the P hilippines Indi a to C hina M alaya an d Polyn esia .

, , .
2 A . a gin a li s ( L ) DC
. v . .
A n erect or ascending branched herb reaching a length of 1 t o m , ,

‘
sparingly pubescent and hi rsute Leaves elliptic retus e or rounded .

, ,
to 5 cm long F lowers a s i n the next species Pods cylindric gl abrous

. .
, ,
rugose to 2 cm l ong composed M from 4 to 7 j oints

, , .
I n op en grass l ands near F ort M c Ki n ley fl A ug F eb ; of local occur , . .

-
.
r ence in the P hilippines R ange Of the next sp ecies to which it is very .
c l osely allied di ff ering in its much l arger size an d g l abrou s pods

, .
3 . A . n um m u la r i f o li us (L .
) DC . M a la ca li s qui s , B anig -
u sa , M an i m an i h an
( T a g) .
Ausuall y sp reading or prostrate rarely ascendin g branched nearly , , ,
gl abrou s herb t h e stems sometimes nearly 1 m long often much shor t er

, , ,
t h e branch l ets pubescent Leaves exceedingly vari able elliptic to Oblong .

,
or l a nceo l ate obtuse rounded or acute 1 to 4 cm long

, to cm wide
, , , , .
R ac emes terminal 2 t o 3 cm l ong Flowers pink purpl e 6 mm long

, .
-
, ,
usually rather dens el y arranged P ods mostly crowded 1 to 2 cm long .

, ,
mm thic k composed Of from 3 to 6 somewhat rugose , pube scent j oints

, , .
I n open wast e pl aces gr ass l ands etc common fl more or less all t h e , , .
, .
year ; throughout the Philippines T ropics of the Old Worl d ; introduced in .
A m erica .
25 . U R A R I A Des v a ux
Herbaceou s or suff rutescent perenni al herbs , erect or sp reading

Leaves .
1 to 3 foliolate leaflets stipellate F lowers numerous small in dense

-
, .
, ,
cylindric or spike lik e racemes C alyx tube short the upper 2 teeth short
-
.
-
, ,
t h e lower 3 usually elongated setaceou s Standard broa d ; wings adhering , .
to the k eel Stamen s di adelphous ; anthers uniform Ovary f ew ov uled ;

. .
’
-
style sl ender i n fl ex ed P o d small Of 2 to 6 swol len 1 s eeded indehiscent

, .
, , ,
-
,
j oints ( Greek .
S pecies 8 I ndi a to C hina southwar d to A u stralia 2 in the P hilippines

, , , .
1 . U . la go po d i o i d es ( L ) Don
. .
A pubescent sp reading or trailing pl ant the stems branched up to

, , ,
60 cm in length the flowering branches erect or ascending , Leaves 1 an d .
3 fo l io l ate
-
Often intermixed , the stipules linear or setaceous ; leaflets ,
orbicu l ar to elliptic or elliptic l anceolate rounded or subacute ap icul ate -

, , ,
1 to 6 cm long Inflorescence terminal the flowers p al e purple in very

.
,
-
,
d en s e c y 1i n d r i c ovoid to oblon g pubescent racemes 3 to 8 cm long usual l y

‘
, , , , ,
about 2 cm thi ck the bracts cili ate ovate to l anceol ate long acuminate
, , ,
-
,
8 to 1 2 mm long Lower c alyx teeth elongate ciliate the pedicel s densely

.
-
, ,
c i l iate C oroll a about 6 mm long P o d with 1 or 2 ellip soid swollen

. .
, ,
s hining 3 mm long j oints , .
I n open dry grass l ands M asambong San Pedro M a c a t i etc fl A p r , , , .

, . .
Dec ; wi dely di stribu t e d in the Philippines

. Indi a to C hina southward .
,
to A ustrali a and Polyn esia .

24
obl ong to elliptic oblong apicul ate 1 to 2 cm long pale an d appressed

-
, , ,
pubescent beneath R acemes axill ary solitary 2 to 3 cm lon g F l owers

.
, , .
red about 5 mm long corol l a l ong exserted Pods numerous crowded

, ,
-
.
, ,
r efl ex ed strongly curved 1 to , cm lon g 6 to 8 seeded slightly appressed , ,

-
,
pubescent with very short hairs .
In Open waste places San Pedro M a c a t i etc fl most Of the year ; , , .

, .
widely distributed in the Philippines A n ative of tropic al A meric a n ow .

,
found in many other tropica l countries .
3 . I .L T a y om I
T N C T OR A Indigo I . .
A n erect slightly pubescent shrub 1 to , In high Leaves 6 to 1 0 , .
cm lon g ; l eaflets 9 to 1 3 obovate oblon g to cm l ong R acemes ,

-
, .
r ather l ax sessile 2 to 6 cm lon g Flowers reddish or reddish y elow

, , .
-
,
small P ods spreading or r efl ex ed straight or n ea rly so 2 to 3 cm lon g

.
, , ,
8 t o 1 2 seeded ( F l Filip p l
-
. . . .
In thickets an d waste pl a ces Pasi g fl A u g—Dec an d prob ab ly in other , , . .
months ; widely distributed in t h e Philippines but certainly introduced .
Form erly like the p receding species extensively cultivated for indigo
, , .
T ropics generally .
27 T E P H R OS I A P er s o on .
or undershrubs erect Or sp reading with Od d pinnate leaves

Herbs , ,
-
,
the l eaflets Opposite u sually pubescent R acemes leaf Opposed F lowers , .

-
.
usu ally small numerous C alyx tube camp anul ate the teeth subequa l
, .
-
, .
Petal s cl awed ; stand ard suborbicul ar ; keel in cu rved Stamen s d i a d el .
p hons ; anthers obtuse Ova ry linear many o v uled ; style incurved ; sti gma .
,
-
capitate Often penicill a t e P o d linear , fl at 2 valved m any seeded ( Greek

, .
,
-
,
-
.
“
a sh colored from the gr ay pubescenc e of many species )
’
-
’
, .
S pecies about 1 00 in t h e trop ics of both hemispheres 4 in t h e P hilip ,
p i nes .
1 . T . d i c h otoma Desv . B a la b a la t un ga n
erect o r ascending branched shrubby o r suff rutescent p l ant 1 m high
A n , ,
or l es s al l p art s pubescen t Leaves 5 to 1 0 cm long o dd pinnate ; l eafl ets

, .
,
-
5 to 21 narrowly oblong obl anceol ate mucronate base cunea t e 1 t o

,
-
, , ,
cm long the l ower surface pubescent with appressed p al e hairs R acemes

, .
short dense a xill ary many fl ower ed Flowers pink purpl e, about 7 mm
, , ,
-
.
-
long P ods many straight or sl ightly curved n arrowly Ob l ong pubescent

.
, , , ,
to cm l ong about 4 mm wide containin g 7 to 1 2 s eed s ( Fl F ilip

, , . . .
luz en s i s )
’
p l 1 62, T
. . om .
In Open wast e pl aces o cc asion al fl most of the year ; widely distributed , , .
in Luzon E ndemic . .
29 . M I L L E T T IA Wight A rnott
T rees
or shrubs sometimes cl imbing Leaves Od d pinn ate F lowers , .
-
.
s h owy in axill ary simple Often fasci cled racemes or in terminal panicl es
, , ,
.
C alyx camp anul ate truncate or with short teeth C oroll a exserted the
, .
,
petal s clawed ; s t andard broad ; k eel not beaked S tamens monadelphous .
or diadelphous Ovary l inear f ew ov uled ; sty l e incurved ; stigma capita te

.
,
-
.
Pod linear to oblong u sually flat f ew seeded indehiscent or tardily so , ,

-
, .
( In honor of Doctor M illet an E nglish physician )

’
, .
S pecies 60 or more in the tropics of the Old World 6 or more in t h e ,
Philippines .
1 . M . Perk m er r i lli l .
A glabrous shrub or small tree reaching a height of 8 to 1 0 m Leaves .
1 5 to 22 cm long Leaflets ovate to Oblong ovate acumina t e 4 to 8 cm .

-
, ,
l ong R acemes axilla r y about a s long a s the leaves F l owers p ink to

.
, .
purple about 1 2 mm long the calyx cup shaped truncate Pod Oblong
, ,
-
, .
to o blong oblanceolate flat 9 to 1 3 cm long about 1 cm wide acuminate

-
, , , , .
( F l F ilip p l 79 M x y lo c a r p a )
. . .
, . .
In thi ckets M asambong near San Pedro M a c a t i etc fl F eb —A p r ; of

, , , .
, . . .
local occurrence in the P hilippines E ndemic . .
30 G L . I R I C I DI A Humbolt , B onpland , Kunth

T rees
with Od d pinna t e leaves the l eaflets entire often mottled when -
, ,
d ry not stipellate F lowers in axill a ry racemes often from the branches

, .
,
be l ow the leaves C alyx teeth short the upper 2 subconn ate S tan dard .
-
, .
broad r efl ex ed ; wings fal cate Oblong free ; keel incurved obtuse V exillary
,
-
, , .
stamen free the others united in a sheath Ovary many ov uled Pods
, .
-
.
stipitate fl at 2 valved the valves coriaceous

, ,
-
, .
S pecies 3 or 4 in tropical A merica 1 introduced i n the P hilippines at ,
an ea rly date and now widely distributed here .
1 . G . SE P U M I ( Jacq ) S teud ( G . . . m a cu la t a M adre cacao ; C a ca ua t e

( Sp F il .
-
.
A gl abrou s deci duous tree 3 to 1 0 m high Leaves 1 5 to 25 cm long ; .
,
leaflets about 1 3 opposite Ob l ong ovate slightly acuminate blunt b ase , , , , ,
usual l y rounded 4 to 6 cm long rather p al e beneath green and shining on

, , ,
t h e upper surface R acemes numerous on the l eafless bran ches densely .

,
many fl ower ed solitary in the axils of fal l en leaves 4 to 8 cm long

-
, , .
F lowers 2 cm l ong pin k t h e cal yx truncate Standard r efl ex ed retuse , , .

, ,
pale yel l ow in the median p a rt Pods narrowly Oblong to obl anceol ate
-
.
,
1 0 to 1 4 cm long about 2 cm wi de fl at 6 t o 8 seeded tardily dehi scent , , ,

-
, .
( Fl F i l ip p l 25 0 G a led up a pun ga m )
. . .
, .
In thickets hedge rows etc v ery common fl Dec —A p r ; throughout

, , .
, , . . .
the Philippines in and about town s A native Of M exico introduced here .

,
at early da t e and thoroughly natur al ized ; not reported from any other
part of the Orient ‘
3 1 C L I T OR E A Linnaeu s .
S candent ,
somewhat woody vines with showy white or blue flowers and
pinnately 5 to 7 folio l ate l eaves the leaflets stipellate F l ow ers sol itar y
-
, .
,
axill ary the p edun cles w ith 2 smal l bracts and 2 l arge bracteo l es C alyx
, .
thin tu bul ar 5 lobed C oroll a exserted the standard shaped like the bow l
, ,
-
.
,
of a spoon very much larger than the wings and incurved keel S tamens
, .
monadelphou s or diadelphou s ; anthers uniform Ovary stalked many .

,
ov u led P o d linear flattened

.
, .
Species about 30 mostly in the tropics of the N ew World one in the , ,
Phil ippines .
1 . C . LT E R N A TE A .
scandent vine the stems sometimes 1 cm in diameter Leaflets 5 to

A , .
7 ell ipti c t o Oblong obtuse 3 to 7 cm l ong the stipel s small acicular

, , , , , .
F lowers solitary the bracts oblong about 2 mm lo n g the bracteoles green

, , , ,
roundi sh 5 t o 8 mm long C alyx green

, cm lon g C oroll a to 4 cm .
, .
long the standard deep blue with a white or yellowish center p ale blue or
,
-
,
-
,
nearly white . P od 5 to 10 cm long flat , , 6 to 10 -

seeded .
(F l . F i l ip .
pl .
Qu i t e common in thickets of t en cultivated ; throughout the , P hilippines ,

but certainly introduced C osmopolitan in the tropi cs . .
32 P A R OS E L A C a v a n i lles
.
rect branched gl andu l ar puncta t e herb s with altern ate odd p inn a t e
E , ,
-
,
-
l eaves the leaflets small numerous Flowers blue or purpl ish in den se
, , .
, ,
terminal pedun cled or subsessile head like spikes C alyx teeth subequ al
, , ,
-
.
-
.
S tandard broad c l awed base Of t h e l imb cordate or auricl ed ; wings an d

, ,
keel usu ally longer than the standard thei r cl aws usu ally adnate to the ,
stamina ! tube S tamens 1 0 or 9 monadelphous P ods membranaceous

.
, .
.
,
included in the calyx u su ally l seeded and indehi scen t ( A nagram of ,

-
P s o m lea an allied genus ) ,

.
S pecies 1 00 o r more mostly in N orth A merica f ew in S outh A merica , ,
1 M exican species introduced an d thoroughly naturalized here .
1 . P . GL A N DU L OSA ( B l an co ) M err .
(P s or a li a , n i gr a . M ar t . Dura
erect branched nearly or quit e glabrous herb 30 to 60 cm high the

A n , , ,
stems reddi sh or purplish Le aves about 3 cm long ; leaflets linear to . .
n arrowly oblon g ob t use 4 to 1 0 mm long prominently glandul ar puncta te

, , ,
-
beneath Sp i kes dense capitate o v oi d t o Oblong 1 t o 2 cm long F lowers

.
, , .
very numerous ea ch s ub s t en d ed by a lanceol ate long acuminate pubescent

, ,
-
, ,
gl andul ar 6 to 7 mm long b ract C alyx greeni sh hirsute C oroll a i nclud

, .
, .
,
ing the slender white tube about 7 mm lon g the l imb blue exserted P o d , , , .
small pubescent , .
V ery common in Open dry lan ds S a n P edro M a c a t i et c fl S ept —F eb ; , , .

, . . .
locally common in Luzon A n ative Of Mexico thoroughl y n aturalized here .

'
but not repor t ed from any other part of the Orient .
33 . P T E R OC A R P U S Linnaeus
wi th odd pinn ate leaves ,the leaflets ovate entire alte rna t e
T rees -
, , .
F lowers yellow in axill ary p ani cled racemes t h e pedicel s j ointed at the
, ,
apex C alyx turbina t e cu rved in bud the teeth short P eta l s exserte d
.
, , .
,
long cl awed the standar d an d wi n gs c r i s p ed Staminal sheath sl it above

'
- .
,
an d below or only above the upper stamen Often nearly or quite free , g
.
Ovary 2 o v u led ; sty le i ncu rved P o d o r b i c ula r usually 1 s ee ded i n d eh i s

- .
,
-
,
”
cent surrounded by a broa d wing ( Greek wing an d
,
.
“
S pecies 1 5 or more cosmopol itan in the tropics 3 in t h e Philipp ines , , .
Pods smooth
P ods co v ered wi th slen der spreading spines 2 P . . ec h i n a t us
1 . i n d i c u s Will d N arra
P . N ag a ( V i s ) . .
A tree reaching a height of 25 m or more Lea v es 1 5 to 3 0 cm long ; .
leaflets 7 to 1 1 ovate to oblong ovate b lun t a c um i n a t e 5 t o 1 0 cm long

,
-
, f , ,
alternate shining P anicles axillary bran ched F lowers numerou s yellow

,
.
, .
, ,
about cm long Young pods pubescent gl abrou s or nea rly so when . ,
mature orbicul ar to obovate inclu ding the wing 4 to

,
cm long the wing , ,
1 to cm wi de more or less reticulate an d undul ate very shortly beaked

, ,
.
( F l F ilip p l
. .
A singl e tree i n the ol d B otani ca l Garden fl A p r —M ay ; wi dely distributed , . .
in th e P hilippines Indi a to C hina M alaya an d P olynesia .

, ,
.
Pods rather rigid flat ind ehiscent Oblong or strap sh aped with a distinct , , ,
-
wing down one or both sutu res ( Greek membrane fr om the thin pods
”
.
“
of some species ) .
S pecies about 40 in most tropic al countries about 1 2 in t h e P hilippines

'
, , .
1 . V exill ary filament free throughout ; flowers solitary on the nodes of the
inflorescence 1 D d i a d elp h a
. . .
1 . V exill ary filament more or less united with the others ; flowers fascicled
on the usually th ickened nodes Of the inflorescence .
2 Leaflets 9 to 1 3 ; pods 4to 6 cm l ong about 1 cm

. 2 D s ca n d en s , . .
2 Leaflets 3 to 7 ; pods to 5 cm long 2 to 3 cm 3 D t r i fo lz

’
. a ta , . .
1 . D . d i a d elp h a ( B lanco ) Merr .

(D . s i n ua t a T hwaites ) . T i b a la o , B aga
r i la o
scandent shrub 2 to 8 m high Le aves 1 5 to 30 cm l ong ; leaflets
A .
l arge 7 to 1 1 Oblong to Oblong ovate broadly acuminate 6 to 1 5 cm lon g

, ,
-
, , .
Panicles about as long as the l eaves pubescent Flowers numerou s white , .

, ,
about cm long the c alyx pubescent V exillary fi l ament entirely free , .
from the others P ods 4 to 1 2 cm long about 2 cm wi de rather hard .

, , ,
n arrowly winged down one suture containing from 1 to 4seeds ( F 1 F ilip , . . .
p l 3 3 6, D. .
fl or i b un d a ) .
In thickets nea r o ccasional fl A p r —J une ; widely di stribute d

C a l oocan , , . .
in the Philippines . C eyl on and India to In do C hina an d M al aya -

.
2 D . a n d en s ( R oxb ) B enth
. sc . .
A scandent shrub 3 to 6 m high somewhat ferruginous pubescent or ,

-
nearly gl abrous Leaves Odd pinnate about 1 5 cm l ong Leaflets 9 to .

-
, .
1 3 oblong ovat e to ellipti c lanceol ate 2 to 6 cm long 1 to

,
-
cm w ide -
, , ,
apex broadly acumina t e usu ally retuse R a cemes axill ary f ew to many , .
,
fl ower ed longer than the leaves the flowers usu a lly fascicul ate on the
, ,
v er y short l ateral branches C alyx dull purple somewhat Ob l ique 3 mm .

-
, ,
l ong C oroll a white about 1 cm long Pods fl atten ed l anceo l a t e or Ob l ong

.
, .
,
l anceol ate narrowed at both en ds 4 to 6 cm long about 1 cm wide with

, , , ,
a narrow wing along the dorsal suture containing from 1 to 3 seeds ( F l , . .
Filip p l 232 G a led up a fr u t es c en s )

. .
, .
In thickets Mal a t e Malinta et c fl June—S ept ; wi dely di stributed in the

, , , .
, . .
Philippines Indi a to C hina Mal aya and northern A u stralia

.
, , .
3 D . t r ifol i a ta Lour ( D u li gi n o s a
. . . .
A scandent glabrou s shrub reaching a length of 8 m or l ess Leaves .
1 0 to 20 cm long ; leaflets shining oblong ovate acuminate 3 to 7 very ,

-
, , ,
variabl e in size 4 to 1 3 cm long Inflorescence of simple axill ar y racemes

, .
,
or n arrow pani cles 5 to 1 0 cm lon g F lowers white Often tinged wi th , .

,
violet 8 to 1 0 mm long P ods subrhomboi d to broadly oblong

, to 5 .
,
cm long 2 to 3 cm wide gl abrous 1 or 2 seeded prominently veined

, , ,
-
, ,
with a narrow wing along the upp er suture ( F l F ilip p l 1 61 D for . . . .

, .
s t en la n a .
)
In thickets along the ti dal streams fl more or less all the year ; along , .
the seashore and tidal streams throughout the P hilippines T ropical A frica .
an d A sia through Ma l aya to A u strali a an d Polynesi a

, .
37 . P ISU M Linnaeus
nnu al herbs with equally pinnate leaves ending in a branched tendril
A , ,
the stipules l arge leaf like F lowers white axillary solitary pedicelled ,
-
.
, , , .
C alyx campanul ate 2 lipped subequ ally 5 toothed C oroll a exserted the ,
-
,
-
.
,
standard very broad the keel shorter than the wings Stamens d i a d el , .
ph ou s the mouth of the tube truncate Ova ry many o v u led ; styl e thick -
, .
,
co mpressed Pods strongly inflated the valves rather thin Seeds several
.
, .
,
globose ( F rom the ancient G reek name )

. .
S pecies 6 in E urop e and A sia a singl e cultivated one in the P hilippines , .
1 I
. P
L C hicharo
. P ea
SA T VU M . .
A n ascending somewhat glaucous glabrous annu al pl ant m high or

, , ,
l ess Leaves alternate ending in bran ched tendrils ; leaflets 4 or 6 Oblong

.
, ,
or elliptic Oblong blunt or apicul ate -

to cm l ong the stipu l es larger
, , ,
than the leafl ets obl iquely Oblong or ovate up to 3 cm l on g base denticul ate
, , , ,
rounded and half c l a sping the stern F lowers white to 2 cm long P ods
-
.
, .
inflated 4to 8 cm l ong , .
Grown from importe d seed for the local ma rket fl Dec —A p r A native , . . .
of E u rope now cultivated in all temperate and some tropical countries

, .
38 . A BR US Linnaeu s
S lender ,
climbing somewhat woody vines with Od d pinn ate leaves Leaf ,
-
.
lets small numerous R acemes rather dense peduncled axillary many

, .
, , ,
fl o wer ed Flowers small pink or purpli sh C alyx teeth short Standar d

.
, .
-
.
ovate below adhering to the staminal tube ; wings n arrow ; keel arched
,
-
.
S t amen s 9 the filaments uni t e d in a tube which i s sl it above the l ot h

, ,
wanting Ovary many o v uled style short Po d oblong flat or turgid ;

.
-
, .
,
seeds bl a c k or bl ac k and red ( Greek elegant in allu sion to the shining

”
.
“
,
re d an d bl ack seeds ) .
Species about 5 cosmopolitan in the tropics 2 in the P hilippines , , .
P ods oblon gturgid , , to 5 cm long , 3 to 6 -

seeded the seeds red and bl ack
, .
1 . A .
p r ec a t or i us
Pod narrowl y Oblong thin flat , 6 to -
, , 8 cm long ,6 to 12 -
seeded the seeds bl ack , .
2 A . . la ev i ga t us
1 . A .L S aga S aga saga ( T a g )

p r ec a t o r i us .
,
-
.
A slender scandent branched annu al vine reaching a l ength Of 9 m or

, , ,
less sparingly pubescent or nearly gl abrous Leaves 5 to 1 0 cm l ong

, . .
Leaflets 20 to 40 Ob l ong mu cronate thin I to 3 cm long R acemes axillary

, , , , .
,
usually shorter than the l eaves F lowers numerou s often crowded p ink .
, ,
to pale purple or salmon about 1 cm l ong Pods oblong turgid

-
, .
, ,
to 5 cm long about cm wide S eeds 3 to 5 shining 6 mm long half

, .
, , ,
black h alf scarlet ( F l F ilip p l

, . . . .
I n thickets occasional fl A u g —A p r ; common and widely distribute d

, , . . .
i n the P hil ippines possibly introduced T ropic s generally , . .
2 A . I a e v i ga tu s E Mey (A pu lc h ellus
. . . .
A slender twining vine reachin g a height of to 3 m Leaves 5 to 1 0 .
cm long the leaflets 8 to 1 6 p airs oblong rounded apicul ate 1 to

, cm , , , ,
long slightly pubescent beneath F lowers numerous pink 7 to 8 mm long

, .
, ,
.
P o d t hin flat smooth somewhat curved 6 to 8 cm long

, Seeds 6 to 1 2
, , , .
,
b l ack .
In thickets S a n P edro M a c a t i fl Oc t Dec ; widely distributed in the

, , . . .
-
.
Phi l ippines Indi a t o A frica and M alaya .

‘
.
39 . S E S BA N I A S copoli
rect b ranched su ff rutescent herbs shrubs or trees Leav es long

E , , , , .
,
narrow evenly pinnate with numerou s Oblong or l inear Oblong small

, , ,
-
, ,
obtuse mucronate leaflets Flowers in f ew fl ower ed axillary ra cemes

, .
-
, ,
sm a l l to very l arge C alyx c amp anul ate shallowly 2 lipped o r 5 toothed

.
,
- -
.
C oroll a much exserted white or yellow ; petal s long cl awed ; standard b road ;
,
-
keel straight o r recurved S tamens diadelphous Ova r y linear many . .

,
~
Ov u led ; style in curved P ods very long and narrow septate between t h e
.
,
seeds dehiscent the seeds ver y numerou s ( F rom the A rabi c name of
, , .
one species ) .
S p ecies about 20 i n all tropi cal countries 3 in the Philippines , .
1 . T rees cm long white or tinged wi th pink

with very l arge fl owers 7 to 8 ,
1 S gr a n d i flor a . .
1 . S uffrutescent herbs or sh rub l ike ; fl owers small yellow -

, .
2 F lowers about 1 cm long wi th numerous purpl ish spots and dashes ;

.
,
pods erect or sp r eadin g 2 S c a n n a bi n a . . .
2 F lowers about
. c m long uniformly yellow ; pods p endulous , .
3 . S . s es b a n
1 . SI .
( L ) Pers C aturay
GR A N D F L OR A Gan ay gan ay . .
-
A gl abrou s tre e 5 t o 1 2 m high Leaves 20 to 30 cm long L eaflets 20 . .
to 40 pai rs oblong obtuse p ale green , to cm lo n g

, R acemes short ,
-
, .
,
axill ary F lowers f ew very l arge white 7 to 9 cm long C alyx green

.
, , , .
,
subtruncate or very shallowly 2 lipped Pods pendulou s linear 20 to 60 -

.
, ,
cm long 7 to 8 mm wide somewh at curved m any seeded ( F l F ilip

, , ,
-
. . .
pl .
un common in cultivation an d half wil d fl Oc t A p r ; throughout

N ot -
, . .
-
.
the Philippines in settled regions and ce rtainly not i ndigenous b ut Of ,
p rehi stori c introdu ction Indi a to M auritius M al aya an d A ustrali a Often.

, , ,
only cultivate d .
2 . S I.
( R etz ) Pers B al acb a c
CA N N A B N A . .
A coarse erect bran ched suffrutescent annu al herbaceous pl ant reachin g

, , , ,
a height Of 3 m with f ew s ca tt ered app resse d h airs or nearly gl abrou s

, , , .
Leaves 20 t o 30 cm long abruptly pinnate the leaflets 30 t o 40 n arrowly , , ,
Oblong obtuse or retuse apicul ate 1 to 3 cm long 3 t o 5 mm wi de

, , , , .
R acemes a xill ary 3 to 5 cm long elongated in fru it 3 t o 6 fl ower ed

, , ,
-
.
Flowers nearly cm l ong t h e calyx green tinged with purple Petal s , , .
yellow the standard w ith numerou s dots and spl ashes of dark purple on
,
-
the ba ck retu se r efl ex ed nearly , cm wide Pods pendulous straight

, , .
,
or somewhat curved 1 5 to 20 cm long about 3 mm wi de sharply pointed, , , ,
containin g from 25 to 3 5 seeds ( F l F ilip p l 405 S a egy p t i a c a ) . . . .

, . .
In open u sually rather wet l ands scattered fl m ore or less throughout

, , , .
the year ; wi dely distributed in the P hilippines surely introdu ced I ndi a to ,
.
the M al ay Peninsul a an d J ava .
3 . S . S E S BA N ( L ) Merr
. .
(S . a egy p t la c a. P ers .
)
erect branched stout shrubby pl ant 2 to 3 m high slightly a p
A n , , , ,
p ressed pubescent Lea v es 1 0 to 20 cm long ; leaflets Oblong rounded

-
.
, ,
api cul ate or mu cron ate 2 to 3 cm long 1 0 to 20 pairs R acemes axill ary , ,
.
,
about 1 0 cm long f ew fl ow er ed above the mi ddl e F lowers uniformly

,
-
.
yellow not spotted with purple slenderly pedi celled about

,
cm long , ,
.
5 to 20 cm long R acemes termina l an d l ateral Flowers about 1 2 mm

. .
long the corolla blue an d white Pods

, to cm long somewhat hairy .
, .
o ccasional in open places Pa ra n aque fl Dec — A p r ; widely di stributed , , . . .
in the P hilippines but certainly not an indigenous pl ant Most tropical

, .
countries .
4 C I N CA N A L
. . . L a t uc la t u c a n , P atoc p a t o c a n , B ula i la ua
- -
erect branched
A n , m high rather , su ffrutescent pl ant u sually about 1 ,
softly gray pubescent the stem s and branches cyl indric L eaflets 3 elliptic
-
, .
,
to obovate obtus e or very slightl y acuminate 2 t o 5 cm long

, to 3 cm , ,
wide R acemes terminal 5 to 20 cm long C alyx about 1 cm long the

.
, .
,
lobes l anceol ate a cumin ate much longer than the tube C oroll a yellow the
, , .
,
standard 1 0 to 1 3 mm wide P ods d efl ex ed inflated hirsute 3 to 4 cm .

, , ,
long 1 cm thick or l ess containing 20 to 30 seeds ( F l F ilip p l

, , . . . .
In wa ste pl aces fl all the year ; common about town s throughout the
, .
P hilippines A n ative Of trop ical A merica n o w widely distributed in the

.
,
trop ics of the worl d .
5. C . b r a cte a ta R
oxb .
A n erect branched su ff rutescent herb or somewhat shrubby plant about

’
, , ,
1 m high sp aringly pubescent Leaves 3 foliol ate the leaflets nearly

, .
-
,
sessile ovate to Oblong ovate n arrowed at both en ds 5 to 1 0 cm long

,
-
, , .
R acemes axill ary an d terminal peduncled 4to 1 0 cm l ong densely flowered , , , .
F lowers yel l ow about 1 cm long P ods oblong cylindric densely pubescent

, .
-
, .
N ear F ort M c Ki n ley fl J a n —F eb ; of local occurrenc e in Luzon Indi a , . . . .
an d the M al ay A rchipel ago .
6 . C I Q U E F OL IA L P a t o c a n P atoc p a t oc a n B ula i la u a
.
QU N .
,
-
,
A n erect bran ched r ather coarse annual herb

, to m high the, , ,
stems green stri at e Leaflets 5 rarely 7 linear to linear l anceolate 4 to

, .
, ,
-
,
1 2 cm long to 2 cm wide pubescent beneath apex b l unt api culate

, .
, , , .
R acemes terminal t h e bra cteoles n arrowly l anceol ate acuminate 1 to

, , ,
cm l on g C alyx gl abrous gr een about 1 cm long the lobes ovate or ovate

.
, , ,
l anceol ate P etal s yel l ow the s tandard more or less brownish purple on
.
~ ,
-
t h e ba ck about cm wide P o d inflated boat shaped 5 to 6 cm l ong

, .
,
-
,
about 2 cm wi d e stalked containing 30 to 40 seeds ( Fl Filip p l

, , . . . .
In wa ste pl aces Old rice fi eld s etc fl A ug—J an ; throughout the P hil
-
,
-
, .
, . . .
i pp i n es but certainly intro duc ed

, Indi a to M al aya . .
41 . F L E M I N GIA R oxburgh
Shrubs or suff r utescent herb s the leaves digi tately 3 fol iol ate or simple ,
-
.
F lowers racemose the racemes solitary or p anicled or in small cymes each

, , ,
cym e hi dden by a l arge fol ded bract the bracts distichously arran ged in ,
zig zag racemes C alyx tub e short the lobes narrow a cuminate the lowest
-
.
-
, , ,
one Often the longest C oroll a l ittle or not at all exserted the petal s equal
.
,
in length S tamens diadelphou s Ovary 2 Ov u led P o d oblong swollen

. .
-
.
, ,
small u su ally 2 seeded ( In honor of J F leming )

,
-
. . .
S pecies about 20 tropical A si a A frica M al aya an d A u stralia 5 in the

, , , , ,
P hilippines .
Leaves 3 foliol ate ; flower s in dense sol itary ra cemes

-
1 F c um i n gi a n a ,
. .
.
L eaves simple ; cymes hidden by l arge fol ded persistent distichou s bracts , , , ,
arranged in simple or branch ed racemes 2 F s t r o bi li fer a . .

1 . F . c um i n gla n a B enth .
erect or spreading sl ightly branched pubescent shrubby o r s u ff r ut es

A n , ,
ce nt plant 1 to 2 m high or less S tems 3 angled densely pubescent Leaves .

-
, .
3 fol iol ate ; leaflets o v ate to rhomboid o v ate acute 5 to 1 2 cm long rather
- -
, , ,
densel y pubescent beneath the lateral ones inequilateral R aceme s i n the , . .
upper axils dense pubescent 2 to 5 cm long F lowers about 8 mm long

, , , . .
C alyx densely silky —pubescent a s long a s the corolla Standard rather , .
d ark purple the wings and keel greenish P o d inflated about 1 cm long
-
, .
, .
In thi ckets P asay C aloocan to M asambon g etc fl Dec —F eb ; of lo cal

, , , .
, . . .
occu rrence in the P hilippines E ndemi c . .
2 F . . S T R OB I L I F E R A payang ; P a r a p a r a n a h a n
(L .
) R . Br . P ayang -
A n erect branched shrub to 2 m hi gh the b ranchlets velvety the , ,
leaves slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous ovate to Oblong simple a cute , , ,
or bluntly a cuminate base rounded or subcordate 6 to 1 4 cm long the , , ,
nerves ascending R acemes axill ary an d terminal 5 to 1 5 cm long com

.
, ,
posed Of numerou s thin rounded or reniform fol ded imbricated g reen , , , , ,
b ra cts which enclose the fascicles or dwarfed cyme s of small flowers ;

bracts very shortly petiol ed cordate to cm long R achis of t h e , , .
racemes zi g—za g C oroll a yellowish green tinged with purpl i sh about 8 mm

.
-
, ,
long P ods Oblon g 1 cm long or less swollen 2 seeded

.
, , ,
-
.
In thickets and Open dry pl aces fl Dec — F eb ; wi dely distributed in the , . . .
Philippines undoubtedly introduced Indi a to C hina an d M al aya ; intro

,
.
d u c ed i n M auritiu s an d i n the West Indies .
42 . M E DI C A G O Linnaeus
rect or trailing herb s with pinnately 3 foliol ate leaves the leaflets
E -
,
toothed C alyx tube camp anul ate subequally 5 toothed C oroll a exserted
.
-
,
-
.
,
free from the staminal tube ; standard an d wings oblong ; keel straight -
,
obtuse Stamen s di adelphous ; fil aments slender Ovary many ov uled ;

. .
-
styl e short sl ightly incurved ; sti gma Oblique Pod sp irally twisted many
,
.
,
seeded indehi scent ( Greek name fo r a l falfa o r lucerne whi ch came from
,
.
,
Media ) .
S pecies about 40 chiefly in the Mediterranean region ; 2 introduced in the

,
P hilippines .
1 . M I . Willd
DE N T C U L A T A .
A n annu al prostrate or spreading branched nearly glabrous herb the

, , , ,
stem s 20 to 40 cm l ong Leaflets obovate cuneate 1 to 2 cm lon g toothed ; .

-
, ,
stipules l acinia t e Peduncles axill ary short closely 2 to 6 fl o wer ed

.
, ,
-
.
Flowers yellow about 5 mm long C alyx teeth as l on g as the tube Pod

, .
-
.
with 2 to 4 spirals the margins pectin ate with spreading spines , .
A c asual pl an t in recently disturbed soil adventitious from E urope o r ,
A merica fl A p r an d p robably in other month s E urope and A si a to

, . . .
J apan ; introduced in N orth A merica .
43 . PU E R A R IA DeC a n d o lle
S lender
or coarse twining herbaceous or suffrutescent vines with 3
'
, ,
foliol ate l eaves the leaflets stipell a t e F lowers smal l to l arge i n f ew to

, .
,
many fl ower ed simple or compound racemes C alyx t eeth long or short

-
, .
-
,
the upper 2 connate C orolla exserted ; standar d as long as the wings .
and keel Sta mens mon adelphous Ovary many o v uled P o d l inear com
. .
-
.
,
pressed .
254 A F L OR A OF M A N I LA
Species about 1 5, India to J apan southward to M al aya 4 in the , , P hil

i p p i n es .
S tipul es peltate ; pods densely hirsute about , 8 mm wide .
1 . P . t h un b er gi a n a
Stipules not pelta t e ; pods nearly or quite gl abrous l ess than , 5 mm wi de .
2 P . .
p h a s eo lo i d es
1 . thun b er gi a na ( S ieb
P . Zuc c ) B enth . . .
A rather coarse scandent pubescent annu al he rb aceou s vine re aching a

, , , ,
len gth of at l east 8 m Leaflets ovate acuminate entire or slightly rep and
.
, , ,
1 0 to 20 cm long the upper surface gl abrou s or nearly so the l ower surface

, ,
rather den sely pubescent with soft gra yi sh hairs R acemes axill a ry 1 5 , .
,
to 30 cm long Flowers about 2 cm long C alyx pubescent the lobes a cu

. .
,
minate C oroll a rather brigh t purple the standard 2 cm broad with a

.
-
, ,
rather l arge yellow spot near t h e base P o d 5 to 8 cm long about 1 cm .

,
wi de hirsu t e wi th spreadin gbrown hai rs

, .
In thickets dry hill sides Pateros opposite Gu adalupe etc fl July Oc t ;

, , , , .
, .
-
.
loca l in the P hilippines J apan to C hina and F ormosa . .
2 . P . P H A SE OL OI DE S ( R oxb ) B enth . .
slender scandent hairy herbaceou s vine 2 to 4 m in lengt h the

A , , , ,
stipules small b a s i fi x ed Leaflets ovate irregul arly 3 lobed and somewhat

, .
,
-
sinuate 6 to 1 2 cm long the upper Surface green the lower surface p ale
, , , ,
and covered with long appressed white hairs R acemes axill ary solitary
, , .
, ,
8 t o 25 cm lon g or longer F lower s p ale blue or purpl ish about 1 2 mm

, .
-
,
long fascicul ate along the rachis the calyx app ressed hirsute P o d 5 to
, ,
-
.
8 cm long 4 mm wi de slightly appressed hirsute

, ,
-
.
In open gr ass l ands an d thi ckets fl all the year ; common and widely , .
distributed i n the Philippines undoub t edly introduced Indi a to C hina , .
and M al aya .
44 D U N B A
. R IA Wight A rnott
S lender ,herbaceous or woody climbing vines Leaves 3 foliolate di s , .

-
t i n c t ly glan d dotted on the l ower surface stipel s u sually wanting

-
F lowers , .
sol itary axill ary or ra cemose C alyx teeth l ong and n arrow the lower
, , .
-
,
one longer than the others C oroll a more or less exsert ed soon falling .
,
or dryin g up and s ub p er s i s t en t the keel u sually not beaked S tamens ,

.
diadelphous anthers uniform Ovary sessile or stalked many o v uled ;

, .
,
-
style i n fl ex ed gl abrous Pod linear fl at not m arked wi th depres sed lines

, .
,
between the seeds ( In honor of P rofessor Dunbar ) . .
Species about 1 5 Indi a to Jap an southward to A u str alia 3 i n the P hil

, , ,
i p p i n es .
1 . D .
pu n c tata (W . A .
) B enth .
(D . c on s p er s a, B enth .
)
Aslender twining herb aceous v ine the stems fi li f o r m somewhat pubes
, , , ,
cent Leaflets thin subrhomboid obtu se 2 to

.
, cm long the lower , , ,
surface gl and dotted with small reddi sh gl ands F lowers yellow axillary
-
, .
, ,
solitary short petioled about 9 mm long the calyx gl an d dotted and p ub

,
-
, ,
-
es c en t P o d l inear recurved 3 to 5 cm long

.
, ,
.
In thickets near Fort M c Ki n ley fl S ep t —Oc t ; known i n the P hilipp ines , . .
only from the v icinity of M anil a Indi a to C hin a southward to northern .
A u strali a .
256 A F LOR A OF MA N I L A
47 . E R Y T H R lN A Linnaeus
T rees ,
usually with prickly bran ches the leaves 3 foliol a t e t h e pet i o ,
-
,
l ules with prominent gl ands at thei r tip s Flowers l arge r ed in dense .

, ,
racemes C alyx Oblique sp athe like fin ally sp l itting to the base o r cam
.
,
-
, ,
p a n n la t e and 2 lipped Petal s ver y unequ al t h e standard l onger t h an t h e

-
.
,
keel and wings U pper fi lament free nearly to the base or more or l ess
.
,
conna t e with others Ovary many ov uled ; style incu rved P o d l inear .
-
.
,
swo l len contracted between the seeds or fl attened at one end ( Greek
, .
“
red in allusion to the l arge red flowers )
”
.
S pecies 30 or more tropics Of both hemispheres 4 in the P hilippines , , .
1 . Pods tur gi d and seed bearing throughout -

.
2 C alyx sp athe l ike Oblique splitting to t h e b ase down the back ; fl owers
.
-
, ,
bright red -
1 E i n d i ca .
’
.
2 C alyx c amp anul ate 2 lipped not sp l ittin g to the base ; flowers dull
.
,
-
,
b rown ish red -
1 . Pods flat t ened and seedless in the lower one half 3 E s u b um b r a n s -

.
’
.
1 . i n d i c a Lam Da p dap ( T a g,
E . .
-
A d i c i d u o u s tre e reaching a height of 1 5 m the branches an d branchlets ,
stout armed with short f ew to many sharp p rickles Leafl ets broadl y
, , , .
ovate 8 to 1 8 cm long so m ewh at acumin ate b ase broad o r subrhomboi d

, , , .
R acemes terminal pubescent dense up to 25 cm long F lowers l arge

, , , - .
,
numerou s C alyx about 4 cm long minutely 5 toothed at t h e tip mouth

.
,
-
very Oblique P etal s bright red t h e standard 7 to 9 cm long the wings

.
-
, ,
an d k eel s ub equ a l shorter th an t h e calyx P o d 1 0 t o 25 cm long

, to 2 .
,
cm in dia m eter distinct l y constrict ed between the s eeds ( F l F ilip

, . . .
pl .
C om m on , fl
'
. J an —A p r quite or partly leafless at time of flowering ;

. .
,
throughout t h e Philippines especi ally near the s ea India through M a l a y a

, .
,
to Polyn esia .
2 . fu s c a Lour ( E o v a li f o li a
E . . .
A tree reaching a height of 1 0 m t h e tru n k wi th l arge coni cal p r o t u , ,
b er a n c es the branchlets and sometim es t h e petio les with smal l s c atter ed

,
pri ckles Leaflets Oblong o r elliptic Oblong 8 to 1 5 cm long acute or

.
-
, ,
obtuse b as e a cute or rounded R acemes 1 0 t o 20 cm long C alyx pub es

, . . .
cent 2 l ipped about 1 cm l ong P etal s dull purp l ish red t h e standard
,
-
, .
- -
,
about 4 cm l ong round ed o r emarginate t h e k eel about one h alf a s l on g

, ,
-
,
t h e wings somewh at shorter than t h e k eel Pods subcyl i n dri c 1 0 t o 25 cm . ,
long about ,
mm wi de 6 to 1 1 seeded apicu l ate ( Fl F il ip p l ,
-
, . . . .
In open wet l an ds fl Jan —F eb ; widely distribu t ed in t h e Philippines , . . . .
India through M al aya to Pol y n esi a

, .
3 . E . s ub u m Merr Da p dapbra ns ( Hassk ) . .

-
A tree reaching a height of 1 5 m unarmed or with f ew p rickles ,

.
Leaflets ovate acuminate b as e rounded or subacut e 7 t o 1 4 cm l on g

, , ,
.
R acemes pubescent in the upper axi l s ; about 1 0 cm long C al yx pubescent

,
. ,
about 8 mm long 2 lipped P etals red t h e s t andard about 3 cm long t h e

,
-
.
, ,
l
keel and wings subequ al less than one half a s long P o d fl at i n dehiscent ,
-
. ,
and seed l ess in the lower one half bearing 1 to 3 s eeds at t h e tip 1 0 to 1 2 -
, ,
cm long with a elongate d slender stalk ( Fl F ilip p l 3 45 E li t h o s p er m a )

,
. . . .
, . .
A single specimen in the Old bo tanical gard en fl Oc t —F eb ; W idel y di s . . .
tribu t ed in the Philippines B urm a t o In d o C hin a a n d M a l aya .

-
.
LE GU M I N OSAE 257
48 . T E R A MN US Swartz
S lender ,
twining herbaceous vines Leaves 3 foliolate F lowers small
, .
-
.
,
i n a xill ary panicled racemes C alyx campanulate the teeth distinc t C O .

, .
roll a l ittle exserted the petal s equal in l en gt h ; standard not spurred

, .
Sta men s mona delphou s ; altern ate anthers small abortive Ovary many , .
o v u led ; style short Pods l inear somewhat compressed septate between

.
, ,
the seeds cur v ed or hooked at the apex

, .
S pecies 4 i n all tropical countries 1 in the Philippines

, , .
1 . la b iali s ( L f ) S preng
T . . .
A slender twining more or less pubescent annual vine reachin g a length

, , ,
of 4I n Leafle t s Oblong elliptic to Oblong—ovate obtuse or acute green and

.
-
, ,
shining on the upper su rface pal e and app ressed —pubescent beneath to 5 , ,
cm long Inflorescence of axill ary p anicled pubescent racemes 5 to 8 cm

.
, ,
l ong F lowers 5 mm l ong C alyx appressed pubescent C oroll a purp l e

. .
-
.
,
only slightly exserted P o d l inear flat curved at the apex sli ght l y pubes .
, , ,
cent about 4cm l ong 3 mm wide containing about 1 0 seeds

, , , .
In thickets S an Pedro M a c a t i etc common fl Oc t —June ; widely d i s t r i b

, , .
, , . .
u t ed in the P hilippines possibly introdu ced C osmopolitan in the tropics , . .
49 . C A N A VA L IA DeC a n d olle
C oarse ,
twinin g annua l or perennial vines with 3 foliol ate l eaves t h e
,
-
,
l eaflets stipellate F lowers rather l arge C alyx l imb 2 lipped t h e upper

. .
- -
l ip p roj ecting entire or emarginate t h e lower on e shortly 3 t oothed

, ,
-
.
C oroll a m u ch exserted stan dard l arge roundish ; wings somewhat shorter , , ,
equal ing the incurved kee l Stamens monadelphous Ovary many ov uled . .
-
.
Po d l arge l inear to oblong flat so metimes swollen with a rib on each

, , , , ,
valv e near the upper suture ( F rom the M al ab ar n am e of one species ) . .
S pecies about 1 5 mostly in tropical A merica 4 in the Philippines

, , .
1 . Pod swollen 1 0 cm long or less about , cm 1 C t ur gi d a , . .
1 . P o d flat or if swollen then l ess than 3 cm wide

, .
2 Leaflets broa d and roun ded at t h e ap ex ; a species g rowin g along

.
sandy 2 C li n ea t a . .
2 Leaflets acuminate
. .
3 Pod less than 20 cm long and 3 cm wide

. 3 C en s i fo r m i s . .
3 Pod 25 to 3 0 cm long 4to 5 cm wi d e

. 4 C gla d i a t a ,
. . .
1 . tu r gi d a G r a h
C . .
A coarse s candent herbac eou s vine in thickets near the seashore

, , .
Leaflets ovate a cumina t e 8 to 1 5 cm long base u sually roun ded F l owers

, , ,
-
.
in p airs at the ends Of the scapes r efl ex ed about 4 cm l ong p ink purpl e , , ,

-
,
quite as in the next species Pods thick broad swoll en Often nearly .
, , ,
flat along the back 1 0 to 1 4 cm long 5 cm wide apicul ate acuminate , , ,

-
,
con t ainin g about 6 bro wn ellip soid somewhat comp ressed hard smooth
, , , , ,
seeds ( F l F ilip p l 31 9 C v i ros a )

. . . .
, . .
In thickets near the seashore but not on the sandy beach N avotas , , ,
Pasa y etc fl July—M arch ; throughout the P h i li p p p i n es near the s ea

, .
, . .
India to Formosa an d M alaya .
2 C . I in eata ( T hunb ) DC P a t a n i n g dagat ( T a g )

. . .
-
.
A coarse prostrate herbaceou s vine , growin g on the sandy beach , , ,
sending up l arge 3 foliol ate leaves and long peduncled racemes of pin k - -
1 1 1 55 5 — 17
purp l e flowers P etioles 8 to 1 2 cm long Leaflets subcoriaceous broadl y

. .
,
obovate elliptic 8 to 1 5 cm long nearly as wide the base usually acute

-
, , , ,
apex broad and rounded o r retuse Scapes erect 20 to 40 cm high bear .

, ,
ing near the apex few p aired r a c em o s ly arranged flowers about 4 cm , ,
long C alyx 2 lip ped the upper l ip l arge broadly 2 lobed the lower one
'
- -
.
, , ,
small subtruncate 3 toothed S tandard 3 cm wide retuse Pod 8 to 1 2

, ,
-
.
, .
cm l ong to 3 cm wi de somewhat turgid when mature

, , .
Pasay beach fl A ug— M arch ; throughout the Philippines along the , .
seashore T ropics of the worl d . .
3 . C . en s i for m i s ( L ) DC. .
Ascandent herbaceous or suffrutescent vine reaching a length of from

2 to 5 m nearly gl abrous or som e p arts more or less pubescent
, Leaflets , .
narrowly ovate to Oblong ovate acuminate or acute base u su ally rounded , -

, ,
8 to 1 6 cm long R acemes axillary sol itary up to 40 cm long flowering

.
, , ,
only near the apex only 2 or 3 flowers open at a time F l owers near l y , .
s essile r efl ex ed C alyx green about

, cm long t h e upper l ip c l eft into
.
, ,
2 broad lobes the lower reduced to 3 smal l teeth ,C oroll a pink about _
.
,
cm long Po d 1 4 to 1 7 cm long 2 to 2 5 cm wide flattened not turgid

.
, ‘
.
, , ,
8 to 1 0 mm thick along the upper suture containing about 1 5 s eeds , .
In thickets M asambong fl N ov —March ; wi dely distributed in t he Phil

, , . .
i pp i n es some forms cultivated

, T rop ics generally wi l d and cultivated .
, .
*
4 C . . GL A DI A TA ( Jacq ) DC . . Hab a ( Sp .
A gl abrou s vine reaching a length of several meters Leaflets ovat e .

,
somewhat acumina t e 8 to 1 5 cm long R acemes axill ary l ong peduncled , .

,
-
,
f ew fl ow er ed
-
Flowers white turning pink about 3 cm long Pods l arge,
.
, , .
narrowly Oblong somewhat curved 25 to 35 cm lon g 4to 5 cm wi de S eed s

-
, , , .
red ( F l F ilipi p l
. . . .
Occa sionally cultivated N ot common in t h e Philippines an d only cu l .
t i v a t ed ; undoubtedly n ative of tropical A meri ca n o w wi l d o r cultivated in ,
many hot countries .
50 C E N T R OS E M A
. DeC a n d o lle
S candent
herb aceous vines with 3 fol iol ate leaves the stipules persistent -
, ,
b a s i fi x ed F lowers rather l arge and showy in axill ary r acemes the bracts
.
, ,
an d bracteoles persi stent C alyx shortly camp anul ate the lobes or teeth .
,
subequ al or the upper 2 conna t e C orolla much exserted Standard broadl y

, . .
orbicul ar longer th an the wings S tamens usu ally diadelphous Ovar y

, . .
subsessile many o v uled ; style somewhat enl arged upward incurved Pods
,
-
, .
”
linear the valves longitudinally 2 ribbed ( Greek spur and
,
-
.
“
S pecies about 26 all A meri can 1 introduced here , , .
1 . C . PL U M I E R I ( T urp ) . B enth .
twining herbaceo us vine from a woody base reaching a l en gth of

A , , ,
5 m or more glabrou s or nearly so Leaflets ovate shortly acumin ate 5

, .
, ,
to 1 5 cm long entire R acemes axillary , sol itary f ew fl ow er ed F lowers

, .
,
-
.
4 to 5 cm long white the center magenta P o ds 1 0 to 1 5 cm long about

, , .
,
1 cm wide long acuminate p rominently longitudinally 2—

, ribbed along each
-
,
valve ( Fl F ilip p l 45 5 C li t or ea p lum i er i )

. . . .
,
'
.
In thickets n ea r the B alicbali c cemetery ; not common in the Philippines

and doubtfully spontaneou s A native of S outh A merica introduced and .
,
n ow spontaneous in M a l aya .
cm long green an d shining above p aler and slightly pubescent beneath

, ,
.
.
R acemes axill ary sol itary 5 to 8 c m lon g slender ,F lowers in distant , , .
p airs the nodes sl ightly o r distinctly thickened C alyx about 6 mm l on g

, .
,
pubescent the teeth longer than the tube C oroll a pink purple nearly 1
, .
-
cm long P ods flat thin sparingly pubescent 3 to 5 cm long 5 to 6 mm

.
, , , ,
wide .
In thickets S a n Pedro M a c a t i fl Oc t —J an ; not common and very l ocal

, , . . .
i n the Philippines Indi a to M alaya an d A ustral ia . .
53 . P HA S E OL U S Linnaeu s
T wining
or erect herbs with 3 fol iol ate l eaves the leaflets stipella t e -
, .
F l owers in axill ary racemes C alyx c ampanulate the lower tooth u sually .
,
longer than the others the upper 2 subconnate C oroll a mu ch exserted , .

,
the keel p rol onged spirally twi sted S tamens diadelphou s Ovary many
, . .
Ov uled ; style fi li f o r m twis t e d with the keel bearded along one side below
, ,
the sti gma Pod linear to oblong comp ressed or swollen ( T h e ancient
.
, .
n ame of the ki dney bean ) .
Species about 60 chiefly tropi cal many cultivated 7 or 8 in the Phi l

, , ,
l p p l n es .
1 . Stipul es small b a s i fi x ed ; flowers usually p ink or purple

, .
2 E rect herbs with appressed pubescent narrow pods an d dark purp l e

.
- -
flowers 1 P la t h y r o z
’
d es . .
2 T wining vines with broader gl abrou s pods an d greenish yellow or

.
,
-
pale purple flowers -

.
3 F lowers l ess than 2 cm long

. .
4 Pods broad flat. to 2 cm wide ; flowers greenish yellow less

, ,
-
,
than 1 cm lon g 2 P luri a t u s . .
4 Pods swollen less th an

. wi de ; flowers to 2 cm l ong p ale
, ,
purpl e or pink an d white ; cultivated pl ants 3 P v u lga r i s . .
3 Flowers about
. cm long 4 P a d en a n t h us . .
1 . S tipules produced below the point Of insertion ; flowers u su ally yellow .
2 Leaflets Oblong to l anceol at e or l inear u su ally less than 1 cm wide

.
, .
5 P m i n i m us . .
2 Leaflets ovat e to Oblong ovate 2 to 3 cm or more in wi dth

.
-
, .
3 Pods wi th sl ightly appressed h airs or gl abrous ; le a flets Often some

.
what lobed 6 P c a lc a r a t u s . .
3 Pods hirsute with sprea ding h airs ; l eaves entire

. 7 P r a d la t us . .
1 . P . L ( P s em i er ec t us
L A T H YR OI DE S . .
A n erect suff r utes cent somewhat branched pl ant 1 to

, m high t h e , ,
bran ches Often fl exu ou s r arely twi ning clothed with d efl ex ed hairs L eaf , , .
~
lets Oblong to oblon g ovate 4 to 7 cm long ; stipules l an c eo l a t e a cuminate

-
, , ,
6 t o 8 mm long R acemes axill ary long peduncled the r acemes 20 cm

.
,
-
,
l ong or less the peduncles a s long or longer t h e flowers about 2 cm

, ,
long C alyx green 6 t o 7 mm l ong S tandar d about 1 cm wide greeni sh

.
, .
, ,
the keel and wings dark purple P ods r efl ex ed 8 to 1 0 cm long about 4 -

.
, ,
mm wide somewhat compressed appressed pubescent S eeds numerou s

, , .
,
about 3 mm long I
.
I n Open grass l ands common fl all the year ; apparently not widely , , .
distributed in t h e Philipp ines A n ative of tropical A merica , introduced .
in the tropics of the Old Worl d .

2 P . . L P at a n i
L U N ATUSLima B ean . .
A s candent slende r annu al gl abrous or spari ngly pubescent herb a

, , , ,
c eo u s vine reaching a length of 4 m or more the stipules small b a s i fi x ed

‘
, , .
Leaflets ovate acuminate thin 6 to 1 2 cm long R acemes axillary sol i

, , , .
,
tary peduncled 8 to 20 cm l ong F lowers long pedicelled about 1 3 mm

, , .
-
,
long the calyx pale greenish the coroll a much longer than the calyx
,
-
, ,
greenish o r pale yellowish Pods oblong somewhat cur v ed 6 to 1 2 cm -

.
, ,
long about 2 cm wi de containing from 1 to 4 l arge variously colored o r

, , ,
white seeds ( Fl Filip pl 8 5 2 . . . .

,
F requently cultivated for its edibl e beans fl Sept —A p r C ultivated , . . .
in all tropical an d warm countries a n ative of tropical A merica , .
*
3 . P .L Habichuel a
VU L GA R S C ommon B ean
I . .
A n annual nearly gl abrous o r sli ghtly hairy erect branched pl ant or , , ,
a slender twining vine Leaves 3 fol iol ate the leaflets ovate acumin ate .
-
, , ,
base roun ded 7 to 1 1 cm long the l ateral ones inequil ateral R acemes
, ,
.
a x i lla r y
u
f ew fl o w er ed shorter than the -
l eaves the pedicel s lon ger than , ,
the calyx Flowers white turning straw colored or somewhat pink pur
.
,
- -
p li s h to 2 cm long B racteol es ovate green persi stent P ods l inear

, .
, , .
,
somewhat curved 1 0 to 1 5 cm l ong about 1 cm wide , , .
C ommonly cultivated by C hinese gardeners for t h e M ani l a market fl , .
N ov —M ay . C ultivated in all warm c Oun t r i es where native uncertain

.
, .
4 . P . G F W M eyer
a d en a n t h us . . . .
A rather slen der gl abrou s t wining herbaceou s vine 2 to 5 m or mor e , , ,
in l en gth Leaflets fi r m 8 to 1 4 cm lon g obl ong ovate entire a cute or

.
, ,
-
, ,
acumin ate bas e rounded 3 n erved R acemes axill ary l ong peduncled t h e
'
- -
, , .
, ,
flowers f ew crowded at the en ds F lowers , to 3 cm long C alyx green . .
or purplish the three lower teeth l anceol ate acuminate the t wo upper
, , ,
shorter wholly o r p artly connate S tandard 3 to

, cm wi de retuse .
, ,
white tinged with p ur ple ; wings with more purple than the sta nd
,
ar d ; keel white al l the petal s turning bro wnish yellow before falling
,
-
.
Pods linear recurved fl at many seeded 8 to 1 0 cm long about 1 cm wide

, , ,
-
, , ,
acuminate .
In thickets especi ally in lo w wet l ands fl N ov —A p r ; wi dely d i s t r i b

, , . . .
u t e d in the P hilipp ines T ropi cs gener ally . .
5 . mi ni mu s R oxb
P . .
slender twi ning nearly glabrou s annu a l reaching a length Of 1 to

A , ,
2 m Leaflets Oblong ovate to Oblong l anceol ate a cute or obtuse 3 to 7

.
- -
, ,
cm long entire the stipules small peltate R acemes slen der axill ary
, , , .
, ,
long peduncled the flowers f ew usu ally 2 or 3 only one Opening at a

-
, , ,
time C oroll a yellow about

. cm long the standard cm wide strongly , , ,
recur v ed Pods 4 to 5 cm long 3 mm wide nearly cylindric

.
, , .
In thickets an d among coarse gra sses Masambong fl N o v —A p r ; of , , . . .
lo cal occurrence in the P hilippines S outhern C hina . .
6 . P oxb
. C AL C A R A T U S R .
A slender herbaceou s nearly gl abrou s or somewhat pubescent v i ne th e

, , ,
stipules peltate Leaflets ovate to oblon g ova t e acute or acuminate entire

.
-
, ,
and sh allowly lobed ones commonly foun d on the same pl ant 5 to 1 0 cm

-
,
long R acemes long peduncled flowers few at the apex yellow about
. cm -
, , ,
long Pods slender sl ightl y appressed hairy or gl abrou s 6 to 1 0 cm l on g

.
,
-
, ,
about 5 mm wide the val v es twi sted when dry , .

In Op en gr a s sy pl a c es Op p osite Guada lu p e fl most of the year ; wi dely , .
d is t ri buted i n th e P hilipp i nes undoubtedly intro duced A n ati v e of tropi cal , .
A si a n o w found i n most wa rm countries wil d or cultivate d

, , .
*
7 . I P L M ungos
. R AD A T U SGreen Gram . .
A n erect or climbing annu al herb b ranched from the ba se or more or , ,
l ess clothed with sp readin g browni sh h airs Leaflets o v ate enti re a cu , .

, ,
m i n ate 8 t o 1 5 cm long the l ateral ones i nequ ilateral Flowers about 1

, , .
cm lon g yellow racemosely arranged near the ends of the sho rt peduncles
, , ,
th e pedi cel s v ery sho rt P ods l in ear spreading 6 to 8 cm l ong about 6 .

, , ,
mm wi de hirsute wi th scattered long brown ish hairs S eeds 4 to 6 mm

, , , .
long .
R arely cultiva t ed in our a rea fl N o v —J an and prob ably in other , . . .

,
months ; extensively culti v ate d in many p a rts of the Phi lippines but scarce ,
ly spontaneou s A n ati v e of the Old Worl d n o w cultivate d in most warm

.
,
5 4 V I G N A S avi
.
T w inin
g or sp reading herb ac eous vi nes sim i l ar to the prec edi ng genus ,
di fferin g chiefly i n havi ng the keel not or but slightly cu r v ed and not
t wi sted C alyx campanul ate the teeth long or short the upper 2 Often
.
, ,
c onn ate C orolla much exsert ed ; keel trun cate or wi th an as cen ding or
.
-
slightly recu r ved be ak S tamen s di adelphous Ovary m any o v u led ; st y le . .

-
be arded along one side below the sti gma P o d s l in ear ( I n honor of D . . .
V i gn a an early Ital ian botanist )

, .
S pec ies 40 t o 50 chiefly t r opi cal 4 in the P hi lippines , ,

.
1 . Pods gl abrous ; keel not p roduced into a b eak .
2 Pods v ery long up to 60 cm i n len gth ; cul ti v ate d

. 1 V s es q u i p ecla li s
, . .
2 Pods less than 7 cm long ; a li ttoral sp eci es wi th yellow flowers

. .
2 V lu t eo la . .
1 . P ods den sely pil o se ; k eel prolonged in t o a bea k 3 V p i lo s a . .
*
1 . V . L S itao
SE S Q U I P E DA L I S .
annu al s candent herb a c eous nearly gl abrous vi ne the sti pules about
An , , , ,
1 cm long att ached abo v e the middl e ; Leaflets ov ate rhomboi d acute
,
-
, ,
entire or nearly so 6 to 1 5 cm l ong the nerves Often purpli sh R a cem es , , .
f ew a xi llary lon g peduncl ed

, F l owers 3 t o 6 crowded at the en ds of the
,
-
.
,
peduncles C alyx green i sh 1 cm long the teeth l an c eol ate long acuminate
.
, , ,
-
C o roll a p al e pu rpl i sh usu ally about 2 cm long P ods slender u su ally

-
,
.
,
purpli sh l ess than 1 cm wi de 20 to 40 cm long many s eeded ( F l F i lip

, , ,
-
. . .
p l 28 6 28 5 V s i n en s i s )
.
, , . .
C ommonly culti v ated for its edi bl e po ds an d be an s fl all the y ear ; , .
widely culti vated i n the Philipp i nes but scarcely sponta n eous prob ably a , ,
n ati v e of C hina C ultivated in mo st wa rm and tropi cal countries . .
2 V . . Gray I ut ea ( Sw ) A . . .
A p rostrate or climb ing herba ceous annu al vi ne gl abrous throughout ,

.
L e a v es 3 foliolate the i r petiol es 5 to 1 0 cm long

-
Leaflets bro adly ovate ,
.
to oblong o v ate o r suborbi cul ar ovate shining acute or roun ded 5 to 1 0 cm

-
,
-
, , ,
long stipell ate S capes axillary er ect 1 0 to 20 cm long bea ring numer
, .
, , ,
ous r a cemosely arranged flowers at the apex but 2 or 3 flowers Openin g

, ,
at one time F lowers yellow cm long the sta nd ard suborbicul a r

.
, , ,
retu se cm wi de P ods subcyl i n dri c 4 to 5 cm long 6 to 7 mm wi de

,
.
, , ,
r efl ex ed each con taining from 3 to 6 ell ip soi d seeds 5 to 6 mm lon g

,
.
1 . D L B atao
. L A BL A B .
A glabrous twining annual vine reaching a l en gth of 6 m or more the

, , ,
stems Often purplish Leaves 3 foliol ate the stipul es small b a s i fi x ed ; .

-
, ,
leaflets ovate acute or a cuminate entire 7 to 1 5 cm l ong R acemes erect

, , , .
,
long peduncled 1 5 to 25 cm long F lowers f ew to many pink purpl e or

-
, .
,
-
nearly white about 2 cm long Pods oblong fl at t ened 7 to 1 2 cm l ong

, .
, , ,
about 2 cm wi de a cuminate containing 3 to 5 seeds ( F l F ilip p l 29 2

, , . . . .
,
L a b la b cu lt m t us .
)
C ommonlycultivated for its edible beans frequent in thickets etc fl , .
, .
Oc t —M a y ; wi dely distributed in the P hilippines wil d and cultivated but , ,
certainly introduced T ropic s of the Old Wor l d . .
2 D . fa l c atu s Klein
. .
A slen der t wining gl abrou s or nearly gl abrou s annual vine reaching

, ,
a len gth Of 3 to 4 m Leaflets ovate to oblong ovat e 2 to 6 cm long .

-
, ,
subentire to somewhat 3 lobed acute or acumin ate base broad P eduncles -

, , .
solitary axill ary slender equ aling or exceeding the petioles each bearing
, , , ,
from 1 to 3 or 4 flowers at t h e apex F low ers pink and white or purplish , .
1 cm lon g P ods oblong somewhat cu rved 5 to 7 cm long about 8 mm wi d e

.
, , , .
In dry thickets Gu adalupe etc common fl Oc t —M arch ; wi dely distributed

, .
, , . .
in Luzon India . .
5 7 P S OP HOC A R P U S N ecker .
T wining
herbaceou s o r suffrutescent vines from tuberou s roots Leaves .
3 foliol ate the stipules produced below the point of attachment ; leaflets
-
,
stipellate F l owers rather l arge

. pal e blue or purplish C alyx teeth ,
-
.
-
shorter than t h e tube the upper 2 connate C oroll a much exserted petals , .
-
,
equal t h e keel incu r ved

, Stamens mona delphous t h e upp er one free below .
, .
Ovary m any ov u led ; style l ong beard ed aroun d t h e stigm a P o d squ are
'
, .
,
oblon g distin ctly l ongitu dinally winged along each angle septate between
, ,
the seeds .
Sp ecies 3 or 4 in the tropic s of the Old Worl d 1 in the Philipp ines , .
1 . P . T E T R A GON OL OB U S ( L ) DC . . S egi d i lla (Sp . C a la m i s m i s (T a g ) .
sp ara gus B ean

A .
A gl abrous twi ning annual vine reachi ng a l engt h Of 6 n i or mor e

, , .
Leaves 3 foliol ate leaflets ovate entire a cuminate 8 to 1 4 cm long base

-
, , , , ,
d eltoid R acemes f ew fl o wer ed up to 1 5 cm in len gth Flowers l ight blue

.
-
.
-
,
3 to cm lon g Pod squ ar e 1 0 to 20 cm l ong about 2 cm thick 4winged

.
, , ,
-
,
t h e wings about 5 mm wi de crisped ( F l F ilip p l , . . . .
C ommonly cultivated for its edible pods o cc asionall y spontaneou s fl , , .
Oc t —Dec cert a inly introduced

. . India and M alaya
, . .
66 . OX AL I DA C E A E ( OX A L I S OR B A L I M B I N G F A M IL Y )
Herb s
or trees gl abrou s o r pubescent Leave s Opposi t e or alt ernate
, . ,
usu a lly 2—stipulate I nflorescen ce axil l ary or caul ine F lowers umbellat e .
-
.
or cymose perfect regul ar small S ep al s 5 imbri cate P etal s 5 Stamens

, , , .
, . .
1 0 in 2 series ; fil aments somewh at united below

, Ov ary 5 celled ; ovules .
-
one to many in each cell ; styles free F ru it cap sul ar or fleshy dehiscent or .
,
indehis cent .
Genera 7 species about 250 chiefly in temperate regions 3 gener a an d 6

, , ,
species in the Phil ippines .

OX A L I DA CE A E 265
1 . Herbs ; fruit a capsu l e .
2 . Leaves 3 foliol ate ; v alves of the cap sule cohering wi th the axis
-
.
1 . Ox a li s
2 . Leaves pinnate ; valves of the capsul e separating from the axis to the
ba se . 2 B i o p h y t um .
1 . T rees or sh rubs with pinn ate leaves an d fleshy fruits 3 A v err h o a . .
1 . OX A L I S Linnaeu s
Small herbs aci d in ta ste u su ally p o s t r a t e and creeping the l eaves , ,
al tern ate 3 foliolate ; stipules small F lowers on axill ary 1 to f ew fl ower ed

,
-
.
-
peduncles regula r yellow S ep al s 5 imbric a t e Petal s 5 h yp ogynou s

, , .
, .
, .
Stamen s 1 0 free o r united at the base all a n t h er / ea r i n g Ovary 5 lobed

, , ,
s
s .
-
,
5 celled ; styles 5 distinct

-
F ruit a capsule dehiscing l o cul icidally ( F rom . .
the Greek sour “

.
S p ec ies about 200 chiefly in tropical and temperate Sout h A meri ca and ,
South A fri ca 2 in the P hilippines , .
Leaflets l ess than cm long ; flowers yellow 1 O r ep en s . .
Leaflets exceeding cm in l ength ; flowers purplish ; cultivated on l y .
2 O m a rti an a .
1 . e p en s T hunb T a i n ga n d a ga S u s o c oy i li
0 . r .
,
A small va ri able prostrate herb somewh at pubescent with long scat

, , , ,
t er ed hairs the stem creeping up t o 50 cm i n len gth usually rooting at

s , , ,
the nodes Leaves 3 foliol ate their petioles 5 cm long or l ess ; leaflet s
.
-
,
Obcordate to cm long sessile F lowers yellow one to several on

, , .
,
each pedunc l e s ub um b ella t ely disposed nearly 1 cm long the petal s ob

, , ,
cordate C apsul es tomento se subcylindri c 1 to

. cm long , , .
In wa ste pl aces alon g Old wall s etc fl al l t h e year ; widely di stributed

, , .
, .
i n the Philippines ascen ding to an altitude of m Widely distributed

, .
in temperate an d tropi cal p arts Of the worl d Oft en confused with O co r n i , .
c ula t a L . .
*
2 . O . Zucc M AR T I A N A .
E rect from tuberou s rootstocks or small bulbs the l eaves all radical
, , ,
thei r p etioles up to 25 cm l ong ciliate pubescent Leaflets broa dly Ob c o r ,

-
.
date o r suborbi cul ar Ob cordate about 3 cm long often wi der than long mi -
, , ,
n u t ely glandul ar on t h e lower surfa ce slightly pilose cili ate Flowers ,

-
.
umbell ate f ew to many the pedun cles about as long as the leaves the
, , ,
coroll a lil a c o r pink pu r ple about 1 2 mm long -

, .
N o t uncommon in cultivation S i n ga lo n fl most of the year ; introduced , , .
from tropi ca l A merica .
2 B I OP HY T U M DeC a n d o lle .
nnu al erect small unbranched herbs Leaves abruptly pinna t e

A , , , .
,
crowded at the top of the stem t h e leaflets Opposite ; petiol e swollen at ,
the base P eduncles terminal F lowers u n b ella t e small yel low S epal s
. .
, , .
5 l an ceolate acumin ate

, Petal s 5 S tamen s 1 0 filaments free the outer
, . .
, ,
5 smaller C apsul e o v oi d to Oblon g loculi cidally dehiscent ( Greek life

” “
.
, .
and pl ant from t h e sensitive leaves )

“
.
S pecies about 20 in tropi cal A sia A fri ca and A me r i ca 2 in the P hil , , ,
i p p i n es .
266 A FL OR A OF MA N I L A
1 . B . s en s i t i v um DC . M a cah i a
S tems
up to 30 cm high u su ally shor t er Leaves numerous crowded at , .
,
the apex of the stem 5 to 1 2 lon g the leaflets 8 to 1 4 p airs the upper ones , , ,
gradually increasing in size cm long or less oblong to oblong obovate , ,

-
oft en somewh at curved apex rounded or apicul ate Pedun cles numerous , .
,
u su ally about as long a s the leaves F lowers many crowded at the api ces .
,
of the peduncles shortly pedicelled S epal s subul ate l an ceol ate striate
, .
-
, ,
about 7 mm long P etal s yellow C ap sules shorter than the persistent . .
calyx .
S a n Pedro M a c a t i Pas ay etc in dry pl aces fl A u g—Oc t and probably ‘
, , .
, , . . .
,
in other months ; widely di stributed in the P hilipp ines at lo w and medium

altitudes T ropi cal A sia A fri ca an d A meri ca
.
, , .
3 . A V E R R H0 A Linnaeu s
S mal ltrees Leaves altern ate Od d pinn ate t h e l eaflets Opposit e or

.
,
-
nearl y so ; stipules none Flowers smal l regul ar in p anicled cym es either .

, , ,
ax illary or from t h e trunk an d la rger bran ches Sepal s 5 imbricate .

, .
P et a l s 5 contorted Stamen s 1 0 uni t e d at the b ase a ll perfect or 5 withou t

, .
, ,
anthers Ovary 5 lobed 5 celled ; styles 5 distinct ; stigm as capitat e ;

.
-
,
-
,
ovules num erou s Fruit fleshy Oblong cylindri c or longi tudinally 5 l obed
.
, ,
-
.
S eeds naked or arill ate albumen s canty fleshy ; embry o straight ( In , , .
honor of A v er r h oes l atinize d form Of I b n R o s h d an A rabian philosopher )

'
-
, , .
T hr ee or four species in tropi cal A meri ca two n o w widely distributed in ,
t h e tr o pic s in cultivation both found in t h e Philippines , .
I nfl o rescence mostly axill ary ; l eaflets usually 5 p airs gl abrou s ; fruit with ,
5 sh arp lobes s t a r shaped in cross s ection , 1 A c a r a m b o la- -

. . .
Infloresc ence on the trunk an d l arger bran ches ; l eaflets 1 0 to 1 7 p airs ,p u

bescent ; fruit cyl indric or with 5 obscure rounded 2 A b i li m bi . .
1 . A . L B ilimbing ( Sp
CA R A M BOL A . .
A shrub or sm a ll tree 6 m high or less Leaves pinnate about 1 5 cm .

,
l ong ; l e a flets quite gl ab rous usually about 5 p airs ova t e to ovate la n ceo , ,
-
l ate a cuminate the upper ones about 5 cm long the l ower ones smaller
, , , .
Pani cles small axill ary u su ally about 3 cm long F lowers 5 to 6 mm

, , .
long somewhat camp anulate C alyx reddi sh purpl e Petal s p ale purple
, .
-
.
-
to rather bright purple Often margined wi th white S tamens 1 0 t h e 5

-
, .
,
s h orter ones usually without anthers Fruit fleshy green or greenish .

, ,
y ellow u sually about 6 cm lon g with 5 longitudinal sharp angul ar lobes , , , ,
aci d edible Seeds arill ate ( F l F ilip p l

, . . . . .
R ather common in cultivation fl most of the year Widely distributed , . .
in the Philippines and throughout the tropics a native Of tropical A meri ca , .
C uriously when this species wa s introduced into the Philippines it appears

to have received the common name u sed for A b i li m bi L in most other . .
countries which error has persisted , .
2 A . I M B I L C amias Iba
. BI L .
,
A small tree 5 to 1 2 m high Leaves pinnate 20 to 60 cm long the .

, ,
rachi s and leaflets pubescent ; leaflets 1 0 to 1 7 p airs Oblong acuminate , , ,
5 to 1 0 cm lon g Pani cles from the trunk an d l arger branches u sually

.
,
fascicled pubescent 1 5 cm long or less F lowers about

, cm long some , .
,
what fragrant C alyx pubescent C orolla purpl e Often marked with whi t e
. .
,
.
F ruit subcylindri c or with 5 Obscure broad rounded longitudinal l obes , , , , ,
green a cid edibl e about 4cm long S eeds not arillate ( F l Filip p l
, , , . . . . .
1 . T . L
CI S I OI DE S
' ‘
.
A perennial prostrate or spreading more or less pubescent pl ant wi th

, ,
elongated stems up to 1 m in l en gth Leaves 4 to 6 cm l ong ; leaflets .
about 6 pairs oblong or Oblong l anceo l ate apicul ate , to cm l ong -

, , ,
gray pubescent beneath Pedunc l es 2 t o 4 c m l ong Flowers yellow

-
. .
,
about 3 cm in diameter Fruits subglobose about 1 cm in di ameter hairy .

, , ,
each coccu s with about 2 stout sharp spines .
A bundant about the P a r a fi a q u e church fl most of the year ; known f rom , .
several town s in Luzon local and certainly an introduced plant in the P hil ,
i p p i n es T ropics generally
. .
69 . R UT A CE A E ( OR A N GE OR L U C BA N F A M I L Y)
or shrubs sometimes climbing Of t en spiny the leaves with nu

T rees , , ,
m er o us o r f ew pellu cid Oi l gl ands Leaves alternate or opposi t e simpl e or

, ,
-
.
,
compound Flowers regul a r perfect axill ary or termin al sol itary or in

.
, , , ,
fascicles racemes cymes or p ani cles C alyx 4 or 5 toothed P eta l s 4 or

, , , .
-
.
5 or more val v ate or imbri cate free S tamens 4 to 1 0 o r in some genera

, , .
,
up to 60 hypo gynou s the filaments free or connate into a tube inserted

, , ,
around the di sk Ovary of 4 or 5 free or connate carpe l s or simpl e and.

, ,
many celled ; styles free or v ariously united ; ovules 1 or 2 to m any in each

-
cel l Fruit a fleshy ber r y or drupe or capsul ar or of 1 to 4 cap sule

.
, ,
like cocci .
Genera 1 21 s p ec1 es more th an 700 in most tropi cal an d many temperate

, ,
countries 1 8 genera and about 50 species in the Philippines

, .
1 . Ovules or 2 in each cel l 1 .
2 U n armed shrub s
. .
3 S tyle very short persi stent

. 1 G ly c o sm ls , . .
3 Styl e j ointed on the ovary deci duou s ; shrub s or trees with pinnate
.
,
leaves .
4 Fil aments linear subul ate

.
-
4 Fil aments di l ated below

.
2 Spiny shrub s with 3 foliol ate leaves

.
-
1 . Ovu les 4 to many in each cell , .
2 Leaves 1 foliolat e
.
-
2 Leaves 3 fol iol ate

.
-
1 . G L Y C OS M I S C orrea
S pinel ess
shrubs or trees with 1 to 5 fol iol ate leaves the leaflets entire ,
-
, ,
altern at e F lowers smal l in short n arrow axill ary panicles C alyx 4 or

.
, , , .
5—toothed the segments imbricate Petal s 4 or 5 imbricate S tamens 8

, .
,
.
to 1 0 free the fil aments dilated below Ovary 2 to 5 celled the style very
, ,
.
-
,
short not j ointed p ersistent Ovules 1 in each cel l F ruit a globose flesh y
, , . .
, ,
1 to 3 seeded berry ( F rom t h e Greek

-
.
S pecies 5 or more tropi cal A si a to A u stral ia the following exceeding , ,
variabl e one an d p erhap s on e other in the Philippines

,
.
1 . G ly c o s m i s c o c h in c h in en si s ( Lour ) . P ierre (G .
p en t a p h y lla C orrea ) .
G u i n g gui n g -
shrub 1 to 5 m hi gh the l eaves u su ally wi th from 3 to 5 p innately

A ,
arranged leafl ets sometimes reduced to one or t wo all Often found on the , ,
same pl ant Leaflets Oblong l anceolate to l anceol ate acuminate 5 to 1 8

.
-
, ,
R U T A CE A E 269
cm long 2 to 7 cm wide F lowers small white about 6 mm in diameter

, .
, , ,
borne in ax illary solitary or paired interrupted narrow cymose panicles, , , , ,
5 cm long or less C alyx teeth 5 short P etal s oblong ovate 5 mm long

.
-
, .
-
, ,
white S tamens 1 0 F ruit fl eshy globose pink or reddish 1 cm in

. .
, , ,
d i ameter containing a single globose seed 5 mm in diameter

, ( F l Filip . . .
p l 1 8 7 G t ri f o li a t a )
.
, . .
'
Occasional in thickets and hedges fl most of the year ; wi d ely d i s t r i b ut ed , .
in the P hilippines at low and medium altitudes Indi a to southern C hina .

,
M a l aya and t ropical A u stral ia

, .
2 . M UR R A YA Linnaeu s
Small trees or shrubs with odd pinnate leaves F lowers in axill ar y -
.
or terminal small cymes C alyx small deeply 5 cleft Petal s 5 imb ri cate .
,
-
.
, ,
free Stamens 1 0 inserted around an elongated disk the filaments slender ,

.
, ,
the alternating ones shor t e r Ovary 2 to 5 celled n arrowed above into .

-
,
the style ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell F ruit small fleshy 1 sometime s .

, ,
2 seeded
-
( In honor Of J A M urray a Danish botanist )
. . .
, .
S pecies 4 or 5 in trop ical A si a and M alaya 2 in the P hilippines , .
1 . exoti ca L C a muning ( T a g
M . . .
,
A shrub or small glabrou s tree with very hard wood 3 to 8 m high , .
Leaves 8 to 1 5 cm long the leaflets u sually 3 to 7 sometimes r educed to 1 ; , ,
leaflets oblong to ovate ellipti c or subrhomboid b l unt acumin ate entir e, , ,

-
2 to 7 cm long or in one form up to 1 4 c m in len gth C ymes short

'
, .
,
termina l or in the upper axil s u su ally f ew fl ower ed Flowers white very ,

-
.
,
fra grant to 2 cm lon g F ruit ovoid fleshy red 1 to

, cm lon g .
, , , .
( F l F ilip p l 1 5 5 M s um a t r a n a )
. . .
, . .
F requently cultivated an d al so abund ant in dry thickets about M ani l a ,
fl July—Sept an d probably in other months ; widely distributed in the

. .
,
P hil ippines India to C hin a southward to A u stral i a an d Polynesi a

. .
3 . C L A U S E N A Bu r m an n
rect spineless shrub s or small trees aromati c when crushed Leav es

E , , .
Odd pinnate -
Flowers small in termina l or axil l ary p ani cles C alyx 4
.
,
.
or 5 lobed Petal s 4 o r 5 free imbricate S tamens 8 to 1 0 inserte d

-
.
, , .
,
around an elongated disk the filaments enlarged below subul ate at the , ,
tip s the alternating ones shorter Ovary stipitate u sually 4 or 5 celled

,
.
,
-
ovules 2 i n each cell F ruit a fleshy globose or ovoid 2 to 5 celled berry .

, ,
-
.
( A fter P C lausen a Danish botanist ) .

,
.
S pecies about 20 tropic a l A sia A frica and A ustra l i a 4 or 5 in t h e , , , ,
Philippines .
1 . a n i s um olen s ( B lan co ) Merr C a y om a n i s C a lo m a t a ( T a g )

C .
-
.
, .
A small tree 3 t o 6 m high near l y or qui t e gl abrou s Leaves 20 t o 30 ,

.
cm l ong ; leaflets 7 to 1 1 ovate lanceo l ate to l anceol a t e 5 to 1 1 cm lon g ,

-
, ,
very aromatic when crushed acumin ate crenate base inequil ateral P a n , , ,
.
i c les 1 5 to 20 cm long te rminal and in the upper axils n arrowly , ,
pyramidal Flowers greenish white fragrant about 8 mm i n diameter

.
-
, , ,
5 m er ou s
-
F ru it globose or ovoid nearly 1 cm in diameter whitish when
. , ,
ma t ure .
O ccasionally cultivated i
S g n a lo n fl M a y
—June ; rather widely d i s t ri
, , .
buted in the Philippines E ndemi c . .

4
. T R I P HA S I A Loureiro
erect branched spiny shrub with 3 foliolate leaves Flowers axil

A n , ,
-
.
l ary sol itary o r i n 3 fl o w er ed cymes C alyx 3 lobed P etal s 3 free

, ,
-
.
-
.
, ,
imbricate S tamens 6 Ovary ovoid 3 celled narrowed above the sty l e

. .
,
-
, ,
deciduous ; ovules 1 in each cell Fruit a small ovoid 1 t o 3 celled 1 .

, ,
-
,
to 3 seeded berry ( Greek three

'
“
-
.
,
A monotypic genu s p robably a n ative of so utheastern A sia , .
1 . I I A ( B urm ) P Wils ( T t r i fo li a t a
T . T R F OL Limoncito ( Sp . . . . .
A gl abrous shrub 1 to 3 m high the spines in p airs slender straight , , , .
Leaflets ovate to oblon g ovate obtuse or retu se cren ate the t e rm ina l one -
, , ,
2 t o 4 cm long the l a t era l o nes smaller the petioles very short

, Flowers , .
very shortly pedicelled white fragrant about 1 cm long Fru it ovoid , , , .

,
flesh y red edible gl and dotted about 1 2 mm long ( Fl F ilip p l

, , ,
-
, . . . .
In thickets sometimes cultivated fl most of the year ; widely distributed

, , .
in the Philippines certainly introduced but n o w naturalized Generally

, , .
cultivated in the tropi cs of the E ast an d in other tropical countries ;

probably a native of tropical A sia .
5 . C IT R U S Linnaeus
Shrubs or trees u su ally spiny Leaves alternate 1 foliol a t e the petiole

, .
,
-
,
Often winged Flowers axill ary solitary or in short racemes or cymes

.
, ,
f ragr ant C alyx mostly cup shaped 3 to 5 toothed

. Petal s 4 to 8 th i ck -
,
-
.
, ,
imbric ate S tamens 1 0 to 60 inserted around the disk t h e fil aments mo re

.
, ,
or l ess connate or nearly free Ovary usu ally many celled ; ovules 4 to .
-
8 in each cell 2 seriate F ruit a medium to very l arge Oblong or globose

,
-
.
, ,
fleshy berry 5 to many celled the pericarp l eathery ( T h e Latin n a me )

,
-
, . .
S pecies 6 or more very v a ri able Indi a t o J ap an south to A ustrali a

, , ,
some cultivated in most subtropi cal and tropical countries most of t h e ,
speci es i n the P hilippines .
I n a ddition to t h e species consi dered below imported oranges are com ,
m on ly sol d in the M anil a markets A common native form i s a tight .
”
skinned sour orange locally kno wn as c a h el ( C i t rus a ur cm t zum a
’
“ '
” ”
more common loose skinned form i s known as n a r a n gi t a or sintones-
“
( C i t r u s n o bi li s Lour ) Imported lemon s ( C m ed lc a L ) are to be had at

. . .
a ll seasons .
1 . lowers axill ary usu ally solitary rarely in p airs

F , ,
1 . C m i ti s
.
1 . F lowers in short ra cemes .
2 P etioles n arrowly winged ; flowers less th an

. cm lon g ; fruit small .
2 C . . li m a
2 . Petioles very broadly winged ; flowers about 2 cm long ; fruit very l arge .
3 C d ec um a n a . .
*
1 miti s B lanco C al amondin C al amansi
. C . .
,
A gl abrou s somewhat spiny tree 4 to 5 m high , Leaflets elliptic to .
Oblong elliptic 4 to 8 cm long apex usu ally retuse base acute margins
-
, , , ,
slightly crenul ate the petiol es very n arrowly or scarcely winged about 1
, ,
cm long Flowers axill ary solitary rarely in p airs white short pedi celled
.
, , , ,
-
.
C alyx 5 toothed Petal s ellipti c oblong about 1 2 m long S tamens about

-
.
-
,
.
20 t h e filaments more or less united into a tube

,
F ruit globose yel low .
, ,
2 to cm in diameter 6 or 7 celled the skin thin ( F l F ilip p l ,

-
, . . . .
7 0 S I M A R U BA C E A E
.
( Q U A SS I A F A M I L Y)
o r shrubs sometimes climbing with usu ally bitter b ark and a l
T rees , , ,
ternate pinnate lea v es Inflorescence axill ary or termin al racemos e

, , .
, ,
cymose or panicul ate Flowers regula r C alyx 3 t o 5 lobed Petals 3

, . .
-
.
to 5 hypogynous Disk annular or elongated rarely none S tamens as

, .
, .
many a s or twice as many as the petal s fr ee Ovary superior free

, , , .
, ,
1 to 6 celled entir e or deeply lobed ; ovules 1 or f ew in each cell ; styles

-
,
free or more o r less united F ruit drup aceou s or c ap sul ar ; seeds usu al l y .
sol ita ry .
Genera 3 2 species about 1 30 tropical an d subtropical region s in both

, ,
hemispheres 8 genera an d about 1 2 species in t h e Philippines

, .
Somewhat cl imbing, armed with short spines ; petiol es not winged ; flowers
small , white .
E rect unarmed ; p etiol es and l eaf rachis winged ; flowe r s large red
,
-
, .
2 Q ua s s i a .
1 HA R R I S ON I A R B rown . .
rect or somewhat climbing spin y gl abrou s or pub escent sh ru b s

E , , .
Leaves Odd pinn a t e F l owers perfect racemos e or cym os e C al y x sma ll ,

-
.
, .
4 or 5 fi d P etal s 4 to 5 longer than the c alyx

-
. Stamens twice as many , .
as the petal s the fil aments with small scales at the b ase ; ovary gl obose
, ,
4 or 5 lobed 4 or 5 ce l led ; ovu l es solitary

-
, Fruit berry lik e, fleshy , glo -
.
-
bose ( In honor of J Harrison an E nglish horticul t uri st )

. .
, .
Species 3 or 4 tropical A frica and A si a through M al aya to A ustra l ia

, ,
2 in the Philippines .
1 . H .
p e r fo r a t a ( B l an co ) M err .
(H .
p a u cz
j uga, A s i m a o, Laiy a ,
M a m i qu i l
Somewhat climbing or near l y erect 2 to 4 m hi gh the branches arm ed , ,
with short sharp spines Leaves 5 to 1 0 cm lon g sl ightly pubescent or .

,
nearly gl abrou s ; leaflets Oblong ovate to cm long entir e or crena t e, -

, ,
acut e or obtuse R acemes 3 to 5 cm long termina l F l ow ers white ; p eta l s

.
, .
a bout 6 mm long ; fi laments villou s at t h e b as e F ruit gl obose fl eshy , .

,
glabrous 1 to cm in diameter ( F l F il ip p l 23 F a ga m p i p em t a )
'
, . . . . .
In d r y thi ckets near Fo rt M c Ki n ley fl A p r —June ; Of l ocal oc curr enc e , . .
i n the Philippines Indi a to C hin a and M alaya . .
2 Q . U A S S I A Linn aeus
gl abrous erect shrub intensely bitter Leaves alterna t e Odd pinnate,
A , .
,
-
the petiole and r achi s winged F l owers l arge perfect in termin al simp l e .
, ,
racemes or pani cles C alyx small 5 p artite Petal s 5 elongated erect .

,
-
.
, , ,
not spreading S tamens 1 0 inserted at the b ase of t h e l arge columnar

.
,
torus Ovary 5 lobed Drupes 5 or fewer spreadin g ( N amed aft er

.
-
.
, .
Quassi or C oi ssi , a negro sl a ve in Surinam who used t h e plant for

,
medicine ) .
A monotyp ic genu s Of tropica l A merica .
1 .
Q . L C orales ( S p
AMARA Quassia . . .
A gl abrou s shrub 2 to m h i gh Leaves al t ern ate about 20 cm l ong .

, ,
the petiole and r achi s broadly winged ; leaflets 5, sessile elliptic oblon g ,
-
,
M E L I A CE A E 273
or the termin al one Oblong obovate acuminate 7 to 1 2 cm lon g R acemes 8 -

, , .
to 20 cm long F lowers bright red the coroll a about. cm long -

, .
C ultivated only fl N ov —M arch A native of tropical A meri ca of com

, . . .
,
p a r a t i v ely recent introduction here .
71 . B UR SE R A C E A E (CA N A R I UM OR P I L I F A M I L Y)
T rees
or shrubs resiniferous with alternate o r Opposite odd pinnate, , ,
-
leaves Inflorescence axil lary or terminal paniculate or racemose F l ow

.
, .
ers small regul ar perfect or polygamous C alyx 3 to 6 lobed Peta l s

, , .
-
.
3 to 6 free rarely connate imbric ate or valvate

, ,
Disk annul ar o r cup , .
shaped S tamens 3 to 1 2 equal or unequal inserted at the b ase of or on

.
, , ,
the m argin of the disk free or sometimes united at the base Ovary free , , .
,
1 to 5 celled ; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell ; style simple

-
Fruit drupe like .
-
,
indehiscent the pulp u sually thin the endoc arp bony often 3 angled
, , ,
-
,
1 to 3 seeded -
.
Genera 1 9 species about 400 in the tropics of both hemispheres 4 genera

, ,
an d about 40 species i n the P hilippines .
1 . CA N A R I U M Linnaeu s
U su ally l arge trees with fragrant sticky resin Leaves alternate Od d .
,
pinnate F lowers small in termina l or axill ary often narrow p anic l es

.
, , ,
perfect or polygamous C alyx short 3 lobed P etal s 3 free Stamen s 6 .

,
-
.
, .
,
inserted on the margin Of the disk or outside of it Ovary 2 or 3 celled ;

‘
, .
-
ovu les 2 in each cell Drupe ovoi d to ellip soid Oft en distinctly 3 angled , .
,
-
the pulp thin the stone 1 to 3 celled 1 to 3 seeded ( F rom the M a l ay

,
-
,
-
.
name of one species ) .
Species about 1 00 in trop ica l A si a an d M al aya about 35 in the Philip ,
pines .
1 . illosum ( B lume ) F V ill P a gs a i n gu i n

C . v .
-
.
A tree re a ching a height Of 20 m the young branches leaves and i h , , ,
fl o r es c en c e more or less covered with soft brown hairs in age becomin g ,
nearly glabrou s Leaves 20 to 50 cm long ; leaflets 7 to 1 5 ovate to oblong

.
,
ovate 6 to 1 8 cm long entire acuminate base rounded or subcordate

, , , , ,
Obliqu e the nerves prominent beneath

, Inflorescen c e axill ary p ani cul ate .
, ,
1 0 to 30 cm long the primary branches distant very sho rt or sometimes

, , ,
none Flowers pubes cent greeni sh white 4 to 5 mm l ong, sessile fasci

.
,
-
, ,
cul ate F ruit ovoid to ellip soid te rete not 3 angled about 1 cm long ( F l
.
, ,
-
, . .
Filip p l 3 43 C p i m ela )
. .
, . .
In thickets M asambong occasional fl M ar —A p r ; widely distributed in

, , , . . .
the P hilippines E ndemi c . .
72 M E L I A
. CE A E .
( SA N T OL F A M I L Y)
T rees
or shrub s rarely smal l undershrubs or herbs with alternate , , ,
usu ally pinn ate sometimes 2 or 3 pinn ate rarely simple leaves F lowers
,
-
, .
perfect or p oly ga m O dioecious regular in axill ary or terminal panicles -
, , ,
racemes S pikes or fa scicles C alyx 3 to 6 lobed rarely entire or of free

, , .
-
,
sep al s P etal s 3 to 6 free or connate at the base sometimes cohering with

.
, ,
the staminal tube below A nthers 4 to 1 2 sessile u sually borne inside of .

, , ,
or on the margin of a staminal tube Disk tubul ar annular or none .

, , .
1 1 1 55 5— 18
Ovary usually free , to 5 celled ; styl e simpl e ; sti gma capitate or disk
2 -
l ike ; o v ules u su ally 2 in each cell F ruit capsul ar drupe like o r berry .
,
-
like dehiscent or indehiscent S eeds various

,
. .
Genera 47 species about 800 in the tropics of both hemi spheres 1 8

, , ,
genera and about 9 0 species in the Philippines

, .
1 . Leaves simple ; a very low undershrub or herb 1 . T ur r a ea

1 . Leaves 3 foliol ate ; trees with baccate edible fruits
-
2 S a n d or i
. c um
1 . Leaves simply pinn ate .
2 Flowers globose smal l

.
, .
3 S tamens 5 o r 6 rarely more in 1 series ; ovary

.
, , 1 or 2 -
celled .
3 A gla i a.
3 . S tamens 1 0,
in 2 series ; ovary 3 to 5 -
celled 4 L a n s i um
.
2 Flowers e l ongated cylindric

.
, 5 . Dy s ox y lu m
1 . Leaves 2 or 3 pinn ate -
. 6 M eli a .
1 . T UR R A E A Linnaeus
T rees ,
shrubs or in our representative a lo w s ub h er b a c eous undershrub
, .
Leaves simple entir e or toothed Inflorescence axill ary , racemose f ew

, .
,
flowered Flowers white or yellow elongated C alyx 4 or 5 fi d P etal s

.
, .
-
.
4 or 5 elongated imbric ate spatul ate

, S taminal tube elongated toothed
, , .
-
,
a t t h e apex ; anthers 8 or 1 0 alternating with t h e teeth inserted j ust , ,
within t h e mouth : Disk annul ar or none Ovary 4 or more celled ; cells .

-
2 ov uled
-
Fruit a 4 o r more ce l led l oculici da l c apsule ( In honor of G :
.
-
.
T urr e an early Ital ian botanist )

, .
Species 25 in tropical A si a and A frica through M al aya to A ustrali a , , ,
2 in t h e Philippines .
1 . h umili s ( B l an co ) M err
T . .
A n erect u sually unbranched undershrub or su ff rutescent herb 20 cm

,
'
high or less slightly pubescent : Leaves simple elliptic ovate

, to 8 ,
-
,
cm lon g margins sinu a te toothed R acemes axill ary usu ally 3 fl o w er ed

,
-
.
,
-
,
short erect F lowers white about

, . cm long C oroll a tube slender the , .
-
,
l ob es 5 ( F l F ilip p l 1 81 T p um i la )
. . . .
, . .
On banks about rocks and l edges Gu adalupe S a n Juan del Mon t e etc , , , .
,
fl June ; known in the P hilippines only from t h e vi cinity of M anil a J ava

. . .
2 S A N DOR I C U M C a v a n i lles
.
T rees
with 3 foliol ate leaves and 5 m er ou s flowers in axillary p anicles
- -
.
C alyx cup shaped Petal s imbric ate in bud sp reading

-
. Staminal tube , .
-
c y l in dric nearly a s l ong a s the petal s toothed Stamens 1 0 or 8 included

, , .
,
.
Disk surrounding the ovary l acini ate Ovary 5 celled cells 2 Ov uled , .
-
,
-
.
Fruit a l arge fleshy 3 to 5 celled berry seeds 1 in each cell surrounded

, ,
-
,
by a translucent fleshy pulp ( F rom its M al ay n ame s a n t oo r )

, .
, .
S pecies about 7 Indi a an d M alaya 2 in the P hilippines , ,

.
1 . S KOE T J
. A PE ( B urm f ) M err ( S i n d i c um
. . . . S antol
A tre e
reaching a height of 1 5 m t h e young branches and leaves ,
softly pubescent Leaflets 1 0 to 25 cm long acuminate base rounded or

.
, ,
obtuse elliptic to oblong ovate Panicles 1 0 t o 20 cm long the flowers

,
-
. ,
numerous somewhat fascicled on the br anchlets greenish yellow or straw

, ,
-
276 A FL OR A OF M A N I L A .
5 . DY S OX Y L U M B lume
T rees
with pinnate Often much elongated leaves the le a flets entire , , ,
of t en oblique at the base F lowers elongated perfect p aniculate C alyx .

, , .
4 or 5 fi d dentate or subentire P etal s 4 or 5 Oblong valvate or only

-
, , .
, ,
slightly imbricate S taminal tube cylindric ; anthers short 6 to 1 0 u sually

.
-
, ,
included Di sk tubul ar equaling or lon ger than the ovary Ovary 3 qr 4

.
, .
celled ; style about as long as the staminal tube C apsule usu ally globose -
.
'
,
t h e peric arp coriaceous 1 to 4celled loculicidal ( Greek bad and”

,
-
, .
“
“
wood from the ill smell ing wood of some species )
”
,
-
.
Species 1 00 or more Indi a to M al aya few in A u strali a and N ew ,

'
Zealand 1 7 in the Philippines , .
1 . D . d ec a n d r u m ( B l anco ) Merr . I gui o

tree 1 0 to 20 m in height Leaves crowded at the ends Of the
A .
'
branches 60 to 90 cm long Leaflets 1 0 or more p airs thin when dry

, .
, ,
the l ower ones usually ovate an d less than 1 0 cm long the median and ,
upper ones Oblong 20 cm long or more base inequil a t eral Panicles axil , , .
l ary drooping about 40 cm long F lowers sessile p al e yellowish pubes

, , .
,
-
,
cent about 1 cm long 5 m er o u s C apsul e depressed globose

, to 2 cm ,
-
.
-
in di ameter pericarp yel low pubescent S eeds red , , . .
Occasionally cultivated fl M a y —July ; widely distributed in the P hil , .
i p p i n es Java to N ew Guinea
. .
6 . M E L I A Linnaeu s
T rees
with p innate or 2 or 3 pinnate leaves the leaflets toothed -
, .
Panicles axill ary C alyx short 5 or 6 lobed Petal s 5 or 6 free spread

.
,
-
.
, ,
i n g S taminal tube cylindri c 1 0 or 1 2 striate an d toothed ; anthers 1 0 or

.
- -
1 2 inserted near the apex

, Disk annular Ovary 3 to 6 celled ; style . .
-
nearly as lo n g a s the tube F ruit drupe like ( Greek n ame Of the ash .
-
.
,
applied here on account of t h e resembl ance of the leaves ) .
A small genu s of the Indo M alayan region 2 species in the P hil ippines -
, ,
the following introduced .
Leaflets p rominently toothed 1 . M . a zed a r a c h

Leaflets entire or only slightly crenate . . 2 M . . can d o llei
M A Z E DA R A C H L P araiso ( Sp
1 . . . .
A shrub or small tree u su ally not more th an 3 or 4m in hei ght Leaves ,

.
bipinnate occ as i onally tripinnate 20 to 40 cm long ; l eaflets numerous

, , ,
oblong ovate toothed a cuminate 4 to 7 cm long Pani cles 1 0 to 20 cm

-
, , , .
long Flowers fragrant 5 m er ou s the petal s about 1 cm long Oblong

.
,
-
, ,
S p atul ate pale l il ac the staminal tube usu ally dark purple about 7 mm
,
-
,
- -
,
long Fruit ovoi d or subglobose about 1 c m long

.
,
'
F requently cultivated for its fra grant an d ornamental flowers fl all the , .
year A n ative of tropical A si a now cultivated in most tropical countries

.
,
.
2 . M . Gango
can B a gal n ga
d o I I ei Juss .
A tree 6 to 1 5 m high gl abrous whe n mature the younger parts , ,
tomentose farinose Leaves long petiol ed about 50 cm l ong usu ally b i

-
.
-
, ,
pinnate Leaflets numerou s ovate to ovate l anceol ate acuminate entire

.
,
-
, ,
or ob scurely cren ate 4 to 8 cm long P anicl es in the upper axil s shorter ,

.
,
M A L P I G H I A CE A E 277
than the leaves many fl o wer ed F lowers violet and white fragrant about
,
-
.
, ,
8 mm long the petals pubescent, F ruit d rupaceou s ellipsoid about .

, ,
cm l ong ( F l F ilip p l. . . .
Occa sionally culti v ated S i n ga lo n etc fl M arch ; widely distributed in , , .

, .
the Philippines T imor . .
73 . M A L P I G HI A C E A E ( M A L P I GH I A F A M I L Y)
S hrubs ,
trees or woody vines Leaves opposite entire glandul ar at the
, .
, ,
base or o n the petioles I nflorescence axill ary or terminal racemose the .

, ,
pedice l s j ointed F lowers perfect regul ar or irregular C alyx 5 p artite

.
, .
-
,
on e or more lobes furnished with a l arge gl and or egl andul ar P etal s 5 , .

,
c l awed or not S tamens 1 0 equ al or one much la rger than the others ;
.
, ,
fil aments free or conn ate below Ovary 3 celled ; styl es 1 to 3 ; ovules .

-
sol itary in each cell F ruit capsula r or of v ariously win ged samaras
. .
Genera 55 species about 65 0 widely distributed in the tropics but

, , ,
chiefly A merican 5 genera and about 1 5 species i n the Philippines

, .
An erect shrub ; fruit not winged ; cultivated onl y G a lp h i m i a

1 .
A sc andent woody vine ; fruit radiately several winged -

2 T r i s t ella t ei a
.
1 . G A L P HI M I A C a v a n i lles
S hrubs
with small opposite mostly entire leaves usually more or less , , ,
glaucous beneath glandular on the margin s near the base or at the apex
,
Of the petioles Inflorescence termin al r acemose the pedicels 2 b r a c t eo

.
, ,
-
l ate F lowers yellow C alyx 5 p artite usually egl andul ar P etal s sub
. .
-
, .
equ al glabrous cl awed S tamens 1 0 all perfect the fil aments distinct or

‘
, , .
, ,
united at the base Ov ary 3 celled ; styles 3 C ap sule Of 3 indehiscent cocci

.
-
. .
( A nagram Of M a lp i ghi a another genus of the family ) , .
S pecies 1 1 all in tropical A meri ca a singl e introduced and cultivated

, ,
one in the Philippines .
1 . G . GL A U CA C av . C ui sia
shrub 1 to 3 m high glabrous the branches slender brownish :
A , , ,
Leaves Opposite Oblong or ellipt i c oblong petioled , to 5 cm long -

, , ,
to cm wide acute F lowers in terminal racemes yellow about

, .
, ,
cm in diameter thei r pedicels 1 cm long or less C arpels small

, . .
Occasionally cultivated for ornamental purposes not spontaneous fl , , .
all the year A n ative of tropica l A merica

. .
2 T R I S T E L L A T E I A T hou ars
.
S candent
woody shrubs Leaves opposite or whorled the petioles with .
,
1 o r 2 gl ands at the t o p
~
F lowers yellow in terminal or lateral racemes .
, .
C alyx 5 p artite P etal s 5 cl awed

-
S tamen s 1 0 all perfect
. F ilaments , .
, .
truncate and j ointed at the top Ovary 3 lobed ; style s 1 to 3 slender .

-
,
, ,
one or mor e reduced to smal l papillae R ipe c arpel s 373 each wi t h 3 or . 1 .
more wi ngs more or less united the whole forming a stell ate fruit
, ,
( Latin three an d sta r referring to the star like wings of the 3

” “” “
-
,
carpel s ) .
S pecies about 1 6 almost all in M adagasc ar the followin g widely dis

, ,
tributed in M alaya and the only P hil ippine representati v e .

1 . T . ich B agh it
a us t r a la s i a e R .
A gl abrous scandent woody vine se v eral meters in length

, L ea v es , .
Oblong ovate acute base rounded 5 to 1 4 cm long the petioles with

-
, , , ,
1 or 2 gl ands at the apex R acemes terminal 5 to 1 5 long F lowers .

, .
yellow about 2 cm in diameter the pedicel s

, to 3 cm long opposite , , ,
with 2 small bracteoles below the middl e Petal s Oblong o r Oblong ovate .
-
,
base cordate the cl aw slender F ruit subglobose about 1 2 mm in diam

, .
,
eter the carpel wings 6 or 7 vertically compressed spreading and

,
-
, , ,
recurved linear Oblong ( F l F ilip p l

,
-
. . . .
I n thickets near the seashore an d al ong ti dal stre ams T ondo to C aloocan , ,
fl most of the year ; widely distributed in the P hilippines along the sea
.
shore M al ay P enin sul a and A rchipel ago to A ustrali a

. .
74 P OL . Y GA L A C E A E ( M I L K WOR T F A M I L Y )
nnual or perennial herbs scan dent sh rub s or trees Leaves alter
A , , .
nate entire simpl e F lowers perfect i rregul ar 3 bracteate Sep al s 5

, , .
, ,
-
.
,
unequal the inner 2 often pet a l like P etal s 5 or 3 distinct unequal the
,
-
.
, , ,
lower one usually boat shaped or keel ed Stamens 4 t o 8 hypogynous -

.
, ,
the fil aments united into a sheath rarely free Ovary free 1 to 3 celled ; , .
,
-
ovules 1 or more in e ach cell F ruit generally a 2 celled 2 seeded c ap sule .

-
,
-
,
dehiscent or indehis cent .
Genera 1 1 species about 720 Of very wide distribution 5 genera and

, , ,
1 9 species in the Phil i ppines .
I nner sepal s l arger than the outer ones an d petal like ; anthers -
8 .
1 . P o ly ga la
S ep al s nearly equal ; anthers 4 or . flowers minute in termin al spikes
5; , .
2 S a lo m o n i a
'
. .
1 . P OL Y G A L A Linnaeu s
rect simple or branched Often slender herbs rarely under sh rubs

E , , ,
-
.
Leaves alternate rarely whorled simple entir e exstipulate F lowers in

, , , , .
termi nal or axillary short or elongated spikes or racemes S epal s usually , .
p ersistent unequal the 2 inner ones large and petal like P etals 3 uni t ed
, ,
-
.
,
below with the stamin al sheath the lower one keel shaped an d usu a lly ,
-
crested S tamens 8 the fil aments united for the l ower one half into a
.
,
-
sheath that i s split down one si de Ovary 2 celled ; ovules solitary .

-
.
C ap sul e 2 celled 2 seeded sm all loculicidal ( Greek much and milk

” ” “ “
- -
, , , .
,
the name applied by Dioscorides to a pl ant that w a s supposed to increase

the secretion of milk ) .
S pecies more than 400 in all p arts Of the worl d about 7 in the P hilip ,
p i nes .
1 . I
P .I L CH N E N S S .
A slender erect simple or sp aringly branched sli ghtly pubescent a n

'
, , , ,
n ual herb 6 to 20 cm high Leaves alternate , linear oblong to Oblong .

-
l anceo la te apex fl ute apiculate base ac ute short petioled 1 to 3 cm long

, , , ,
-
, .
R acemes axill ary solitary f ew fl ow er ed much shorter than the leaves

, ,
-
, .
F lowers horizontal or pendulous about 5 mm long the outer 3 sep al s , ,
Oblong ovate about -

mm lon g the inner two as long as the corolla
, , ,
falcate much longer than the compressed Oblong o v ate retu se cap sule
, ,
-
, .
In Open grass l ands near L a Loma ; of local occurrence in the P hilip ,
p ines undoubtedly introduced Indi a to C hina through M al aya to tropical

, .
,
A ustrali a .
6 . F ruit a 3 P h y lla n t h u s .
6
. F ruit Of 3 to 6 cocci enclosed in a fleshy pericarp _
.
7 C alyx truncate or minutely toothed enl arged in fruit

.
, .
5 B r ey m
’
. a
7. C alyx
deeply 5 lobed not enla rged in fruit 6 F la gged -
, .
5 Flowers in axill a ry or terminal spikes ; f r uit a small drupe

.
,
endoca rp 1 7 A n t i d es m a .
5 Flowers in e l ongated racemes which are fa scicled on the bran ches

.
below the leaves ; fruit a drupe the endocarp 3 or 4celled ,

-
.
8 Ci cc a .
4 Leaves digita t ely compound 3 foliol ate ; flowers p ani cled

.
,
-
.
9 B i s c h ofia
.
1 . C el ls Of the ovary 1 o v uled -

.
2
. Peta l s present .
3 F l owers in terminal or axillary cymes or p anicles

. .
4 Shrub s or suff rutescent herbs ; monoecious

. 1 0 J a t r op h a .
4 T rees ; dioeciou s
. 1 1 A leur i t es .
3 F l owers in axill ary racemes

. .
4 Gl abrous ; calyx lobes imbricate

. 1 2 C o d i a eum
-
.
4 S tell ate tomentose ; calyx lobes valvate

.
-
1 3 S um b a r i a -
.
2
. Petal s wanting .
3 Sty l es very long fi m b r i a t e or lacerate ; flowers in l ong spikes t h e

.
-
females Often with numerou s l arge bracts 1 4 A c a lyp h a .
3 Sty l es not fi m b r i a t e
. .
4 Leaves 3 foliol ate

.
-
1 5 H ev ea .
4 Leaves simple
. .
5 S tamens numerous
. .
6 F il aments free . .
7 A nthers 2 celled . 1 6 M a llo t us

-
.
7 A nthers 3 or 4celled . 1 7 M a c a r c mga -

. . ,
6 F il aments variously united in bundles

. .
7 F lowers in axill ary spikes ; leaves narrow entir e

.
, .
18 . H o m o n o la
lowers in termin a l panicles or racemes ; l eaves l arge
7 . F ,
deeply p almately lobed 1 9 R i ci n u s .
5 . S tamen s 1 0 in 2 rows ; flowers r acemos e or p anicu l ate ; l eaves

,
deeply lobed 20 M a n i h o t .
5 . Stamens 8 ; flowers small ; t h e males in dense spikes ; l eav es

toothed 21 A lc h o r n ea .
5 . S tamens 3 ; flowers s mall ; leaves entire ; shrubs wi th abundant

milky sap
’
22 E x c o ec a m a .
1 . E U P HOR BI A Linnaeu s
nnual or perennial spreading or erect herbs or shrubs with milky
A ,
j uice sometimes fleshy and cactus like Inflorescence of many m ale an d

“
-
, .
one female flower in a small 4 or 5 lobed turbinate o r camp anul ate ,

-
, ,
perianth like in v olucre the lobes with thick gl ands at the sinuses t h e
-
, ,
gl ands Often with a petal like sp reading white or colored l imb the i n v olu -
, , ,
cres fascicled or cymose M al e flower a pedi celled stamen without floral .
envelopes F emale flowers a pedicelled 3 celled 3 ov uled ovary in t h e

.
,
-
,
-
center of the i nvolucre al so without flora l envelopes ; styles 3 fre e or , ,
united simpl e or 2 fi d C ap sul e of 3 2 valved dehiscent cocci sep ar ating

,
-
.
,
-
, ,
E U F HOR BI A C E A E 281
elastically from the columella ( N amed after E uphorbus physician to .

,
King Juba ) .
S pecies about 600 in all p arts of the worl d about 1 0 in the P hilippi nes
, , .
1 . E rect branched shrubs o r undershrubs with stout often fleshy branches , ,
armed with stipular spines .
2 Very coarse , the branches very stout 4 or 5 angled the spines less
.
,
-
,
than 4 mm long from thickened bases ; leaves 5 to 30 cm long

, .
1 E t ri go n a . .
2 B ranches less than 1 cm thick the spines 4 to 1 2 m m long ; lobes of

.
,
the involu cre red showy 2 E, s p le n d en s . .
1 . E rect unarmed shrubs with slender cylindric branches which are green
and nearly leafless 3 E t i r u c a lli . .
1 . E rect unarmed leafy shrubs or herbs with terminal cymes subtended

, , ,
by showy colored bracts or bract l ike l eaves -

.
2 Herbaceous or suff rutescent ; leaves 3 to 1 0 cm long irregu larly

.
,
lobed the bracts green and red

, 4 E h et ero p h y lla . .
2 A n erect shrub ; leaves 1 0 to 1 8 cm long the b racts l arge , uniform ly

.
,
bright red -
5 E p u lc h err i m a . .
1 . E rect spreading or p rostrate un armed herbs the flowers in a xill ary

, , , ,
cymes or fascicles .
~
2 E rect glabrous herbs with rather l ax cym es t h e limb of the i n v o lu

.
,
eral gl an d white smal l but conspicuous

-
, .
3 Leaves l inea r
. to 6 cm long serrulate , 6 E s er r u la t a , . .
3 Leaves ellipti c to Ob l ong somewh at Obli que 1 to

. cm long very , , ,
minutely toothed 7 E h yp er i c i f o li a . .
2 Prostrate or spreading pl ants with short densely flowered cymes or

.
,
fascicles the limb of the involucral gl and none or inconspicuous

, .
3 Lea v es 1 to 2 cm long ; pl ants prominently hirsute or hispid

.
pubescent 8 E hi r ta . .
f
.
3 Lea v es l ess than 1 cm long ; slender nearly gl abrou s or only slightly

.
,
pubescent plants .
4 C apsule s . 9 E t h y m i f o li a . .
4 C apsules hispi d c i li a t e on the keel s of the cocci otherwise gl abrous

.
-
,
'
.
10 E . .
p r os t m t a .
1 . t r i gona Ha w Sorog sorog

E . Suda suda .
- -
A shrubby erect branched fleshy cactus like pl ant 2 to 4 m high the

, , , ,
-
,
trunk and Older b ranches grayish cylindric the medium branches slightl y , ,
twisted stout fleshy 4 or 5 angled or winged the younger ones u sually

, , ,
-
,
3 winged the wings lobul ate with a pair of stout , sharp 2 to 4 mm lon g
-
, , ,
spines from thickened b ases at each le a f o r petiole scar Leaves from the -
.
sides of wings toward the ends of the branches fl eshy oblong obovate , ,
-
,
obtu se or acute 5 to 1 5 cm long or in young plants somewhat longer

, , .
C ymes short solitary in the sinuses u sually Of 3 involucres the involucres

, , ,
green or p ale yellow about 6 mm in diame t er the lobes fi m b r i a t e

-
, , .
Occasionally cultivated for ornamental purposes fl M arch ; widely dis , .
tributed in the Philippines in cultivation and in some pro v inces apparently ,
indigenous Indi a t o M al aya . .
2 E
. . de espinas
S P L E N DE N S C rown Of T horns
Bo j . C orona .
A n erect branched shrub 1 m high or less the branches grayish c y li n , ,
dric or obscu rely angled armed with slen der sharp s p reading 4 to 1 2 , , , ,
mm long spines Leaves f ew altern ate oblong obo v ate obtu se or apicul ate
.
, ,
-
,
acuminate entire to 5 cm long Inflorescence from the uppermost

, , .
axil s peduncled forked or twice forked , e ach p eduncle with 2 to 4 i n v o lu

, ,
cres each involucre with 2 spreading red reniform lobes about 8 mm

, , , ,
long and 1 0 to 1 2 mm wide ( F l F ilip p l 1 6 7 left h an d fi gure ) . . . .

, .
N o t uncommon in cultivation fl all the year A native of M adagascar , . .

,
n o w widely culti v ated as an ornamental pl ant .
3 . E L C onsuel da ( S p
. T I R U CA L L I . .
A n erect gl abrou s unarmed shrub o r sm all tree 2 to 5 m high t h e

, , ,
branches green somewhat fleshy cylindric clustered or scat t ered t h e

, , , ,
ultimate ones about 5 mm thick Leaves n o n e o r few and scattered l inear

'
.
, ,
oblong 1 cm long or less Involucres shortly pedicelled clustered in t h e

, .
,
forks of the smaller branches small turbinate ( Fl Filip p l , , . . . .
I n thickets an d hedges M al abon ; Of rather wid e distribution in the ,
P hil ippines but certainly introduced A native Of A frica n o w natural ized

, .
,
in many p arts Of India

4 E . . L Painte d Leaf
H E T E R OP H YL L A . .
A n erect branched gl abrous or nearly glabrous suff rutescent herb or

, , ,
sh rubby pl ant to m high L eaves alternate very variable mostly .

, ,
Oblong ovate a cute 3 to 1 0 cm long the l ower on es u su ally entire t h e

-
, , , , ,
upper ones variously l obed sinu ate dentate or subentire , the uppermost , , ,
ones Often blotched with red at the b ase similar to the bracts B ract s , .
l eaf l ike but much smaller than t h e l eaves the lower p art red the upp er
-
, , ,
part gr een Involu cres clu stered at the ends of t h e bran ches about 3
.
,
mm long green one sinus bea ri ng an un appendaged glan d C ap sules

, , .
nodding about 5 mm wid e , .
Fre quently cultiv at ed for ornamental purposes also spontaneou s in ,
vacant lots etc fl all the year A native of temperate and trop ica l
, .
, . .
A merica of comp aratively recent introduction her e

, .
*
5 . E I Will d P a scua s ( S p
. P U L CHE R R M A Poins etti a . .
A n erect spa ringly an d l axly b ranched shrub 2 to 4 m high

, Leaves .
elliptic to Oblong ellipti c or the upper ones l anceol at e a c ut e or acumin at e,

-
,
1 0 to 1 8 c m long the lower ones all gree n obscurely rep and or sl ightly
, ,
lobed long petioled slightly pubescent beneath the upper ones at time of
,
-
, , ,
flowering uniformly bright red Infl orescence terminal Involucres o v oid

,
-
. .
,
about 1 cm long the margin s toothed each with on e or two l arge ye l low
, , ,
gl ands F lowers crowded red ( F l Filip p l 1 6 7 right hand fi gure )

.
, . . . .
, .
C ultivated for ornamental pu rposes fl Oc t —F eb very showy at tim e Of , . . .

,
flowering the upper leaves then being bright red A native Of tropica l
,
-
.
A meric a now cultivated in most tropic al and subtropica l countries

, .
6 . e r r ulata R ei n W
E . s .
A slender erect gl abrous simpl e or bran ched somewhat suffrutescent

, , , ,
and wi ry plant 25 to 70 cm high the stems terete Leaves opposite linear , .

,
to Oblong—linear to 6 cm long obtuse or apicul ate b ase rounded mar

, , , ,
gins remotely serrulate C ymes small axillary and terminal the heads .
, ,
small pedicelled 5 to 9 in each cyme the involucre purplish ovoid

, , , , ,
nearly 2 mm lon g each with about 4 white petal like orbicul ar or reniform
, , ,
-
,
appendages 1 to mm wide S tyles short b i fi d C apsules ovoid about

, .
, .
,
2 mm l ong .
In Open grass l ands C aloocan to S a n Pedro M a c a t i fl A u g Dec ; widel y

, , . .
-
.
distributed in the P hilippines S outhern C hina and F ormosa to C elebes .
an d T imor .
spreading Ov ary 2 or 3 celled ; styles u sually 2 forked ; ovules 2 in

.
-
each cell F ruit d rupe like with often scanty flesh and 1 or 2 1 seeded
.
-
,
-
coc ci or pyrenes ( In honor Of S E B ride! a b r yologi st )

. . .
, .
S pecies 30 tropical A si a an d A frica through M al aya t o A ustralia 2

, ,
or 3 in the Phili p pines .
1 . Bti pula ri s ( L ) B lume L ub alub

. s . .
A scandent shrub or suberect with scandent or dropping branches reach

, ,
ing a height of 6 m rather densely pubescent Leaves elliptic to elli ptic

, .
ovate acute or obtuse base rounded or subcordate 4 to 1 0 cm long pal e

, , , ,
beneath F lowers axilla r y clustered pale green about 1 cm in diame t er

.
, ,
-
, ,
with f ew sc attered purplish dots the males sessile the females pedi
, , , ,
ce l led F ruits about 1 cm long Oblong seated on the enl arged calyx
.
, , .
In thickets S a n P edro M a c a t i etc fl Oc t —N ov ; wi dely distributed an d

, , .
, . .
common in the Philippines T ropical A sia A frica an d M al aya .

, ,
-
.
3 . P HY L L A N T H U S Linnaeu s
Herbs
or shrubs with 2 ranked alternate e ntire often small leaves -
, , , .
Flowers Small monoecious apetalous in axill ary clusters Disk various

, , , .
,
rarely none M ale flowers : S ep al s 4 to 6 imbri cat e in 2 series Disk

.
, .
glands various S tamens 3 to 5 in the cen t e r of the flower the fil aments

.
,
free or united ; anthers oblong the cell s parallel or diverging the slits , ,
vertical or transverse Fem ale flowers : S epals as in the m ale Ovary 3 . .
celled or more ; styles free or connate usually 2 fi d ; ovules 2 in each cell ,

-
.
F ruit Of 3 or more crustaceous 2 valved cocci or fleshy and berry like

, ,
-
,
-
.
( Greek leaf and flower from the fact th at in the typical A merican
” ” “
forms the flowers are borne on the leaves ) .
S pecies a bout 400 in all warm countries 20 in the P hilippines , , .
1 . S hrub swith fleshy ber ry like fruit 1 P r et i c u la t u s -

. .
1 . Herbs with dehi scent ca p sules .
2 A nthers dehiscing vertically ; flowers sessile or nearly so ; capsules

.
Often muri cate 2 P ur i n a r i a . .
2 A nthers dehi scing horizontally ; flowers distinctly pedicelled ; cap sules

.
smooth .
3 Leaves 2 to 5 mm wi de ; u su ally muc h branched pl ants ; pedicel s

.
-
1 to 2 mm long 3 P m rart
’
. .
3 Leaves 6 to 9 mm wide ; slightly or not at all branched plants ;

.
pedicel s about 5 mm 4 P s i m p lex . .
1 . ti c ul a tu s Poi r T i n t a t i n t a h a n ( from S p t i n t a z i n k )
P . re . . .
A n erect or somewh at scan dent shrub to 5 m high the branches ,
elongated Often pendulous somewh at pubescent or gl abrous Leaves dis

, ,
. .
tichons Oblong to elliptic Oblong

,
to 4 c m lo n g obtuse or acute rather-
,
‘
, ,
pale beneath short petioled b ase rounded o r obtu se F lowers axill ary
'
-
, , ,
.
,
solitary or few in each axil slenderly pedicelled 2 to 3 mm long green , , ,
tinged with purpl e F ruit depressed globose soft an d fleshy smooth bl ack
.
-
, , ,
when mature 5 to 7 mm in di ameter ( F l F ilip p l

,
. . . .
For the Philippines species Of thi s and allied genera (A gyn ei a F lug
1
,
gea G loc h,
i d i o n P h y lla n t h u s C i cc a S a u
,
r o p u s and S ec u ri n ega ) see R O
, , ,
binson C B P hilippine P h y lla n t h i n a e P h i li p J o u r n S c i 4 ( 1 9 09 ) B o t

“ ”
. . . . .
, . .
,
7 1 —1 05 .
E U P HOR B I A CE A E 285
Very
common i n thickets hedges etc fl al l the yea r ; widely distributed , , .
, .
in the Philippines T ropical A frica A sia and M al aya .

, , .
2 P . I .I L U R N AR A .
A n erect branched slender glabrous or nearly gl ab rous herb 1 0 to 4

, 0 , ,
cm high the branches angled Leaves distichous imbricate altern ate

, .
, , ,
pale beneath sessile elliptic oblon g t o oblong thin 5 to 1 0 mm long ob

, ,
-
, , ,
tuse or apicul ate base slightly obl ique s t ipules l anceolate Flowers ve ry
, .
small 5 m er o us axillary about 1 mm in diameter sessile or very shortly

,
-
, , ,
pedicelled S ep al s greeni sh S tamens 3 ; fil aments united below ; anthers

. .
erect the sl its vertical C apsules about 2 mm in diamete r muricate o r

, .
,
smooth of 3 dehiscent cocci

, .
In wa ste places occa sional fl all the year ; widely distributed in the , , .
P hilippines p robably introduced T ropics generally

, . .
3 . P . L N I R UR I .
A n erect slender branched gl abrous herb 1 0 to 60 cm high t h e branch

, , , , ,
lets distichous Leaves disti chous Often imbricate Oblong to elliptic

.
, ,
Oblong obtuse or rounded

, very shortly petioled rather p ale beneath 5 , , ,
t o 8 mm long the stipules small subul ate F lowers axill ary , shortl y p edi
, , .
celled whiti sh Or p ale green about

, mm long the Sep al s 5 Oblong -
, , , ,
green ma rgined with white the pedicel s distinct 1 to 2 m m long A nthers

, , , .
3 Opening by transverse slits

, C apsules depressed globose or globose .
-
,
smooth to 2 mm in diameter
, .
In waste pl aces roadsides etc occasion al fl all the year ; widely d i s t r i b

, , .
, , .
ut ed in the Philippines prob ably introduced T ropics generally , . .
4 . im pl ex R etz
P . s .
A slender erect simpl e o r slightly branched gl abrous annual herb 20

, , , ,
to 50 cm high the stems compressed usually purpl ish Leaves t wo , , .
ranked subsessile or shortly petioled Oblong linea r acute or obtuse

, ,
-
, , ,
to 3 cm long 6 to 9 mm wide the stipules small acuminate F lowers

, , , .
axilla ry solitary the mal es very small on short pedicels the females with
, , , ,
pedicel s 8 mm long o r less C ap sules depressed globose 3 to mm in .

-
,
diameter smooth , .
In Open gra ss l an ds sc attered fl all the year ; throughout the Philip , , .
pines in the cultivated areas possibly introduced India to C hina M al aya , .

, ,
and Pol y nesia .
4 . G L OC H I DI ON F orster
rect shrubs or trees gl abrous or hairy monoecious o r dioecious Le aves
E , , .
altern ate 2 ranked enti re Flowers small in axillary clusters apetalou s

,
-
, .
, , ,
without disk glands or sc ales M al e flowers : Sepal s 6, rarely 5 imbricate

-
.
,
in 2 series A nthers 3 to 8 connate in an Oblong co l umn R u dimentary

.
, .
ova ry none Female flowers : C alyx about as in the males sometimes

.
,
toothed Ovary 3 to many celled ; styles conn ate in a column which i s

.
-
toothed o r lobed at the tip ; ovules 2 in each cell C ap sule globose or .
dep ressed globose dry or fleshy Of 3 to many 2 va l ved cocci which are
-
, ,
-
,
longitudinally lobed or ri dged ( Greek an an gul ar end from the s t y l e .

“
,
characters ) .
S pecies about 1 75 tropical A sia to P olynesi a and A ustralia 29 in the , ,
P hilippines .
1 . Gu b rum B lume
. r .
A shrub or small tree 3 to 6 m high gl abrou s except the sometimes ,
slightly pubescent twigs Leaves cori aceou s 5 to 1 0 cm long shining .

, , ,
ell iptic ovate to oblong base acute apex acuminate F lowers small about
-
, , .
,
mm long greenish short pedicelled in axill ary fascicl es S tamens 3

, ,
-
, . .
Ovary pubescent globose 3 to 5 celled the styles united in a column about

, ,
-
,
as long as the ovary C apsul e depressed globose gl abrous pink or red .

-
, , ,
7 to 1 0 mm in diameter cru staceous lon gitudinally about 6 sulc ate , ,

-
.
'
In dry thickets near F ort M c Ki n ley La Lorna etc fl June J uly an d , , .

, .
-
probably in other months ; wi dely distributed in the P hilippines M al aya . .
5 . BR E YN IA F orster
rect shrub s o r small trees with alternate Often distichous entire
E , , ,
simpl e leaves Flowers very small axill ary monoecious Petal s an d disk
.
, , .
none M al e flowers : C alyx turbinate or hemispheric t r uncate the rim

.
, ,
sometimes much thickened and lobul ate Stamens 3 ; fil aments united in .
a column R udimenta ry ovary none F emale flowers : C alyx hemi spheri c

. .
to rotate shortly or sh allowly 6 lobed enl arged in fruit and di sk l ik e or

,
-
,
-
cupul ar Staminodes none Ovary globose 3 celled ; ovules 2 in each

. .
,
-
cel l ; styles 3 2 fi d or 2 l obed F ruit fleshy globose , in dehi scent seated on

,
- -
.
, ,
the enlarged persistent calyx S eeds few ( In honor of J B r ey n e an . . .

,
early German b bt a n i s t ) .
Species about 1 5 tropic al A fric a through A si a an d Mal aya to P olyn esi a

, ,
Leaves u sually ovate ; calyx distinctly increasing in size in fruit .
c er n u a 1 . B .
'
.
Lea v es subellipti c to oval ; calyx not or but very slightly increasing in size .
.
2 B r h a m n o i d es . .
'
1 . e r nua ( P oir ) M uell A r g M atang ol ang

B . c . .
-
.
-
A n erect gl abrous shrub 1 to 6 m high the branchl ets an d leaves disti ,
c h ous Leaves ovate or subovate thin p ale beneath 2 to 5 cm long a cu t e

.
, , , ,
or obtuse Flowers small axill ary F ruit globose pink or red about
.
, .
, ,
5 mm in diameter somewhat fleshy seated on the green enlarged disk , , , ,
like o r saucer shaped c alyx which i s Often as wide or nearly as wide as

-
the fru it .
In thickets , Pandacan fl most Of the year ; common an d widely dis , .
tributed in the Philippines T imor to northern A ustralia . .
2 . B hamn oi d e s ( R etz ) M uell A r g M atan g—ol ang

. r . .
-
.
A n erect monoeciou s slender gl abrous shrub

, to 4 m high the , , ,
branchlets distichous Leaves elliptic to elliptic ovate di stichous obtuse .

-
, ,
or rounded green abo v e pal e ben eath 1 to 3 cm long F lowers very

, , , .
small greenish axill ary short pedicelled about 1 mm in diameter F ruit

, , ,
-
, .
globose pink about 5 mm in diameter somewh at fleshy seated on the very

, , , ,
sl ightl y accrescent calyx .
In thickets Pasay S a n P edro M a c a t i et c fl June —July ; widely d i s t r i b

, , , .
, .
u t ed i n the P hilippines Indi a to C hina and M al aya . .
6 . FL U G G E A W i lld en o w
rect shrubs or small t rees with small alternate entire distichous
E , , ,
leaves F lowers small

. pedicelled dioecious a p etalous axill ary M ale , , , ,
.
flowers numerous S ep al s 5 imbricate S tamens 3 to 5 alternating with

.
, .
,
about 8 mm long wrinkled when dry , the seed somewhat compressed , ,
rugose ( F l F ilip p l . . . .
C ommon fl M arch —A u g ; throughout the Philippines introduced

, India
.
, .
to M al aya .
3 . A . I e pt pogo ( T ag )
o c la d u m T ul . B ign ay , B i gnay -
u
A shrub 1 to 4 m high the branchlets and lower surface O f the leaves , ,
pubescent with short h airs Leaves shining on the upper surface Oblon g .
,
ovate to elliptic ovate 5 to 1 0 cm long 2 to 4cm wide base acute or rou n ded
-
, , , ,
apex shortly acuminate ; petioles 2 to 3 mm long R acemes slender axill ary .

, ,
pubescent 3 to 7 cm lon g Flowers greenish small 4m er ou s F ruit in

, .
, ,
-
.
rather dense cylindric ra cemes about 5 cm long cm in diameter when , ,
fresh globose purple gl abrous acid 5 mm in diameter when dry com

, , , , ,
pressed and wrinkled .
C ommon in thickets fl J un e—J u l y throughout the Philippines E ndemic , . . .
8 . C I CCA Linnaeus
dioecious tree with distichous alternate o dd pinnate leaves crowded
A , ,
-
at t h e ends of the stout branches the flowers fascicled along elongated ,
racemes which are i n turn fasci cled on nodules along the b ranches below
the l eaves F lowers small numerou s S ep al s 4 rarely 5 or 6 in both
.
, .
, ,
sexes S tamens 4 fil aments free ; anthers Oblon g erect Opening vertically

.
, , , .
S tyles 3 or 4 free F r uit fleshy with a 3 or 4celled bony endocarp

, .
,
-
.
( A pp arently from one Of its Indian n ames ) .
A singl e I n d O M al ayan species -

.
1 I I
. C L (P h y lla n t h u s d i s t i c h us Muell
. D S T C HA Ib a . .
A small gl abrous deciduous tree 4 to 9 m high the branches thi ckened

, , , ,
bearing nodules in the axil s Of the fallen leaves Leaves unequally pinnate .
crowded at the ends Of the branches 20 to 40 cm long ; leaflets alternat e , ,
entire oblong ovate pointed 2 to 7 cm long u su ally about 20 R acemes

,
-
, , , .
fascicled 1 0 to 1 5 cm long fascicled on protuberances on the branches

, ,
below the l eaves F lowers pink small crowded in many fl o wer ed fascicles .
, ,
-
along the r acemes mal e and female u su ally on separate pl ants F ruit , . .
globose fleshy acid edible greenish white 1 to

,
cm in diameter con
, , ,
-
, ,
taining a hard bony 6 or 8 grooved 3 o r 4celled stone each cell with a , ,

-
,
‘
-
.
-
,
singl e seed ( F l F ilip p l 3 03 C a c i di s s i m a )

. . . .
, . .
Occasionally cultivated for its ed i ble fruits fl at interval s throughout , .
the year ; widely di stributed in the P hilippines in and about towns of ,
prehistori c introduction I ndi a to M adagascar M al aya an d Polynesia ; .

, ,
introduced in tropical A meri ca .
9 . BI S CHOF I A B lume
gl abrou s tree with alternate 3 foliol ate l eaves the leaflets u suall y
A ,
-
,
crenate Flowers small dioecious apetalous in axill ary p anicled racem es

.
, , ,
.
M al e flowers scattered or clustered Sep als 5 concave imbricate concealing .

, , ,
the anthers Disk none Stamens 5 R udimentary ovary short bro ad

. . . , .
Female flowers : S ep al s caducous S taminodes 5 sm all or none Ova ry .

, , .
3 or 4celled ; ovules 2 in each cell

-
F ruit globose fleshy with 3 or 4 cell s .
, ,
.
S eeds Oblong ( I n honor Of G W B ischoff a German botanist )

. . . .
,
.
1 . B . j a v a ni c a B lume ( B t r i fo li a t a Hook . . . T oog

A gl abrous tree reaching a height Of 25 m . Leaves 3 foliolate ovat e to
,
E U P H OR B I A CE A E 289
ellipti c ovate acumina t e crenate denta t e 8 to 1 5 cm long Pani cle s i n
-
, ,
-
, .
the uppe r axi l s many fl o wer ed shorter than the leaves F lowers small ,
,
-
, .
greenish Fruit fleshy globose brown or reddish 1 to

. cm in diamete r , , , .
Seeds brown Oblong 5 mm l on g , , .
C ementerio del N orte M alate etc , immatur e specimens ; wi dely dis , , .
tributed in the Philippines India through M al aya to Polyn esia .

, .
1 0 J A T R OP HA
. Linnaeus
Herb s or shrubs , Often glandul arLeaves altern ate enti re , angl ed , o r .
,
digitately lobed Flowers m o n o ec i ou s i n termina l cymes t h e central flower s

’
.
, ,
of the cyme usually female M ale flowers with 5 imbricate sepal s and 5 .
fre e o r connate petal s S tamens u sually 8 o r 1 0 sometimes more ; filament s .

,
a ll connate or outer ones free Fema l e flowers with calyx as in the males
, .
,
t h e petals often absent C arpel s connate in a 2 to 4celled ovary ; ovu l es .

-
solita ry ; sty l es connate be l ow 2 fi d above F ruit a dehis cent cap su l e of ,

-
.
t wo to four 2 va l ved cocci Seed ovoid or ob l ong albumen fleshy ( Gree k

-
.
, .
“
physician an d food fro m medicinal qu alities )
” ” “
, .
Species about 1 60 in the tropics of both hemispheres chiefly in A fric a and ,
A meric a 4 introduced in the Philipp ines

, .
1 . Leaves peltate ; stems muc h swollen and thic k ened at the b ase .
1 . J .
p o d a gr i ca
1 . Leaves not peltate .
2 Leaves p almately divi ded into about 1 0 l anceo l at e lobe s

. . 2 J . . m u lt i fid a.
2 Leaves 3 to 5 lobed or ang l ed o r subentire
.
-
, .
3 Plant gl abrous
. 3 . J . cur eas
3 Plant with numerou s capitate g l andu l ar hairs

. 4 -
. J .
gos s y p i f o li a
‘
1 J P ODA GR I CA Hook
. . .
Stems erect simple or sp aringly branched much thic k en ed and flesh y

, ,
be l ow to , m high the petio l e scars large the stipules dissec t ed , ,

-
,
g l andul ar Leaves peltate orbicular ovate 1 0 to 25 cm long 3 to 5 lobed

.
,
-
, ,
-
,
ba s e trunc ate or rounded the lower surface gl aucous the petioles a s lon g , ,
as the l eaves C y mes terminal long ped uncled t h e branches short thic k
.
,
-
, , ,
t h e branchlets an d flowers red Sepal s about 2 mm l ong connate to about .

,
t h e middle Peta l s abou t 7 mm l ong oblon g obova t e C apsules ellipsoid

.
,
-
.
,
to cm l ong .
R arely cultivated and of very rec ent intr oduction fl al l the year A , . .
n ative of C entra l A merica .
‘
2 . J
I I . L M a rla ( S p
M U L T F DA . .
A glabrou s shrub 2 to 3 m high the petio l es about a s l on g a s the ,
l eaves Leaves glaucous beneath 1 5 to 30 cm in di ameter cl eft nea r ly

.
, ,
to t h e bas e into about 1 0 l anceo l ate acuminate entire or pinnately incised , ,
l obes t h e l obes 1 to 4 cm wi de ; stipules 1 to 2 cm lon g setaceous dissected

, ,
-
.
C ym es l ong peduncl ed 3 to 6 cm broad -

F lowers red 5 to 6 mm long , .
,
.
C apsu l e obovoid somewhat 3 an gled the angles rounded about 2 cm long -

, , .
( F l Filip p l
. . .
Occasion ally cultivated fl most Of the year A native Of tropica l , . .
A merica introduced here at an ea r l y d ate but n o t s pon t a neou s

, , .
3 . J L. CU R CA S . T uba Physic N ut .
A gl abrou s , erect b ranched shrub 2 to 5 m high B ranches sto ut

, .
,
cy l indric green , . Lea v es orbicular ovate an gula r or some w hat 3 or 5 lobed -

,
-
,
1 1 1 555 — 19
290 A F L OR A ,
OF M A N IL A
1 0 to 1 8
cm long acumina t e base cordate the petioles long C ym es axillary
, , , .
,
peduncled the flowers greenish or greenish white 7 to 8 m i n in diameter

,
-
, ,
the staminate ones villous inside the petals r efl ex ed S tamens 1 0 the , .

,
filaments of the inner 5 connate C ap sule at first fleshy becoming dry of , .

, ,
3 or 2 cocci 3 to 4 cm long ( Fl F ilip p l

, . . . .
In thickets and hedges along roa dsides etc common fl all the year ; .
, , .
throughout the Philippines thoroughly n aturalized A native of tropical , .
A meric a n o w wi dely di stributed in the tropics

, .
4 J . . L T ubang morado
GOS SYP I F OL I A .
-
A n erect branched shrubby pl ant u su ally les s than 1 m high t h e

, , ,
petioles margins of the leaves and the inflorescence with numerous capitate
, , ,
glandular ha irs Leaves p almately 3 or 5 lobed shining glabrous 7 to

.
-
, , ,
1 2 cm lon g the lobes Oblong ovate the younger leaves purplish the
,
-
, ,
petioles about a s long as the leaf bl ades C ymes pedun cled F lowers ,
-
. .
purple sm all C ap sules u su ally 3 lobed about 1 cm long

, .
-
, .
In gardens etc occasion ally spontaneou s fl July—Sept and p rob ably in

.
, , . .
,
other months A n ative Of trop ical A merica of comparatively recent

.
,
introduction here .
11 . AL E U R IT E S F orster
with simpl e entire or lobed alternate long petiol ed ample leav es
T rees , , ,
-
, ,
the petioles 2 gl andul ar at the top F lower monoecious in l ax termina l

-
.
, , ,
p anicled cymes M ale flowers : C alyx subglobose bursting into 2 or 3

.
,
valvate lobes Petal s 5 Stamen s 8 t o 20 on a conica l receptacle the

. .
,
5 outer ones Opposite the petal s alternating with small glands R udi , .
mentary ova ry none F emale flowers : P erianth a s in the male Dis k . .
Obscure or Of gl and s Ov ary 2 to 5 celled ; styles 2 armed ; ovules 1 in .

- -
each cel l P l uit rather l arge drupaceou s or cap sul ar the peri ca rp hard
‘
.
, ,
or crustaceou s 1 to 3 cel led seeds 1 to l arge ( Greek meal from

,
-
, .
“
,
indumentum of one species ) .
Species 4 southern A si a to Po l yn esia 2 in the Philippines

, , .
Stamens 15 to 20, ins erted in 4r o ws ; ovar y 2 -

celled ; fruit 1 or 2 s eeded
-
.
1 . A . m o lu cc a n a
Stamens 7 to 1 0, in 2 rows ; ovary 3 or 4cel l ed ; fruit usually

-
3 -
seeded .
2 A . . t r i s p er m a
1 . A . m o lu c c a n a (L .
) Will d . Lumban g Lumb ang b ato ,
-
B ia o
( Vi s ) C andle N ut
. .
l arge tree the y ounger p arts an d inflorescence pubescent Leaves

A , .
long petioled ova t e to l anceol ate 1 0 to 20 cm long acuminate b as e

-
, , , ,
a cute truncate or cordate t h e margins entire or 3 to 5 lobed Pani cle s

, , ,
-
.
1 0 to 1 5 cm l ong pubescent many fl o w er ed Flowers 6 to 8 mm lon g, ,

-
.
,
t h e petal s obovate l anceolate Fruit fleshy ovoi d 5 to 6 cm long gl abrous

-
.
, , , ,
olivaceous containing 1 or 2 h ard shelled 0i seeds ( F l Filip p l

, ,
-
, . . . .
C ementerio del N orte immature specimens C ommon and widely dis , .
tributed in t h e Philippines a nativ e of Malaya an d Polynesia n ow pl anted , ,
i n most tropica l countries .
2 A . . t r is p er m a B l anco . B a n uca la d , B a gui lum b a n g

tree 1 0 to 1 5 m high or more gl abrous except t h e inflorescenc e
'
A ,
.
Leaves s ub or b i c ula r t o broadly ovate 1 0 to 20 cm lon g entire base broadly

'
, , ,
c ordat e Panicles about 1 5 cm l ong densely pubescent Flowers 1 0 to

.
, .
1 2 m m in diameter t h e petal s obovate outsi de densely pubescent ,Stamens ,

.
1 0 to 1 2 mm wide densely stel l ate pubescen t

,
-
.
( F l Fi l ip
. .
pl .
463 , M er ca d ea
m an d a loj on en s i s .
)
In thickets M asambon g, fl M ay , . . Of l oca l occurrenc e i n t he Phil ippin es .
Mala y a .
1 4 A C A L Y P HA
. Linn aeus
Herbs , shrub s , o r trees , with altern a t e, toothed or crenat e, 3 to 5 p l i -
n erved or pennin erved l eaves F l owers ver y sma l l in a xi ll ary spikes m on oe .

,
c i o u s rarely dioeciou s without petals
, M ale flowers very small ebrac t eat e
, .
, .
C alyx thin sp l itting into 4v a l vate sep a l s Dis k n on e Stamens 8 or man y,

'
, .
on a convex receptac l e ; fil aments free R udimentary ovary none Fema l e . .
flowers at the b ase of the ma l e spike or more Often in sep arate ones often ,
with l arge accrescent leafy bracts S epal s 3 or 4 very sma l l Ovar y 3

, .
, .
cel l ed ; styles slen der Often very lon g and l acini at e o r fi m b r i a t e ; ovules 1 in
,
each cell C apsu l e of 3 s mall crustaceous 2 va l ved c o cci

.
( From a n , , ,
-
.
an cient Gree k n ame of t h e nett l e ) .
Species about 300 in trop ica l an d sub t ropica l r egi on s of both h emisp h er es ,
8 o r mor e in t h e Philippines .
1 . Herbs .
2. Spi k es 5 to 6 cm l on g ; brac t s dist an t , gl a br ou s or n e a r ly s o.
1 . A . i n di ca
2. Spi k es 1 to 2 cm l ong dense ; bract s clos e, s omewh a t imb ri cat e densel y
, ,
2 A b oeh m er o z
d es
’
. .
1 . Shrubs or undershrubs .
2 Spike s p endulous , purp l e dense , about 1 cm in di a m et er up to 4

. 0 cm , ,
i n l en gt h 3 A h i s pi d a . .
2 Sp ik es s l end er , 1 0 to 20 cm l on g l ess than 5 mm in diameter

. .
4 L eav es broad ly ovat e variousl y mott l ed wi th r ed and purp l e

.
, .
4A . . wi lk es i o ma
4 L ea v es
. o b l on g o v a t e -
to ova t e l an c eol a t e, gr een
-
5 A . . s t i p u la c ea.
1 . A . LI N D CA I .
er e
An ct simpl e o r branched s om ewha t appr essed pubescent annu a l
, ,
-
,
h erb 30 to 8 0 cm high
, Leaves long petioled ovat e c renat e serrate acu t e .
-
, ,
-
,
o r obtuse bas e a cut e entir e 3 t o 6 cm l ong, s ho r t er t h an t h e petiole s

, , , .
Spikes axi l l ar y sol ita r y erect 4 to 8 cm l ong M al e flowers f ew sma ll ,

, , , .
,
t er mina l B racts f ew to man y distant green glabrous or nearly so 5

.
, , , ,
to 6 mm l on g crenate ren i form when spr ead ea ch with 1 or more fema l e

, , ,
fl owers C apsules about 2 mm l ong slightly hispi d ( F l F i lip p l

.
, . . . .
In w ast e p l aces fl a ll t h e y ear ; widely distributed in t h e Philippin es ,

, .
undoubt edly introduc ed T rop i ca l A frica through trop ica l A si a to M a .

,
l a ya .
2 A . . BOE H M E R OI DE S Miq .
Anerect simpl e r arel y b ranch ed a nnua l a ppr ess ed pub esc ent herb 20
, , , ,
-
t o 80 cm high L eaves 2 to 7 cm l ong long petioled ovat e to Oblon g

.
,
-
,
o vate a cuminat e b as e acute enti re margins dentate Spikes axill ary,

, , , , .
us ua l ly so l itar y dense 1 to 2 cm l on g M a l e flow er s f ew a t t h e a pi c es of

, , .
,
t h e spik es B racts numerous crowded somewhat imbricat e rather dens ely

.
, , ,
pubescent , 4 to 5 mm l on g, toothed , ren i f orm wh en s pr ead C apsu l es .
m u ch shorter th an the bracts hirsute , .
I n waste pl ac es fl al l t h e year ; o f l oca l o ccu r r enc e in and a bout t o wn s

, .
i n t h e P h i l ippin es , p rob ab ly i ntrodu ced M al a ya . .

E U P HOR B I A CE A E 293
3 . A . H I S P I DA B urm .
A shrub to 3 m high Leaves broadly ovate 1 0 to 20 cm l on g 6 t o .

, ,
1 6 cm wide acuminate base rounded slightly cordate margins rather

, , , ,
coarsely toothed Spikes unisexu al the pi stil l ate ones dense cylindric ,
.
, ,
pendu l ou s purple up to 40 cm l on g about 1 cm in diameter Ovary dense ly

, , , .
vi l lous ; styles divided into man y fili f o r m slender elongated branches , , , .
F r equently cu l tivated for orn amenta l purposes fl al l the year intro , .

,
d uc ed ; p robably a n ative of M al aya or Of Polynesi a A stri k in g ornamenta l .
on account of its dense cyl indric pen dulou s purp l e spikes ; cu l tivated i n , ,
a ll tropica l countries .
4A . Muel l A r g (A t r i co lo r Seem )
. W I L KE S I A N A .
-
. . .
A n erect branched shrub 2 to 5 m high Leaves broadly ovate 1 0 to 1 8 .

,
cm l ong 6 to 1 2 cm wide , acuminate b ase rounded or acute not cordate

, , , ,
very sp aringly hairy on the nerves or quite gl abrou s variously mottled ,
with shades of red purple and Ol ive t h e margins distinctl y and regul arl y
, , ,
to othed Spi k es purpl ish slen der t h e stamin at e ones up to 20 cm l on g

.
, , ,
l ess th an 5 mm in diameter inter rupted the flowers glomerate , , .
A n introduced an d cultivated species ver y ornamenta l on account of its ,
variou sly colored leaves fl all the year A n ative of t h e Fij i Is l an ds , n ow , . .
c u l tivated i n most tropical countries .
5 A
. ti pu la c e a Kl otz
. s .
An erect monoeciou s or dioeciou s shrub or smal l tree 2 to 6 m h igh

, ,
gl abrou s or near l y so Leaves Ob l ong ovate to ovate l anceo l ate 1 0 to 20 .

- -
,
cm l ong 5 to 9 c m wi de shining l ong acuminate b ase u sually rounded

, , ,
-
, ,
8 nerved m argins crenul ate

-
, Spikes axill ary sol ita r y t h e staminate one s .
, ,
s lender g reenish dense 2 to

, mm in diameter 1 0 to 20 cm long t h e
, , , ,
pi still ate ones stouter somewhat interrupted the ovate bracts subtendin g , ,
the flowers greenish toothed 3 to 4 mm lon g ; pi stils purplish , , .
In thi ckets S an Pedro M a c a t i fl Sept and probably in other mon t h s ;

, , . .
,
t h rou ghout the Phi l ippines M al aya to N ew Guinea an d S amoa . .
15 . H E V E A A ub let
T rees
wi th abundant milk y s ap and long petio l ed 3 foliolate l eaves t h e -
,
-
,
petioles gl an dul ar at the apex ; leaflets entire thin penninerved F lower s , , .
apetalous monoecious small cymose the cymes panicul ate the centra l
, , , , ,
fl owers of each cyme usually female the others male C alyx 5 toothed Or , .
-
l obed M al e flowers : Stamens 5 to 1 0; fi l aments united ; anthers 1 or

.
2 verticill ate
-
Disk gl an ds 5 small free or united
. F emal e flowers with
-
, , .
a 3 celled ovary ; ovules 1 in ea ch cell ; stigm a thi ck

-
Sessile or near l y so , .
Seeds l arge subglobose to Oblong ( From the C arib name of some species )
, . .
S pecies about 7 i n the A mazon region Guian a etc 1 n o w cultivated i n

, , , .
,
many tropical countries .
1 . I I E N S I S ( HE K ) Muell —A r g Para R ubber T ree

H . BR A S L . . . .
A nearly gl abrous tree reaching a height Of 20 m Leaflets 1 0 to 20 .
cm long elliptic ell ipti c lanceol ate or Oblong obovate narrowed to the b as e
, ,
-
,
-
, ,
acuminate about as lon g as the petioles P ani cles about one half as lon g
, .
-
as the leaves p yramidal Flowers white tomentose S tamen s 1 0 2

, .
-
.
,
seri ate the staminal column long p roduced above the anthers C ap sul e
,
- -
.
l a rge Seeds oblon g spotted

. to 3 cm long , , .
Immature specimen s cultivated i n S i n ga lon ; of r ec ent introductio n i n

the P hilippines .
16 . M A L L OT U S Lou reiro
Shrubs o r trees with opposite o r alternate entire , toothed or lobed , , ,
3 to 7 p li n er v ed or penninerved leaves sometimes pe l tate Often gland

-
, ,
dotte d on the l ower surface an d with glandular areas near the base on
t h e uppe r surfa ce Flowers small apetalous monoecious o r dioeciou s
.
, , ,
i n simpl e o r panicled spi k es o r racemes the m ales clus t ered t h e femal es , ,
s o l itary M al e flowers : C alyx globose or ovoi d v a lv a t ely 3 to 5 cleft

‘
. -
, .
Stamens 20 t o many , on a central recepta cle ; fi l aments free ; anthers small ,

2 celled
-
Fema l e flowers : C a lyx spathe l ike or v a lv a t ely 3 to 6 l obed
.
- -
.
Ovar y 2 to 4ce l led ; sty l es various ; ovules 1 in each cel l

-
C ap sul e of .
t wo or three , 2 valved smooth tubercled or spinous cocci ( Gree k

-
, , , .
“
woo ll y from the s oft pubescence of som e species )
, .
Specie s about 80 in t h e tropi cs of the Old Wor l d about 20 i n the ,
P h ilipp in es .
1 . C ap sul es una rm ed ; l eav es altern ate .
2
. Leaves orbicular ovat e angul arl y repan d or toothed -
, , the younger
ones deeply 3 t o 5 l ob ed ; cap s u l es bro wn pubescent - -
.
1 . M m o lu c c a n us
.
2
. Leaves oblong ovate entir e o r subentire ; cap sul es cov ered wi th a
-
,
red powder 2 M p h i li p p en s i s . .
1 . C apsules pubescent and a rmed with scattered short spin e like processes ; , ,
-
leaves opposit e 3 M p a pi lla r i s . .
1 . Mmol uc c a nu s ( L ) Mu ell A r g A l im
. . .
-
.
A s hrub o r smal l tre e 4 to 1 0 m high , more or l ess fi nely stell at e

pubes cent and furfura ceous L eaves l arge orbicul ar ovat e 1 0 to 25 cm .
,
-
,
l ong acumi n a te bas e cordat e som e Often deeply 3 to 5 lobed other s

, , ,
-
,
c oarsely an gul ar toothed o r r epand Pani cles in t h e upp er a xi l s up t o

-
.
,
t o 20 cm long Flower s gr eenish yellow t h e males fascic l ed a long t h e

.
-
,
b ranches of the inflor esc en ce t h e sep al s r efl ex ed at floweri n g time el lipti c , ,
l anceol ate about 7 mm lon g C ap sule about 7 mm long and wi de , smooth ,

, .
s tell ate pubescent at l east when youn g

-
Of 2 or 3 dehi scent coc ci (Fl , . .
F ili p p l . .
In thickets an d waste plac es occasionally also in gardens fl a ll t h e , , .
y ear ; throughout the Philippines M al aya . .
2 . M .
( Lam ) Muell A r g B anato ( T a g )
p h i li p pe n s i s . .
-
. .
A tree 4 to 1 0 m high the bran chlets young leaves and inflorescenc e , , ,
brown pubescent Leaves alternate oblong ovate entire or sinua t e

-
.
,
-
,
toothed acuminate 7 to 1 6 cm l ong , bas e rounded 3 nerved with 2 gl and s

, , ,
-
on the upper surface which i s glabrous the lower surface somewha t ,
g l au cou s puberulent with numerous small scattered crimson glands I h

, , , , .
fl o r es c en c e axill ary Mal e S p ikes solitary or fasci c l ed , 5 to 8 cm lon g

.
,
densely m any fl ow er ed the flowers about 3 mm in diameter the anther s

-
, ,
w it h crimson g l ands F ema l e racemes solitary 3 to 7 cm long

. Ova ry , .
and styles wi t h crimson glands Fruit subglobose 6 to 8 mm in diameter .

, ,
unarmed densely co v ered a red or crimson powder

, .
In thickets San Ju an del Monte fl M arch A pril ; widely distributed in , .

-
t h e Phil ippines India t o southern C hina through M a l aya t o A u stral ia

.
, .
3 . M .
pa p ill a r i s ( B l anco ) .
M err .
erect shrub 2 to 3 m high all p arts more or less densely an d

An ,
softly pubescent with short stellate hairs Leaves Opposite orbicul a r .

,
18 . HOM ON OI A L o u ei r o
n
Dioeciou s
shrubs with a lternate n arrow , entire l eaves glandul ar
’
, ,
l epidote beneath Flowers small in axillary many fl ower ed spikes a pet .

, ,
-
,
a lou s M ale flowers : C alyx globose sp l itting into 3 v a l vat e segment s

.
, .
Stamens numerous crowded in globose heads of branched filaments and , ,
a n thers R udimentary ovary none

. Femal e flowers : Sepal s 5 to 8, .
narrow unequal imbricate deciduou s Ovary 3 celled ; styles spreading

, , , .
-
.
F r uit a smal l cap su l e of three 2 valved 1 seeded cocci ( Gree k harmo ny ,” - -

.
“
r eferen ce to the more or less united stamens ) .
Species 3 or 4 Indi a an d M a l aya 2 in the Phi l ipp ines , , .
1 . i pa r i a Lour L um a n a y a
H . r M i a gos .
shrub 1 t o 3 m high L eaves l inear l anceol ate a cuminat e 1 2 to

A .
-
, ,
20 cm l on g green an d shining on the upper su rface the l ower su rfac e

, ,
pal e an d brown l epidote Spikes axillary sol itary 5 to 1 2 cm l ong pu

-
.
, , ,
b escent C ap sul es about 8 mm in diameter pub escent ( F l F ilip p l

.
, . . . .
In stream bed S an Ju an R iver at S an Fran cisco d el Mon t e , fl M ar

-
.
A pr ; throughout t h e Philippines in simi l ar h abitat s

. Indi a to M a l a y a . .
19 . R I C I N U S Linn a eus
coarse erect , branched annu a l herb o r shrubby an d perennia l L eav es
A , , .
l arge alterna t e orbicul ar ovate p eltate p almately l obed Flowers ape

, ,
-
, , .
tal o n s monoecious in axill ary s ub p a n i c ula t e ra cemes the l ower ones mal e
, , , , ,
i n scattered fas cicl es the upper ones femal e crowded M ale flowers : , , .
C a l yx thin splittin g into 3 to 5 segments

, Stamen s very n umerous t h e .
,
fil aments variou sly connate in branchin g clu sters Femal e flow ers : C alyx .
s p athe l ike caducous Ovary 3 celled Sty l es short or l ong spread i ng,
-
, .
-
.
,
entire or 2 fi d C ap sule of thre e 2 va l v ed 1 s eeded coc ci

-
.
( T h e ancient - -
.
Latin n ame ) .
A monotypic g enu s .
1 . R . I L T angan tangan
C OM M U N S C astor Oi l P l ant .
-
.
C oars e er ect , branched 1 to 4 high , gl abrous t h e y oun ger p a r t s

, , ,
gl au cou s t h e ve g etative p a r ts and inflorescen c e green or purplish Leav es

, .
thin 20 to 60 cm in di ameter the lobes oblong acuminate serrate ; petio l e s

, , , ,
l on g with a gl an d at the apex R acemes stout er ect M ale flow er s

, ,
.
, .
about 1 cm i n diamet er C ap sul e ovoid 1 t o cm l ong green or pur .

, ,
p li s h covered with soft spine like processes

-
, .
In Open wa ste pl ac es fl all the yea r ; common i n an d about town s , .
th roughout the Philippines a n d of p rehi sto ric introduction Prob abl y a , . .
native of A fri ca , n ow i n a ll tropi ca l an d m any temp era t e countries wi l d ,
o r cultivated .
20 M A N I HOT A danson .
G l abrou s trees or shrubs often somewhat gl aucous wi th mil ky sap , , ,
s ometimes from fleshy roots Leaves alternate usu ally deep ly 3 to 1 1 .

,
l obed F lowers medium apetalou s monoecious in racemes cym es o r

.
, , , , ,
p anicles M al e flowers : C al yx us u ally colored campanul at e 5 lobed t h e

. , ,
-
,
l obes imbri cate Stamens 1 0 inserted in 2 rows between the lobes o r

.
,
gl an ds of the dis k ; fi l aments free F emale flowers : C al yx as in the ma l e . .
Dis k l obed or entire Ova ry 3 celled cell s 1 ov u led C apsu l e of thr ee .

-
,
-
.
2 valved cocci
-
( F rom the B razil ian name of som e species )
. .
Species 1 28 in trop ical A merica mostly in B razil 2 introduc ed in t h e , ,
Philippines .
E U P H OR B I A C E A E 29 7
Shrubs from fleshy roots the l eaf l obes 3 to 7 l anceol a t e to Oblong ob la n ,

-
'
,
-
c eo la t e ; fruit l on gitudina l ly 6 ridged 1 M u t i li s s z

’
ma . . .
T ree s with 3 to 5 lobed leaves ; the lobes obovate to ell iptic ; fru it not
-
ridged 2 M gla z i om i
’
. .
1 M U T IL I S S I MA Poh l C a m o t en g caboy
. . C assava M anioc T apioc a
.
-
, ,
Pl ant .
A n erect glabrou s suffrutescent or s h r ub y pl ant

, to 3 m high from
stout fleshy roots Leaves 1 0 to 20 cm l ong pa l e beneath palmatel y
.
, ,
divided nearly to the base into 3 to 7 lan ceol at e to oblon g obl anceol ate ,
-
,
en tire acuminate segments some of t h e upper l eaves often entir e I n

, , .
fl o r es c en c e axillary l ax f ew fl o wer ed F l owers about 1 cm l ong C apsu l e s

, ,
-
. .
ovoid about , cm l ong longitudinally narrowly 6 winged ,

-
.
C ommon in hedge rows along streets etc rarely flowering in M ani l a ; -

, .
,
common an d wi dely di stributed in the Philippines in cultivation A n ative .
of tropica l A merica n o w planted in all warm c o untries , .
*
2 M GL A Z I OVI I Muell A r g C eara R ubber T re e
. . .
-
. .
A glabrou s tree reaching a height of 1 2 m or mor e with thin some , ,
what papery b ark Leaves l ong petioled 8 to 20 cm l ong s omewha t

.
-
, ,
peltate at the cordate base glaucous beneath p almatel y 3 to 5 lobed , ,

-
,
t h e lobes obovate to broadl y ell iptic , acute or short l y acuminate entire , .
Panicles in the uppermost axil s shorter than t h e l eaves Flowers about 1 , .
cm lon g C apsule e l lipsoi d 2 t o

. cm l on g not l on g itudinal ly ridged , , .
S i n ga lon cultivate d fl Sept ; of recent introdu ction her e On e of

, , . . .
t h e commercia l ru bber trees a n ative of B razil , .
21 . A L C HOR N E A S wartz
T rees
o r shrubs dioeciou s or monoecious wi th simpl e , entire or tooth ed
, ,
l eaves u sually gl andul ar at the b ase an d often 3 or 5 nerved M a l e

,
-
.
flowers small clustered on axill ary or termin al solitary or pani cled spikes
, , ,
the bracts smal l C alyx small globose 2 to 4valved Petal s none S t a

.
, ,
-
. .
men s 6 to 8 o r more the fil aments fr ee o r connat e be l ow R u dimentar y , .
ovary none Femal e flowers in axill ary or term ina l spikes S ep al s 3 to

. .
6 imb ri cate
, Peta l s none Ovary 2 t o 4celled ; styles di stinct Often
. .
-
,
l ong ; ovu les 1 in each cell C ap su l e of two or three 2 v a l ved cru staceou s .
,
-
,
co cc 1 .
Species about 30 Of wide tropic a l distribution , 2 in the Philippines .
1 . A . s lc c a ( B l anco ) M err . B a l anti

erect dioecious shrub u su ally 1 to 2 m high gl abrou s or nearly so
An , .
Lea v es ovate 3 to 1 2 cm lon g crenul ate a cuminate b ase gl an dul ar ,

, , , ,
r ounded 3 nerved M al e spikes axillary catkin like green and purplish ,

,
-
,
-
,
1 to 5 cm lon g about 3 mm thick flowers numerous densely arranged

. , , , .
Stamen s 8 Fema l e flowers small scattered in slender erect f ew fl o wer ed

.
, , ,
-
,
2 to 1 0 cm long spikes ea ch flower with 3 a cumin ate bracts longer tha n ,
the c al yx t h e styles simpl e purpl e C apsu l e s ovoid ru gos e about 8 m m

, , .
, ,
in diameter ( Fl Filip p l 3 07 E x c oec a m a s i cc a )

’
. . .
,
. .
In thickets P a say to S an F elipe N eri P as i g etc , fl M a n —Jun e ; of , , . .
l oc a l occu rren c e in t h e Philippines E ndemi c . .
‘
T his
nam e i s u sually applied to specie s of Ho m a la n t h us that do n ot
occur in our area .

22 . E X C OE C A R I A Linnaeus
Gl abrous shrubs or trees with abundant acrid milky j uice and a l t erna t e , , ,
or Opposite entire or nearly entire l eaves Flowers ap etalous small in

, .
, ,
dense axill ary spikes or racemes dioecious or monoecious t h e rachis

, , ,
glandul ar beneath o r at t h e s ides of the bra cts Male flowers 1 to 3 in .
each bra ct 2 bracteolate Sep als 3 sma l l Stamens

,
-
fil aments fre e.
, . .
R udimentar y ovary none Female flowers at the base of the male spikes
.
or racemes or On separate ones C alyx 3 fi d Ovary 3 celled ; cells 1

, .
-
.
-
ov uled ; sty l es spreading o r recurved C ap sules of 3 cocci t h e valves .

,
e l astically twisting and sep arating from the co l ume ll a ( Greek blin d .
“
”
n ess from reputed b l inding effect of the milky j ui ce )
, .
Species 30 or more in trop ical A sia A fri ca , an d A ustrali a 2 or 3 in , ,
t h e Phi l ippines .
1 . E . aL B uta B ut a buta
ga llo c h a A lip ata Lip ata
.
,
'
A g l abrous shrub o r smal l tree 1 to 8 m high Leaves alternate elli p .

,
ti c ovat e oblong ovat e or ovate shinin g b as e rounded or acute apex

-
,
-
, , , ,
a cuminate 6 to 1 2 cm l ong entire or near l y so M a l e spikes axillary,

, , .
s o l itary 5 to 1 0 cm l ong man y fl o w er ed

, Fema l e flowers in 2 to 3 cm ,
-
.
l on g ra cemes the sep al s with a basal gl and within C ap su l es usually

, .
a bout 5 mm in diameter subglobose smooth , , .
A l on g tida l estu aries fl M a y—July an d probab l y i n o th er months ;

, .
,
t hroughout t h e Philippines along t h e seashor e Indi a t o s outh er n C hin a .
s outhwa rd t o A ustral ia and P olynesia .
76 A N A C A R D I A C E A E
.
( C A S H E W OR M A N GO F A M I L Y )
T rees or shrubs Often with acri d an d sometimes milky j uice
, L eaves .
alternate exstipul ate simple or pinn ate I nflorescen ce mostl y p ani cul ate
, , . .
F l owers small regul a r unisexual polygamous o r perfect C alyx 3 to

, , , , .
6 p artite
-
Peta l s 3 to 6 alternat e with t h e s epa l s fre e imbri cate or
.
, , ,
valvate i n bud Dis k fl a t cup shaped or annu l ar entir e or lobed S t a

.
,
-
, .
mens as many as or twi ce as many as the petals rarely fewer or only one , ,
i nserted under r a r ely o n the disk ; fil aments usu ally subul a t e ; anthers 2
, .
c elled basi or d o r s i fix ed Ovary superior 1 to 5 cell ed or in B uc h a n a n i a

, .
,
-
of 5 or 6 free carpel s Often ru dimentary i n the staminate flowers ; style 1

,
to 6 or sti gm as subsessile ; ovu l es sol itary i n the cell s Fruit a 1 t o 5

, .
celled 1 to 5 seeded drupe

,
-
.
Genera about 60 species about 500 chiefly tropi cal 1 1 gen er a an d 35

, , ,
sp ecies known from the P hilippines .
1 . Leaves simple ; ovary 1 celled or of severa l 1 cel l ed carpe l s -

,
-
.
2 F ruits seated on a mu ch enl arged fleshy pedun cle

. .
3 Stamens twice as many as the peta l s som e of them imperfect ;

.
,
fleshy peduncle l arge 5 to 7 cm long 1 A n a c a r d i um , .
3 S tamens as m any as the petal s ; fleshy peduncl e s m all 1 to

. cm ,
2 . S em ec a r p us
2 . Pedun cles not at all enl arged .
3 S tamens 1 to 5 ; c arpel s 1 ; fruit a l arge fleshy edibl e drupe

. .
3 . M an gi f em
Stamen s 8 or 1 0; carpel s 5 ; fruit a small dru pe 1 cm l ong o r less ,
3 .
the flesh scanty 4 B uc h a n a m a

'
. .
1 . Leaves pinnate ; ovary several c elled ; fruit ovoid the stone several -
,
celled 5 Sp on di a s .
3 . MA NGIF E R A Linnaeu s
Large tr ee s with entire coria ceou s l eaves F l ower s small po l ygamou s , , .
,
i n terminal panicles the pedicel s a rti cul ate the bracts small deciduou s
, , , .
C alyx 4 or 5 partite Petal s 4 or 5 free from t h e di sk Stamens 5,

-
.
, .
one perfect an d l arger than the others the other 4 smaller imperfect , , .
Ovary sessile 1 celled oblique ; style l ateral ; ovule pendulou s

,
-
Fruit a , .
l arge fleshy drupe ; seed large compressed fibrou s or smooth . ( M a l a y , ,
nam e of the fruit an d the Latin to “
A tropica l A siatic chiefly M a l ayan genu s of abou t 30 s p ecies , 4 o r 5

, ,
k nown from t h e Philippines a singl e cu l tiv ated on e in ou r are a , .
*
1 . M I . L M anga ( Sp
I N D CA M ango . .
A l arge tree the crown dense spreading Leaves oblon g to Ob l ong

, , .
l anceol ate a cumin ate 1 0 to 30 cm l on g Pani c l es Often as l ong as o r

, , .
exceeding t h e l eaves pubescent Flowers y ellow small 3 to 4 mm l on g

, .
, , .
Di s k 5 l obed Perfect stamen 1 t h e other 4 mu ch reduc ed Ova ry gl a

-
.
, .
b rous Drup e yellow fl eshy 1 0 to 1 5 cm l on g oblong ovoi d somewhat

.
, , ,
-
,
c omp r essed S eed l arge flattened fibrou s ( F l Filip p l 62 M r o s t r a t a )

.
, , . . . .
, . .
T h e well k nown mango fl N o v —M ay common in Manil a an d through , . .

,
out t h e Philippines , introduced A n ativ e of Indi a o r M al aya n ow cu l .

,
t i v a t ed t h roughout t h e trop ics .
4 . B U C HA N A N I A R oxbur g h
I
T re es
with a l terna t e simple entir e l eaves t h e p ani cle s termina l an d , , ,
axill ar y Flowers small perfect C alyx short persist ent , 3 to 5 l obed

.
, .
,
-
.
Peta l s a s many a s t h e calyx l obes recurved Stam en s 8 or 1 0, fre e C a r -

, . .
pels 5 or 6 free on e fertile t h e others imp erfect ; styl e short ; ovul e

, , ,
solitar y Drup e small compr essed , with s canty flesh t h e stone bony
.
, , .
( In honor of Dr F B uchanan Hamilton a S cotch physici an an d natura l ist )

. .
-
, .
Specie s about 20 trop ica l A si a to A u strali a and Po l yn esia 4 or 5 in the

, ,
Ph il ippines on e in our area , .
1 b o r es c en s B lum e (B flo r i d a S ch au er ) B a li n h a s a y
’
. B . ar . .
tree 5 to 1 0 m high gl abrous or n early so Leav es ob l ong obovate

A , .
-
,
acut e or rounded b as e n arrowed 8 t o 25 cm long somewhat crowd ed toward

, , ,
t h e ends Of t h e branches Panicl es in t h e uppermost axil s many on each .

,
branch 6 to 20 cm long rath er narrow F l owers very numerous white

, , .
, ,
3 to 4 mm lon g t h e peta l s r efl ex ed F ruit red compressed suborbicu l ar

, .
, ,
to ovoid 7 to 1 0 mm lon g the pulp very thin and scanty ( Fl F ilip p l

, , . . . .
63 F a ga r a d ec a n d r a )
, .
In thickets M asambong S an Pedro M a c a t i et c fl F eb June ; v ery

, , , .
, .
-
common an d wi dely distributed in the Philippines Indi a to M al a y a . .
5 . S P ON DI A S Linnaeu s
De ci duous
glabrous trees L eaves pinnate a l ternate more or l ess .
, ,
crowded at t h e tips of the bran chlets Leaflets subopposit e Pani cl es . .
te r minal , spreading Flowers small polygamous C al y x sm all 4 or 5 fid

.
, .
,
-
.
Petals 4 or 5 Disk cupul ar broad crenate Stamens 8 or 1 0 inserte d

.
, , .
beneath the dis k Ovary sessile fr ee 4 or 5 celled ; sty l es 4or 5 conniving ;

.
, ,
-
,
o vu l es solitary pendulous Drupe fleshy ; sto ne hard thick 1 t o 5 cell ed

, .
, ,
-
,
t h e cells Opening by cana l s through the top Of t h e s tone ( Gr ee k nam e of .
a tree ) .
C E L A S T R A CE AE 301
Species about 5 al l tropical 2 in the Philippines of which the fol l owing

, ,
i s introduced .
1 S P UR P U R E A
. L S i r i h uela s ( C orruption of Sp C i ruela . .
deciduous tree usua l ly about 8 m hi gh with s t out t runks and stou t

A
sp reading bran ches Leaves pinnate 1 5 to 25 cm l ong Leaflets 5 to 9.
, .
p airs oblong ovate inequilateral acuminate thin 5 to 7 cm long entire

,
-
, , , , ,
o r slightly crenate Flowers solitary or fascic l ed in the axi l s of fallen

.
l eaves reddish 3 to mm long pedicel s j ointed Stamen s 1 0 5 alter

, , , .
,
n ating ones longer than the others F ru it subglobose about cm l on g, .

,-
t h e pericarp fleshy purplish outsi de the sto ne larg e, ver y h ard

, ( Fl Filip , . . .
pl .
C ommon
along the P a r a fl a q ue road an d o cc asiona l in other p l a ces d e , ,
c i d uo u s and fl F eb A p r ; widely di stributed in the Philippines

.
-
A nativ e . .
of tropica l A merica introduced into the Phi l ippines at an early date , .
77
. C E L A ST R A C E A E ( C E L A ST R U S F A M ILY )
T rees
or sh rub s often climbing Leaves Opposite or altern ate simp l e ,
, .
,
petioled F l owers perfect or polygamous small cymose o r p anicled C al y x

.
, , .
small 4 or 5 lobed imbricate persistent Petals 4 or 5 free imbricate

,
-
, , .
, , .
Stamens u sual l y t h e sam e number a s t h e petal s Disk prominent l obed .

,
or entire Ovary sessi l e fre e or confluent with t h e disk 3 to 5 celled

.
, ,
-
,
cell s 2 ov uled ; sty l e short or non e F ru i t a dehiscent cap su l e with ari ll ate
-
.
s eeds , or h ard an d indehisc ent with many scattere d se ed s .
Genera about 38 species 450 or more in most temperat e an d trop ical

, ,
re gions 8 genera and about 1 2 species in t h e Philippines

, .
1 . Inflo r escence of terminal an d axillary p anic l es 1 . C ela s t r us

1 . Inflorescence Of short dichotomous axill ary cymes , , .
2 F ruit a dehiscent f ew seeded cap su l e

'
.
,
-
2 G y m n o s p om a
.
2 F ru it many seeded , i ndehiscent

.
-
1 . C E L A ST R U S Linna eu s
S candent shrub s with alternate petioled l eaves and termin a l an d axi l l ar y ,
panicles F l owers small C alyx 5 cleft Petal s 5 spreading S tamen s

. .
-
.
, .
5, on the margin of the broad dis k Ovary 2 to 4celled cells 2 ov uled n o t .

-
,
-
,
im mersed in the dis k ; style short the sti gm a 3 lobed F ruit a g lobose o r ,
-
.
obovoid 1 t o 3 cel l ed 1 to 6 se eded dehiscent cap su l e, t h e s e eds enveloped

,
-
,
-
,
in a fleshy aril ( A n ancient Greek name ) . .
S pecies about 1 5 tropica l A sia to Japan , M al aya an d A ustr a l ia , and i n

,
N orth A meric a 1 in the P hilippines , .
1 . C . Wil l d
pa n lc u la t a .
A scan dent sh rub reachin g a len gth of from 4 to 1 0 m gl abrous t h e , ,
branches lenticell ate pendulous Leaves ovate to e l liptic ovate 5 to 1 2 cm, .

-
,
l on g sho rtly and abruptly a cuminate cren ate thin Panicles 7 to 1 8 cm

, , , .
l on g rather n arrow l ax pendu l ous F lowers numerous greenish or gree n

, , , .
,
ish white about 5 mm i n diameter C apsules ovoid o r subglobose 7 to 9

-
, .
,
mm l on g y el l ow , 3 celled u sua l ly 3 seeded the fleshy aril surrounding t h e

,
-
,
-
,
s eeds red .
In thic k ets near Pa si g fl A p r —M arch ; wide l y distributed in the P h i l , . .
i pp i n es Indi a t o M a l aya. .
2 G Y M N OS P OR I A
. Wight A rnott
Shrubs or small trees Often s ub s c a n d en t branches u sually spiny Leaves , , .
alternate Flowers in axill ary cymes C alyx 4 or 5 c l eft P etal s 4 or

. .
-
.
5 spreading
, S tamen s 4 o r 5 ins erted underneath the disk
. Ovary i m , .
m er s ed in the disk usu a lly 3 celled cell s 2 Ov uled C apsul es dehiscent

,
-
,
-
.
,
s eeds 1 or 2 in each cel l a rill ate ( Greek naked and

”
, .
Species 60 or more widely distributed i n warm countries a singl e vari , ,
abl e one i n the Philippines .
1 . G . s p i no s a o l fe ( B l an co ) Merr . R .
A somewhat scandent gl abrous shrub 1 to 4 m high the axil s usually , ,
with very small ; short spines Leaves obovate to Oblong —obovate apex .
,
rounded b ase wedge shaped margin s finely toothed 5 to 1 0 cm l ong

,
-
, , .
C ymes small axill ary rather few fl o w er ed slender sub u

, mbell ate 1 to 2 ,
-
, , ,
c m long F l owers smal l greenish white 5 m er ou s the calyx teeth smal l

.
,
-
,
-
,
-
.
Petal s Oblon g obtuse 3 mm long C apsul es red subglobose 5 to 8 mm

, , .
, ,
l ong somewh at 3 angled

,
-
.
In thickets M asambong t o Pasay fl Oct —Dec ; Wid el y distribu t e d i n

, , . . .
t h e Philippines E ndemi c . . .
3 S I P HON ODON
. Griffi t h
Smal l glabrou s trees with a ler n a t e shortly petiol ed s l ightl y crena t e , ,
l eaves Inflorescence axillary s ub c ym o s e f ew fl o w er ed Flowers small

.
, ,
-
.
,
C alyx 5 cleft P etal s 5 sp r eading Dis k not distinct St a

‘
5 m er ou s
-
,
-
.
, . .
mens 5 connivent around the pistil the fil aments fl attened Ovary ha lf

, , .
immersed conical the summit hollowed out sti gmatose in the cavity ; cells
, , ,
numerou s in 2 to 4 series each 1 ov uled F ruit ovoi d or globose h ard ,

-
.
, ,
of uniform texture throughout the pulp brittl e when dry , t h e n umerous ,
seeds scattered irregul arly through t h e dry pulp .
Sp ecies 3 Indi a to A u stral i a 2 in t h e Philippines

, , .
1 . S . Griff M atan g ol ang

c eI a s t r ineus .
-
A small tree 5 to 8 m hi gh Leaves p al e when dry ob l on g s hi n i n g .

, , ,
co r i aceous 1 2 to 22 cm long a cuminate bas e acute t h e petiole l es s than

, , , ,
1 cm long Flowers small greenish t h e p eta l s about

. mm long Frui t , , .
gl obose or ovoid p ale when dry gl abrous to cm in di ameter

, , , .
In d ry thi c k ets M asambon g S a n F r anci sco de l M onte etc fl M ay ; , , .

, .
of wide distribution in the Philippines at lo w altitudes India to M al aya , .
76 . HI P P OC R A T E A C E A E ( HI P P OCR A T E A F A M I LY)
Scandent unarmed usually gl abrou s shrubs with
, pposit e rar ely a l t er
, O ,
n ate simple entire or slightly toothed leaves Flowers small regul ar ,

, , .
,
perfect in axillary or termin al fascicles or cymes C alyx tube s hort t h e

, .
~
-
,
l obes 5 imbricate Petal s 5 free insert ed under the disk imbric at e rar ely
, .
, , , ,
valvate Dis k strongly devel oped u sually t h ick and fl esh y lobed or entir e
.
, , .
S tamens 3 rarely 2 4 or 5 inserted on the disk ; fi laments short fl attened ,

, , , , ,
free or somewh at adnate to the ovary recu rved Ova ry sur rounded b y
, , .
t h e disk 3 celled ; ovules 2 to 1 0 in each cell

,
-
Fruit subglobose b acca t e or .
,
d ru paceous 1 to 3 celled fleshy indehiscent or of 3 elongated flatten ed

,
-
, , ,
carpels whi ch a r e conn ate below and u sually dehiscent Seeds winged or , .
not .
Gener a 2 species about 1 50 in t h e tropics of both h em i sph eres , 2 g en er a

,
an d 5 or 6 species in the Phi l ippines

'
.
1 . C A R DI OS P E R MUM Linnaeus
C l imbing ,
tend ril bearing slender h erbaceou s vines Leave s al t ern a t e,
-
, , .
exstipul ate bi t ernate the l eaflets ver y coarsely toothed or l obed

, , I n fl o r es .
c enc e of axilla ry solitary f ew fl ower ed long peduncled cymes or r aceme s ,

, ,
-
,
-
t h e lowest p air of pedi cels developed in t o spira l t end ri ls Flow ers smal l , .
i rregul ar , p o ly ga m O d i gec i o us Sepa l s 4, conc ave the t wo ou t er ones sma ll

-
.
, .
Peta l s 4 the t wo l arger ones u sually adherin g to the sep als an d with a n
, ,
emar gi n ate scal e abov e the b ase the t wo smaller ones distant from t he , .
s tamens Stamens 8 excentri c ; fi l aments free or connat e at the bas e

.
, .
Ova ry 3 cel l ed ; style t r i fi d ; ovu l es sol itary C apsule inflated l ocu l icida l ,
-
.
,
3 ce l led 3 valved the valves thin vein y

-
,
-
Seeds gl obo se , arill a t e at t h e
, , .
b as e ( Gree k hea rt and

.
” “
Sp ecies 1 1 mostly in trop ica l A m erica an d A f r i c a 1 i n t h e Philipp i n e s

, , .
1 . .I CA CA B U M L B a ll oon V ine
C HA L . .
A slen der herbaceou s vine 1 to 3 m i n lengt h mor e or l ess pubesce n t , ,
t h e s t ems p rominently furrow ed Leaves 5 to 9 cm long del toi d in outlin e, .

,
t h e l eaflets ovate to l anceo l ate acumina t e coarsely dentate or l obed 1 to 5 , , ,
cm l ong membran aceous Flowers small white about

, mm l ong F r u i t .
, , .
o bovoid to , cm long somewh at triangul ar an d 3 k eeled apex sub ,

-
,
trunc ate S eeds globose bl ack with a p rominent white hear t shaped a r i l
.
, , , ,
-
a t the b a s e .
Occasiona l ly cu l tivated al so som etimes found i n thic k ets , fl A ug—J a n ; , . . .
widel y distributed i n t h e Phi l ipp i n es c er t ain l y i ntrodu c ed Mos t tr op i c a l , .
c ountries p robabl y a n ativ e of Indi a

, .
2 A L L OP HY L
. U S Linnaeus
Shrub s or sma ll tr ees with 1 t o 5 folio l ate exstipu l a t e l eav es t h e l eaf -
, ,
l ets entir e o r t oothed Inflor escenc e a xillary , of simpl e or branched r acem es

. .
Flowers sma l l 4m er ou s p oly ga m O dio eciou s globose gr eenis h o r y ellowis h

,
-
,
-
, ,
white their pedicels short

, Sep a l s 4 in Opposit e pair s hooded t h i n .
, , , ,
imbricate t h e t wo outer on es smal l er than t h e inner pai r

, Petal s 5 .
,
t h e pl ace of t h e fifth vacant small , s om etim es d ecl in ate r ar ely Ob s ol et e , , ,
na k ed or supplied with a shaggy s cal e above t h e c l aw Disk one sided , .

-
usual l y with fou r g l ands opposite t h e pet a l s Sta m en s 8, on t h e r ec epta cl e .
i nside the disk Ovary u sually 2 lobed 2 celled ; ovu l es so l itar y

. Frui t -
,
-
.
i n dehiscent usual l y flesh y, of 2 o r 3 gl obos e or obovoid , ind ehi s cent coc ci ,

, ,
”
‘
t h e cocci drupe l ik e, seeds wit h a short thin or fleshy ari l ( Gree k anoth er
“
-
an d
Species 1 56 in a l l tropica l countries about 1 7 in t h e Phi l ipp i nes
, , .
1 . A . dim or p h us R a d lk .
An erect shrub 2 to 5 m hi gh the younger p arts an d l eav es softly pube s

c ent Leaves 3 an d 5 fo l io l at e on t h e sam e p l ant s ell iptic or Oblong la n
.
-
,
-
c eo la t e t o ova t e l anceolat e or l anceo l ate acuminate b as e narrowed margin s

-
, , ,
c oarsely an d irregularly serrate the l arger ones up to 1 2 cm in l ength , ,
s talked the l ower t wo when present sessile or subsessile very much

, , , ,
s maller than t h e other three R acemes s l en der axill ary so l itary p ed un .

, , ,
cled 5 to 1 8 cm long m any fl ower ed pubescent F l owers about 3 mm i n

, ,
-
, .
diameter greenish whit e F r uit a sin g le obovoid to subglobose indehi sc en t

,
-
.
,
coccus about 5 mm long red wi th s canty pulp ( Fl F ilip p l 260 A , , . . . .

, .
b la n c oi . )
S A P I N DA C E A E 305
In dry t hickets La Loma to F ort M c Ki n ley fl June—Ju l y ; widely dis , .
tributed in Luzon and Mindoro . E ndemic .
3 . OT OP HOR A B lume
rect shrubs or trees with altern ate pinnate leaves the basa l l eaflets
E ,
stipule l ike Inflorescence axillary a n d terminal pani cul ate t h e flowers

-
.
, ,
regul a r polygamous the sepals 4 o r 5 conca v e imbricate P etal s 5 or 4

, , , , .
,
smal l er than the sepal s subau ricul ate at the base Disk comple t e annula te , .
, ,
c renate or entire S tamens u sually 8 sometimes fewer inserted within .

, ,
the disk Ovary 2 to 4celled ; ovules 1 in each cell ; sti gm a sessile F ru it

.
-
.
fleshy 1 to 4cel l ed indehiscent the seeds arill ate ( Greek ear an d to

,
-
”
, , .
“ “
bear allusion to the two lower s tipule l ike l eaflets )

”
,
-
.
S pecies about 1 5 M al ay P enin sul a and A rchipel ago 2 in the P hil ippines
, , .
1 . 0 . f r ut I c o s a B lume . B a li n a un a u
erect gl abrou s shrub 2 to 4 m high Leaves 20 to 50 cm long the
An .
.
,
l eaflets oblon g to Oblon g lan ceolate acute o r acuminate entire 8 to 25 cm -

, , ,
long the b asal 2 o v ate to orbicular stipule l ike 1 to 4 cm in diameter

, ,
-
, .
Panicles purple lax 1 5 to 40 cm long the flowers racemosely arranged, , , ,
male and perfect flowers in the same panicle F l owers dark purple about .
-
,
7 mm in diameter the anthers yellow F ruit red subglobose to ellip soid

, .
,
or obovoid 8 to 1 3 mm long ( Fl F ilip p l 1 1 0 Ot o lep i s n i gr c s c en s )

, . . . .
, .
In thickets S i n ga lon Pasay etc occasional fl Dec —Feb ; wide ly

, , , .
, , . . .
distributed in the P hilippines M al aya . .
4 . E UP HOR I A C o m m er s on
T rees
wi th alternate exstipulate simply pinn ate le aves the leaflets , , ,
entire usually gl au cou s beneath Inflorescence terminal an d axill ary pan

, .
,
i c ula t e F l owers regula r polygamou s C alyx deeply 5 cleft pubescent

.
, .
-
, ,
l obes imbricat e Peta l s 5 spatul ate to l anceol ate hai ry within Disk pub
.
, , .
es c en t Stamens u sually 8 about as long a s the petal s inserted within

.
, ,
the disk Ovary 2 rarely 3 lobed 2 or 3 celled verrucose ; ovules sol itary ;
.
-
,
-
,
s t yle 2 or 3 lobed erect F ruit ellipsoid to globose of a S ingle indehi scent

-
, .
,
coccu s verrucose or echinate the peri carp crustaceou s S eed su rrounded

, , .
by a fleshy u su ally edible aril ( Greek well an d to bear

,
”
.
“ “
.
Species about 6 tropi cal A sia to M al aya 3 in the Phil ippines , , .
Lam (N ep h e li um lo n gcm a Guin guin ( T a g )

’
1 . E . L ON GA N A . .
-
.
A tree 8 to 1 2 m high the young branchl ets rusty pubescent Leaves 1 7 ,

-
.
to 25 cm long ; leaflets subopposite or alternate 6 to 1 0 Oblong to l an , , ,
c eo la t e coriaceous gl abrou s or nearly so,u sually obtuse b ase somewhat

, , ,
inequil ateral acute or obtuse 6 to 1 5 cm long Panicles terminal an d

, , .
axilla ry ru sty pubescent many fl o wer ed up to 1 5 cm l ong F lowers yellow

'
-
, , , .
i sh white 4 to 5 mm in diame t er F ruit reddish or purpl e when m atur e

-
, .
,
globose 1 to 2 cm in diameter the tubercles rugose or smooth A ril pulpy

, , .
,
edible .
R arely cultivated M al ate Opposite S a n P edro M a c a t i etc sai d to flower

, , .
,
very rarely F eb —A p r E xtensively cultivate d India to southern C hina

, .
,
.
T h e ve r y common endemic E up h ori a c i n c i c a ( T urcz ) R a d lk wi del y

, ,
'
. .
,
k nown a s a lup a g i s found throughout the P hilippines but does not occur
, ,
in ou r area .
1 1 1 5 55— 20
5
. G U I OA C a v a n i lles
Shrubs or trees with altern ate pinn ate lea v es ; l eaflets not exceeding 1 0,
entire mostly abruptly p innate Opposite subopposite or alternate
, Pani , , , .
cles axillary and subtermina l ample many fl ow er ed F lowers nearly reg , ,

-
.
ul ar p o ly ga m o dioecious
, S epal s 4or 5 free or somewhat united at the base ,
-
.
,
rounded concave imbricate in two rows P etal s as man y as the sepals ,

, , , .
with 2 scales at the base inside Disk annu l ar entire or interrupte d .

, .
Stamen s 8 in serted within the dis k Ovary 3 angled 3 celled obovoi d to

, .
-
,
-
Obcordate ; ovu l es solitary F ruit cap sul ar obovoid 3 celled 3 winged , .

, ,
-
,
-
l oculicidally 3 valved Seeds more or l ess comp ressed arill ate ( In hono r
-
.
, .
of J Guio y S anchez an artist on the M al aspina E xpedition )

.
, .
S pecies about 35 Indi a to southern C hina southward to A ustralia an d

, ,
Polynesia 1 0 in t h e Philippines , .
1 . G .
‘
p er r o t t S al ab
et ii ( B lume ) R a d lk .
A small tree 5 to 1 0 m high gl abrou s or near l y so Leaves 1 4 t o , .
25 cm long a l ternate Leaflets 4 to 8 subal tern ate l anceol ate to oblong

, .
, , ,
l an ceol ate straight or somewhat fal cate 6 to 1 2 cm long apex somewha t

, , ,
acumi nate Inflorescence axill ary p ani culate 7 to 1 2 cm l ong the flower s
.
, , ,
n umerous s ub r a c em o s ely disposed on the elongated branches Flower s

, .
white about 5 mm in diameter sep al s and petals ciliate on t h e mar gin s

, , .
C ap sules red stipita te broadly obovate apex retus e about

, cm wid e,
, , ,
consi sting of three sp reading rounded lobes , .
In thickets M asambong fl Dec —J an ; widely distributed in t h e Phil , . . .
i pp i n es E nd emic . .
6 A R Y T E R A B l um e .
Shrub s o r tr ees with alternat e pinnat e leaves t h e l eaflets f ew e ntir e , , ,
t h e a xil s of t h e n erv es beneath usu ally glandul ar Panic l es a xill ary and .
terminal many fl ower ed Flow ers smal l P etal s 5 u su all y with t wo scal es
,
-
. .
,
a t t h e bas e insid e Dis k annu l ar Stam en s 8, exs ert ed Ovary 2 or 3

. . .
c e ll ed u su ally lobed C apsules dehiscent Of 1 to 3 el l ip soid l ob es or

, .
, ,
a ngl ed Seeds entirely or n early s o r r oun d ed b y t h e ari l ( Gr eek a s m a ll “

. .
b owl .
Species about 20 Indi a to C hina southward to A u stra l i a and Po lyn es i a ,

, ,
2 or 3 in t h e Phil ippines .
1 . I ito r a li s B lum e A l asan

A . .
A shru b or tre e 4 to 1 0 m high gl abrou s except t h e younger p a rts an d

, ,
i nflorescenc e Leaves 20 t o 30 cm l ong ; leafl ets 3 to 6 s ubopposite o r

.
,
a ltern ate ; Oblong ovat e to broadly l anceolate entire acuminate b ase acu t e
-
, , , ,
8 to 1 8 cm l ong, wi th prominent gl ands in the axils on t h e lower surfac e .
Panicles axil l ary and terminal ; ru sty pubescent 1 0 to 1 4 cm l ong many -

, ,
fl ow er ed Flowers yellowish white somewhat fragrant 2 to 3 mm i n

.
-
, ,
diameter C ap su l e usu ally of 2 sometimes only 1 oran g e yel low elli p

.
, ,
-
,
s o i d to oblon g l obes about cm l ong, u l t i mately splitting down on e sid e ;

s eed nearl y cov ered by t h e ar i l .
In dry thickets Opposit e Guada l upe fl A p r ; wi dely distributed in t h e , . .
Phi l ippines In dia to C hin a southward to M alaya

.
,
.
80 B A L S A M I N A C E A E
.
( B A L S A M OR C A M A N T I GU I F A M I L Y )
rect succulent , more or l ess branched herbs Leaves Opposit e a l t er
E ,
. ,
n ate or somewhat whorl ed simple exstipul ate Flowers irregul ar, p er

, , , .
ranked alternate p rominently 3 nerved ne rves sometimes more numerou s

, ,
-
, ,
en t ir e or toothed C ym es axill ary pedunc l ed Flowers smal l perfec t

.
, .
, .
C alyx 5 fi d the lobes spreading o r r efl ex ed

-
, D is k lobed flat o r pit t ed .
, , ,
the ma rgin free S tamens 5 Ova ry 2 or 4celled sunk in the dis k. .

-
,
and confluent wit h it at t h e base Styles 2 or 4 free or more o r l es s .

,
uni t ed F ruit d rupe like pu l p fleshy o r dry the stone 1 to 4celled 1 to

.
-
, ,
-
,
4seeded
-
( F rom S isyphus a fabulous king of C orinth )
.
, .
S pecies a bout 45 i n t emperate an d tropical regions of both hemispheres ,
about 8 i n the Philippines .
1 . Cymes sessi l e o r subsessile l eaves pal e beneath ; fruit flesh y edible , , .
1 Z j uj u b a . .
1 . C ymes pedunc l ed .
2 Leaves ver y strong ly inequ i l atera l at the b ase ; d r up e gl abrous the s t on e

.
,
4celled -
2 Z tr i n cr vi a . .
2 Leaves equil ateral or slightly inequil ateral at the base ; dru pe rus t y
.
pubescent the s t one 2 celled , 3 Z z o n u la t a -

. . .
1 . Z . M i l l Manzan as M anzanitas ( S p
J U J U BA .
, .
A small tree 5 t o 1 9 m high the b ranches armed with short sharp ,
sp ines Leaves e l l iptic ovate rounded green an d glabrous on t h e upp er

.
-
, ,
surface beneath densel y woolly tomento s e with p ale h airs 5 t o 8 cm lon g,

,
-
,
3 to 5 cm wi de C ymes sessil e o r subsessile axillary pubescent 3 cm in

.
, , ,
di ameter or l ess Flowers greenish whi t e about 7 mm in diameter Peta l s

.
-
, .
sub sp atu l ate concave r efl ex ed Ovary 2 celled F ru it fleshy ovoid or

, , .
-
.
,
subglobose to 2 cm in diameter , edible ( F l Filip p l

, . . . .
‘
Occa sion al i n gardens an d a l ong roadsides introduced , fl July—S ept , . .
A n ative of trop ica l A si a n o w distributed from A ff gh a n i s t a n t o C hina ,
through M al aya to A ustral ia Oft en i n cultivation only , .
2 Z . . t ri n er v ia (Cav ) . P oi r . Du cla p
erect shrub or small tree frequently with p en d ud ou s branches ru sty
An , ,
pubescent the trunk with l arge pyramidal sp ines Leaves densely pubes
, .
cent ovate 5 to 1 0 cm long acute or acuminate ba se very strongly i n eq u i

, , , ,
l at eral C ym es S hort axill ary solitary peduncled pub es cent Flowers

.
, , , , .
greenish white or gr eenish yellow about 4 mm in diameter Fruit globo se ,

- -
, .
glabrous 1 to cm in diameter green the pulp rather hard the ston e

, , , ,
bony 4ce ll ed ( Fl Filip p l 433 Z lo t us )

,
-
. . . .
, . .
I n thickets dry hill s near t h e city fl Jun e—N ov ; common an d widely

, , . .
distributed in t h e Philipp i nes E ndemic . .
3 . Z . zo n ula t a B l anco . L i ga a
tree sometimes reaching a height of 25 m more or l ess rusty pubes
A , ,
-
cent the trunk with l arge pyramidal spines Leaves ovate to oblong ovate
, .
-
,
acumin ate base rounded or sub cordate equilateral or slightly inequil atera l
, , ,
pubescent in age Often becoming gl abrous or nearly so 8 to 1 5 cm long

, ,
.
C ymes axillary p eduncl ed p uhes c en t up to 5 cm l ong

, Flowers greenish , , .
yel l ow fragr ant 5 to 6 mm in diame t er F ruit globose

, , to 2 cm in .
,
diameter ru sty pubescent the pericarp much wrinkled when d ry the bon y
,
-
, ,
s t one 2 celled -
.
Old botanica l garden fl Sept — N o v ; wi dely di stributed in the P hilippines , . . . .
E ndemic .
VI T A CE A E 309
2 G OU A N I A
. Linnaeu s
U narmed c l imbing shrubs with alternate leaves F lowers polygamous .
in axilla ry or termina l spikes or spike like racemes the rachi s often tendril -
bearing at or near the base F lowers small C alyx superior 5 fi d the tube . .
,
-
,
short obconic P etal s 5 inserted below the margin of the disk hooded
, .
, , .
Stamens 5 enfolded by the petal s Disk filling the calyx tube 5 angled
, .
-
,
-
.
Ovary sunk in the disk 3 celled ; style 3 cleft F ruit an inferior , coriace ,
- -
.
ous dehiscent capsule c rowned by the persistent calyx limb 3 angled o r

, ,
-
,
-
3 winged
-
( In honor of A Gouan a F rench botanist )
. .
, .
S pecies between 30 an d 40 chiefly in tropical A merica f ew in A fric a , , ,
A si a and M alaya 2 in the Philippines

, , .
1 . mi c r o c a r pa DC L i t i r a n ( T a g )
G . . .
A scandent shrub the younger p arts and inflorescence pubes cent S tems, .
slender Leaves ovate acuminate base broad an d rounded or subcordate

.
, , ,
margin s nearly entire or crenate serrate 6 to 1 1 cm long Spikes t erminal -

, .
and axillary slender pubescent up to 20 cm in l ength the rachis u sually

, , , ,
c irrhose nea r the base the flowers crowded in scattered Of t en short , ,
peduncled heads or clu sters Flowers white about 2 mm long pubescent .

, ,
outside F ruit about 5 mm long 3 angled angles slightly winged gl abrou s

.
,
-
, ,
or nearly so .
In thickets Ma sambong fl Dec —F eb ; wide l y distributed in the Phi l ip

, , . . .
pines Indi a to M alaya

. .
3 . C OL U BR I N A L . C . R ichard
rect or climbing shrub s with a l ternate toothed 3 nerved leaves C ymes
E , ,
-
.
axill ary short Flowers small perfect regular C alyx 5 toothed or lobed
, .
, , .
-
,
the tu be short broad Petals 5 cl awed hooded inserted on the margi n

, .
, , ,
of the dis k S ta mens 5 Disk fleshy fi lling the calyx tube Ovary 3 ce l led ,
. .
,
-
.
-
sun k in t h e disk and confluent with it ; styl e 3 cleft F ruit a tardily -

.
dehi scent globose 3 cell ed 3 seeded cap sule surrounded below with t h e
, ,
-
,
-
,
accrescent cal yx tube ( Latin sna k e from the fancied resembl anc e of
” -
.
“
t h e twining stems of some species ) .
Species about 1 5 chiefly in tropi ca l A merica 1 in the Phi l ippines

, , .
1 . Ciati c a ( L ) B ro u gh
. as C abatiti . .
A scandent g l abrou s shrub reaching a hei g ht of 6 m Leaves sh ining .

,
ovate acuminate ba se rounded mar gin s crenate serrate 5 to 9 cm long

, , ,
-
, ,
2 to 6 cm wi de 3 nerved from the base C ymes axil l ary short , 1 cm l o n g

,
-
.
,
or l ess shorter than the petioles Flowers pedicelled yellowi sh green

, .
,
-
,
about 4 mm i n diameter F ru it subglobose 7 to 9 mm in diame t er , .

,
surrounded at the base by the ca l yx tardily dehi scent crustaceou s 3 seeded , , ,

-
.
In thickets along the beach Pasay fl May—A ug ; throughout the Philip , , .
pines near t h e seashore Indi a to Ma l aya and A u stralia and in souther n .

,
A f rica .
82 V I T A C E A E
.
( G R A PE OR A YO F A M ILY)
rect shrubs o r vines climbing by means of tendrils , the s t ems cy l indri c

E , ,
a ngled or compressed Leaves alternate S impl e an d toothed or l obed ,

, .
,
di gitate l y or pedately 3 to 9 foliol ate or 1 t o 3 pinn ate F lowe r s r egu l ar , -

,
-
.
31 0 A F L OR A OF M A N ILA
perfect or unisexua l c y mose the c ymes umbell ate l y p anicul ately , or rac e , , ,
mosely a rranged C alyx small entire o r 4 or 5 toothed Petals 4 or 5, .

, ,
-
.
free or cohering valvate Stamens 4 or 5 opposite t h e petal s inserted , .

, ,
at the base of the dis k or between its lobes ; a nthers fre e or connate,
extrorse Disk fre e or conn ate with the stamen s or ovary Ovary 2 t o
.
.
6 celled ; styl e s h ort o r none ; ovules 1 or 2 in eac h cel l

-
F ruit a 1 t o .
6 celle d berr y
-
.
Genera 1 2 or mor e S pecies more than 500 i n a ll p a rts of t h e wo r l d , , ,
6 genera and about 40 speci es i n the P h ilippin es .
1 . T endril -
bearin g vine s wit h simple , pedate l y , or palm a t ely compoun d
l eaves .
2. Sti gm a 4lobed ; l eaves ( in ou r species ) 5 fo l io l at e

- -
1 . T et r a s t i gm a
2. Sti gm a entire smal l ; l eav es ( in our s peci es ) S impl e
, or 3 -
foliola t e .
2 C i s s us
.
1 E rect shrubs or sma ll tre es with out t endril s , t h e l eav es l arge pinnatel y
‘
.
,
compound 3 . L ac e
1 . T E T R A ST I G M A Planchon
mor e or l ess woody vin es tendril b earin g t h e l eav es usua lly
C l imbin g , ,
-
pedately 5 folio l at e som etimes 3 o r 1 fol iolat e Flower s s m a ll 4m er ous ,

-
,
-
.
,
-
p o ly ga m o dioecious in axillary corymbose cymes usu ally pub erulent Petal s

-
, , .
4 usually m ucronat e near t h e ap e

, x spreading in flower Disk adnat e t o , .
t h e base of t h e ova ry Ovary 2 cel l ed t h e cell s 2 ov uled ; sty l e v ery sho rt ; .

-
,
-
s tigma u sually 4l obed Frui t a fleshy 2 t o 4s eed ed b erry ( Greek -

.
,
-
.
”
f ou r a n d
“
Species a bout 45 i n t h e I n d O M al a y a n r egi on 5 o r 6 i n t h e Phi l ippines -

, .
1 . T .P l anch A y o
h ar m a n d ll .
A vin e reaching a length of 1 0 m the stems som ewhat compr ess ed woody , , ,
t
r ou gh 1 to cm in diam et er T endri l s S impl e L eaves most l y pedate l y

, . .
5 fo l i olat e som e 3 foliolat e a n d som e r a re l y 7 foliol at e on t h e sam e pl ant

-
,
- -
.
L eaflets elliptic oblon g acuminat e distantly toothed s hining, gl abrou s 5

'
-
, , , ,
t o 1 2 cm l ong Inflorescenc e cymos e axillary s olitar y s h ort pedun c l ed

.
, ,
-
,
puberulent 4to 1 0 cm l on g and wide F l ower s pal e gr een faintly fragrant ,

, .
-
,
n umerous umbellately disposed on t h e ultimat e branchlets S hort pedice l led

, ,
-
.
C alyx very small Petals 4 Oblong about mm long puberulent on t h e

.
, , ,
bac k s Fruit globose fleshy gl abrou s ( Fl F ilip p l 3 9 8 C i s s us p ed a t a )

'
, , . . . .
, .
In dry thickets L a L oma t o Pasay s ometim es cultivated fl F eb A p r ;

_
, , . .
-
.
widel y distributed in the Philippines Indo C hina .

-
.
2 C ISS U S
. Linn aeu s
C limbing,
suff rutescent h erbaceou s , o r s om ewh a t wo o d y, t en dri l b ea r i n g ,
-
v ines with simple or 3 to 5 foliolate l eaves C ymes corymbose , u suall y

, ,
-
. .
l eaf Opposed Flowers perfect 4m er ous Petal s 4 sprea ding in flow er ,

‘
- -
.
, .
,
r a re l y adnate and fallin g as a w h o l e Dis k 4lobed a dnat e to t h e base of .

-
,
t h e o vary Ovar y 2 celled t h e c ell s u su a l l y 2 ov uled ; s ty l e s ubul at e ;

.
-
, ,
.
-
s tigm a entire ; fruit a flesh y 1 t o 4s eeded berr y ( T h e Greek nam e for -

.
t h e ivy ) .
j Species about 220 in the tropi c s o f bot h h emi s ph er es a bout 1 5 in t h e ,
Ph i l ippines .
1 . Leaves S imp l e .
2 S tems thick fl eshy , sharpl y 4a n gl ed

.
,
-
1 . C q ua d r a n gula r i s
.
2 Stem s t er et e
. .
L E E A Linnaeus
Shrubs or small trees with alternate l arge 1 to 4pinnate rarely S impl e , ,
-
leaves the petiol e dil ated an d sheathing at the base ; lea fl et s ovate to
'
Oblong lanceolate toothed

-
Inflorescence opposite the upper leaves c o r ym
, .
,
b o s ely cymose Of t en very l arge Flowers red yellow or green C alyx 5

, .
, , .
rarely 4toothed Petal s a s many as the calyx teeth conna t e below and
-
.
-
,
adhering to the staminal tube free p arts revolute S tamens united at the -
, .
base into a 5 toothed tube the filaments inserte d between the te et h

-
, ,
i n fl ex ed ; anthers free an d exserted or conna t e and included Ovary 3 , .
t o 6 celled ; cell s 1 Ov uled

-
Fruit a 3 to 6 celled and seeded succulent o r
-
.
-
,
r ather dry subglobose berry ( In honor Of J Lee a S cotch horticulturist ; )

, . .
,
Species about 50 tropi cal A sia A frica an d M al aya f ew in A ustrali a

, , , , ,
about 1 4in the Philippines .
1 .e c a m a n i llen s i s Walp C a li a n t a n
L A m a m a li .
A shrub o r small tree 3 to 6 m hi gh glabrous or nearly so Leave s , .
50 to 80 cm long 3 or 4pinnately compound the r achis and branches

,
-
,
somewhat j ointed ; l eaflets elliptic ovate to Oblong l anceolate acuminate - -

, ,
6 to 1 5 cm long sharply serrate Inflorescence l arge red of dichotomou s

, .
, ,
corymbose cymes many fl ower ed up to 50 cm in diameter Flowers 5

,
-
, .
m er o u s about 3 mm long few opening at a time the pedicel s an d calyx

, , ,
red the petal s pale yellow F ruit dark red depressed globose about 8 mm
,
-
.
-
,
-
,
in diameter ( F l F ilip p l 60 L s a m b uc i n a )
’
. . . .
, . .
In thickets Pasay Guadalupe etc fl A p r —June ; widely distributed i n

'
, , , .
, . .
the P h ilippines E ndemic .
83 T I L I A
. CE A E ( L I N DE N OR A N I L A O F A M I L Y)
Herbs ,
erect or scandent shrub s or trees Leaves alternate S lm p le .
, .
, ,
entire toothed or l obed Inflorescence axill ary or terminal t h e flower s

, , .
,
solitary fasci cl ed umbellate cymose ; or p ani cled F lowers regul ar perfect

, , , .
, .
S ep al s 3 to 5 free va l vate Petal s a s m any as the sepal s r arely absent

, , .
, .
Stamens mostly numerous sp r inging from a dilated toru s or disk Ov a ry , .
superior free 2 to 1 0 celled Fruit fleshy or dry dehiscent or indehiscent

, ,
-
.
, ,
1 to m an y seeded -
.
Genera about 36 species about 400 i n most parts Of t h e worl d but chiefl y
, , ,
tropical 1 1 genera and about 45 species in the Philippines

, .
1 . Shrubs or tr ees sometimes climbing ; fru it indehiscent

, .
2 F lowers fascicled umbellate or p ani cul a t e ; fruit a fl eshy or fibrou s

.
, ,
d r up e 1 G r ewi a .
2 F lowers p anicul ate ; fruit a 3 to 5 win ged capsule

. 2 C o lu m bi a -
.
2 Flower s solita ry or in pai rs ; fruit a fleshy many seeded berry

.
,
-
.
1 . Suffrutescent herb s or un dershrubs ; fru it dry dehiscent , .
2 C ap sules prickly
.
2 C apsules not prickly

. . 5 . C o r c h o r us
1 . GR E W IA Linnaeus
rect or scandent shrubs or trees more o r less s t ella t e pubescent
E ,
-
Leaves to othed or entire b ase 3 nerved or ne r ves Ofte n more numerous ,

-
.
F l owers axi l lary fasci cled or umbelled or sometimes in termina l p anicles

, ,
.
Sep al s 5 fr ee Petal s 5 gl andul ar at the b ase sometimes wanting Sta

’
.
, .
, ,
men s man y on a rai sed torus Ovary 2 to 4celled Drup e flesh y o r

, .
-
.
T lL I A C E A E 31 3
fibrous entire Or 2 to 4lobed ( In honor of Dr N Grew an E ngl ish

,
-
. . .
,
physici an and botanist ) .
S pecies 70 o r more tropic s of the Old Wor l d about 20 i n the Philippines , , ,
one in our area .
1 . G . Juss Danglin
m uI t I r ra .
A shrub or small tree 3 to 8 m high gl abrous or nearly so Leaves , .
oblong ovate to elliptic o v ate 4 to 1 4 cm lon g

-
to 5 cm wide Often -
, , ,
somewhat inequil ateral base usually rounded 3 nerved apex acuminate , ,

-
, ,
m argin s crenate serrate Inflorescence of small axillary sol itary umbel s

-
.
, , ,
the peduncles longer then the petioles each with from 2 to 7 flowers , .
B uds globose or ovoid F lowers about 1 cm in diameter greenish yellow .

,
-
.
S ep al s pubescent outside much longer than the petals Fruit obovoid , .

,
about 6 mm long .
In thi ckets S a n Juan Guadalupe etc fl Sept —Dec ; throu ghou t t h e

, , , .
, . . .
Philippines Indi a to A frica and M al aya

.
, .
2 C OL
. U M BI A P er s o on
T rees
or shrubs with S imple usually Obliqu e leaves Flowers in termina l , .
panicles Sepals 5 distinct Petals 5 gl andul ar at the b ase Stamen s

.
, .
, .
many free inserted on a raise d torus Ovary 3 to 5 celled the cell s 2

, , .
-
,
to 4ov uled ; style subul ate entire C ap sule rounded to obovoi d 3 to 5

-
, .
,
winged ultimately S plitting into 3 to 5 l seeded indehiscent cocci

, ( In -
, .
honor Of C hri stopher C o l umbus discoverer of A meri ca ) , .
Species about 1 8 tropical A sia and M al aya about 1 0 in the Philippines

, , .
1 . e r r atifoli a ( C a v ) P ers A nilao

C . s . .
A shrub o r small tre e 3 to 1 0 m high the branche s and inflorescenc e

'
hirsute Leaves oblong ovate to oblong la n c éo la t e acumin a t e 1 0 to 20 cm

.
- -
, ,
l on g base very obl ique m argi ns coarsely or finely serrate , t h e upper sur
, ,
face becoming nearly glabrou s the lower surface p ale rather densel y , ,
pubescent an d hirsute Pani cles termina l and in t h e upper axi l s man y .

,
fl o wer ed 1 0 to 3 0 cm l ong , Flowers c l ustered 6 to 7 mm l ong S epa l s .

, .
pubescent Petal s pink and y ellowi sh or reddish C apsu l es about 1 cm

. .
lon g broader than long 3 or 4winged ( Fl F ilip p l 272 C a m la o )

’
, , . . . .
, . .
In thi ckets near S a n F rancisco del M onte fl M a y—July ; wi dely d i s t r i b , .
ut ed in t h e Philippines E ndemi c . .
3 . M UNT I NGIA Linnaeus

stell ate pubescent tree with alternate toothed inequilateral distichou s
A -
, , ,
le aves F lowers white solitary or in p airs thei r pedicel s inserted j ust

.
, ,
above the leaf axils S ep al s 5 lanceolate valvate Petal s entire obovate

-
.
, , .
, .
Stamens indefinite free inserted on an annul ar s ub p er i gyn o us di sk Ovary

, , .
5 to 7 celled ovoi d surrounded by a dense ring Of white hairs

-
, Stigm a sub
, .
sessile thick sulca t e lobed F ruit a fleshy gl obose many seeded berry ( I n
, ,
-
.
, ,
-
.
honor of A M un t i n g a Dutch botanist ) . .
, .
A single species in Mexico and South A meri ca .
1 . M . L Da t i les R a t i les ( T a g corruption of Sp d a t i lz d a t e )

C A L A BU R A .
, .
, . .
A tree 5 to 1 0 m high viscid pubescent with stell ate hairs the branches ,
-
,
spreading Leaves alternate distichou s Oblong ovate to broadly Oblon g

.
, ,
-
l anceol ate 8 to 1 3 cm l ong acuminate toothed base inequi l ateral one side
, , , , ,
Placed in the E la c o c a r p a c ea e in the

“
N a t u r li c h en P fl a n z
en f a m i li en .
rounded the other a cute ; stipules S lender hairy S hort deciduous Flower s
, , , , .
2 cm in diameter white extra axillary solitary o r i n pairs their pedice l s

, ,
-
, ,
erect to ,cm long S ep als 5 green r efl ex ed l anceolate long acumi .

, , , ,
-
nate 1 cm long Petal s obovate deciduou s 1 cm l ong spreading Stamen s

, .
, , , .
many Fruit a globose red smooth very fleshy sweet berry about
.
, , , , ,
cm in diamete r, fi lled with very numerous small seeds ( F l Filip p l , . . . .
C ommon i n and about M anil a fl al l the year A n ative of tropi ca l , . .
A merica introduced here and natura l ized ; also introduced in S iam

, T he .
ver y sweet fruits are much eaten by children .
4 . T R I U M F E T T A Linnaeu s
rect or p rostrate bran ched herb s or un dershrub s mor e or less stell at e
E ,
pubescent Leaves toothed , S impl e or l obed Flower s y ellow in dens e

. .
,
axill ary cymes o r fascicles Sepals an d petal s 5 free Stamens 5 to 3 5, .

, .
springing from a l obed torus Ovary 2 to 5 celled c ell s 2 Ov uled C a p .

-
,
-
.
sul e globose covered with short or l ong often hooked spines dehiscent o r
, , ,
indehiscent ( In honor of G B T r i o n f et t i an d Italian botanist )

. . .
, .
A genus of about 4 0 species of w ide tropical distribution about 6 in t h e ,
Philippines , t wo in our a r ea .
Inflorescence r ather dense ; spines of the fruits gl abrou s 1 . T . ba r t r a m i a

Inflorescen ce rather l ax ; sp ines of t h e fruits with r efl ex ed h airs .
2 T s em i t r i lo ba
. .
1 . T . I L ( T r h o m bo i d ea J
BAR T R A M A C alo t c alotan
. . .
-
A n erect more or less hairy bran ched annual Often su ffrutescent herb ,
, , , ,
to m high Leave s variab l e usu all y orbicu l ar o r rhomboid ovat e,

.
,
-
b ase rounded apex 3 l obed denti cul ate t h e upper ones much reduced Oblon g
,
-
, , ,
t o o vate l an ceo l at e n o t l ob ed
-
Flow er s yellow a bout 6 mm l on g num erou s
, .
, , ,
in rather dense axi l lary fascicles Fruit s mal l gl ob o s e, pubes cent , cover ed .
,
with h ooked spines t h e spines glabrous , .
In wast e l ands fl Oc t F eb ; widely distribut ed i n t h e Phi l ipp i ne s , b ut

, . .
-
.
undoubtedly int roduced her e T r opica l A si a A fric a , a n d M a l aya .

, .
2 T . . J ac q C a l ot ca l ot a n
S E M I T R I L OBA .
-
A n erect bran ched suffrutescent or shrubby pl ant 1 to 2 m high mor e

, , , ,
or l ess stell ate pubescent Leaves 3 to 1 0 cm long broadly ovat e to ovat e,

-
.
,
o r the upper ones Oblong b ase usually broad rounded or Of t h e upper on es , , ,
a cute suben t ire or slightly 3 l obed i n the upper p art margins toothed
, ,
-
, .
F l owers yellow in rather l ax axill ary clusters the buds Oblon g up t o 9

, , ,
mm l ong S ep al s apicu l at e F ruits globos e 7 t o 8 m m i n diamet er pu

. .
, ,
bescent , covered with hooked spines the spines with scattered r efl ex ed , ,
h airs .
In Open dry l ands thickets et c fl Dec Feb ; wi dely distribut ed i n t h e

, , .
, . .
-
.
Phi l ippines but un doubtedly introduced her e T ropics generally

,
. .
5 . C OR C HOR U S Linnaeus
rect or S preading, branched Often suffrutescent h erbs nearly gl abrou s
E , ,
or more or l ess stel l ate pubescent Leaves simpl e with usuall y 2 S hor t , -
.
,
tai l like appendages at the base Flowers small y ellow axillary S epa l s
-
.
, , .
a n d peta l s 4 or 5 Stamens usuall y many springin g from a short toru s

.
,
.
Ovary 2 to 6 celled C ap su l e elongated or subglobose loculicidally 2 t o

-
. ,
5 valved
-
( A n Old Greek nam e for som e bitter plant )
. .
Genera 33 species about 725 of wi de tropical an d temperate distribution ,

,
11 genera and 40 species in the Philippines .
1 . F ru itcomposed of carpel s separating from the centra l axis w h en ma t ure .
2 S tyles as many a s the carpel s

. .
3 Ovules solitary ; coroll a less than

. cm in di ameter .
4 C arpel s with 3 short spines ; ovu l es ascending

. 1 M a lv a s t r um .
4 C arpel s with 2 a wns or awnless ; ovules pen dulous

. 2 S i da . .
3 Ovules 2 or more
. 3 A bu t i lon .
2 Styles or branches Of the sti gmas twi ce as m any as the carpel s

. .
3 Flower s fasci cled axilla ry ; coarse erect herbs

. 4 M a la c h r a
, .
3 Flowers solitary
. .
4 B racteoles 5 ; fruit of 5 S piny c arpel s

. 5 U r en a . .
4 B racteoles more than 5 ; flowers red ; c arpe l s connate into a some

.
what fleshy fruit ; cultivated only 6 M a lv a v i s cu s .
1 . F ruit capsul ar dehiscent or s ub i n d eh i s c en t

, , .
2 Stigmas sprea ding

. .
3 C ell s of ovary 1 Ov uled ; spreading herbs :

. 7 Ko s t elet z
-
kya .
3 C ells of the ovary 2 to m any ov u led ; erect herb s or shrubs or trees

.
-
, .
4 C alyx spathe like splitting down one sid e an d c i r c um s c i s s ly de

.
-
,
c i d uo us 8 A b elm o s c h us .
4 C alyx regul arly lobed persistent

. 9 Hi b i scus , .
2 Stigmas coherent in a club S hap ed mass

.
-
.
3 B racteoles 3 to 5 small
. 1 0 T h es p es i a
, .
3 B racteoles 3 ve ry large
.
, 1 1 G os s ypi um .
1 . M A L VA ST R UM A . Gr a y
H erb s
or un dershrubs the leaves toothed Flowers yel l ow axillary a n d , .
,
termin al C alyx cup shaped 5 p ar t ed Petal s longer than the sep al s

.
-
,
-
. .
Staminal tube anther bearing at the summit with no steril e t eeth ; anthers
- -
,
numerou s Ovary 5 celled or more ; styles as man y as the carpe l s R ip e

.
-
.
carpel s separating from the short toru s indehi scent , 1 s eeded beaked or ,
-
,
not ( F rom M a lv a another genu s Of the fami l y ) ,

.
Species about 60 al l A merican an d S outh A frican 2 wi de l y distributed

, ,
as weeds 1 in the Philippines , .
1 M COR OMA N DE L I N U M ( L ) G a r ck e (M t r i c us pi d a t um A Gra y ) Qu i n a

. . . . . .
l ump ang
A n erect somewhat hai ry branched su ffrutescent perenni al plant 1 m
, , , ,
high or less Le aves Oblon g to ova t e l anceol a t e obtuse bas e u sually

.
-
, ,
rounded irr egul arl y toothed 2 to 5 cm long F lowers axillary an d termina l

, , . .
C alyx green about 7 mm long t h e lobes l anceol ate acumin ate

, C oro l l a , , .
yellow the peta l s about 8 mm long F ru it consistin g of from 8 to 1 2

, .
'
,
renifo r m compressed hirsu t e carpel s 2 to 3 mm long ea ch carp e l with

, , ,
3 short str aight awn s ( F l F ilip p l 25 1 M r ud c m le ) . . . .

, . .
A bundant i n waste p l aces fl a ll the year , introduc ed ; throughout t h e , .
Phi l ippines A n ative Of tropi c a l A merica , n ow wi de ly di stribu t e d i n t h e

.
tropi cs .
2 S I DA
. Linna eus
rect branched suff rutescent herb s or und er shrubs o r t r aili n g h erb s ,
E , , ,
more or less stella t e pubescent or nearl y gl abrous Leaves S impl e or some

-
.
what l obed toothed Flowers ax ill a ry C a l yx lobe s 5 v a l vate P et a l s

, . .
-
, .
yellow free above connate below an d a d n ate to the st a minal tube Stamens
, ,
-
.
M A L VA C E AE 31 7
numerous free above C arpel s 5 or more the ripe ones s eparati n g from
, .
,
the axis and poin t ed or more u sually 2 a wned at the summit ( A Greek ,
-
.
pl ant name ) .
S pecies 80 o r more of wide tropical distribution most of them weeds , , ,
about 9 in the P hilippines .
1 . A slen der p rostrate S preadin g herbaceous

, 1 S j a v en s i s
, . .
1 . E rect branched undershrub s or su ff rutescent herbs .
2 Leaves corda t e at the ba se ; pl ant glutinous pubescent or velvety

.
-
pubescent with long hairs interm ixed .
3 C arpels smooth awnless or nearly so ; a rank smelling glutinous

.
,
-
,
pubescent herb 2 S m y s o r en s i s . .
3 C a rpel s p rominently rugose

. long awned velvety pubescent with ,
-
,
-
intermixed l ong hairs 3 S co r d i f o li a . .
2 Leaves not cordate ; plants stellate pubescent or nearly gl abrou s

. .
3 Leaves l anceolate acuminate green on both surfaces nearly gl a

.
, , ,
brous ; pedicel s not or but l ittle longer than the flower s 4 S a c u t a . . .
3 Leaves not lanceola t e obtuse retu se or acute p al e beneath

.
, , , , .
4 Leaves oblong to rhomboid acute or ro u

. nded ; pedicel s elongated ; ,
carpel s u sually not beaked 5 S r h o m b i f o li a . .
4 Leaves obovate Oblong to obovate base cuneate apex retuse trun

.
-
, , ,
ca t e or rounded ; pedicel s short ; c arpel s beaked

, 6 S r et u s a . . .
1 . S . J A VE N S I S Ca v . C olo t a n g b a gui n g -
trailing herbaceou s pl ant , the stems up t o 60 cm in l ength with

A ,
scatter ed stellate hairs or nearly gl ab rou s Leaves orbicular ovate 2 to .

-
,
7 cm l ong acute or slightly acuminate b ase prominently cordate margins

, , ,
coarsely toothed sometimes obscurely lobed Peduncles axillary sol ita ry

, .
, ,
elongated j ointed in the mi ddle C al yx green about 5 mm long the

, .
, ,
segments tri angu l ar a cute or a cuminate C orolla yellow about 7 mm in

, .
,
diameter C arpel s 5 each 2 awn ed at the apex the awn s slender nearl y
.
,
-
, ,
as l ong a s the carpel s .
In thickets roadsides etc fl Oc t — M arch ; widely distributed in the

, .
, . .
Philippines and certainly not indigenou s India an d M al aya perhap s in

, .
,
other tropical countries .
2 S . . M Y S OR E N S I S Wight . A rn . M arb as , M a r ab a s , Marba s gub at ( T a g -

.
,
corr Sp m a lv a s z m a llow )
. . .
A n erect branched rank smelling glutinous pubescent herb

, to 1 m
,
-
,
-
high Leaves broadly ovate c o r d a t e a c u m i n a t e crenate 5 to 8 cm lon g

'
.
, , , , ,
the upper ones usually much reduced and Oblong to oblong ovate F lowers -
.
axillary solita ry or in pairs slenderl y pedicell ed C alyx green pubescent

, , .
, .
C oroll a yellow about 1 cm in diameter C arpe l s 5, about

, mm long not .
,
reticulate obtuse sca rcely or not at all awned

, , .
In thickets and fallow lands La Lorna S a n Pedro M a ca t i etc fl Oct , , , .

, . .
M ar ; wi del y di stribute d in Luzon and certainly not indigenous India an d

.
, .
C eylon .
3 . S I
. I L
C OR D F OL A .
A n erect suffrutescent herb to 1 m high densel y pubescent and with ,
intermixed long spreading hairs Leaves ovate

, , to cm long obtuse .
, , ,
co rda t e at the b ase prominently denta t e serrate densely pubescent on both

,
-
,
su rfa ces F lowers yellow axill a r y Often crowded on the younger branches
.
, ,
forming leafy racemes the calyx densely pubescent C arpel s p rominently , .
ru gose the a w ns about a s long a s the carpel s

, .
In o pen wast e pl ac es fl most of the year ; common an d widely distributed , .
in t h e P h il ippines but certainly introduced here T ropics generally

, . .
4 S . . A CU T A B urm .
(S . c a r p i n i f o li a . U a li s ua li s a n , E s cob a n g hab a
-
(T ag ) .
erect branched sl ightl y pubescent o r nearly gl abrou s su ff rutescent

An , , ,
herb or undershrub l ess th an 1 m high Leaves lanceol ate a cute or a cumi .

,
nate serrate b ase rounded or obtuse 3 t o 5 cm l ong p a l e green Of the

, , , ,
-
,
s ame color on both surfaces the stipules l inear l anceol ate longer than t h e ,
-
,
petioles F lowers axillary solita ry or in pairs the pedicel s short jointed

.
, , ,
n ear t h e middle C alyx green C orol l a yellow about cm in diameter

. .
, .
C arpel s 4 to 9 enclosed by the c alyx about mm long ru gose 2 awned

, , , ,
-
.
( Fl Filip p l
. . .
In Open waste pl aces very common fl al l the year ; throughout the , , .
Philippine s about towns undoubtedly introduced T ropics generally , . .
5 . S . L U a li s u a li s a n
R H OM B F OL I A I .
A n erect branched S hrubby pl ant , to m h igh Leaves Obl ong t o , . .
rhomboid 1 to 4 cm long acute or rounded serrate p ale and stellate

, , , ,
puberul ent beneath the stipules seta ceou s as l ong a s the petiole Flowers
, , .
axill a ry sol itary their p edicel s slender elongated j ointed above the middle
, , , , ,
in fruit about cm long C alyx green C orolla yel low to cm in . .

,
diameter C a rpel s 8 to 1 0 nearly smooth or so mewhat rugose about

.
, ,
mm l on g not awn ed enc l osed by the c alyx ( F l Filip p l 248 S p h i li p p i c a )

, , . . . .
, . .
In Open wa ste pl aces common fl al l the year ; throughout t h e Phi l ippines , , .
i n and about town s certainly introduced T rop ic s gen erall y , . .
6 . S . L R E T U SA .
A n erect stiff branched undershru b u su a ll y l ess than

, , m high Le a ves .
ob l ong obovat e to obovate apex retuse truncate or rounded u sually broad

-
, , , , ,
base cuneate 1 to 2 cm l on g toothed pal e an d densely stell ate pubescent

, , ,
-
on t h e l ower surface Flower s axillar y, solitary , usua ll y s h ort pedicel l ed

.
-
,
yellow about cm in di ameter C arpels beaked smooth or only slightly

, .
,
rugose .
In Open dry gr ass l ands fl all t h e yea r ; wi de l y distribu t e d i n t h e Ph i l ip , .
pines but certainly introduced here T ropics genera l ly

, . .
3 . A B U T I L ON Gaertner
rect suff ru tescent herb s or un dersh r ub s mor e or l es s down y pubesc ent ,
E ,
-
gr ayi sh Leaves cordate ovate or somewhat lobed F l owers axill ary or

.
, , .
te rminal the bracteoles none C alyx tubul ar below cleft into 5 valvate
, .
,
sepal s P etal s 5 connate below and adnate to the stamin a l tube S tamin a l
.
,
-
.
tube divided above into many fil aments C arpel s 5 to many ; styles a s many .
as the carpel s R ipe carpel s separating from the axis awned or not ( S ai d
.
, .
to be from an A rabian nam e allu ding to the yellow flowers ) .
S pecies about 70 in most tropica l and subtrop ica l countrie s 2 o r 3 i n

, ,
the Philippines .
1 . A . I N DI C U M ( L ) G . . Don . Guilin g -
gui li rTga n M a l va s , M arba s
( Sp .
An annual or perennia l s uff r u t escent erect branch ed pl ant to , , ,
m high Leaves orbi cul ar o vate to broa dly ovate 5 to 1 2 cm long nearly a s
.
-
, ,
wi de ba se p r o m i n a n t ly cordate apex shortly acuminate margins entir e o r

, , ,
irregul arly toothed both surfaces softly ashy puberu l ent F lowers axill ary
,
-
.
,
s oli t a ry the peduncl es lon g j ointed near the tip C alyx green C orolla
, ,
. .
lobes not extending beyon d the middle of the leaf the sinuses u sually broad , ,
acu t e Flowers ax il la ry , solitary or somewhat fascicled pink , abo ut

. mm ,
in diame t er Fruit depressed globose about 7 mm in diameter the 5 carpe l s

.
-
, ,
covered with short, retrorsely barbed S pines ( Fl Filip p l 243 U m u lt i . . . .

, .
fid a ) .
In wa ste pl aces fl all the year ; throughout the Philippines , . . T ropics

generally ; but certa inly an intr oduced plant in the Philippines .
Va r S I N U A T A ( L ) G a gn ep a i n
.
( U s i n ua t e . . . .
Very similar to the preceding and certainly not specific ally distin ct ,
di ff ering in most of its l eaves being d eeply and often narrowly s ub p a lm a t ely
l obed the sinuses extending beyond the middle of t h e l eaf rounded Oft en
, , ,
narrow F lowers and f r uits a s in the species A ll inter grading leaf form s
. .
-
are Often foun d on the same pl ant .
More abundant in the vicinity of M an il a than i s U la be ls and with the . ,
same habitat and Philippine and extra P hilippine r ange

,
-
.
Va r . Gray
S CA BR I U S C U L A ( DC ) A . . .
S imilar to the species but the leaves with very broad an d shallow l obes , .
both surfaces r ather densely hirsu t e the lower surfac e much p aler than
-
the upper the branchl ets and inflores cence fer r u gi nous pub escent
, .
In waste pl aces near Fort M c Ki n ley fl all the year Less common than , . .
the other forms in the Philippines Indi a to M al aya . .
6 . M A L V A V I S C U S Di llen i u s
Shrubs or small trees more or l ess hispid or pilose Leaves variously , .
toothed or lobed Flowe rs red peduncled axill ary bra cteol a t e C alyx
.
, , , .
5 l obed
-
C oroll a exserte d
. camp anul ate Staminal column l ong exserted , .
- -
,
antheriferou s near the apex Ovary 5 celled cells 1 ov uled ; style branches .
-
,
- -
10 .Fruit subglobose somewh at fleshy tar dily sep arating into 5 inde , ,
h i s c en t carpel s ( F rom M a lv a another genu s of the family and t he Latin

.
, ,
Offsprin g )
”
S pecies about 6 in tropic al A merica a single o n e introdu ced and culti ,
y a t e d in the Phil ippines .
*
1 M P I L OS U S ( S w ) DC G om a m ela de C hina ( S p
. . . . .
A shrub to 2 m hi gh all p arts with sc attered stell ate hispid hai rs , ,

-
.
Leaves ovate 6 to 1 0 cm long irre gul arly toothed acumin ate base broad
, , , , ,
5 to 7 ne rved F lowers in the upper axils erect red

-
. B racteoles about , , .
7 l inear Oblong as long as the cal yx

,
-
C alyx green 5 l obed 1 cm long
, .
,
-
, .
C orolla about cm long t h e l obes strongly imbricate Staminal column ,

.
-
long exserted slender F ruit surrounded by the persistent c alyx and brac
-
, .
t eo les about 6 mm in diameter

, .
Occasion ally cultivated for ornamenta l purposes fl Oc t —M ar , and , . . .
probably in other months A n ative Of the West Indies . .
7 . K OS T E L E TZ K Y A Presl
Herbs , often
su ffrutescent u su ally more or l ess hi spi d Leaves orbicul ar ,
.
to ovate more or less toothed or lobed F lowers axill ary solitary p e

,
.
, ,
d un c led the bracteoles 7 to 1 0 linear

,
C alyx 5 lobed S taminal col umn ,
.
-
.
-
entire or 5 lobed sl ightly exserted Ovary 5 celled cell s 1 Ov uled ; style

-
,
.
-
,
-
b ranches 5 C apsule 5 angled loculi cidally dehiscent ( In honor of V F

.
-
,
. . .
Ko s t elet zk y a B ohemi an botanist ) , .

M A LVA C E AE 321
S pecies 6 or 7 of wide tropica l an d subtropical di stribution , 1 in the
Phil ipp ines .
1 . K . bat calotan
a c en s i s ( B l anco ) F .
-
V ill . C alot -
A spreading or somewhat erect branched herb 1 m high or less al l ,

-
,
parts more or less stell ate pubescent an d with scattered stel l ate hispi d -
-
hai rs Leaves suborbicula r 2 to 5 cm long shallowly 3 lobed toothed base

.
, ,
-
, ,
corda t e 5 to 7 nerved Flowers axillary l on g peduncled solitary about

,
-
.
,
-
, ,
cm long the bracteoles l inear 7 to 1 0 a s l on g a s the pub escen t a n d

, , ,
hi sp id calyx C oroll a pin k ish red F ru it about 1 cm in diamet er de

.
-
.
,
pressed prominently 5 angl ed or winged loculicida l ly dehiscent

,
-
, .
In open was t e pl aces Pasay fl J a m —Feb Kno wn only from Luzon , , . .
and appa rently Of ver y l oca l occu rrence ; possibly an introduced p l an t .
8 . A B E L M OS C H U S M ed i ku s
C oarse ,
erect branched u sually annu a l h erbs more or less hairy with
, , , ,
subentire or variou sly l obed l eaves and l arge alternate axillary flowers , , .
B racteoles 5 or more C al y x sp athe l ike spli t down one si de and fa l ling

”
-
.
,
after flowering P eta l s 5 connate at t h e bas e with t h e staminal tube

.
,
-
.
S tamina l tube toothe d a t t h e apex and bearing m any anthers

-
Ovary .
5 celled cells many o v uled

-
, Styles 5 conn ate be l ow C ap sul e locu l ic i dally
-
.
, .
5 valved ( Fro m an A rabian n am e sign i f y i n g fath er of mu s k in refer

-
” “
.
ence to the mu sky Odor of t h e seeds o f som e species ) .
S pecies 1 5 or more of wide tropic al di stribution about 8 in the Phil ,
i pp i n es .
Pedunc l es about as long a s the petiol es ; cap sules 7 cm l ong or l ess ; s eeds
with a mu sky Odor 1 A m o s c h a t us . .
Peduncles very much shorter than the petioles ; cap sules 1 0 to 20 cm lon g;
cultivat ed only 2 A es c ulen t us . .
1 . A . M OSC H A T U S Medik .
( Hi b i s cus a b elm o s c h us C astu l i , C a lup i
(T ag ) .
Anannual erect branched hispid hairy herb 1 m high or less L eaves

, , ,
-
.
orbicu l ar o vate to ovate in outline 6 to 1 5 cm l ong variousl y an gled or

-
, ,
lobed the angles or lob es usual l y 3 or 5 r ar ely mor e u sually bro a d bas e
, , , ,
corda t e, apex acuminate m ar gi n s t oothed Pedunc l es abo ut as long a s the , .
petioles B racteoles l inear u su ally a bout 8

. cm lon g C al y x 2 t o 3 , , .
cm l ong spl it do wn on e side to othed at t h e apex C oroll a yellow pu rp l e

, , .
,
at the base i nside about 1 0 cm i n diamet er C apsul e ob l ong ovoid 5 to 7

, .
-
,
cm l on g hi spi d hairy Seeds musky ( F l F il ip p l

,
-
. . . . .
In was t e pl aces occ asional fl most of the y ear ; wide ly distributed in

, , .
the Phi lippines and probab ly of prehis t oric introduction here Indi a to
,
.
M a l a y a cultivated in man y other tropical countries

,
.
*
2 A . . E SC U L E N T U S c t us Ok ra , Gumbo
( L ) M oench
. .
( Hi b i s c us es u len .
A coarse erect branched annua l herb ,

to m high more or l ess
, , ,
hairy Leaves orbicul ar or orbicul ar ova t e 25 cm lon g or l ess base cordate

.
-
, , ,
margins 3 or 5 lobed the lobes broad l y ovate to Oblon g coarsel y toothed

-
, , ,
the petioles equ al ing or longer than the l eaves F lowers axill ar y solitary .
, ,
thei r pedi cel s about 2 cm long B ra cteoles 8 or 1 0, l inear de ci duous C a l yx .

, .
hai ry about 3 cm long C oroll a l arge yellow deep purple at the b as e

,
.
, ,
-
in side C ap sule 1 0 to 20 cm long n arrowly oblong

.
, .
1 1 1 555 — 21
C ultivated
for its edible fruits fl most of the year T h e culture of , . .
this S pecies i s by no means general in the Philippines and it seems to ,
have been of comparativel y recent introdu ction at l east a fter 1 845 Prob , .
ably a native of India n o w cultivated in most tropi cal and subtropi ca l ,
countries .
9 HI B I S C U S Linnaeu s .
Herbs S hrubs or trees gl abrous or hairy sometimes spiny

, , Leave s , , .
entire or more or l ess p almately lobed stipul ate B racteoles 5 or more , .

,
rarely wanting free or conn at e at the base C al yx 5 toothed or 5 l ob ed

, .
- -
.
Petals 5 connate at the base with the staminal tube Staminal tub e trun
,
-
.
-
cate or 5 toothed at the summit Ovary 5 celled ; styles 5 conna t e below

-
.
-
, .
C apsule l oculicidally 5 valved ( A n a n c i en t Greek and Latin nam e of the

‘
-
. .
mallow ) .
Species about 1 9 0 mostly tropical 1 0 in the Philippines ,

-
, .
1 . an nu al herb cultiva t e d
An , 1 H s a bd a r i fi a . .
1 . Shrubs or trees .
2 Leaves 5 angled or 5 lobed ; a shrub with l arge pink flow er s most

.
- -
p arts densely gra yi sh stellate pubescent ; cu l tivated only - -

.
2 H . . m u t a bi li s
2 . Leaves not angled or l obed .
3 A tree with yellow flowers the leaves very p rominently corda t e at

.
,
the base 3 H t i li a c eu s . .
3 Shrubs cultivated onl y the flowers red ; leaves not cordate

.
, , .
4 Flowers very l arge petal s entire

. 4 H r os a s i n en s i s , . .
-
4 F low ers medium p endulous t h e p eta l s very deeply fim b r i a t e

.
, ,
divided 5 H s ch i zop et a lu s . .
*
1 . H
I . L R ozelle
S A B DA R F F A . .
A n erect branched glabrou s or nearly gl abrous annual herb 1 t o 2 m

, , ,
high the stems purpl ish Leaves 8 to 1 2 cm long polymorphous entire

, .
, ,
t o deeply 3 or 5 lobed the lobes oblong to oblong l anceol ate often free
-
,
-
,
nea r ly to the base Of t h e leaf tooth ed Pedunc l es axill ary solitary much , .
, ,
S horter than the petioles B racteoles 8 to 1 2 linear adnate to t h e b ase .

, ,
of the c al y x about 1 cm lon g C alyx somewhat hi rsute t h e lob es a cu

, .
,
minate connate below the mi ddl e into a fleshy cup C orolla pink with a
, .
dar k cen t er about 5 cm l ong F r uit ovoid poin t ed , villous abou t .

, ,
cm l ong enclosed by the fleshy acid a c crescent calyx

, , , .
C ultivated S i n ga lo n fl N ov —J an A nativ e Of India n o w cultivated

, , . . .
,
in many tropical and warm countries for its edibl e fruits ; of very recent
introduction in the P hilippines .
*
2 . HI IS L
. M apol a
M U TA B L .
~
A n erect branched shrub 2 to 4 m high more or l ess densely cover ed

, ,
with short grayi sh stell ate hairs Leaves broadly ovate to orbicul ar ovate
, , .
-
,
5 lobed or 5 angled crenate 7 to 20 cm long acuminate b as e cordate

- -
, , , ,
.
Pedi cel s axill ary solita ry 8 to 1 4 cm long B rac t eoles 1 0 linear stell ate
, , .
, ,
pubescent to cm l ong nearly or quite fre e C alyx 3 to 4 cm long

, , . ,
densely stellate pubescent t h e lobes 5 Oblong ovate acuminate conn ate

-
, ,
-
, ,
below C oroll a 1 0 to 1 2 cm in diamete r single or double opening pale

.
, ,
pink or nearly white growi ng darker in color a s t h e day advances ( F l

, ,
. .
F ilip p l . .
C ultivated for ornam ental purposes fl most of t h e year ; a native of , .
C hina n ow cultivated in most tropic a l countries

, N o t spontaneous in the .
Philippines but of early introduction , .

324 A FL OR A OF MA N I LA
1 . T . Gibs B ula cb ula c a n

I a m pa s ( C a v ) Da lz . . .
A n erect sl ightly branched sh rub 2 to 3 m high Leaves ova t e 1 0 to .

,
20 cm long somewh at 3 lobed or nearly entire green and near l y gl abrou s

,
-
on the upper su rface somewh at stell ate pubescent beneath b ase bro a d ,
-
, ,
cordate apex acute or acuminate , Peduncle s 3 fl ower ed axi l l ary a n d .

-
,
terminal fo rmin g a somewhat l eafy p ani cle C a l yx green of 5 s ubu l a t e

, .
,
lobes conn ate below the middle C oroll a c amp anu l ate 6 to 8 cm l on g
'
.
, ,
yel l ow , the center dar k pu rpl e : C ap sule ovoid abo ut 3 cm l ong 4 so me -
, ,
wh a t 5 va l v ed ( Fl Fil ip p l
-
. . . .
In dry open pl aces S an Juan de l Mon t e n ear Fort M c Ki n ley et c fl , , , .

, .
Oc t —J an ; scattered in the Philippines possib l y intr oduced

. . India t o M a ,
.
.
l aya and eas t e rn A frica .
2 T . .
p o pul n ea ( L ) C orr
. . B anago
tre e reaching a height of about 1 0 m the branch l ets under surf a ce
A , ,
of t h e l eave s etc cover ed with s m a ll brownish sca l es Leaves g l ossy

.
,
f
.
,
broad ly ovate sharply a cuminate entire base ver y broad sl igh tly cor
, , , ,
dat e 7 ne r v ed 8 to 1 5 cm l on g F l ower s a xi l l a ry , s o l ita ry , l on g ped un c l ed

,
-
, .
-
.
C a ly x truncate about cm in diame t er C oro ll a yel low dar k purp l e

, .
,
-
insid e a t the b ase about 5 cm long t h e lob es strongly imb ricat e tu rn ing
, , ,
purp l is h in age C ap su l e depressed globose 2 to 3 cm in diameter ( Fl

.
-
, . .
F i l ip p l . .
Occasiona l n ear t h e s ea fl most of the year ; a l ong the strand through , .
out the Phi l ippines T ropica l A si a and A fric a through M al aya to Poly
.
n es i a .
11 . G OS S Y P I U M Linnaeu s
A n nua l
or perennial herbs or shrub s mostly erect branched Leave s , , .
mostly p a l mate 3 to sever al lobed Flowers l arge axil l ary mostly yel l ow
,
-
.
, , ,
Of t en purpl e at t h e b as e inside B racteol es 3 l arge l ea fy cordate l obed .

, , , ,
l acini ate C a l yx cup shaped truncate or 5 tooth ed C orol l a c ampanul ate

.
-
,
-
.
,
the petal s convo l u t e or S p reading Ovary 5 cell ed C ap sul e loculicida ll y .

-
.
3 t o 5 va l v ed S e eds densely clothed with a fuzz or with woolly h a i r s

-
.
,
or both ( S aid to b e derived from an A rabi a n word s i gn i fying

.
S pecie s about 42 tropics of both hemi spheres many cultivated about 4

, , ,
specie s in t h e Philippines all m anifestl y introduced , .
Leav es 3 l obed up to 1 2 cm l ong ; corolla about 4 cm lon g ; seeds fr ee

-
, ,
cov er ed with a den s e fuzz in addition to the wool 1 G h i r s ut um . .
Le a ves 3 to 5 l obed up t o 25 cm l ong ; coro l la 6 t o 8 cm l ong ; s eeds con

-
,
glom erate glabrou s wool ly but with no fuzz

, 2 G b r a s i li en s e
, . .
*
1 . G L B ul a c
. H IR SU T U M A lgodon C otton. .
A n er ect branched suffrutescent herb , to m high the younger , ,
part s s p aringl y villous or s t ellate villous Leav es b roadly ovate 5 t o 1 2 -

.
,
cm l ong t h e upp er ones u sually entir e the l ower o n es 3 l obed in t h e upp er ,

-
one h alf, t h e l ob es broadly ovate triangul ar acuminate bas e cordat e the

-
,
-
, ,
low er s u rface conspicuous l y b l ac k punctate Flowers yellow in age tu r n -

.
,
ing pinkish B racteoles three free green base deeply cordate ; margins
.
, , ,
fi m b r i a t e cleft C alyx 5 toothed -

C orolla about 4 cm long
. F ru it ovoid -
. .
,
about cm l ong beaked 3 or 4celled Seeds free from each other

, ,
-
.
,
densely covered with a fine fuzz in addition to the floss .
S i n ga lon cultivated probably rai sed from A merican seeds fl M a y —J une

, , , . .
Widel y distributed in tropical and warm countries but of v ery recent ,
introduction in the P hilippines .

BOM BA C A C E A E 325
*
2 C
. I I E N S E M a c f a d B ula c c a s t i la
. BR A S L A lgodon C otton .
-
.
A n erect branched shrub 1 to 3 m high the stems purplish glandul ar , , , .
Leaves 1 0 to 25 cm lon g stell ate tomentose beneath when young becoming ,

-
,
gl abrou s or nearly so 3 to 5 lobed the lobes ovate to oblong acuminate ,

-
, , ,
b a Se cordate F lowers l arge yellow B ra cteoles green gl abrous ovate

.
, .
, , ,
cordate deeply l aci niate 5 to 7 cm long C oroll a pale yellow campanul ate
, ,
.
-
, ,
scar l et or purpl e a t the base in side exceeding the bracts i n len gth C a p , .
sul e oblong ovoid 4 to 5 cm lon g acumin ate S eeds conglomerate with

-
, , .
,
abundant wool but no fuzz .
Occ asionally cultivated for ornamental purposes i n M anil a fl most of , .
t h e year ; widely distributed in the Philippines cultivated an d a s an escape ,

.
A nati v e of B razil n o w cultivated an d wil d in m any tropical countries ,

.
85 . B OM B A C A C E A E ( B OM BA X OR B OBOY F A M I L Y )
T ree s
with alternate stipu l ate digitately compound deci duous l eaves , , , .
Inflo res cenc e axillary or terminal F lowers regu lar pe rfect medium or .
, ,
la r ge C alyx cup shaped truncate or i rregu l arly 3 to 5 lobed Petal s 5

.
-
,
-
.
,
imbrica t e Stamens pentadelphous opposite the petals divi ded abo v e into
.
, ,
f ew o r numero u s fil aments Ova ry 5 celled superi or free ; sti gma s 5 .

-
, , ,
o r 1 an d obscurel y 5 l obed ; ovules many i n each cell Fruit a loculicidally -

.
5 v a l ved c apsule
-
S eeds with wooll y or silky hairs . .
Gener a about 20 species more than 1 00 widely distributed in the tropics , , ,
4 genera and 4 S pecies known from the Phili p pines .
U ltimate fi l aments very many each with a S ingle reniform anther ; flowers ,
very large red ; very l arge trees ,1 B o m b eo: .

.
U ltimate fil aments f ew each with 2 or 3 linear or sinuate anther s ; flowers ,
of medium size white o r yellowish ; small trees 2 C ei b a, .
1 . B OM B A X Linnaeus
Large trees with digitate deciduous leaves Peduncles axillary or sub , .
terminal solitary or clustered 1 fl o wer ed Flowers l arge red appearing

, ,
-
.
, ,
before the l eaves C alyx leathery cup shaped truncate or i rregularly .

,
-
,
lo b ed P etals obovate S tamens pentadelphous t h e bundles opposite the

. .
,
pe t a l s divi ded above into numerou s fi l aments ; anthers r eniform 1 celled

, ,
-
.
Ova ry 5 celled ; styl e cl avate ; sti gmas 5 ; ovules many i n each cell
-
Ca p .
sul e loc ulicidally 5 va l ved t h e valves leathery woolly within S eeds -

, , .
woolly ( F rom the Greek name for silkworm or S ilk )

. .
S pec ies about 50 chiefly in tropical A merica one in the Philippines , , .
1 . c ei b a L (B m a la b a r i c a
B . B uboy gubat M a la b ula c
. .
-
,
A l arge tree 25 m high or more the trun k with f ew or many very

, , ,
la rge pyramidal spines Leaves deciduous ; leaflets 5 to 7 Obl ong to oblong

, .
,
lanceol ate acuminate 1 0 to 20 cm long glabrous the petiole s l onger tha n

, , , ,
the l eaflets Fl owers l arge red 8 to 1 0 cm long appe aring before the
.
, , ,
l eaves fa scicled at or near the ends of the branches P etal s more or less
, .
stell ate pubescent on both su r faces C apsul e about 1 5 cm long the v alves
-
.
,
silky within Seeds numerou s obovate ( F l Filip p l.

, . . . .
A singl e tree k nown to me i n o ur area an d that i n the Old B otanical ,
G arden fl F eb M a rch ; rather widel y distributed in the P hil ippines at

, .
-
lo w altitudes India to M a laya . .

2 CE. I B A Gaertner
T rees ,
with us of medium size Leaves digitately compound deciduous .
, .
Flowers appea ring with or before the l eaves fa scicled i n the upper axi l s , ,
white C alyx cup shaped truncate or obscurely 5 lobed Petal s oblon g

.
-
, ,
-
. .
S taminal bundles 5 conna t e at t h e base each bearing 2 or 3 sinuous or , ,
l inear anthers Ovar y ovoid 5 celled ; style cylindri c di l ated ; sti gm a Ob

.
,
-
,
s c u r ely 5 l obed C apsule Oblong coriaceous o r woody 5 celled 5 valved

-
.
, ,
-
,
-
,
v alves silky within Seeds globose smooth with S ilky hairs ( A na t ive .
, , .
A merican n ame ) .
Species 9 prob ably al l o ri gi nal l y of tropica l A merica one n ow distributed

, ,
th roughout the tropics .
1 . C . P E N TA N DR A Silk C otton T r ee , Ka p o c
( L ) Gaertn
. . B oboy (T a g ) . .
U sually a s l ender er ect tre e 1 5 m or l es s in height , t h e trunk cylindric

u su ally with scatter ed l arge spines the b ranches in distant worls spreading , ,
h orizonta lly Leaflet s 5 to 8, l anceol at e a cumina t e entire 6 to 1 5 c m long

.
, , , ,
t h e p etiole s a s l on g a s or longer than t h e l eaflet s F l ower s n um erou s .

,
whitish a bout 3 c m long Pet a l s d ens ely silk y outside C apsule s oblo n g
, . .
,
pendu l ous a bout 1 5 cm l ong and 5 cm thick ( Fl F ilip p l

, . . . .
Scat t er ed throughout our ar ea fl J a n —M arch ; widely distribu t ed i n t h e , . .
Ph ilippines although not foun d truly wild ; undoubt edly wi th u s a n i n

,
t r o d uc ed tree an d probab l y o rigin atin g i n tropica l A m eric a A ll t r o pica l

'
, .
countries .
86 . ST E R C UL I A C E A E ( C A CA O OR C A L U M P I N G F A M I L Y)
Herbs , sh rub s o r trees u sually pubescent Leaves alternate simple

, , .
,
or di gi tately compound often l obed stipul ate Inflorescenc e axillary o r , , .
terminal cymose panicled or fasci cled Flowers regul ar 1 S exu al or per

, , , .
,
-
fe et Sepal s 5 more or l ess connate Petal s 5 or non e S tamens num erous

.
, .
.
,
united in a tube rar ely f ew a n d fr ee ; anthers variousl y dispos ed on the

,
staminal tube Ovary free 2 to 5 c elled rar ely of 1 ca rpel sessil e or

-
.
,
-
, ,
s t a lk ed ; styl es connate ; ovul es f ew or many attach ed in t h e inner angl es of ,
t h e c arpels Fruit dry or fleshy dehiscent or indehiscent

.
, .
Gener a 5 1 species about 9 00 in t h e tro p ics of both hemi sph ere s 1 5

, , ,
genera an d about 40 species in the P hil ipp ines .
1 . P etal s none ; trees .
2 A nthers numerou s ; fru it foll icul ar dehiscent

.
,
2 A n t h ers 5 ; fruit indehisce n t boat shap ed k eeled

.
,
-
,
1 . Peta l s present .
2 F low ers in fascic l es on the trunk an d branches ; fruit l arge fleshy

.
, .
3 T h eo br o m a .
2 F l owers p anicled c ym ose or in a xill ary clusters

.
, , .
3 Stamens about 1 5 the filaments unite d bel ow into a column anthers

.
, ,
alternating with staminodes .
4 C apsul e membrana ceou s infl a t ed

. 4 Klei n h ofia ,
.
4 C apsule more or less woody not inflated

.
, .
5 Se eds not winged ; anther cell s divaricate ; shrub s

. 5 H eli c t er es -
.
5 S e eds winged ; anther cells p arallel ; tr ees

. 6 P t er o s p er m um - .
3 S tamen s 5 the filaments united only at the b ase ; staminodes n on e

.
,
.
4 Ovary 5 celled
.
-
7 M elo c hi a .
4 Ov ary 1 cell ed
.
- 8 W a lt h er i a .
4 . S un ea t a R B r M a la b un o t C a luc a lum p a n gan

. c . .
,
A deci duous tree 4 to 1 5 m high more or less rusty pubescent t h e , ,
bran chlets somewhat thickened Leaves crowded a t t h e ends of the branch .
l ets oblong obovate to broad l y oblon g l anceolate 1 0 t o 35 c m l ong rather

- -
, ,
ab ruptly short acuminate base r ather broad rounded c ordate pubescent on

-
, ,
-
,
t h e nerves esp ec ially on the lowe r su r face

, Pa n i cles in t h e upp er axils .
,
rather narrow usually about a s long a s the l eaves reddi sh brown or

, ,
purp lish hirsute F lowers greenish brown or reddish ovoi d to obovoid 1 0

, .
, ,
to 1 2 mm long hirsu t e calyx lobes cohering by their apices longer than

, ,
-
,
the tub e Fol l i cles inflated oblon g to oblong obovoid 3 to 6 cm l on g bro wn

.
,
-
, ,
and densely ru sty pubescent ou t side red or purple within S eeds 7 or l ess-
, .
,
el l ipsoid 1 0 t o 1 2 mm lon g , .
I n thic k ets Ma sambong to Guadalupe an d Pa say fl N ov F eb —M a r ;

, , . .
, . .
wid ely distributed in the Philippines E nd emic . .
2 H E R I T I E R A A i to n
.
T rees
with simple c o r i a c i o us entire l eaves which are pale an d de nsely , ,
s ca l y b eneath F low ers small unisexu al i n axill ar y p ani cles C alyx 4

.
, , .
to 6 tooth ed P eta l s non e A nthers in a ring a t t h e top of t h e column

’
-
. . .
Ovaries 5 or 6 almost fr ee ovules solitary Fruit s indehiscent woody

, , .
, ,
keeled or winged ( In honor of C L l Her i t i er a F rench botanist ) . . .

’
, .
A small genus of 7 o r 8 species tropical A fri ca and A si a through ,
M al ay a to A u stralia 1 or 2 in the P hil ippines , .
1 . H I it t o r a li s Dr y a n d Dungon l ate
. .
-
Atree 5 to 1 5 m high or m ore Leave s oblong o v ate to ellipti c ova t e .

,
1 0 to 20 cm long apex obtu se or acute bas e usual l y rounded t h e upper , , ,
surface glabrou s and shining t h e l ower surf a c e de nsely covered wi th sm a l l , ,
round p ale or silvery white scales Panicl es pubesc ent 7 to 1 5 c m l on g

, .
, ,
the flowe rs numerous yellowish gr een b ell shaped a bout 5 mm l ong u su ally ,
-
,
-
, ,
5 toothed F rui t hard and shining smooth 4 to 6 cm long b r o adly boat

.
, , ,
shap ed k eeled ( F l F ilip p l 3 41

, . . . . .
N ear t h e sea M a l abon Mal ate etc r ar el y al s o cultivated flowering

, , , .
, ,
at interval s throughout the y ear ; along t h e seashor e throughout the Phil

i pp i n es yiel ding t h e valu able timber k no w
, n a s d un go n or d un go n la t e .
Widely distributed along the tropical sea shores of the Old Worl d .
3 . THE OB R OM A Li nnaeu s
T r ees
with l arge altern a te entir e oblo ng l eaves F lowers s mall per , , , . ,
feet r egu l ar solitary or fasci cled on t h e trunk an d b ranches or axill ary

, , ,
.
C alyx 5 fi d the sepal s nearly free

-
Petal s 5 concav e and hooded below
,
.
, ,
abov e i n fl ex ed and n arrowed pr o duced into a flat o r spath e like l imb ,

-
.
Staminal tube with 5 linea r a cuminate erect l obes ; stamen s 1 to 3 i n

-
, , , _
each sinus Of the staminal tub e Ovary sessile 5 celled many ov uled .
,
-
,
-
.
F ruit ovoid l arge , .
Speci es about 20 in tropica l A meri ca 1 n o w cultivated in m ost tropica l ,

”
countries ( Greek god an d food literally food Of the go ds )
”
.
” “ “
,
“
*
1 . T . CA C A O L C acao , C hocolate
. .
tree 3 to
A to 40 cm long acuminate base rou nded
5 m high Leaves 1 5 .
, ,
oblong obovate to Oblong base shortly 3 nerved F lowers solitary or fas

-
,
-
.
ci eled on the trunk an d branches y ello wi sh or nearly whi t e pedicelled , ,

, ,
about 1 cm in diameter the erect lobes of the staminal column purpli sh

'
,
ST E R C U L I A C E A E 329
Fruit oblong 1 0 to 1 5 cm l ong prominently wrinkled yellow or purplish

, , , .
S eeds numerous ( F l Filip p l . . . .
Occasionall y cultivated in ou r area fl al l the yea r ; throughout the , .
Phi lippine s in cu l tivation A native of tropical A merica introdu ced here by .

,
the Spania rds at an early date n o w culti v ated in most tropical countries , .
4 KL . E I N HOP I A Linnaeu s
tree with simp l e broadly ovate acumin ate entire palmately nerved
A , , , ,
leaves Pani cles terminal ample lax many fl o wer ed F lowers small
.
, , ,
-
.
,
numerous S epal s 5 deciduous Petal s 5 unequal the upper With longer

.
, .
, ,
c l aws margins involute S taminal column dilated above into a 5 fi d cup

, .
- -
,
e ac h l obe with 3 anthers Ovary inser t ed in the stamina l cup , 5 lobed .

- -
,
5 ce ll ed C apsu l e membranaceous inflated obovate locul ici dally 5 va l ved

'
- -
.
, , , .
S eeds 1 o r 2 in each cell ( In honor of M Kleinhof a Dutch botanist ) . .

, .
A monotypi c genus .
1 .K h o s pit a L T anag ( T a g
. B itnong . .
,
A tree 8 to 1 5 m high somewhat pubescent or nea rly gl abrous Lea v es , .
broadly ovate acumin ate base 5 or 7 nerved cordate or truncate 1 0

, , , ,
to 20 c m long long petioled P anicles ample 20 to 40 cm long F lowers

,
-
.
, .
pi n k about 8 mm long the s epal s longer than the petal s C apsules about
, , .
2 cm long ( F l F ilip p l . . . .
In thickets Pasay occasion al fl S ept —N ov ; common an d widely di s

, , , . . .
trib uted in the Philippines E astern A fric a trop ical A si a to F ormosa .

, , ,
southwa rd to Mal aya .
5 H E L I C T E R E S Linnaeu s .
S hrubs ,
more or less stellate pubescent with simple leaves F lowers -
, .
axill ary solitary fascicled or i n S pike l ike cym es C alyx tubul ar 5 fi d

, , ,
-
.
,
-
,
Often irregular P etal s 5 cl awed equal or unequal the cl aws often auri
.
, , ,
cled Staminal column adnate to the gynophore 5 toothed or lobed at

.
-
,
-
t h e apex ; anthers in group s between the teeth of the column the cells ,
divergent Ovary at the top of the column 5 lobed 5 celled ; styles slen der
.
,
-
,
-
mor e or l ess united F ruits follicula r oblong u sually sha ggy hairy .
, ,
-
.
( Greek twisted or spiral in reference to the twi s t e d ca rpel s of some

” ”
“
sp ec ies ) .
Species about 30 in the tropics of both hemi sph eres 2 in the Philippines , .
1 . Hh i r s ut a Lour ( H s pi ca t a
. . .
A n erect somewhat branched shrub 1 or 3 m high al l p arts more or

, ,
l es s pubescent Leaves oblong to oblong—ova t e toothed beneath stellate

.
, ,
pubescent 1 0 to 20 cm long the base obliquely cordate apex long acumi

, , ,
-
nate C ym es axillary spike like 5 to 8 cm long Flowers purple nearly

.
,
-
, .
,
2 cm long C alyx stell ate pubescent the lobes acuminate

. F ruit oblong -
, .
,
3 to 4 cm l on g beaked very shaggy ( Fl F il ip p l

, , . . . .
In thickets M asambong F ort M c Ki n ley etc fl S ept —N ov and p robabl y

, , , .
, . . .
,
in other months ; widely distributed i n the P hilippines I ndia to C hin a .
an d M al aya .
6 P T E R OS P E R M U M S c h r eb er .
T rees ,
mostly scaly o r stell ate tomentose Leaves coriaceous l arge -
.
, ,
oft en Oblique simple or lobed Peduncles 1 to 3 axillary and terminal

, .
, ,
t h e bracteoles entire or l acini ate Flower l arge C alyx of 5 or more . .
connate sepal s P etal s 5 fall ing with the calyx S taminal column short
.
, .
-
,
with 5 l igulate staminodes opposite the petal s with 3 anthers between ,
each t w o staminodes Ovary within the tip of t h e staminal column 3 .

-
to 5 celled ; styles entire C apsule woody or coriaceous Of t en l arge c y li n

-
.
, ,
dri c or angled loculicidally 5 valved Seeds numerous winged at the apex

,
-
.
, .
( Greek win g an d
” “
S pecies about 20 tropical A si a and M alaya 6 in the Philippines , , .
1 . P . d i v er s ifol ium B lume . B ayo e

tree 4 to 1 0 m high Leaves oblong to Oblong obovate somewhat
A
“
-
.
,
obl ique base trun cate or cordate apex ve r y abruptly short acumi nate
, ,
-
,
1 5 to 25 cm long gl abrou s on the upper surface the lower su rface pale

, ,
and densely stell ate pubescent the l eaves on youn g pl ants frequently deeply
‘
-
,
p almately lobed F lower s axill ary sessile solitary or in p airs 1 2 to 1 4 cm

.
, , ,
l ong t h e buds cyl indric C alyx lobes narrow cori aceou s recurved d ens el y
, .
-
, , ,
b rown stell ate pubescent outside inside pubescent an d scaly Peta l s thin
- -
, .
,
white a s long a s the calyx lobes C apsule l arge oblong w oo dy abo ut 1 5

,
-
.
, , ,
cm long 5 angled n ar rowed at the b ase ( Fl F ilip p l

,
-
, . . .
,
In thi ckets M asambong San Ju an del Mont e et c fl M ay—Ju l y ; widely , , .

, .
distributed in the Philippines Indi a to M al aya . .
7 . ME L OC H I A Linnaeu s
Herbs ,
undershrub s or small trees Often pubescent Leaves s imple , , . .
F lowers small in axill ary heads or clusters or p anicled

, S ep al s connate , .
below Petal s sp athul ate S tamen s 5 Opposite the petal s conn ate bel ow
. .
, ,
in t o a tub e Ovary sessile 5 celled ; sty l es 5 free o r conn ate at t h e b as e

.
,
-
, .
C ap sule small l ocul icidally 5 valved ,

-
.
Species about 50 warmer parts of the world 2 in the Philippines , , .
1 . M . L
C OR C H OR I F OL I A .
A n erect or spreading b ranched su ff ru t escent herb usually less than , ,
1 m high with scat t ered stell at e hairs o r nearly gl abrous

, Leaves oblong .
ovate 2 to 6 cm long acute or acuminate base broad rounded o r cordate

, , , , ,
5 ne r ved
-
Flower s somewh at crowded in term inal or axill ary heads i n
.
,
t er m i x ed with linear b rac t eoles Petal s obovate wh ite pink or p a le .

, , ,
purple about 7 mm long C ap sul e depres s ed globose 4 to 5 mm i n

, .
-
,
diameter slightly h irsute , .
In open u su ally damp gr a ss l ands rather common fl al l t h e y ea r ;

, , , .
throu ghout the P hilippine undoub t edly introduced M ost tropical countries , . .
8 . W A L T HE R I A Linnaeus
Herbs
or undershrubs more or less pubescent Leaves simple to othed , .
,
.
F lowers yellow in dense axill ary clusters Sep al s 5 connate below

, .
,
.
P etal s 5 oblong sp atul ate S tamen s 5 t h e fil aments united into a tube

,
-
.
,
.
Ovary sessile 1 celled 2 Ov uled C apsule small 2 valved 1 seeded

,
-
( In ,
-
.
,
-
,
-
.
honor of Walther ) .
S pecies about 1 5 mostly in tropi cal A merica one a widely distributed , ,
tropical weed .
1 . W I . L ( W i n d i ca
A M E R CA N A . .
A n erect more or les s bran ched pubescent sh rubby or su ff rute scent

, , ,
pl ant to m high Lea v es obl ong ovate or Oblong to 9 cm long .

-
, ,
rounded or obtu se b ase rounded or subco rdate prominently nerved F low

, ,
.
e rs about 5 mm long in dense axill ary sessile or shortly peduncled , , ,
fascicles S ep al s an d bracts green or p ale villous C oroll a somewhat

.
, .
exserted yellow , .
s t y l es purplish F ruit globose entirely en closed by the sepal s 5 to 6

.
, ,
cm in diameter the pul p soft fleshy acid edible ( F l F il ip p l 1 9 9 ,D

, , , , . . . . .
s p ec i os a ) .
A single tree N a c t a j a n fl most of the year ; throughout the P hi l ippines

, , .
a t low altitudes E ndemi c . .
88 . GUT T I F E R A E ( G A R C I N IA OR P A L OM A R I A F A M I LY )
Herbs ,
shrubs or trees often with yellowish j uice Leaves opposite
, , .
,
entire thin o r thick Often shinin g F l owers s oli t a r y c y m o s e ra c emed or

, , .
,
.
, ,
pa n ic l ed a x illa r y or termina l re gul ar perfect polygamou s or dioecious

, , , , , .
Sepal s 2 to 6 imbricate Petal s a s many as the sepal s rarel y fewer or more

, .
, .
S tamen s many fi l aments f r ee or monadel phous or united in bun d l es

, , .
Ovary superior 1 to many celled ; styl es one o r a s many a s t h e c ell s free -

, ,
or united ; o vules 1 to many Fruit capsul ar dehiscent o r baccate and .

, ,
indehiscent .
Gen era 49 species about 850 i n most pa rts of the world 5 genera and
, , ,
about 50 species in the Philippines .
1 . C A L OP HY L L U M Linnae u s
T ree s
with opposite cori ac eo us shining leaves with very nume rous , , , ,
c l ose parallel sp r eadin g veins Flowers polygamous i n axill ar y and

, , .
,
t erminal ra cemes or pani cles S epa l s 4 imbric a t e P etal s 4 som etimes .

, .
,
more Stamens very numerou s t h e fil aments free or connate be l ow

.
, .
Ova ry 1 celled 1 ov uled -

F ruit a gl obose or ovoid drupe the peri carp thi n
,
-
.
, .
( Gre ek beautiful and

” “
S peci es about 60 chiefly in tropic al A si a and M al aya f ew in A meri ca

, , ,
about 1 2 in t he Philippines .
1 L P a lo m a r i a ( S p Dancalan
'
. C . i n o p h y llu m .
A medium sized or l arg e tree reaching a height of 20 m

-
Leaves coria , .
ceou s shining ellip t ic to obovat e ellipti c rounded 9 to 1 8 cm lon g R a cemes

‘
-
, , , , .
axill ary 5 t o l O cm l ong f ew fl o wer ed F lowers white 2 to cm in

'
-
, , .
,
di ameter fragrant the inner 2 sep a l s like t h e petals F ruit globose 3 to

, , .
,
4 cm in diameter ( F 1 Filip p l . . . .
P asay beach a l so o ccasionally cultivate d fl all the year ; throughout t h e

, , .
Philippines along the seashore India to M adagascar M alaya and P oly .

, ,
n es 1 a .
89 E L A T I N A C E A E ( BE R C I A F A M I L Y)
.
nnual herbs or lo w und ershrubs erect or sprea ding branched glabrous

A , , ,
or pub escent Leave s opposi t e s errat e or ent ire F lowers small axi ll ary
.
, .
, ,
s olitar y or fasci cl ed pedi cell ed Sepa l s 5 free imbricate P etal s 5 free

, .
, , .
, ,
i mb ri c a t e Stamens 5 to 1 0 hypo gynous free Ovary superior fre e ov oid

.
, , .
, , ,
5 celled ; st y l es 5 sh ort or sti gmas sessile ; ovules numerous on t h e inner

-
, , ,
a n gles of t h e cell s F ruit a sm all 5 celled 5 valved septicidal c ap s u l e

.
,
-
,
-
, .
Gener a 2 species about 20 warmer parts of the worl d a single genus

, , ,
and species i n the P hilippines .
BE R GIA Linnaeu s
C haracters
of the F amily a s given above .
( In honor of P . J . B ergiu s ,
a Danish botanist ) .
S pecies about 1 4 1 in t h e Philippines , .

VI OL A CE A E 333
1 . B t a B lanco ( B gla n d u lo s a
. s er r a .
A n erect or a scending branched annua l herb 1 0 to 30 c m high often , , ,
decumb ent below Stems and branches reddish gl andu l ar pubescen t

.
,
-
.
Leaves ob l on g elliptic to oblong l anceol ate 1 to 2 cm lon g acu t e ba se

- -
, , ,
n a rro wed shortly petio l ed the pedicel s an d sepal s gl andul ar pubes cent
, ,
-
.
S ep al s green lanceol ate acuminate about 3 mm l ong

, Peta l s pink , a s , , .
l ong a s the sepal s S tamens sl ender 1 0 sometimes less C ap sul e ovoi d

.
, , .
,
2 to mm l on g .
I n dried out ri ce p addies occa sional fl J a h —M ar ; wi dely distributed in , , . . .
Luzon Formosa . .
90 . BI X A CE A E ( B I X A OR A C H U E T E F A M I L Y)
T rees
with simple a l tern ate leaves and minute stipules Flowers i n .
termin al pani cles perfect regul ar S epal s 5 imbricate deciduou s Peta l s

, , .
, , .
5 free contorted i n bud

, , Stamens indefinite ; anthers Openin g by t ermina l .
pores Ovary superior 1 celled ; styl e s lender , curved ; stigma n otch ed ;

.
,
-
o v ules many on 2 parieta l pla centas F r uit a soft l y p ri ckl y l ocu l icida l
, .
capsul e 2 valved Seeds m an y

,
-
. .
A singl e genu s an d species native of tropica l A merica , .
BI X A Linnaeu s
C ha racters of the F amily as given above .
1 . B OR E L L A N A Linn
. A chuete ( S p . A n atto .
A tree 4 to 6 m high Leaves ovat e,

entir e 8 t o 20 cm l on g 5 to 1 2
‘
.
, ,
cm wide bas e broad more or l ess corda t e apex acumina t e F l ower s wh i te

, , , .
.
to pink ish 4 t o 6 cm i n diame t er C apsul es ovoi d or subgl obos e green

, .
,
o r reddish purpl e about 4 cm l ong covered with l on g s l ender , rath er

-
, , ,
sof t sp in es and containin g many smal l , dar k red seeds ( F l F i l i p p l

,
-
. . . .
C ommon i n gardens fl A ug—Dec ; cu l tivat ed through out t h e Philip pines , . . . .
A n ativ e of tropi cal A merica but n o w widely distribu t ed in the tropics of ,
the worl d T h e seeds yiel d t h e anat t o dye of comm erce

. .
91 . V I OL A C E A E ( VIOLE T F A M I L Y)
Herbso r shrubs with a l t er n a t e mostl y entir e stipu l ate leaves Flow ers , , .
regul a r or irre gul a r , br a cte o l a t e S epa l s 5 e q ua l o r un eq u a l P et a l s 5 .

, .
,
o n e fre q uently spurred at t h e bas e h ypo gy no u s S ta mens 5 hypogyn ous , .

, ,
the fil am en t s broad t h e a nth er s i ntror s e fr ee or conn a t e t h e c onn ective

, , ,
p roduced abo ve the anther Cel l s Ovary s up erior 1 ce ll ed p l a cen t a s -

.
,
-
,
p arie t a l many ov uled C apsu l e 3 va l ved or berry l i k e

,
-
.
- -
.
Genera 1 5 species about 350 of wi de temperate and tropica l d i s t r i b u

, ,
tion 2 genera an d about 1 0 s p ecies in the Phi l ippines

, .
1 . V I OL A Linnaeu s
Herb s with altern ate l eaves , frequentl y stol oniferous
Flowers axill ar y .
,
solitary pedice l led i rregul ar S ep a l s 5 persistent p roduced at the base

, , .
, .
’
Petal s 5 the lower one l argest spurred at the base S tamens 5 hypo
, , .
,
gyn o u s the anthers introrse surrounding the pistil the short broad fila
, , ,
ments continued beyond the anther cell s t h e l ower 2 Often spurred at the -
,
base Ovary superior 1 cel l ed ; sty l e club sh aped or ending in a hoo k t h e

.
,
- -
,
sti gma simple Often tu rn ed to one side C ap su l e 3 val ved S eeds many
, .
-
. .
( T h e an cient Latin name ) .

S pec i es
about 1 50 widely di stribu t e d i n temperate re gions f ew in the '
, ,
tropi cs 5 or 6 in the P hilippines at medium an d high altitu des a single

, , ,
introdu ced one in ou r area .
1 . L V ioleta ( S p ) Vi olet
V ODOR A T A. . . .
R ootsto ck s t out the stems sho r t or none sto lons slender Leaves at the
, , .
end s of t h e stem s orbi cul ar t o subrenifo rm b as e very d eeply cor da t e

, ,
.
apex rounded crenate serrate slightly hai ry 5 to 8 cm long long petioled

,
-
, , ,
-
.
Flowers fra gr ant to cm l on g S epal s gr een abo ut 1 cm l on g

, .
, ,
a cute or obtu se Peta l s vi olet throat marked with white or with whi te
.
,
l in es S t y l e ending in a small h ook

. .
Frequently culti vated fl N ov —J an A native of E urope introduced , . . .

,
an d culti v a t e d only n o t spontaneou s , .
92 F L A . C OU R T I A C E A E (F L A C OUR T I A OR B I T ON GOL F A M IL Y )
T r ee s
or sh rub s with alte rn a t e entire o r finely t oothed lea v es the , ,
stipu l es small d eci duou s Flowers small, regul ar perfe ct or 1 sexu al

, .
,
-
,
mostl y axillary fascicled or ra cemose C alyx of 4 or 5 fr ee or sl ightly

, .
uni t ed sepal s P etal s small a s m any as the sep al s or none S tamens

.
, , .
defin i t e or i nde fi nite often with al ternating staminodes t h e fil aments free , ,
o r sli ghtly united Ov ary superior or nearly so 1 to se v eral celled ; ovu l es

.
,
-
1 to m any i n each cell ; styl e and sti gma s free o r u nited F ru it u sually .
fleshy loculi ci dally 2 to 5 v al v e d or in dehiscent an d d rup aceous or berry

,
-
l i ke S eeds arillated or not

. .
G ener a 79 spe cies about 55 0 in most tropi cal countries 1 0 genera and
, , ,
about 30 spe cies i n the Phil ippines .
S tamens many ; o v a ry several celled ; fruit drupaceou s indehiscent -

, .
1 . F la c o u rt i a
S ta mens about t w ice a s many a s the cal yx lobes ; ovary -
1 -
celled ; fru it
dehiscent the s eed s arillate, 2 Ca s ea ri a
.
1 . F L A C OU R T I A C om m er s on
rect shr ub s or trees often sp iny Le aves toothed or cren a t e F lowers

E , . .
small dioeciou s rarely pe r fect S ep al s 4 or 5 small P et als none

, , .
, . .
Stamen s man y Ovary 2 to 8 ce lled ; ovules usu ally i n p airs ; styl es 2 or

.
-
more F r uit fleshy the endo ca rp hard 2 to 8 celled each cell l seeded
.
, ,
-
,
-
.
( N amed after E d e Fl acourt a F rench travell er ) .

, .
S pecies about 1 2 in the tropi cs of the Old Worl d some cultivated 2 or , ,
1 . e p i a r i a R oxb B i t o n gol
F . s -
.
A n erect branched more or less sp i ny shrub or sm a ll tree 1 to 3 hi gh

, , ,
t h e sp ines rather sl ender s c attered Often 2 cm lon g Leaves ob o vate to , , .
Oblong obo v ate crena t e -

to 5 cm long crenate a pex rounded or retuse
, , , , .
F lowers white axil lary or te rminatin g short branchlets solita ry or in

, ,
p airs l ong pedi c ell ed about 5 m m in diameter the s ep al s very much

,
’
-
, ,
sho r te r than the stamens F ruit globose an d fleshy when fresh p ur p l e or .

,
nea rly black sm o oth about 1 cm i n diamet er the pulp fleshy edibl e the
, , , , ,
endo ca rp usu ally 6 celled deeply 6 lobed the fru it co n forming to the -
,
-
,
endo ca rp when dr y .
In dry open pl aces M a sambong to S a n P edro M a c a t i fl M ay—June ; , , .
wi dely di stribute d in the Philippines India to Malaya . .

1 Stems prominently 4angled and narrowly 4winged 1 P q u a d r a n gula r i s

.
- -
. .
1 S tems terete
. .
2 P lants nearly gl abrous ; leaves deeply palmately 3 lobed the involucra l

.
-
,
bracts nearly enti re 2 P ed u li s . .
2 P lants hi rsute an d cili ate ; leaves very shallowly lobed or only sinu a t e
.
,
the invo l ucral b racts 1 to 3 pinn ately divided into fi n e se gments -

.
3 P f o et i d a . .
*
1 P Q U A DR A N GU L A R I S L
. . Granadilla . .
A stout glabrous herbaceou s vine reaching a height of 1 0 to 1 5 m

, , ,
the stems p rominently 4angled an d n arrowly winged Leaves ov a t e to -

.
e l liptic entir e very shortly acuminate bas e broadly rounded 1 0 t o 1 5

, , , ,
cm l ong t h e petioles with s cattered gl ands the stipules foliaceous

, , ,
to 2 cm l ong F l owers l arge solitary fragrant P eta l s reddish C or on a

.
, , . .
fila m en t s violet F ruit l arge ellip soid fleshy edible 1 5 to 20 cm l ong

.
, , , , .
Occasionall y cultivated fl A ug and prob aly in othe r months n ot , . .

, ,
spontaneou s A n ativ e of tropical A m erica n ow cu l tivat ed in man y

.
,
other trop ica l countries .
*
2 P E DU L I S S ims Pasion
. . Pa ssion F l ower . .
A h erb aceous nearly gl abrou s vin e reachin g a l en g th of s ev era l meters

, , ,
the stems tere t e Leaves ova t e in outl in e 8 to 1 3 cm l ong deeply p a l m

.
, ,
ately 3 lobed the lobes oblong ac uminat e margin s s errate t h e p etio l es

-
, , , ,
2 g l andul ar at t h e apex
-
Flower s fra g rant , abo ut cm i n diam .
eter sol ita r y , the pedicel s about 3 cm long B ra c t s 3 gre en , ellipti c to

, .
,
obovate i rregul arly toothed glandul ar on t h e mar gins Sep a l s ob l ong

, , .
,
gr een about 2 cm lon g spurr ed at t h e a p ex P etal s l anceol at e pa l e

, , .
,
purplish about a s long a s t h e sep a l s C oron a fila m en t s v ery n um erou s

,
“
.
-
,
in 3 s eries white a t the bas e blu e purp l e a bove often wi th white mar k in g s
, ,
-
, .
A bout houses S an Pedro M a c a t i fl Jun e—Jul y A nativ e of B razil

, , . .
,
o ccasiona l in a n d about town s in t h e P hil ippin es b ut not spontan eou s , .
3 . PA S S I F L OR A F OE T I DA L .
A h erb aceou s vine with slender terete stems prominently villou s with ,
S pr eading h a i rs L eaves ovate to oblong ovate, 6 t o 9 cm l ong th i n

.
-
, ,
sha l lowly 3 l obed or Often only sinuate ci l iat e acute or a cumin a te bas e
-
, , ,
cor d a te F l owers solitary whit e or pinki sh a bout 3 cm in dia m eter

.
, , ,
subtended by a prominent involucre of 3 bracts which are 1 t o 3 p innate l y -
divided into numerou s se gments the ultimate s egm ent s gl andul a r S epa l s , .
about cm l ong pale Petal s about a s l ong a s t h e sep al s white or

, .
,
p in kish C oron a of 3 seri ate slender segments Fruit ovoid dry inflat ed
.
-
, .
, , ,
3 to 5 cm l ong .
In thickets P asay occa sional A native of tropica l A meric a introduc ed

, , .
,
h ere and occasionally found in and about town s spontaneou s or s ub s pon ,
t a n eous ; al so n o w found in variou s oth er tropical countries .
2 A DE N I A F
. or sk a l
T wi
nin g u sually gl abrous tendril bearin g herb aceous or suff rutescent
, ,
-
,
vines Leaves entire or p almately l obed u sually wi th 1 or more fi a t

.
,
c ircul ar gl ands on the un der surface an d with similar ones at t h e apex

,
of the petiole Flowers small uni sexu al in axillary peduncled f ew

.
, , , ,
fl o w er ed cymes Mal e flowers : C alyx tubul ar or camp anul ate 5 l ob ed

. ,
-
.
P etal s 5 fr ee thin 1 nerved , C orona a ring of threads springing from the

, ,
-
.
c alyx tube or wanting Disk gl an ds 5 strap shaped or capitate A n

-
, .
-
,
-
.
CA R ICA CE A E 337
d r o ec i um cup shaped membranaceou s beneath ; fi l aments 5 Ovary rudi

-
, .
menta ry or none Female flower with calyx and corol l a a s in the male . .
C orona a membranaceou s fol d or none Staminodes 5 fo rming a mem , .

,
b r a n a c eo u s cup surrounding the base of the ovary dividin g abov e into ,
barren fil aments Ovary stalked or sessile Fru it capsula r 3 va l ved . .

,
-
.
( Greek gl an d from the gl an dul ar leaves and petiol es )

” “
.
Species about 60 in the t ropics of the Old Worl d 2 or 3 in the P hilippines , .
1 . A . c occ ln ea ( B lanco ) M err .
gl abrou s suffrutescent or woody vine reaching a height of 1 0 m or

A ,
sometimes more Leaves ovate to oblong ovate entire or sometimes pal m .

-
,
ately 3 lobed acuminate ba se cordate 7 to 1 5 cm long C ymes long

-
, , , .
peduncled f ew fl ower ed u sua ll y tendri l bearin g Flowers smal l Fruit

,
-
, . .
ovoid scar l et smooth 6 to 7 cm l on g many seeded

, , , ,
-
.
In thickets Pasay occasional fl Dec —Jan ; widely distribu t ed i n the

, , , . . .
P hil ippines E ndemic . .
94 CA R I CA C E A E
.
( P A P A YA F A M I L Y)
rect normally unbranched dioeciou s trees wit h milky sap Leaves
E , , .
al t ern ate crowded at the end of the stem l ong petioled l arge pa l mately
, ,
-
, ,
7 o r 9 lobed M ale flowers in axill ary narrow pendulou s e l ongated

-
.
, , ,
panicles C a l yx short 5 toothed C oroll a sa l ver shaped the tub e sl ender

.
,
-
.
-
, ,
cy l indric the l obes 5 valvate or convolute Stamens 1 0 inserted in the

, , .
,
thro at of t he corolla ; fil aments short ; anthers b a s i fi x ed exserted F ema l e , .
flowers rath er l a rge axi l l ary C al yx with 5 short l obes Peta l s 5 f ree , . .
, .
Ovar y superior free 1 celled ; stigma s 5 l obed ; ovu les numerou s in 2 or

, ,
-
, ,
many s eries on parieta l p l acentae F ruit l arge fleshy Seed gl obose .

, .
,
enc l osed i n a gel atinou s coverin g the testa variou sl y roughened , .
A single genu s of f ew species natives of tropica l A merica , .
CA R I C A Linnaeus
C hara c t ers
of the amily fig probably from its supposed
( Latin
“
F .
,
l eaf resemblance )
-
.
1 . C L P ap aya ( Sp
. P A P A YA . .
small erect tree 3 to 6 m high unbranched or sometimes when

A , , , , ,
inj ured becoming branched t h e trunk soft grayish m ar k ed with l arge , ,

'
petiol e scars Leaves suborbicul ar in outline 1 m broad or l ess p almately

-
.
, ,
7 or 9 lobed each l obe pinnately inci sed or l obed ; petiol es stout hol l ow
-
, , ,
about 1 m long S taminate inflorescence axillary pendulous panicul ate .

, , ,
1 to m long the flowers in crowded clu sters straw colored fragrant , ,

-
, ,
the coroll a tube slender about 2 cm l ong Pi stillate flowers in short

-
,
'
axillary spikes or racemes the petal s 7 cm l ong or less F ruit subglobose , .

,
obovoid or oblon g cyl indri c 5 to 30 cm long green or yellow when mature

,
-
, , ,
fleshy .
C ommon in culti v ation throughout the Philippines frequently spontaneous ,
fl all the year ; introduced from Mexico b y the Spani ards at an early date
.
,
n o w found in all tropical countries .
A form occa sionally occurs in M anil a with a f ew female or perfect

fl owers devel oped on the male i nflorescence which become fertilized an d
develop small fruits .
1 1 1 5 55— 22
95 . B E G ON A C E A E 1
( B E GON I A or L I NGA T F A M I L Y)
S ucculent ,
creepin g cl imbing or erect herbs or undershrubs t h e ste m , , ,
often redu ced to a root stock Leaves altern ate entire to othed or l obed -
.
, , , ,
usually very unequal sided I nflorescence axill ary c ymose usually d i c h o t o

-
.
, ,
mous rarely fascicled Flowers white or pink monoecious small or l arge

, .
, , .
Male flowers : Perianth of 2 outer opposi t e segments and 2 inner s m aller , ,
ones or these wanting ; stamen s usually many the fi l aments free o r more ,
or less uni t ed ; an thers narrowly obo vate Femal e flowers : P er i a n t h of

'
2 to 5 segments Ovary inferior 2 to 4celled ; styles 2 to 4 free o r un i t ed

.
,
-
, O
below the sti gma s branche d or twis t ed ; ovules v ery numerous F r uit a
,
.
u su ally wi nged an gul ar thin walled cap sul e variously dehiscent or i rreg
, ,
-
, ,
ula r ly breaking up Seeds very small numerous .

, .
Genera about 5 species about 500 in most moi st tropical countries 1

, ,
genu s in the Philippines .
1 B E G ON I A Linnaeus .
C h arac t ers of the F amily .

( In honor of M BegOn , a . F rench promoter
of science ) .
S pecies nearly 5 00, in most tropical countries about , 60 in the P hilippines .
1 . B . n i gr i t a r um S teu d .
(B . r h om b i ca r p a A . L i rTga t , P i ITgo l -
bato
( T a g) .
oot stock creeping with numerou s brown stipules an d scattered brown

R -
,
hairs Leaves obl iquel y ovate acute or acumina t e irregul arly angul arly
.
, ,
or undul ately l obed or coarsely toothed long petioled base corda t e fleshy ,
-
, ,
when fresh and wi th a distinct aci d taste thin when dry often purpl ish , ,
beneath green or somewh at mottled above sl ightly hairy at least on the

, , ,
margins to 1 0 long S c apes erect equaling or longer than t h e lea v es

, .
, ,
dicho t omous few fl ower ed Flowers pink or n early white 1 2 to 1 4 mm

,
-
.
,
in diameter mal e an d female flowers with 4 peri anth segments C ap sule

,
-
.
subequally broadly r h om b i c; o v o i d inclu ding the wi ngs trian gu l ar 5 to 8 , , ,
mm long 3 w inged the wi n gs s ub acute ( F l F ilip p l

,
-
, . . . .
Occ asionally cultivated S i n ga lon fl al l t h e ye a r ; wi dely distributed , , .
in the Philippines on damp c li fl s in ravines etc E ndemic '
, , . .
In a ddition to the abo v e a number of extra P hil ippine garden forms -
and hybri ds a r e culti v ated in M anil a whi ch have not b een considered here ,
.
96 . CA C T A C E A E ( C A CT U S F A M I L Y)
leshy erect or climbing pl ants with much thickened usually green
F , ,
-
,
stems usually leafless supplied wi th f ew to many sharp spines which a rise

, ,
from smal l areolae S tems variou s in our gener a cylindric flattened or

.
, , ,
tri an gula r j ointed or continuou s F lowers usually l arge an d showy perfect

, .
, ,
solitary C alyx of f ew to many imbric ate sep al s Petal s numerou s ,in

. .
2 to many series S tamens numerous the fi l aments slender some t imes

.
, ,
coherin g with the ba se of the peta l s Ovary inferior 1 celled ; ovules .

,
-
numerous p arietal ; styles simple F ruit a fleshy Often spiny b erry Seeds
, .
, .
numerou s .
Gener a 20 or more species over 1 200 chiefly in the dryer pa rts of warm , ,
an d tropical A merica a f ew introduced in the P hilippines , .
‘
F or the P hilippine representati v es of this family see , M errill , E . D .
,
P hili p pine S pecies of B egonia P h i li p J o u r n S c i

”
Th e . . . . 6 ( 1 91 1 ) Bot .
3 69 —406 .
elongated ; stigma 5 to 7 lobed F rui t fleshy pyriform many s eeded -

.
, ,
-
.
( F rom the Mexican name n op a ln o c h o t zli ) .
S pecies about 3 in tropical A merica 1 n o w introduced in most other

, ,
1 . N . C OC H I N E L I F E R A ( M ill ) . S alm Dyck -

. Dilang -
baca C ochinea l
Pl ant .
A fleshy erect branch ed leafless pl ant 1 to 3 m high the st ems

, , , ,
stout Joints thi ck oblong obovate green fleshy compress ed 1 5 t o 25

.
,
-
, , , ,
cm lon g with few sm all scattered white cushion l ike bodies which are
, , , , ,
-
unarmed o r bear small spines F lowers scattered sol itary on the upper .
,
margins Of the uppermost j oints C alyx green oblong ovoid 3 to .

,
-
,
cm long fleshy bearing areol ae these u sually with small bristles C oroll a
, , , .
about cm long Petal s several seri ate red the inner series gradually
.
-
, ,
longer but shorter than the exserted red stamens Fruit ovoid purplish
, , .
, ,
fleshy about c m l ong

, top much depressed , .
Occasionally cultivated fl N o v —M a y A native of tropical A merica , . . .

,
introduced here cultivated an d in some local ities subspontaneous

, .
97 . L Y T HR A C E A E ( HE N N A OR B A N A BA F A M I L Y )
shrub s or trees the branches oft en 4angl ed Leaves entire
Herbs , , ,
-
.
,
opposite altern ate or whorled Infloresc en ce axillary or termin al the

, , .
,
flowers solitary fascicled spicate cymose o r p ani cled F lowers perfect

, , , , .
,
regula r C al yx tube free persistent 3 to 6 lobed lobes Often appen dic

.
-
, ,
-
,
n la t e Petal s a s m any as the c alyx lobes rarely none Stamens f ew or

.
-
, .
many inserted on the cal yx tube Ovary free in the bot t om of t h e c al yx

,
-
.
tube 2 to 6 ce l led ; ovu l es many Fruit cori aceous o r membran aceous ,

,
-
.
dehiscent or indehiscent S e ed s u su ally many various .

, .
G ener a 22 species 450 w i dely distributed in the tropics espe c i a l ly

, , ,
in A merica f ew in temperate or co l d countries 5 genera an d abo ut 1 4

, ,
species i n the Philippines .
1 . T rees or shrub s .
2 F lowers small 4m er o u s
.
,
-
.
2 F lowers l arge 6 m er o u s
.
,
-
. .
1 . L ow herb s with minute flowers .
3 Wall s of the capsules densely horizontally striate un der a l ens

. .
3 . R o t a la
3 . Walls of the capsules not striate

1 . L A W S ON I A Linnaeus
erect shrub or small tree the ol der branches sometimes spinous :
An ,
Leaves Opposite entire Inflorescence a termin al panicl e the bracts small

, .
, ,
deciduous F lowers rather small 4m er ou s numerou s C alyx tube very

.
,
-
, .
-
s hort the l obes 4 ovate P etal s 4 obovate inserted at the top of the
, , .
, ,
calyx tube S tamens u su ally 8 inserted in p airs between the petal s

-
.
, ,
sometimes fewer o r more an d not p ai red Ovary free sessil e 2 to .

, ,
4celled ; styl e very long

-
C apsule coriaceou s globose irregul arly breaking .
, ,
up S eeds m any angul ar smooth ( I n honor of Dr J Lawson a S cotch

.
, , . . .
,
friend of Linnaeus ) .
A monotypic genus .
1 . L I N E R M I S L Ci n a m om o ( S p
. . . Henna .
A n erect mu ch branched shrub ,

-
3 to 6 m high . Lea v es oblong elliptic -
,
L YT H R A CE A E 341
apex acute and apiculate base narrowed to 4 c m long Pa n ic l es , , .
7 to 30 cm long the lower branches subtended by leaves F l owers , .
fragrant C alyx about 4 mm long P etal s usually straw yellow , a l ittle

. .
-
l on ge r than the calyx lobes C a p sule depressed globose 5 to 7 mm i n -

.
-
di a me t e r ( F l F il ip p l . . . .
C ommonly cultivated for its fragrant flowers occasionally spontaneous ; ,
i n an d about towns generally in the Philippines chiefly cultivated and , ,
c ertainly introduced af t er the S pani sh occupation A nativ e of pa r t s of .
A fri ca and India n ow cultivated or spontaneou s in most tropic al ,
countries .
2 L A G E R S T R OE M I A Linnaeus .
T rees
or shrubs with Opposite u su ally distichou s entire oblong t o , , ,
ovate leaves P anicles axillary and terminal ample F lowers l arge

.
, .
,
showy re gular C alyx tube funnel shaped smooth grooved angul ar o r

, .
- -
, , , ,
narrowly w inged lobes usu ally 6 P etals usually 6 l arge cl awed margins
, .
, , ,
cri spe d or undul ate S tamens long very numerous inserted near the base .
, ,
of the calyx tube Ov ary sessil e at the bas e of t h e calyx tube 3 to 6

-
.
-
,
celled ovules many C apsule ovoi d to ellipsoid more o r less adnate to

, .
,
the persistent calyx tube 3 t o 6 valved 3 to 6 celled S eeds many winged -

,
-
,
-
.
,
at the apex ( In honor of M L a ger s t r oem a correspondent of Linnaeus )

.
.
.
, .
S pecies about 30 chiefly Indian an d M alayan f ew in C hin a and A u s , ,
t r a li a 4in the Philippines Of which 1 is introduced

, , .
Leaves 4 to 8 cm long subsessile ; flower s a bout 4 cm in diameter ; petal s ,
beautifully crisped and lobed with a long slender cl aw 1 L i n d i ca , . .
Leaves 1 2 to 25 cm long di stinctly petioled ; flowers 7 to 8 cm or more ,
in diameter the petal s with a short cl aw 2 L s p eci o s a

, . . .
*
1L I N DI CA L M elindres ( S p
. . C repe M yrtle . .
A shrub or small tree 4 m high or less the branches slender 4angled , , ,

-
narrowly winged Leaves entire ellipti c ovate to oblong ovate or obovate.

,
- -
, ,
sessile very shortly acuminate o r obtuse 4 to 8 cm long F lowers a bout

, , .
4cm in diameter in small terminal p anicles C alyx green 6 lobed

, Petal s , .
,
-
.
6 pink or purplish with a long slender cl aw the limb

, to 2 cm wi de , , ,
orbicula r or reniform in outline lobed strongly crisped C ap sule globose , , .
ovoid 1 cm long o r less ( F l Filip p l

, . . . .
Occ asionally cultivated for orn amental purposes but not spontaneous , ,
fl J un e Sept ; oc casion al in larger town s throughout the A rchipel ago A

.
-
. .
n ativ e of C hina n ow wi dely distributed in tropic al an d warm countries

, ,
cultivated and wild .
2 . L . s p ec io s a ( L ) P ers . . B anaba (Tag) .
tree 4 to 20 m high or sometimes flowering when a mere shrub

A ,
2 m high or less Leaves coriaceous oblong to elliptic ovate obtuse .

,
-
or sho rtly acuminate 1 2 to 25 cm lon g Panicles termin al l arge up , .

, ,
to 4 0 cm in l ength F lowers 6 m er o us C alyx pubescent ribbed P etal s .

-
.
, .
lil a c purple oblong obovate o r obov ate shortly cl awed 3 to

-
, cm long -
, , .
C apsule obovoi d o r ellipsoid 2 to cm long ( Fl F ilip p l 3 1 4 L , . . . .

, .
r egi n a e ) .
In thickets M alabon S a n Ju an del Monte etc occasional sometimes

, , , .
, ,
also cultivate d for its very ornamental flowers fl M a y—A ug ; common , .
an d widel y distributed in the P hilippines India through M a l aya to .

,
A u s tralia .
3 . R OT A L A Linnaeu s
rect lo w simple o r branched annu al herbs growing in wet places
E , , , ,
glabrous o r nearly so Lea v es decussate or verticillate rarely al t ern ate .

, ,
sessil e o r subsessile F lowers 3 to 6 m er o u s small mostly sessile axil l ary

.
-
, , ,
and solitary or in axill ary spikes o r racemes u su ally 2 bracteol ate C alyx
, ,
-
.
camp a nul ate to hemispheric 3 to 6 lobed the lobes usually with a setifo rm ,
-
,
appendage Petals small S tamen s 1 to 6 Ovary sessil e or subsessile ;

. . .
styl e s h ort o r el ongated C apsules septicidally 2 t o 4valved c a rti .

-
,
la gi n o u s the wall s densely an d mi nutely horizontally striate under a

,
lens ( Probably from Latin wheel i n referen ce to the verti cillate leaves
.
” “
of most species ) .
Species 38, chiefly i n tropical A si a and A fri ca a f ew in A ustralia , ( ,
E urope and A merica 4 in the Philippines

, , .
1 . Leaves verticill a t e ; peta l s none 1 . R . m ex i c a n a
1 . Leaves opposite ; petal s p resent .
2 Flowers axillary sol itary

.
, 2 R . . r amos i o r
2 F l ower s in a xill ary spikes

. 3 . R . i n di c a
1 . m exi c a n a C
R . S s ub s p pu s ill a ( T ul ) Koehne . . . . .
A small g l abrou s erect annu al pl ant usually l ess than 3 t o 4 cm

, , ,
-
in hei ght generally branched from t h e base Leaves linear oblon g in

, .
-
,
threes or fours somewhat cl ose 5 mm l ong or l ess obtus e truncate or

, , , , ,
2 p ointed
-
F lowers axillary solitary less than 1 mm long 4 or 5 m er ou s
.
, , ,
-
,
the cal y x teeth tri an gular P etal s none Stamens 2 or 3 rarely 4 C a p

-
.
, , .
sule subglobose about 1 mm in diameter , .
I n ol d ric e p addies C aloocan S a n Juan de l Monte et c fl Oc t —N ov ; , , , .

, . . .
of very l o cal oc currence in the Philippines T h e subsp ecies in tropical .
A si a and A fric a the species in one form or another in most tropi cal
,
countries .
2 . 4 R . . R A M OS I OR ( L ) Koehne. .
An erect slender simpl e o r branched gl abrous pl ant 8 to 25 c m high

, , , ,
the stems somewhat 4a ngled u sual ly pu rplish Leaves obl anc eo l ate t o -
, .
l inear l anc eo l ate

-
to 3 cm long obtuse b ase n arrowed to t h e s hort
, , ,
petiole Flowers small axill ary solitary sessile the bra cteoles about
.
“
, , , ,
as lon g as the calyx at time Of flowering to 3 mm long t h e a p , ,
pen dages l onger than the lobes sp reading l anceolate a cuminate t h e l obes , ,
-
,
trian gul ar ovate acute or acumin ate Petal s elliptic or oblong ellipti c
-
, .
-
,
pale pink about 1 mm long C ap s ule ovoid 3 to 4 mm long

’
-
, .
, .
In open wet grass l ands fl ; Oc t —Dec ; widely distributed in the Phil , . .
i p p i n es A n ative of N orth and S outh A meric a introdu ced in the Phi l

.
,
i p p i n es now wi dely distributed and thoroughly n atu ralized

, .
3 . I n d i c a ( Will d ) Koehne
R . . .
A n erect simple or branch ed gl abrous annua l herb 6 to 3 5 cm high

, , , ,
the stems obscurely 4 angled Leaves sessile or subsessile Oblon g elliptic -

.
, , ,
or obovat e 8 to 1 5 mm long acute o r obtuse and mucronate n erv es

, , ,
prominent on the lower surface m argins cartilaginous Spikes axillary , .

,
solitary numerou s 8 to 1 5 mm long t h e flowers numerous i n t h e axi l s

, , , ,
of much redu ced l eaves or som etimes the spikes wanting a n d the flower s
-
,
strictly axillary in the axils of n ormal leaves F lowers subsessi l e C alyx . .
2 to mm l ong subcampanulate green the l obes l anceol ate acuminate

, , , , .
34
4 A F LOR A OF M A N ILA
capita t e Fruit l arge rather hard d epressed globo s e m a n y s eed ed s up

.
, ,
-
,
-
,
por t ed by t h e calyx tube t h e calyx l obes p ersistent s prea ding ( I n h onor

-
,
-
, .
of P S on n er a t , a F rench n atu ralist and exp l or er )

. .
S pecies about 6 alon g the seashor e in t h e Indo Ma l ayan r egi o n , 2 in -
t h e Philipp ines .
Leaves obovate rounded , S1 . .

p a ga t p a t
Leave s oblon g to elliptic oblong somewhat poi nted -
, 2 S . . c a s eo la/ r i s
1 . s .
pa ga t pa t Bl anco
Pagatp at .
A shrub o r tree reaching a h eight of 20 m o r l ess Leave s v er y t h ick .

,
l eather y obovate rounded 6 t o 1 0 cm lOn g of t en n early as wid e a s

, , , ,
l ong C alyx green leather y 3 t o 4 cm long t h e s e gm ents 6 t o 9 , la n

.
, , ,
c eo la t e to Oblong lanceol a t e acuminate equ alin g or l onger than t h e t ube

-
, , .
Petals whi t e linear early deciduous nearly a s lon g as t h e c a lyx

, , ,
segments ( somet i mes wanting ) S tamens v ery num erous F ruit h ard . .
,
dep ressed globose 3 to 4 cm in diamet er , surrounded nearl y t o t h e mi dd l e

-
,
by the calyx tube t h e persistent l obes s pr eadin g

-
, .
A long tidal estuaries fl most of t h e year ; throughout t h e Philippines , .
a l ong t h e seashor e E ndemi c or perh aps not specifically distinct from

.
t h e wi de l y di stributed Indo M al ayan S o n n er a t i a a lb a Sm -

, .
2 S . . L E ngl (S a c i d a L f ) Pagatp at
c a s eo la r i s . . . . .
S imilar to the preceding but t h e leaves oblong to elliptic oblon g some ,

-
,
what pointed rarely obtuse 4 to 1 0 cm long 2 to 4 cm wide tapering

, , , ,
to t h e base F lo wer s s o li t a r y the calyx green

. to 3 cm lon g the .
, , ,
se gments 6 longer th an the tube Petal s 6 linear pink or white about as

, .
, , ,
long as the calyx segments F ruit about as in t h e preceding species ( F l

-
. . .
F ilip p l 1 75 S p a ga t p a t )
. .
, . .
'
A long tidal estu aries but less abundant in t h e Philippines than the ,
p receding Indi a to M al aya .

‘
99 . P UN I CA CE A E ( P OM E GR A N A TE OR GR A N A DA F A M ILY )
Shru bs or small trees the branches often spiny the young ones 4 , ,
angled Leaves opposite subopposite or clustered entire F lowers s oli

.
, , , .
tary or f ew at the ends of the branches l arge perfe ct re gul ar C a l yx , , , .
tube funnel s h a p ed a d n a t e to t h e ovary below enlarged abov e t h e ovary

-
,
, , ,
t h e lobes 5 to 7 persistent in fruit Petal s as many a s t h e calyx l ob es

, .
-
,
a l ternate with them wrink l ed S tamen s very numerous inserted around , .

,
t h e mouth of t h e c alyx tube bent inwar d in bud Ovary unite d with , .
the cal yx tube many celled t h e cell s arranged in 1 to 3 whor l s Sty l e

-
,
-
, .
slen d er elongated ; sti gma capitat e ; ovules many in each cell som e
, ,
axill ary som e p arietal F ruit a globos e berry with a thic k peri carp
, .
,
crowned by t h e calyx segments Seeds angul ar very numerous -

.
, , .
A singl e genu s with 2 species 1 introduced in the Philippines , .
1 . P U N I C A Linnaeus
C haracters of the amily ( Latin P hoeni cia n or C artha gi ni an
“
F . .
1 . P . L Grana d a
GR A N A T U M Pomegranate . .
A shrub 2 to 3 m high the branchlets s l ender 4 angled of t en t er , ,

-
,
~
m i n a t i n g wi th a short spine Leaves oblong lan ceol a te to oblong ellipti c .

- -
,
4 to 6 cm long sho rt petioled acute or obtus e narrowed at both ends

,
-
, ,
.
L E C YT H I DA CE A E 345
F l ower s red t h e calyx to 3 c m long the se gments usu a l ly 6 P et a l s
, , .
o bo vate nearly 2 cm l ong Frui t glo b os e reddish o r purpl ish abo ut 5

, .
, ,
cm i n diamete r , containing many seeds sur r ounded by a red pulp ( Fi l . .
F i l ip p l. .
Occasionally cultiva t ed flowering most of the year ; in mos t t o wns in ,
t h e Philippines i n cultivation , but not spontaneo us introduced by the ,
Sp a n iard s at an early date A nativ e of eas t ern subtropical A sia n ow .

,
cu l tiva t ed in most trop ica l an d subtropical countries .
1 00 L E CY T HI D A C E A E
.
( B A R R I N GTON I A OR P U TA T F A M I L Y )
rect shrubs o r trees with altern ate simp l e entire or toothed l eaves
E , , , .
F l owers regu l ar p erfec t , Often large and showy in short or el ongated

, , ,
termina l or axilla ry spikes or racemes the bracts sm all deciduous C alyx , .
tube scarcely produced abo ve t h e ovary the limb with 3 or 4 valvate or , ,
imbricate lobes Petal s 4 or 5 imbrica t e Stamens very many t h e fi la

.
, .
,
ments slightly connate at the base Ovary i n ferior 2 to 4celled ; ovu les .
,
-
2 to 8 in each cell Fruit small or l arge ovoi d to Oblong sometimes .

, ,
quadrangul ar , fi brou s or fleshy i n d eh es c en t 1 to several seeded crowned , ,

-
,
by the calyx l obes -

.
Genera 1 8 species about 260 in al l tropi cal countries 2 genera and

, , ,
abo ut 7 species i n the Philippines .
1 . BA R R I N G T ON I A Forster
Small or l ar g e trees u sually glabrous Leaves generall y crowded at , .
t h e ends of t h e bran ches entire or toothed often l arge F lowers small , , .
or l arge in short or long terminal or axil l ary erect o r pendulous racemes

, , , .
C alyx green the tube adn at e to the ovary not produced abov e it the seg
, , ,
ments 2 t o 4 Petal s u sually 4 sometimes 5 imbri cate slightly connate

.
, , ,
at t h e base adnate to the stamens S tamen s very numerous in several

, .
,
rows ep igy nou s falling with the coroll a ; filaments very slender elongated
, , , ,
conn at e at t h e ba s e Ova ry inferior 2 to 4celled ovules sev eral in each

.
,
-
,
cell pendu l ous F ru it smal l or l arge fibrou s or leathery Often angled

, .
, , ,
indehiscent 1 celled containing a single l arge seed ( In honor of D

,
-
, . .
B a rrington ) .
Species about 60 eastern A fri ca tropi cal A sia M al aya A ustralia an d

, , , , ,
Pol yn esia about 7 in t h e Philippines

, .
1 . C alyx quite closed in bud splitting irre gu l arly into 2 or 3 lobes , .
2
. Leaves entire ; r acemes short erect ; flowers and fruit very l arge ,
.
a s i a t ca z
’
1 . B .
2
. Leaves fi nely toothed ; ra cemes pendulous up to , 60 cm i n l ength .
c em os a 2 B . . r a
1 . C alyx not c l osed in bu d with 4 equa l segments ; flower s an d fruit sm all ; ,
racemes pendulous 3 B luzon en s i s . .
1 . B iati c a ( L ) Kurz (B s p ec i os a
. as
_
B otong . . .
A tree 8 to 1 5 m high with l arge sessil e obovate or obovate oblong , ,

-
,
entire thick shining leaves 20 to 40 cm long apex obtuse b ase na r rowed

, , , , .
F l owers very l arge i n short erect f ew fl ower ed racemes C alyx tube 1

, , ,
-
.
-
cm long the l obes 2 or 3 oblong ovate conc ave green 2 5 cm long P e

'
- ~
, , , , , . .
ta l s 4 thin whi t e becoming browni sh Oblong 7 to 8 cm long 3 to 4 cm

, , , , , ,
wide deciduous S tamen s very numerous slender unite d at t h e base 1 0

, .
, , ,
to 1 2 cm lon g white below shading to purple above ; anthers small yellow

, , , .
S tyle sl ender 1 3 cm long purplish F ruit obovoid sharply 4 rarely 5

, , .
,
angl ed 8 to 1 4 cm long 8 to 1 2 cm thi ck containing a single l arge Seed

, , , .
( F l F ilip p l
. . .
A long the seashore P asay beach al so occasionally cultiva t ed fl al l the , , , .

.
year ; throughout the P hilippines along the seashore C eylon to M al aya .

,
A ustrali a and Polynesia .
2 . B emo s a ( L ) B lume P utat

. r ac . .
A shrub or small tree reaching a height of 1 0 m gl abrous the branc hes , ,
with p rominent leaf scars Leaves at the ends of t h e branches subs es s ile-
.
, ,
ob l ong obovate 1 0 to 3 0 cm long acuminate b ase n arrowed m ar gins

-
, , , ,
cren ate serrate R acemes terminal or from axi l s of fallen leaves sol itary
-
.
, ,
d roopin g 20 to 60 cm in length F lowers whi t e o r pin k C alyx c l osed

, . .
in bu d spl itting irregul arly into 2 or 3 ovate con cav e segments Peta l s
, , , .
ob l ong ovate to l anceolate 2 to

-
cm l ong sli g htly conn ate at the bas e , , .
S tamens very numerou s 3 to 4 cm long F ru it ovoid to Oblon g o void , .

-
,
5 t o 6 cm lon g somewhat 4angled crown ed by t h e persi stent c alyx the

,
-
, ,
pericarp l eathery g reen or purpli sh ( F F ilip p l , . . . .
On Open lo w l a nds and thickets fl most of t h e year ; th roughou t the , .
P hi l ippines near the seashore India and C eylon M al aya and Polyn esia .
, , .
3 . B . luzo n o lfe Putat

en s i s ( Presl ) R .
A gl abrous tree 8 to 1 2 m high Leaves somewh at crowded at the .
ends of the branches oblong obovate 6 t o 1 4 cm l ong acuminate b ase ,

-
, , ,
narrowed margin s uniformly an d finely t o othed R acemes axill ary pen

, .
,
d u lo u s 1 0 to 45 cm long slender
, F lowers numerou s short pedicelled , .
,
-
,
pink to red C alyx lobes 4 short obtu s e P etal s narrowly oblong ab out
.
, , .
,
7 mm long F ruit o blong ovoid somewhat 4 an gled pointed 3 to 4 cm

.
-
,
-
, ,
long about , cm thick .
A long streams in thick ets etc M asambong S i n ga lo n P aco P asay etc

, .
, , , , , .
,
fl Jun e—Sept ; widely distributed in the Phil ippines E ndemi c

. . . .
1 01 . R HI Z OP HOR A C E A E ( M A N GR OVE OR B A CA U A N F A M I L Y)
T rees
with entire simple cori aceous glabrous leaves the stipules inter, , , ,
petiol ar ca ducou s Flowers axillary solitary fascicl ed or in depaup er ate

, .
, ,
cym es perfect C a l y x more or less a dnate t o t h e ovary t h e l imb p roduced

, .
,
above the ovary 4 to 1 4lobed the lobes valv a te p ersi s t ent Petal s as
,
-
, , .
many a s the calyx—lobes entire notched cleft or l ac erate S tamen s , , , , .
usu ally twice a s many a s the petal s in p ai rs Opposite to an d embraced by

'
t h e petal s Ovary 5 to 1 celled sty l es connate ; ovules u sually 2 i n each

.
-
,
cell pen dulous F ruit coriaceou s indehi scent 1 c elled 1 seed ed t h e se ed

, .
, , _
-
,
-
,
in the typical mangrove genera germinating befor e the fruit fall s the ,
l arge ra dicle pe r forating the apex of the p ericarp .
Genera 1 7 species about 60 in all tropical countries 7 genera an d about

, , ,
1 1 species in the Phi l ippines .
C alyx lobes and petal s 4; stamen s 8

-
’
1 .
R h i zop h o m
C alyx lobes and petal s 8 to 1 4; stamen s
-
16 to 28 2 B m gui er a
.
1 . R H I Z OP HOR A Linnaeu s
of the mangrov e swamp s with prop —roo t s the branches ma rked
T rees ,
by l eaf scars Leaves l e a the r y o va t e to ell iptic pointed Flowers 2 o r

-
.
, , .
more on short axil l ary p eduncles C alyx 4l obed t h e bracteol es at the

, .
-
,
l on g hairs each l obe bearing a sho r t apic a l bri stle Fruit small the s eed
, , .
,
germinatin g on t h e tree and forming a cylin dri c radicl e 30 cm l on g or

more prior to its fall ( F l F ilip p l B p o ly a n d r a ) . . . . . .
A l ong tidal estuaries common about M alabon fl al l the y ear ; along , , .
tida l streams throughou t t h e Philippines M al aya t o A u stralia . .
T h e ver y closely allied B r ugui em gy m n or r h i za Lam al so occurs i n the .

,
Philippines but I h av e s een no specimens from our area It diff er s from

, .
B er i o p et a la chiefly in its petal s being nearly gl abrou s a bove an d with 2

.
,
to 4bristles on eac h l ob e .
2 B . ylin d r i c a ( L ) B l ume ( B c a r y op h y llo i d es Bl ume ): B acau a n E u

. c . .
,
sai n
A gl abrous tree 4 to 8 m high Leaves rather thin 7 t o 1 2 cm l ong .
, ,
s h ining ellipti c oblong narrowed at both ends acute or acuminate I n

,
-
, , .
fl o r es c en c e i n the upper axil s about as long as the petiol es the pedicels , ,
umbell a t ely 2 or 3 fl ower ed F lowers greenish about 1 cm l on g the calyx

-
.
, ,
7 or 8 cleft t h e l ob es l inear l onger than t h e b i fi d petal s t h e l atter bearing

-
, , ,
3 or 4 bri stles at the ti p of each l ob e an d o n e in the notch ( F l F ilip . . .
pl .
man gr ov e swamps Ma l abon fl most of t h e y ear ; widely di stribute d

I n , , .
in t h e Philippines in mangrov e swamps India to Formosa southward to .

'
Ma l aya .
1 02 . C OM B R E T A C E A E 1
(TE M I N A L IA OR T A L I SA Y F A M I LY )
T rees ,
shrubs or woody vines Leaves altern ate or Opposite entire
, .
, .
Flowers spicate or r acemose t h e spikes or r a cemes sometimes p anicled , .
C alyx tube adn at e to the ovary and produc ed above it the limb of 4 or 5
-
,
valvate lobes Petal s 4or 5 or wanting Stamens a s many as or twic e a s

.
, .
,
many as t h e calyx lobes inser t ed on t h e cal yx Ovary inferior 1 celled ;

-
, .
,
-
o vules f ew pendulou s F ruit coriaceous o r drupe like indehiscent ovoi d

“
-
, .
, , ,
an gul ar o r l on gitudinally winged or keel ed

, .
Genera 1 5 S pecies about 250 of wid e tropica l distribution 4 gener a an d

, , ,
1 8 species in the Philippines .
Petal s none ; l arge trees with small fl owers T er m i n a li a

'
1 . 1 .
1 . P etal s p resent ; trees shrubs o r vines , , .
2 C a l yx tube slender produced 4 t o 7 cm beyon d

.
-
, the ovary ; vines .
2 Q ui s q ua li s
.
2 C a l yx
.
-
tub e s h o r t .
3 . E rect shrubs or trees ; ca ly x p ersi stent fruit , n ot winged .
3 . L um n i t zer a
3 Vines
. with winged fruits the calyx deci duous ,
4 C o m b r et um
.
1 . T E R MINA L I A Linnaeus
Large trees with opposit e or s ubopposite leaves more or l ess crowded at
.
the ends of t h e br anches Often glandul ar at t h e bas e or on t h e petiol es , .
Flowers small spicat e or r acemose sometime s p anicled p erfect or the

, , , ,
upper ones males C alyx tub e p roduced abov e t h e ovar y t h e limb c am

.
-
,
For a consideration of t h e known Philippin e species of thi s famil y see

”
Merrill E D A Preliminary R evision of Philippine C ombretaceae
, . .
,
“
.
P hi li p J o u r n S c i 4 ( 1 9 09 ) B o t 61 4
.
—650
. . . .
C OM BR E T A CE A E 349
p a n u la t e, lobed d eciduous Petal s none S t amens 1 0 Ovary 1 celled

5 -
, . . .
-
,
i nf erior F ruit ovoid u sually compressed and k eeled or winged indehiscent

.
, , ,
l s eeded
-
( F rom the Latin on account of the c rowded terminal l eaves and
.
,
flowers of most species ) .
Sp ec ies about 1 00 tropic s generally bu t mostly in A frica A sia and

'
, , , ,
Malaya about 1 1 in the P hilippines a single one in our area

, , .
1 . T . L T alisay
c at a p pa A lmendra s ( S p
. Lugo
In dian A l mond .
A la rge tree sometimes reaching a height of 25 m gl abrous or near l y so

, , .
Leaves shining obovate tap ering bel ow to the n arrow and corda t e base
, , ,
1 0 to 25 cm long the petioles short Flowers white small spi cate the
, .
, , ,
spikes axill ary simp l e 6 to 1 8 cm long Fruit compressed ellip soi d i n

, , .
,
outl i ne p rominently 2 ridged or keeled down the sides 3 to 6 cm l ong

,
-
, .
( Fl F ilip p l
. . .
C u l tivated to some extent in M anil a for a shade tree fl most Of the year ; , .
widely distributed in the Philippines nea r the seashore India to M alaya .

,
pl anted in many other tropica l countries .
2 Q U I SQ
. U A L I S Linnaeus
S candent shrubs Leaves opposite entire Flowers long in short axil
.
, .
,
l a r y or termina l spikes C alyx tube slender and mu ch p rolonged abo ve .

-
the ovary deciduou s its l imb 5 lobed P etal s 5 S tamens 1 0 short Ovary
, ,
-
. .
, .
l celled ; style fi li f o r m
-
F ruit 5 angl ed or 5 winged Seed sol itary ( Latin
.
- -
. .
”
wh o an d of wh at k ind p robably ori gin all y a dopted on a ccount of
” “
,
un certa inty a s to the proper al liances of t h e genus ) .
Species 4 or 5 in tropica l A si a an d A frica 1 in the Philippines , .
1 . QI nd i c a L N i o gn i o ga n T a n golon
. .
,
s ca ndent shrub rea ching a len gth of from 2 to 8 m the y ounger p arts
A ,
ru sty pubescent Leaves oblong to elliptic 7 to 1 5 cm long a cute or s l ightly

-
.
, ,
a cum i nate base roun ded Spikes sho r ter than t h e leaves m any fl ower ed
, .
,
-
,
t h e bracts ovate to l anceolate persiste nt 8 to 1 4 mm l ong Flow ers , , .
fragr ant white to p in k or reddish purple C alyx tube very slender pro
,
-
.
-
,
d uc ed above the ovary for from 4to 7 cm the lobes 5 short acute Peta l s , , , .
Ob l on g obtuse 1 0 to 1 5 cm l ong
, F ruit narrowly ellip soi d
, to 3 cm .
,
long sharply l on gitudinally 5 angled o r 5 winged ( F i l F ilip p l

,
- -
. . . .
Occa sional in thickets and often cu l tivated fl at interval s all the year ; , .
common and widely distributed in t h e Philippines B urma to C hina .

,
t h rough M al aya to N ew Guinea cultivated in other tropical countries , .
3 . L U M N ITZ E R A W i lld en ow
Gl abrous sh rubs or trees growing along the sea shore and tida l streams .
Leaves somewhat fl eshy when fresh alternate somewh at c rowded toward , ,
the ends of the branchlets shortly petioled shining obovate to oblong , , ,
obo va t e entire F lowers in axillary or t ermina l racemes C alyx tube p ro

, . .
-
d uc ed above the ovary the ba se with 2 smal l b racteoles the teeth 5 Petal s
, , .
5 obl on g
, Stamens 1 0 or fewer Ovary inferior 1 celled ; ovu l es 2 to 5
. .
, ,
p endulous F ruit woody elliptic oblong smooth or longitudinally striate

.
,
-
, ,
l seed ed
-
( In honor of S L um n i t zer )
. . .
S p ec ies 2 or 3 seashores in the tropic s of the Old Worl d 2 in the

, ,
P hilippines .
1 . L mo s a Will d S ola s i ( T a g i n P a r a fi a que and M aric aban )

. race . .
, .
A shru b or a smal l tree flowering when 1 m hi gh or less Leaves , .
fl esh y gr een , shinin g narrowly obovate

, to 7 c m l ong ap ex ro un d ed
, , , ,
retuse gra dually n arrowed to the acute base shor t petioled R acemes
, ,
-
.
ax ill ary 2 to 6 cm l ong C alyx Oblong cy l indric green 5 to 6 m m long

, .
-
, , ,
t h e teeth short Peta l s white oblong abou t 4 mm l on g Stam en s 1 0

.
, , .
,
a s long as t h e peta l s F ruit green obl ong about cm l on g cr o wn ed by

.
, , ,
the persis t ent calyx rim ( Fl F ilip p l -

. . . .
A long ti dal streams M aricaban Para n aque etc fl Dec M a r here , , , .

, . .
-
.
,
2 m hi g h or l ess ; occasional i n similar habitats in the P hil ippines T rop .
ical shores of A frica an d A sia through M al aya to A ustra l i a an d Polynesia , .
T h e o n e other species found in t h e Philippines L li t t o r ea ( Jac k ) Voigt , . .
(L c o c ci n ea W
. A ) i s distin guished by its termina l infl or escence
. .
,
crimso n flowers and its stamen s about twice as lo n g a s its petal s ; it has
,
not been foun d in ou r area but i s much the commoner species of the t wo in ,
t h e Philippines .
4 C OM E R BT U M Linnaeu s .
'
S candent shrubs or suberect wi th pendulo us branches Leaves opposite .

,
entire petioled F lowers u sually in pani cled spikes or r acemes p oly ga m o

, .
,
dioecious bra cteoles small C alyx tube slen der below sl ightly contracted
, .
-
,
abov e t h e ovary t hen expan ded and ovoid funnel shaped or tubul ar the
, ,
-
, ,
l imb 4 or 5 toothed P etal s 4 or 5 inser t ed on the calyx l imb small

-
.
, _
-
, .
Stamens twice a s many a s the petal s inse rted in 2 series Ovary inferior , .
,
l cel l ed ; ovu les 2 t o 5

-
F ruit indehi scent dry 4 or 5 winged ( A Latin .
, ,
-
.
nam e Of uncertain application ) .
Speci es about 1 30 tropic s generally 4 i n the Philippines , , .
1 . Cu a mo s um R oxb
. sq .
A scandent shrub reaching a length of 5 m or more Leaves opposite .

,
elliptic o v a t e glabrou s on t h e upper surfa ce

-
, beneath covered with smal l ,
roun d scales apex acute or shortly acuminate base roun ded 8 to 1 6 cm

, , ,
l ong Inflorescence 6 to 1 5 cm long axillary of racemosely a rranged sc aly

.
, ,
spikes t h e spikes 3 to 6 cm long F lowers white the calyx tube slender

, .
,
-
below exp anded above the limb about 4 m m long funnel shaped Petal s
, , ,
-
.
sm al l F ruit 2 to . cm long broadly 4winged ,

-
.
In thi ckets M asambong fl Dec —Jan ; widely distributed in the Phil ip

, , . . .
pines In di a to M al aya
. .
1 03 . M YR T A CE A E 1
( M YR T L E OR D U HA T F A M I L Y)
T r ees
or shrubs with opposite ra rely alternate simple entir e or t o othed , , , ,
oft en pellucid dotted leaves exstipul ate or stipules very small and d ecid
-
, ,
n ous Flowers re gul ar perfect solita r y or in spikes corymbs or hea ds

.
, , , , , .
C alyx 4 or 5 toothed or lobed the limb persistent or deciduous

-
Petal s ,
.
free or sometimes united into a di sk lik e operculum alternating with the

,
-
,
cal yx lobes or rarely wanting S tamens very many rarely f ew ins erted on
-
, .
'
, ,
t h e di sk w ith t h e petal s Ov a r y i n f er i o r 1 to m any celled ; ovul es n u m .

,
-
er ou s ; sty l e simple F ruit fleshy or c ap sular indehiscent or dehiscent 1

.
, ,
to many seeded -
.
1
F or the Philipp i ne specie s of thi s family see R obinson C , . B .
,
“
A Prel im
i n ar y R evision of P hilippine Myrtaceae P h i li p J o u r n . . . S ci . 4 ( 1 9 09 )
B ot . 33 1 —407 .
2 . Flowers 5 to 6 cm in diame t er in short racemes from the branches ,
below the le aves 2 E m a la c c en ai s . .
2 . Flowers 3 to 4 cm in diameter in axill ary or terminal f ew t o many , ,
fl o wer ed r ec em es o r cymose p anicles , .
3 Leaves l an ceol ate gradually narrowed at both ends s l enderly acu

.
, ,
minate 3 E ja m bo s . .
'
3 Leaves ell ipti c to ovate oblong obtuse or blunt a cuminate base

.
,
-
,
-
rounded or subcordate
4 F ruit turbinate pink or red crowned by the i n fl ex ed m
.
. u ch , , ,
thickened fl eshy calyx lobes 4 E ja v a/n i c a

,
-
. .
4 F ruit ovoid or ellip soid greeni sh white t h e persistent calyx lobes

.
,
-
,
-
thin not i n fl ex ed , 5 E c a lu b co b . .
1 . E Lam Duhat Lumboy

. J A M B OL A N A .
,
A tree 4 to 1 5 m high quite gl abrous Leaves shining leathery oval , .

, ,
to elliptic or obovate elliptic shortly an d broad l y a cuminate 6 t o 1 2 cm -

, ,
long the nerves numerous slender Panicles mostly from the b ran chl ets
, , .
below the l eaves some often axillary or terminal 4to 6 cm l ong F l ow er s

, , .
numerou s pink or nearly white sessil e in crowded fascic l es on t h e ends

, ,
of t h e bran chlets C alyx funne l sh aped about 4 mm lon g 4t o othed .

-
, ,
-
.
P etal s cohering an d falling a s a small di sk Stamens about as long as .
the cal yx Fruit oval to elli ptic dark purple or near l y b l ac k fleshy
.
,
-
, , ,
edible to 2 cm long containing a singl e l arge seed ( F l Filip p l 1 74

, . . . .
,
S yzy gi um
C ommon ,
fl Feb —M arch ; throu ghout t h e Philippines cu l tivated and wil d
. .
,
but certainly introduced India through M al aya to A ustral ia oft en p er .

, , , ,
h ap s on ly cu l tivated
, .
2 E
. . M acop a M acop a calabao
M A L A C C E N SI S L .
,
-
A tre e reachin g a height of about 1 0 m L eaves e l lipti c oblong t o .

-
b r oadly ob l ong l anceo l ate 1 0 to 25 cm l ong n arrowed a t both ends a p ex

-
, , ,
acuminate b as e acute R acem es s hort f ew fl ower ed from t h e bran ch es

, .
,
-
,
be l ow t h e l eaves 6 cm long or less Flowers l arge s howy deep r ed

, .
, ,
purpl e 5 to 6 cm in diameter t h e calyx tub e 2 cm long green t h e lobe s

, ,
-
, ,
1 cm wi de Petal s obovoid n ear l y . cm l o n g F r u it s ubgl obos e o r , .
depressed turbin ate crowned by t h e incurved cal y x l obes ( F l Filip p l

-
,
-
. . . .
On e tree known to me in our area , pposite S an Pedro M a c a t i fl O , .
A pri l—M ay ; wi dely distributed in t h e P hilipp i nes in cultivation and cer

t a i n ly introduced Indi a to M al aya frequently only pl ante d an d n ow i n
.
, ,
t r o d u c ed in many other tropi cal countries .
*
3 . E L T ampoi
. J A M B OS .
A tree rea ching a height of about 1 0 m Leaves l anceol ate 1 0 to 20 .

,
cm long acuminate b ase acute short petioled R acemes terminal f ew

, , ,
-
.
,
flowered 4to 6 cm long F lowers white pink or red 4to 5 cm in diameter

, .
, , , .
C alyx obconic the lobes 4 F ruit ovoi d or glo b b o s e fl esh y p ink or red
, .
, , ,
to 4 cm in diameter crowned by the calyx lobes ,

-
.
Occasionally cultivate d fl J a n —A pril ; widely distributed in the Philip , . .
pines but undoubtedly i ntroduced Indi a to southern C hina M al aya an d

, .
, ,
A u s t r a li a o f t en perhaps only pl anted

'
, , , .
*
4 E . . I L M a cop a
J A VA N C A . M al ay A p pl e .
A tree reaching a height of 12 m . Leaves subsessile elli p ti c oblong ,

-
,
ME LA S TOM A T A CE A E 353
apex rounded or obtuse l y acuminate base rounded or subcordate 1 2 to , ,
20 cm long Inflorescence axillary sometimes terminatin g short branches ,

.
,
7 t o 1 5 cm long Flowers white 3 to 4cm in diameter f ew to many Fruit

.
, , .
pin k fl eshy edible tu rbinate 3 to 4 cm long and thick apex depressed

, , , , , ,
crowned by the much thickened fleshy incurved c alyx lobes , ,

-
.
C ommonly cultivated fl M a n —A pril ; widely distributed i n the Philip , .
pines in cultivation certa inly introduced M al ay P eninsul a an d A rchi , .
pel ago .
5 . E lu b c o b C B R ob C alubcob
. ca . . .
A shrub o r tree 6 to 3 0 m in height Leaves subsessile or short petioled .

-
el l iptic t o ovate or oblong 7 to 23 cm l ong apex blun t acuminate b ase , ,

-
,
rounded or subcordate Infl orescence terminal or l ateral 6 to 1 8 cm long .

, ,
f ew to many fl o wer ed Flowers white 3 t o 4 cm in diameter C alyx

-
.
, .
tub e about 1 cm l on g Petal s 6 to 8 m m i n diameter orbicul ar ovate

'
-
.
, .
F ruit ellipsoi d to ovoid greeni sh whi t e edib l e fleshy 4t o 5 cm l on g crown ed,

-
, , , ,
b y t h e thin not i n fl ex ed persis t ent calyx lob es ( F l Fil ip p l 1 45 E

, ,
-
. . . .
, .
m on t a n a .
)
Old B otani c Garden , fl M arch—M ay ; widely distributed in t h e Philippines . .
E ndemic .
3 . P S I DI U M Linnaeus
T reesor shrubs wi th opposite entir e l eaves Flowers axilla ry on 1 .
,
t o f ew fl ower ed peduncles white

-
C a l yx urn shaped or obovate the l imb , .
-
,
4 o r 5 l obed Peta l s 4 or 5 free S tamens very many Ova ry 2 cell ed ,

-
.
, . .
-
i n f erior ; ovules many in ea ch cel l F ru it a globes to ell ipsoi d or obovoid .

,
fl esh y man y se ed ed berry cro wned by t h e c al yx lobes ( Greek n ame of

,
-
,
-
.
t h e pom egran a t e ) .
Sp ecies about 1 00 in tropica l an d subtropica l A meri ca 2 introduced in ,
t h e Philippin es .
1 . P . L B ayab as
GU A J A VA Gu ayaba .Gu ava .
A shrub or small tree rea ching a height Of 8 m somewhat pubes cent , .
Youn g bran ches 4angled Leaves oblong to ell iptic 5 to 1 2 cm long acut e
-
.
, ,
or somewh a t acuminate b ase u su ally rounded the nerves prominent , , .
Peduncles 1 to 3 fl ower ed F l owers white Sepal s gr een 1 t o 1 5 cm -

. .
, .
.
long Petal s broad

. to 2 cm lon g F ruit globose to ovoi d o r obo .
void 4to 5 cm l on g green turning y ellowish when rip e somewhat aromatic

, , , , ,
t h e pul p pin k or nearly white edib l e ( F l F ilip p l P p y r i fc r u m ) , . . . . . .
C ommon i n ou r area fl most of the year A native of Mexico , . .

,
n o w found throughout the Philippines and thoroughly naturalized M ost .
tr opi ca l countries .
1 04 M E L A S T OM A T A C E A E
.
( M E LA ST OM A OR C UL I S F A M ILY)
Herbs shrubs c l imbing vines or trees
, Leaves Opposite sometimes
, , .
,
w h or l ed entire palmately o r pinnatel y nerved ; stipules none Flowers

, , .
perfect re gular in l ateral o r termina l fascicles or p anicles C alyx tube

, , .
-
uni t ed with the ovary 3 t o 6 lobed or trunc ate Petal s as many a s the ,
-
.
ca l y x l obes -
S ta mens a s many a s t h e petal s twice as many or mor e
.
, ,
n umerous the alternate on es frequently sho rter ; filaments bent inward in

,
bud ; anthers open ing by api ca l pores rare l y by l ater a l slits the conn ecti ve , ,
o ften appendaged or spurred be l ow Ovary 4 to 6 celled or in M em ec y c lo n .

-
,
1 cel led ; sty l e simple ; ovu les very many

- F ru it included in the c al yx t ube .
-
,
berr y l ike or cap su l a r

-
.
1 1 1 555 -
23
354 A FL OR A OF M A N ILA
Genera 1 70 species about in al l trop ical countries f ew in tem

, ,
perate regions 1 5 genera and over 1 00 species in the P hil ippines

, , .
1 . M E M E C Y L ON Linn aeus
Gl abrous shrubs or trees with coriaceous Opposite usually pennine r ved , ,
l eaves F lowers in small axill ary or termin al simple or panicled cymes

.
, ,
or umbel s C alyx tube c amp anul ate the limb trunc ate or 4lobed P etals
.
’
,
-
.
4 u sually blue or purple

, S tamen s 8 equ al ; anthers sho rt o p en i n g b y .
, ,
'
slits the connective ending in a p os t erior horn Ovary inferior 1 celled ,

, .
,
-
surmounted by a convex or depressed 8 grooved disk ; ovules 6 to many ,

-
on a free central pl acenta F ruit a globose 1 seeded berry or drupe .

-
,
crowned by the calyx rim ( A n ame used by Dios corides for a straw -
.
berry like fruit ) -

.
S pecies about 1 00 tropi ca l A si a to A fri ca through M al aya to A ustral ia

, ,
and P olyn esia 1 0 i n the P hilippines , .
1 . um b ellatum B urm (M ed u le R oxb ) C uli s ( T a g )

M . . . . .
A gl abrous shrub or small tree reaching a height Of 6 to 8 m Leaves .
cori aceou s 6 to 1 4 cm long Oblong ovate t o oblong elliptic green s hining

, ,
- -
, , ,
a cuminate base usually de current acumin ate sometimes a cute or rounde d

,
-
, .
C ymes axill ary solitary or fas cicled 2 to 4 cm long peduncled t h e flowers

, , , ,
numerous s ub um b ella t ely disposed on the branchlet s Flowers deep blue

, .
-
o r purpl e C alyx funnel shaped P etal s about 2 mm l ong F r uit globose

.
-
. .
,
fleshy dark purple 5 to 8 mm i n diam eter ( F l F ilip p l 3 73 M t i n c t o

,
-
, . . . .
, .
r i um .
)
In th i ckets opposit e Gu adalupe S an F rancisco del Monte etc fl N ov , , .
, .
Jan and probably in other months ; common and wi dely distributed in t h e

.
Philippines variable Indi a t o A ustr ali a , . .
1 05 . OE N OT HE R A C E A E ( E VE N I N G P R I MR OSE F A M I L Y)
( On a gr a c ea e)
Herbs ,
sometimes suffrutes cent often gro w ing in wet places sometim es , ,
aqu atic Leaves Opposite o r alternate simpl e entir e o r to othed Flower s

.
, , .
perfect regul ar o r nearly so mostly axill ary and sol itary C alyx tub e
, , .
-
adna t e to t h e ova r y the limb 2 to 5—lobed Peta l s epigy nous free a s many
, .
, ,
a s the c al yx —lobes S tamens a s many or twi c e as many as t h e petals

.
, , .
Ovary inferior usu ally 4celled but from 1 t o 6 celled ; sty le simple ; ovules -
,
-
many in each cell in our genera F ruit in ou r genera an elongated c yli n

, .
,
dri c or an gul ar dehiscent capsul e , .
Genera 38 species 475 in all p arts of the worl d 3 genera and 7 species
, , ,
i n t h e Philippines
.
.
S tamens a s many as the c al y x lobes -
S tamens twi ce as m any as the cal yx lobes -

2 J u s s i a ea
.
1 . L U DW I G I A Linnaeu s
rect simple or branched he r bs with alternate nearly or quite enti r e
E , ,
lea ves F lowers small yellow axillary solitary sessile or nearly so t h e

.
, , , , ,
pedic el s 2 bracteol ate C alyx t ube linear the teeth 3 to 5 persisten t

‘
-
.
-
, , .
Peta l s 3 to 5 S t amens inser t ed with an d a s many as t h e p etals Ovary

. .
inf e r ior ,4 or 5i c elled ; Ovules very numerou s C apsule oblong or line ar

‘
.
,
opening by terminal pores or breaking up irregul arly ( In honor of C G . . .
Ludwig a German botani st ) , .

pedicelled 5 m er ous t h e calyx lobes l anceo l ate about 7 mm l on g P eta l s

,
-
,
-
, .
obovate whi t e pale yellow at the ba se about 1 2 mm long C apsul e l inear ,

, ,
-
, .
cylindric 2 to 3 cm long about 3 mm in diameter , base narrowed som e

, , ,
what longitudinally ridged .
In muddy pl aces pools of stagn ant water slow streams etc fl most , , .
, .
Of the year ; wide l y distributed i n the Philippines A ll tropica l countries . .
2 J
. uff r uti c o s a L
. s .
A stout coars e erect glabrous or somewhat pubescent mor e or l ess

, , , ,
branched often suff r u t escent h erb

, to m hi gh L eaves l anceo l a t e .
,
a cuminate 6 to 1 5 cm l ong Flowers axil l ar y s essil e or near l y s o C alyx

, .
, .
green P etal s 4 yellow orbi cul ar obovate about 1 cm long C apsules

.
, ,
-
, .
green or purplish 3 to 5 cm long 5 mm thick or less 8 ribbed t h e p ersi s t en t

, , ,
-
,
calyx l obes Ob l on g ova t e a cut e or a cuminate abou t 1 cm long

-
,
-
, , .
In Open damp o r wet l ands fl a l l t h e year ; throu ghout t h e Phi l ippine s , . .
In most t ropic a l coun t ri es .
3 . J . L I NIF OL I A V ahl
S i l asi l a .
A n erec t branched gl abrou s a nnu a l 20 t o 60 cm high wi th g r een

, , , ,
or purp l i sh 3 or 4angl ed or winged s t em s and spr eading 3 angl ed

,
-
, ,
-
bran ches Leaves n a rr owly ellipti c l anc eol a te o r o blong l anc eo l a t e, a cut e
.
- -
,
ba s e d ecu r rent on t h e p etiol e 4 t o 1 0 cm lo n g Flow er s axill ary s oli t a ry , .

, ,
s essil e t h e ca l yx tub e slend er

, about 8 mm l ong t h e ca l yx l ob es 4 gr een ,
-
, ,
-
,
l anc eo late a cumin a t e n early 4mm l on g Peta l s 4 narrow l y oblong elliptic ,

, , .
,
-
a s l ong a s t h e sep al s Stamens 8 Sti gm a gl obos e C ap sul e gr een o r . . .
purp l ish about 3 cm l on g 1 to 2 mm in diam et er , t h e seeds faint ly or not

, ,
visibl e through t h e wa ll s .
In open wet p l aces ol d ri c e fi el ds et c , common fl all t h e y ear ; through

, , .
, .
out t h e Philippines A n ativ e tropic a l A m erica introduced an d n atur al

.
,
i zed here and probabl y also i n t h e M a l ay A rchip el ago .
1 06 . A R A L I A CE A E ( G I N SE N G OR PAF UA F A M IL Y .
)
Herbs ,sh r ubs or tre es som etimes c limb i n g smooth or prickly Leav es
, , .
a l te r nate rarely subopposite simpl e entir e or variously l obed digita t e

, or , , , ,
1 to 3 pinnat e F l ow er s sm a ll r egul a r p erfect o r p oly ga m o dio ecious

-
.
, ,
-
,
i n u mbel s racem es or p a nicl ed h eads t h e p edic el s continuou s or j oint ed

, , , .
C a l yx tub e adnat e to t h e o var y t h e l imb none or trunca t e or tooth ed

-
, , ,
P eta l s 5 rarel y more valvat e or imbric a te spre a ding or coh er ent and
, , , ,
f alling a s a whol e Stamens a s m any a s t h e p etal s , a l t ernate with

.
t h em i nserted aroun d t h e disk rarely mor e numerous

, Ova ry i nferior , .
,
1 t o 6 c ell ed rar ely mor e ; styl es a s many a s t h e c el ls , fr ee o r un i t ed ;

-
,
o vu l es 1 in ea ch cell F ruit coriaceou s or drup ac eous small , c ell s 1 t o 5

.
,
o r 6 o r mor e t h e endocarp usual l y ridged,

.
G en era 54 s p eci es 650 i n a ll p art s of t h e worl d chi efl y tr o p i cal 1 0

, , , ,
g ener a a n d 50 sp ec i es i n t h e Philippines .
Le a v es simpl e pinn ate o r pinn a tely d ecompound

, ,
1 . N o t h op a n a x
Le a ves p almat ely compound 2 S c h efilem
.
1 . N OT HOP A N A X M i qu el
G l abrous unarmed shrubs with a lternat e simple pinnate or pinna t el y , , ,
d ecompoun d l eaves Flower s small pol y gamous in p anicl ed umbe l s 5

.
, , ,
m er ou s C a lyx tub e obconica l , t h e l imb wi th 5 minut e te eth

.
-
Pet a l s 5 .
,
v a l vat e t r i a n gu l ar ov a t e ba s e br o ad
, Stam en s 5 ins ert ed with t h e p et a l s
-
, .
,
A R A LI A C E AE 357
and a l terna t e with them Ovary inferior 2 or 3 celled ; styles .
,
-
2 or 3,
very short Fruit somewhat drupe l ike comp ressed o r 3 angled
.
-
,
-
.
( Greek
”
“
fa l se an d P a n ax an all ied genus ) , .
1 . Leaves simple rounded somewhat s aucer like , 1 N c o c h lea t um ,

-
. .
1 . Leaves pinnate .
2 Leaflets 1 1 t o 1 7 frequently pinn atel y lobe d pale green or yel l o wi sh

.
, ,
-
.
2 N o r n a t um . .
2 Leaflets 5 to 7 margi ned or mottled with white

.
, 3 N gui lfo y lei . .
1 . Leaves 2 pinnate or 3 pinnate - -

.
2 Leaflets broadly obovate to oblon g obovate the leave s ternately d eco m

.
-
,
pound 4 N c r i s p a t um V
. . .
2 Leaflets l inear l anceol a t e t o n arrowly ovate acumin ate the leaves

.
-
, ,
pinnately d ec ompound 5 N fr u t i co s u m . .
1 . N . Miq .
(P a n ua: c oc h lea t um P la t i t o s ( Sp .
erect shrub
An to m hi gh wi th simple suborbicul ar cordate , , ,
somewhat conc ave saucer like leaves 6 to 1 2 cm in diameter the mar gi ns

,
-
,
distantl y spinulos e dentate U mbel s dens e p aniculate -

.
, .
C ommonly cultivated but rarely or never flowering here C ultivated , .
throughout M al aya and Polynesia c ertainly introduced in the P hilippines , .
2 N . . OR N A T U M ( B ull ) Mer r ( P a n ua: or n a t um

. .
erect slightly branched shrub 1 to 3 m high Leaves p ale green , the

An , , .
-
younger ones yellowish pinnate 3 0 to 60 cm in len gth Leaflets 1 1 t o 1 7 , , .

,
l anceol ate to Oblong l anceol ate acuminate irregula r in shape and size 8
-
, , ,
to 20 cm lon g deeply and narrowly pinnately lobed to i rregul arly toothed

, ,
some teeth coarse others fine all sharply pointed P anicles in the upper
, , .
axi l s o r terminal up to 40 cm long somewhat pendulous d i fi us e F l owers

'
, , , .
greenish white F ruit dark purplish somewhat fleshy when fresh ovoi d
-
.
-
, , ,
5 mm long when dry more or less 3 sulcate 3 celled

,
-
,
-
.
Quite commonly cultivated fl F eb —M arch and probably in other months , . .

, .
T hought to h ave ori gi n ated i n B razil but apparently n o w wi dely d i s t r i b ,
ut ed in the tropics in cultivation .
3 . N . G U I L F OYL E I ( C o gn . M arché ) Merr .

(A r ali a gui lfo y lei C o gn .
M arché ) .
A n erect shrub 2 to 3 m hi g h slightly branched Leaves pinnate 20 to , .

,
50 cm long Leaflets 5 to 7 ovate to elliptic ovate 5 to 1 3 cm long m ar gins

.
,
-
, ,
distantly prominently an d sharply serrat e apex obtuse b ase Often slightl y

, , , ,
inequilateral the margi n s white the upper surface al so frequently blotched

, ,
with white .
C ommonly cultivated rarely or never fl owering here Probably a n ative

, .
of Polynesia but n o w wi dely cultivate d in M al aya and in other regions

, .
A form apparently exactly the same except that the leaves are uniformly
gr ee not margined or mottled with white i s a l so found in cultivation which
, , ,
may be N p i n n a t um M i q . .
4 N I
.
( B ull ) Mer r ( P a n a x cri s p a t um
. C R S PA T U M . .
A n erect shrub 1 to 2 m high Leaves up to 20 cm long ternately .

,
decompound the leafl ets oblong obovate to broadly obova t e born e i n

,
-
,
threes on the ultima t e branchlets of the rachis green 2 to 4 cm l ong

'
, , ,
obtuse base u su ally acute mar gins deeply , coarsely a n d i rregul arly toothed
, , , ,
t h e teeth u su ally spinulose .

C ommonly cultivated , app arently nev er or very ra r ely producing flower s

‘
here T hought to h ave origina t ed in B razil ,

. but n ow wi dely distributed in
cultivation .
T his and the preceding t wo species are commonly known in M anil a a s

Papu a de C hin a ”
.
5 . I N ( L ) M i q ( P a n a x fr u t i co s um
. F R U T C OS U M Papu a . .
A n erect shrub 1 to m high the lea v es u p to 3 0 cm long decompound , , ,
3 pinnate the pinnae 6 to

-
, shorter upward the l eaflets an d ultimate ,
segments very diverse in form mostly l anceol ate acuminate sharply an d , , ,
i rregul arly spinulose toothed often lobed 5 to 1 0 cm long the te rmin a l -

, , ,
segments u s ua lly la r ger than the others an d more Often lobed I n fl o r es

'
.
cen ce terminal and in the upper a xil s up to 1 5 cm long many fl o wer ed , ,

-
.
F l owers umbellate shortly pedicelled F ruits compressed very broadly , .

,
o v oid about 4 cm long ( F l F ilip p l

, . . .
V ery commonly cultivated and extremely v ariable in vegetative p arts ,
r arely flowering ; certainly n o t a nativ e of the Philippines but probabl y ,
o f p rehistoric introduction In cultivation In dia to M alaya an d P olyn esi a .

,
probably a native Of one of the l ast t wo regions .
Va r P L U M A T U M
.
( Ho rt ) .
(P a n a x p lu m a t u m
Diff ering from
the species in its sma ller l eaves up t o 20 cm long t h e , ,
u l timate segments much smaller an d finer mostly l anceolate or l inear ,
l anceolate spinulose toothed acuminate 1 to 5 cm long 2 to 5 mm wide

,
-
, , , .
Leaves green .
C ultivated only .
Va r . VI C T OR I A E ( Hort ) .
(P a n a x v i c t or i ae
S omewhat
intermediate in lea fl et form between the species and t h e -
p receding variety but leaflets somewh at gl aucou s on the upper surfac e

, ,
m argined with white p al e and shining on t h e l ower surface , .
C u l tivate d onl y .
2 S C H E F F L E R A Fors t er .
rect un a rmed shrubs or trees or vines the leaves p almat el y compound

E , , , ,
the leaflets u sually coriaceou s and entire sometimes toothed U mbel s in , .
r acemes or p anicles u sually terminal few to many fl o w er ed t h e pedicels

, ,
-
,
not j ointe d under the flowers C alyx truncate or toothed P etal s 5 or 6 . .

,
sometimes more numerou s valvate S tamens as many as the petal s the , .

,
disk small or large F ruit globose to obovoid sul cate or angled ( N amed
.
, .
for S c h efller ) .
S pecies over 1 50 i n t h e tropics Of the Old Worl d about 25 in the ,
Philippines .
1 . o d o r ata ( B l an co ) M err
S . R o lfe G a la m a i amo . .
-
A gl abrous vine reaching a height 2 to 6 m or more P etiol es longer

, ,
than the leaflets Leaflets 5 or 6 smooth and shining cori aceous elliptic
.
, ,
'
,
to broadly o v ate obtuse or very shortly acuminate 6 to 1 2 cm long P a n

, , .
i cles terminal l ax 1 0 to 20 cm long F lowers greeni sh 6 m er o u s 2 to 3

, , .
,
-
,
mm in diame t er F ruits globose an d fleshy when fresh 4 to 5 mm l on g

.
, ,
p rominently an d sharply 6 angled when dry -

.
Occasionally culti v a t ed S i n ga lon fl M arch— A p r ; wi dely distributed , , . .
in the P hilippines E ndemic . .

360 A FLOR A OF MA N IL A
va l vate C a r pel s l ateral ly compressed sma l l , t h e secondary ridges none

.
, .
( Gr eek water an d a flat

” “ “
Speci es 50 o r 60 i n all tropi cal and some subtemperate countries 3 or 4

, ,
1 . H . R oxb
OT U N DI F OL I A R .
A delica t e creeping gl abrou s or nearly gl abrou s pl ant the stems rooting

, , ,
at the nodes Leaves orbi cu l ar or subreniform thin about 1 cm in diameter ,

.
, ,
corda t e m a rgin s som ewhat crenatel y l obed t h e l obes short with 2 o r 3

, , ,
crena t e teeth U mbel s very small capitate f ew fl ower ed t h e peduncl es

.
, ,
-
,
s l ender about one half as lon g as t h e petioles

, F ruits f ew sometimes only
-
.
,
2 or 3 on a peduncle l ess than 1 mm l ong , .
In gard ens and about hou ses S i n ga lon M al ate et c fl Dec —F eb and
, , , .
, . . .
,
prob abl y i n other months c ertainl y introduced Wi dely distribu t ed in , .
tropic a l A sia .
3 C E N T E L L A Linnaeu s .
Prostrate herbs rooting at t h e nodes L eaves uniform or rounded deeply .

,
cordat e toothed p a l matel y nerv ed l o ng p etio l ed U mbel s simple axil l ary

, , ,
-
.
, ,
f ew fl o wer ed the flow er s sessil e t h e br a cts sm all embracin g the flowers

-
, , , .
C al y x truncate Petal s 5 imbric at e C arp el s l aterally compressed t h e

.
, . .
secon dary ri dges as prominent as t h e primary ones t h e pericarp thickened , .
( N am e of obscur e origin ) .
S pecies about 20 mostly in S outh A frica a single one in the Philippines

, ,
.
1 . C . I
A S A T CA I (L .
) U rban .
(Hy d r oco t y le a si a ti ca T a q ui p -
coho l
prostrate sp aringly pubescent or nearly gl abrou s s toloniferous pl ant

A , , ,
t h e stems rooting at the nodes Leaves roun ded t o reniform cren at e den .
,
-
tate deeply cordate 2 to 5 cm in diameter the petioles elongated P ed un

, , , .
cles in p airs or threes less than 1 cm long each wi th usually 3 sessi l e , ,
flowers at t h e apex enclosed by a p ai r of ovat e bracts Peta l s dark purpl e .

-
,
ovate about 1 mm l ong C arpels cylindric compr ess ed about

, mm long .
-
, ,
whi t e or green reticulate each with 9 s ub s i m i la r l ongi tu dina l ri dges

, , .
In open or shaded d a mp pl aces bank s of ri ce p addies etc fl Oc t , , .

, . .
M ay ; widely distribu t ed i n t h e Philippin es p robabl y introduced T rop , .
i cal a n d subtropic al regions generally .
1 08 . M YR SI N A C E A E (A R DI S IA F A M I L Y )
T rees
or shrubs sometimes climbing Leaves alternate entir e or toothed
, .
, ,
usually glan d dotted ; stipul es non e Flowers r egul ar p erfect or po ly ga m o

-
.
,
dioecious C alyx inferior 4 to 6 toothed C oroll a tube short or none t h e

.
,
-
.
-
,
s egments 3 to 7 usu ally 5 mostl y conto rted or imbric ate u sually united
, , ,
below rarely free S tamens as m any a s the coroll a segments alternat e

, .
-
,
with them free or adnate to the tube Ovary globos e or oblong 1 celled ;
, .
,
-
ovules f ew or many inserted on a free centra l pl acenta F ruit small , . ,
globose in dehiscent except in the followin g genus where it i s elongated an d

, ,
ultimatel y dehiscent .
Genera 33 speci es nearly in a l l tropica l and subtropica l countries

, ,
8 genera a n d mor e than 75 sp ecies in the Phil ippin e a singl e representativ e ,
i n ou r ar ea .
P LU M BA G I N A C E A E 361
1 . A E GIC E R A S Gaertner
Small erect gl abrou s trees Leaves obovate coriaceous entire the l at
, , .
, , ,
era l nerves obscure Inflorescence a simpl e o r compound sessile axillar y

.
, ,
o r te rmina l umbel Flowers 5 m er ous perfect pedicelled C alyx lobes i m

.
-
, , .
-
b r i ca t e C oroll a tube short the lobes 5

. S tamens 5 inserted on the tube
-
, .
, .
Ovar y oblong narrowed into a slender style ; ovules many F ruit cyl indric
, .
,
cu rved pointed coriaceous l seeded at l ength dehiscing l ongitudinally t h e

, , ,
-
, ,
seed simil a r in shape to the fruit germinating within the peric arp ( Gree k , .
”
“
goat an d horn from the shape of t h e fruit )
” “
.
S pecies 2 tropi cal seashores Indi a to Polyn esia both in the Philippines
, , , .
1 . o r n i c ulatum ( L ) B lanco (A m a ju s Gaertn ) T un d uc t u n d uc a n

A . c . . .
-
,
Pilapi l
A n er ect shrub to 6 m high Le aves obovate rounded or retuse 5 .
, ,
to 1 0 cm l ong Flowers numerou s white nearly 1 cm long in simp l e

.
, , ,
te rmina l umbels their pedicel s 1 to 2 cm long Fruit cy lindric curved

, .
, ,
sharply pointed 3 to 5 cm long about 5 m in diameter surrounded at t h e

, , ,
bas e b y t h e persistent c alyx ( Fl F ilip p l . . . .
A long tida l streams P asay fl Oc t —Mar ; in simil ar habitats throu g hou t , , . . .
the Philippines Indi a to C hina southward to A ustralia .

, .
T h e one other species of the genus A flo r i d u m R S i s not found i n , . . .

,
ou r are a an d is l ess common in the Phil ippines than A co r n i cu la t u m ; it .
di ff ers chiefly in h aving its flowers in a compound umbel .
1 09 . P L U M B A G I N A CE A E ( L E A DWOR T F A M IL Y )
B r an che d h erbs
or und ershrub s with altern ate entir e l eaves t h e flower s , ,
i n terminal often elongate d S pikes the bracts and bracteoles shorter than
, ,
t h e calyx Flowers regul ar perfect C alyx i nf erior tubular ribbed

.
, .
, , ,
covered with stalked gl ands the l imb 5 fi d C o r olla wh i t e blue or red ,

-
.
p , , ,
salver shaped the tube l ong slender t h e l obes spreading Stamens 5 o p

-
, , , .
,
pos i t e the corolla lobes free Ovary superior l celled the style slender
-
, .
,
-
, ,
wi th 5 branches ; ovule one F ruit a membranaceou s c ap sule circumscis s .

,
near the base .
G enera 1 0 species about 300 in all parts of the wor l d a single introduced
, , ,
genu s in the Philippines .
1 . P L U M BA G O Li nnaeu s
C haracters of the F amily a s given above ( Latin l ead . .
Species 1 0, of wi de di stribution 3 in the Philippines al l introduced , , .
Flowers blue ; coroll a tube 3 t o cm lon g -
F l owers whi t e or nearly so ; corol l a tub e 2 cm long -
F l owers red ; corolla tube about 2 5 cm long -

.
1 . P . Lam ( P c a p en s i s
A U R I CU L A r A
'
. .
A n erect much branched shrubby pl ant 1 m high or less

, Leaves oblong , .
obova t e to 5 cm lon g, to 2 cm wide thin obtus e narrowed below , , , , .
Spi k es te rminal about 1 0 cm l ong C alyx greeni sh 1 to ,cm l ong vi sci d .

, ,
gl andul ar C oroll a pale blue the tu be slen der 3 to

. cm long the limb -
, , ,
spreading 3 cm in diameter ( F l Filip p l

, . . .
C ultivated
for ornamenta l purposes but n ot sponta neou s fl throughout , , .
the year N ative of South A frica n ow cultivated in many tropical and

.
,
subtropical countries apparently of comparatively recent introduction in ,
the P hilippines .
2 P Z E YL A N I CA L
. . .
A spreading o r s ub s ca n d en t herbaceou s su ff ru t escent p l ant 1 to 2 m i n , ,
l ength glabrous except the gl andul ar calyces Leaves oblong ovate to ovate
, .
-
,
4 to 1 0 cm lon g acute or acumin ate b ase decurrent on the short peti ole
, , ,
the ba se of the petiole dil ated an d cl asping the stem Sp ikes 5 to 25 cm in .
len gth C alyx green about 1 cm long covered with stalked gl ands t h e
.
, , ,
teeth very short C oroll a white or very p ale blue the tube S lender about
.
-
, ,
2 cm long the l imb S preading about , cm in di ameter , .
In thi ckets and along roadsides Gu adalupe thoroughly n atural ized fl , , , .
Oct — Dec ; of local occurrence in t h e Philippines an d certainly introdu ced

. . .
Widely distributed in the tropi cs of the Old Worl d p robably a native of ,
Indi a .
3 P R OS E A L
. . .
A n erect or ascending more or less branched herbaceou s or suff rutescent , ,
plant m high or less the stems green Leaves ova t e to oblong ovate ,
'
.
-
,
8 to 1 3 cm long acute or obtuse ba se v ery abruptly acuminate short

, , ,
petioled Spikes 1 5 to 3 0 cm long C alyx 8 t o 1 0 mm l on g cov er ed wi th

. .
,
stalked gl ands C oroll a bright red the tube sl ender about

. cm long the , , ,
l imb sprea ding about 3 cm in di amet er ( Fl F ilip p l 29 8 P c oc ci n ea )

'
, . . . .
, . .
Occasion ally cultivat ed but scarcely spontaneous fl Oc t — Dec A native , , . . .
of B ritish India n o w cultivated in many trop ical countries

, .
1 1 0 S A P OT A. CE A E ( G U T T A P E R C HA OR C H I CO F A M I L Y )
T reeor shrubs with milky sap the youn g p arts Often rusty pubescent ,
-
.
Leaves alternate entire petiol ed : F lowers perfect re gul ar , axillary , s ol

, , ,
i t a r y or fasci c l ed C alyx lobes 4 to 8 1 or 2 seri ate imbri c a t e o r t h e

.
-
,
-
, ,
o uter series valvat e C oroll a tub e short the lobes as m an y as or 2 to

.
-
, ,
4 times as many as t h e calyx lobes Stamen s inserted on the corolla tube

,
-
.
-
,
a s many as the lobes an d opposit e them or 2 to 3 times a s m a n y a n d , ‘
s ev er a l s er i a t e ; staminodes often present altern ating with the stamens

~
,
.
Ovary superior sessil e 2 to 1 2 celled F ru i t flesh y indehiscent Se eds

,
-
.
, .
u sually f ew sol itary rather l arge , , .
Genera 50 species more th an 400 in the t r Op i c s of the whole worl d; 7

,
genera and about 45 species in the P hilippines .
C orolla -
lobes 3 times as many as the c alyx lobes ; fruit small -
, cm long or
2
less 1 M i m us op s.
C oroll a lobes an d c alyx lobes

- -
6 each ; fru it rather l arge , fleshy edib l e , .
2 A ch w
. a
1 . M I M U S OP S Linnaeu s
T rees
with ellipti c to obova t e u su ally coriaceous leaves the l ateral , ,
nerves sl ender numerous F lowers pedicell ed axill ary clustered or sol

, .
, ,
i t a r y C alyx segments 6 to 8 2 seriate t h e outer series valvate t h e

.
-
,
-
, ,
inner imb ricate C oroll a tub e short the lobes 1 8 to 24 2 or 3 seriate

.
-
, ,
-
.
Stamens 6 to 1 6 inserted n ea r the b ase Of the coroll a ; staminodes a s many

,
a s the stamens enti r e serrate or l obed Ova ry h airy 6 t o 8 c el l ed

, , , .
,
-
.
”
F ruit o v oid 6 to 1 seeded the endocarp crustaceous ( Greek ape and
“
-
.
, ,
“
face the application Of the name not apparent )
”
.
364 A F L OR A OF M A N ILA
1 . D I OS P Y R OS Linna eu s
T rees
or shrubs F l owers dioecious rarely polygamous axill ary 4 .
, , ,
or 5 m er o u s
-
C alyx usu ally deepl y l obed sometimes truncate that of
.
, ,
t h e female flowers often larger than in the males usually more or less ,
enl arged in fru it C oroll a tubul ar salver shaped or campanul a te short l y

.
,
-
,
o r deepl y l obed the lobes imbricate M al e flowers wi th from 4 to 60

, .
stamens Often 1 6 t h e filaments often paired or otherwi se unite d ; anther s

, ,
l inear ; ovary ru dimentary Fema l e flowers with 0 t o 1 6 staminodes ; ov ary .
4 t o 1 0 celled cell s 1 rarely 2 ov uled ; s tyles or sti gma s 1 t o 4 F ruit

-
,
-
.
globose to ovoid fleshy Oft en l arge frequently suppo rte d by t h e muc h en

, , ,
"
la r ged calyx S eeds oblon g to ellipsoid u sually compr es sed ( G r eek zeu s
.
, .
‘‘
,
i e God and
. .
,
Species over 200 in the tropics of both h emispheres f ew in some tem , ,
p erat e countri es about 38 in the Phi l ippine s ,

-
.
Leaves gl abrous ; fruit gr een gl abrou s 1 D eb en a s t er , . .
Leaves softly p ale pubescent beneath ; f r uit brown densely pub escent -
, .
2 D d i s co lo r . .
*
1 D E BE N A S T E R R etz
. . S apote negro ( Sp . .
A gl abrou s tree 7 to 1 5 m high Leaves Oblong t o ell ipti c oblong 1 0 .

-
,
t o 20 cm lon g obtu se F lowers axillary solitary gr eenish white 1 t o 1 5

, .
, ,
-
, .
c m l on g the calyx lobes broad Fru it globose smooth gr een b ecomin g

,
-
.
, , ,
near l y black edible about 1 0 cm in diameter the pulp v ery sof t brown ish ;
, , , ,
seeds usuall y 4 about 2 cm long ( F l F ilip p l 3 72 D n i gr a )

, . . . .
, . .
R arely cultivated flowering in M arch ; Of loc a l occurrenc e in t h e Philip ,
pines Introduced from Mexi co at an early da t e and apparent l y f ormerly

.
,
much more common here than n ow .
2 . D . d i s c o lo r Willd . C amagon , M abo l o A ma ga T a l ang
tre e 8 t o 1 5 m hi gh Leaves oblong 1 0 to 25 cm long co ri ac eous

A .
, , ,
acut e or short l y a cumina t e b as e usually roun ded t h e upper su r f a c eflgr een , , ,
shinin g glabrou s the l ower surfac e softly pubescent with appress ed p al e

, , ,
hairs Flow er s 4m er o u s M ale flowers pubescent in short p edunc l ed con

.
-
.
,
-
,
gested about 7 fl ow er ed cymes C alyx about 1 cm long C oroll a slight ly

,
-
. .
l arger than t h e calyx nearly white the tub e cylin dri c slightly contracted , , ,
above the lobes nearly a s lon g as the tube S tamens about 24 t h e filaments
, .
,
uni t ed i n p airs F emal e flowers axillary soli t a ry sessile slightly l arger

.
, , ,
than t h e males Staminodes usually 4 S tyles 4 F ruit l arge gl obose

. . .
, ,
fl eshy up 1 0 cm i n diameter edible densely covered with brown hairs ( F l

, , , . .
Filip p l . .
C ommon fl Feb —A p r ; widel y distributed in t h e P hilippines indigenou s ;

, . . .
,
cu l tivated in other tropical countries .
112 . OL E A C E A E ( OL I VE OR S A M P A GU I T A F A M I L Y)
r ect or climbing shrubs or trees the l eaves Opposite rare l y al t ernate

E , , ,
pinna t e 3 foliol a t e o r reduced to a singl e leaflet with a usually j ointed

,
-
,
p etio l e Inflorescenc e terminal or axill a ry in c y mes or p ani cles or in

.
, ,
r educe d ra cemes or clusters F lowers perfe ct regul ar C alyx fre e u su a l ly .

, .
,
4 or 5 to othed teeth sometimes mor e numerous or truncate C oroll a wi th

-
, , .
a s hort or l ong tub e the l obes 4 t o 9 spreading som etimes free n early , , ,
o r q uite to t h e base Stamens 2 in cluded attached t o t h e coroll a Ovar y .

, ,
.
OL E A CE AE 365
sup erior , 2—celled ovules 1 to 3 F ruit fleshy or capsul a r glo bos e or ovoid
'
, .
, ,
sometimes win g ed S eeds 1 or 2 in each cell . .
Genera 21 species about 400 i n most tropical and temperate regions

, , ,
4 genera and about 30 species in the Philippines .
1 . J AS MI N U M Linnaeus
rect or scandent shrubs glabrous or pubescent Leaves opposite or
E , .
a l ternate simple 3 foliol ate or od d pinnate the petiol e u sually j ointed

, ,
-
,
-
, .
Inflo rescence cymose di chotomou s or trichotomou s rarely simp l e or the , ,
flowers sol ita ry C alyx 4 to 9 fi d the tube usually funnel shaped the .
-
,
-
,
teeth linear sometimes very short o r nearly wanting C oroll a salver

, , .
shaped the tube slender l ong o r short the lobes 4to 9 spreading Stamens
, , , , .
2 in cluded
, Ovary 2 celled F ruit fleshy often in pairs or by s upp r es
.
-
.
, ,
sion of one of the carpel s simple ( F rom t h e A rabian name ) . .
Species 1 00 or more warm an d tropi cal p art of the Old Worl d about 1 5 , ,
in t h e Philippines .
1 . Leaves pinn ate 1 J gr a n d i flo r um . .
1 . L eaves simple .
2 C alyx teeth much shorter than the tube

.
-
2 J a c u lea t u m . .
2 C alyx t eeth much l onge r than t h e tube

.
-
.
3 C y mes f ew fl o wer ed ; coroll a doubl e ; leaves a cute o r rounded at t h e

.
-
base 3 J s a m b ac . .
3 C ym es densely many fl o wer ed ; coro l l a sin gle ; l eaves corda t e at t h e

.
-
bas e 4 J m u lt i flor u m . .
1 . I J L. GR A N D F L OR U M .
A gl abrou s woody vin e reachin g a length of 8 m the branches Often ,
p en dulous Leaves odd pinnate 6 to 9 cm long Leafl ets about 9 the

.
-
, .
,
lower ones shortly stalked t h e upper ones sessil e often somewhat fused , , ,
ova t e sha r ply pointed 1 to 2 cm lon g Inflorescenc e ter min al cym ose , f ew
, , .
,
fl o wer ed C alyx teeth very sl ender about 7 mm l on g

. C oroll a white t h e
-
, .
,
tu b e s l ender nearly 2 cm long t h e lobes spr eading, cm l ong , , .
Occasionally cultivated but not spontan eou s fl most Of the year A , , . .
native Of I ndia .
2 J . ul ea tum ( B lanco ) Walp

. ac .
A somewhat scan dent gl abrous shrub 2 to 5 m high L eaves simple .

,
ova t e to oblong ovate acuminate base usually rounded 4 t o 7 cm l ong -

, , , ,
2 to cm wide shining ; petioles j ointed the persi stent bases simulating

, ,
s hort blunt spines Inflorescence axilla ry an d terminating t h e short l ateral

.
bran ches f ew fl ower ed oft en with only from 1 to 3 flowers C alyx gr een
,
-
, .
,
wi t h 4 t o 6 short teeth C orol l a whit e the tube slender to cm .

, ,
l ong the l obes 6 t o 8 n arrowly l an ceol ate a cuminate sp reading about

, , , , ,
cm lon g F ru it gl obose or ovoid gl abrou s fleshy black about 8 mm

.
, , , ,
i n diame t e r ( F l Filip p l 445 J m a r i a n um )

. . . .
, . .
In thi ckets San P edro M a ca t i M asambong etc fl most of the year ;

, , , .
, .
wi de ly distributed in the Philippines E ndemi c . .
J . SA M BA C (L ) A i t
. . C a m p op o t S ampa guita ( Sp .
J asmine .
A s pr ea din g o r s ub s ca n d en t gl abrous shrub u sually l ess than 2 m high , .
Leav es ovate obtus e acute or shortly acuminate glossy 6 t o 1 2 cm long

, , , , , ,
s h o r t p et i oled Inflorescence axill ary solita ry peduncled f ew fl ower ed

~
.
, , ,
-
,
366 A FL OR A OF M A N ILA
racemose or c ymose F lowers white very fragrant C alyx teet h 8 t o 1 0 .

, .
-
‘
,
very slender 5 to 8 mm long mostly longer than the tube C oroll a tube
, , .
-
slender 1 to cm l ong the l imb usu ally double

, to 2 cm in diameter , , .
( Fl F ilip p l
. . .
F requent in cultivation but not spontaneous fl al l the year A native , , . .
of India n o w much cultivated in all tropical countries

, .
4 J . . M U L T F L OR U M I ( B urm ) R oth . . S ampa guit a de C hin a ( Sp

L a gi t i c
erect o r somewhat climbing shrub 2 to 5 m high more or less pubescent

An , .
Leaves ovate 4 to 9 cm l ong base cordate ap ex acuminate C ym es ter

, , , .
minal cro wded densely many fl o wer ed 7 t o 1 0 cm in diameter Flowers

, ,
-
, .
white fra grant C alyx pubes cent t h e l obes linear 5 to 6 mm long C o

, .
, , .
roll a tub e about -

cm lon g the l obes 7 to 9 spreading oblon g to , , , ,
long .
C u l tivated for orn ament al pu rp oses fl most of the y ear A nativ e of , . .
India ; introduced in t h e Philippines and cultivated only .
113 . S A L VA D OR A C E A E ( SA LVA DOR A F A M I LY)

S candent or rambling shrub s w ith opposite entir e l eaves and S lender
axill ary spines F lowers small dioeciou s axill ary sessile o r in smal l
.
, , , ,
a xillary or terminal pani cles clusters or umbels C alyx fre e campanul ate , , .
, ,
4—fi d or irregul arly 2 to 4lobed P etal s 4 oblong imbricate Stamen s -

.
, , .
4 alt ern at e wi th t h e petals hypogynou s Ovary superior 2 cell ed ; sti gma

, , .
,
-
n early sessile l arge 2 fi d Ovules 2 o r 1 in each cell Fru it a small

, ,
-
. .
globose or ovoid 3 to 1 seeded ber r y ,

-
.
G en er a 3 speci es 6 or 7 tropi cal an d subtropical A sia A fri ca and

, , , ,
Mal aya a singl e genu s an d species in the P hi l ippin es

, .
AZI MA Lamarck
C haracters of t h e F amily as giv en above .
Sp ecies 2 or 3 tropic a l A si a to M al aya an d

, S outh A fri ca , in t he Ph i l
i pp i n es .
1 . A mento s a ( B l ) B enth
. sar . .
A s candent or r ambling gl abrou s shrub 2 t o 4m in len gth rank smelling , ,

-
when crushed t h e bran ches slend er terete gr een Leaves shining ovat e
, , , .
,
t o ellipti c o v ate entire acute api cul ate 5 to 8 cm l ong shor t petioled t h e
-
, , , , ,
-
,
spines usu ally 2 or 4 at each node slender sha rp 5 t o 1 0 mm lon g , , , .
Pani cles terminal an d axil l ary 4 to 1 5 cm long t h e bra cts smal l F lower s , , .
greenish about 3 mm l ong , Fruit fleshy gre en or nearly white sub .

,
globose about 6 mm in di a m eter with from 1 to 3 seeds

, , .
In hedges and thi ckets M al abon Pasay M ayp aj o etc fl F eb —M ar ; , , , , .

, . . .
i n t h e Philippines of local occurrence and possibly an introduced plant onl y , ,
but i f so natural iz ed India t o B urma and M al aya

, .
, .
114 L . OG A N I A C E A E ( S T R YC H N I N E or I GA SU D F A M IL Y )
Herbs , shrubs , or trees , sometimes climbing , with opposite , simple , entire

or slight l y toothed leaves the stipules variou s or none Flow ers regular , .
,
in simpl e or compound ter minal or axill a r y cymes sometime s s ub s p i c a t e , , ,
or even solitary C alyx 4 or 5 lobed inferior C oroll a 4 or 5 l ob ed ,.

-
, .
-
sma l l or l arge S tamen s 4 or 5 inserted on t h e corol l a tube alternate

.
-
,
-
,
s l enderly pedun cled about 1 cm long C alyx gre en the teeth linear
, .
,
l anceol ate C oroll a whi t e or very p al e pink t wo l o bes somewhat l arger

.
-
,
than the other two C apsule oblong as long a s t h e c a l yx .

, .
On l edges alon g streams M as ambong et c fl Oct —M ar ; widely dis , , .

, . . .
tributed in the Philippines T ropical A frica and A si a thro ugh M al aya to .

,
A ustralia .
1 1 6 A P OC Y N A
. CE A E ( A L ST ON I A on D I T A F A M I LY)
rect or twining vines o r trees rarely undersh rub s Leaves Opposite

E , , .
o r whor l ed sometimes altern ate simple entire F l owers in terminal or

, , , .
axill ary cym es perfect re gular C alyx 5 rarel y 4l obed often gl andul ar
, , .
-
,
within C oroll a rotate o r sa l ver shaped the l obes 5 rarely 4 spreading

.
-
, , , ,
i mbri cate and twi st ed in bud rarely valvate t h e thro at s om etim es append , ,
a ged Stamens 5 rarely 4 on t h e tub e or throat of t h e coroll a inc l uded

.
, , ,
o r exserted the anthers conniving often adhering to t h e sti gma Dis k

, , .
various or non e Ova ry 1 celled 2 celled or of 2 fre e or more or less

.
-
,
-
uni t ed carpel s oft en united only by the styles ; ovu l es f ew t o man y F ru it

, .
a dry or fleshy drupe o r berry or a d r y or fleshy follicl e solitary o r in , ,
p airs and more or less uni t ed at t h e base S eed s v a rious Of t en wi nged or .

,
with a t ermi n a l com a of l on g sof t h a irs Juic e m i l ky . .
Genera 1 62 spe cies about in a ll tropi ca l countri es f ew i n t emper a t e

, ,
regions 32 gen era an d about 50 speci es in the Philippines

, .
1 . A nthers inc l u ded or exserted free from t h e sti gma , .
2 Leaves al t erna t e
. .
3 Leaves broa d ; trees wi th nearly whi t e flower s

. .
4 Ovu l es many in each cell

.
4 Ovules 4 in ea ch ce ll
.
3 Leaves linear ; shrubs wi th l arg e y ellow flow er s

.
2 Leaves oppo site

. .
3 U ndershrub s with showy pin k or whit e flow ers , and smal l

. dry fol
li c les
3 . Shrubs with smal l or medium white flow ers an d red more or l ess ,
fleshy usually lon gitu dinally ridged or keeled folli cles

, .
5 . T a b er n ac m on t a n a
2. Leaves whorled .
3 T rees with small white flowers

. an d v ery long s lender folli c l es .
6 A ls t om
. a
3 . S hrub s
or vines with large y el l ow flowers .
1 . A nthers surrounding an d a dn at e t o t h e stigm a .
2 C oroll a throat with 5 to 1 0 entire or fi m b r i a t e scales or appendages

.
-
.
3 A nthers exserte d ;
. 8 Wr i gh t i a .
3 A nthers included
. .
4 Shrub s wi th narrow densely nerved leaves t h e coro l l a l obes not

.
, ,
-
elongated ; cultivated only 9 N er i u m .
4 V ines wi th broad l eaves the coroll a lobes p roduced into v ery l on g

.
,
-
,
pen dulous ta i l s 1 0 S t r op h a n t h us .
2 C oro l l a throat naked

.
-
.
3 A nthers exserte d their fil aments spirally twi s t ed

. 1 1 P a rs o n s i a
,
.
3 A nthers inc l uded or half exserted their filamen t s n o t twisted

.
-
,
.
A P OCYN A CE AE 369
4 Flowers medium , the coroll a lobes spreading, nearly straight ,
.
-
1
to 2 cm long
4 Flowers small the coroll a lobes short thei r tips
.
,
-
, d efl ex ed .
13 . I c h n o c a r p us
1 . PL U MIE R A Li nnaeu s
rect gl abrous trees wi th very stout branches Leaves sc att ered elon
E .
,
gated Flowers l arge in terminal cym es C alyx small 5 lobed the lobe s
.
, .
,
-
,
obtuse C oroll a funnel shaped the lobes strongly overl apping S tamens
.
-
, .
i nserted near the base of the tube ; anthers obtuse rounded at the ba se , ,
free from the sti gma C arpe l s 2 distinct ; ovules m any F ruit a l inea r .
, .
Oblong or ellip soid follicle ( In honor of C Plumier an early F rench . .

,
botanist ) .
Species about 40 all of tropica l A merica the following n o w cultivated in , ,
1 . P I A P oir. C al achuchi ( S p
A C U T F OL T emple F lower Grave
I . .
,
yard F lower F r a n gi p a n gi , .
A tree 3 to 7 m high the branchlets swollen leafy at their tips

.
Leaves , , .
ob l ong n arrowed at both ends 20 to 40 cm long F lowers numerous very

, , .
,
fragrant white an d p inkish outside yellow within 5 to 6 cm long ( F l

, , , . .
Filip p l . .
C ommonly cultivated for the fragrant flowers but not spontaneous fl , , .
all the year ; cultivated in all tropical countries a n ative of tropical A merica , .
2 C E R BE R A
. Linnaeu s
Gl abrou s trees with altern ate leaves Flowers rather large in terminal .
,
cymes C alyx 5 p arted not gl andular C orolla funnel shaped or salver

.
-
, .
-
shaped the tube slen der the lobes broad S tamens included ; anthers
, , .
l anceol ate cell s rounded at the base free from the sti gma D isk none
, , . .
C arpel s 2 distin ct ; ovu les 4in each carpel

,
F ru it l arge ovoi d or ellip soid .
, ,
the pericarp thick fibrous an d woody ( A fter the dog C erberu s of Greek , .
mythology ) . I
A small genu s of 5 o r 6 species in the littoral districts from M adagascar

to India and M al aya at least 2 i n the Philippines , .
1 . C . Gaertn B arab ay Lipata

o d o lla m .
,
A tree 4 to 6 m high the branches stout Leaves l anceol ate to oblong , .
l anceol ate narrowed at both ends ; acumin ate about 20 cm long shining
, , , ,
the nerves slender C ymes often a s long as the lea v es peduncled C a l yx .

, .
tube short the lobes S p readin g p ale green l anceolate a cuminate about
, ,
-
, , ,
2 cm long C oroll a tube slender greeni sh whi t e enlarged above about 4

.
-
,
-
, ,
cm long the 5 lobed l imb whi t e w ith a purple cente r spreading about 5 cm
,
-
, ,
in diameter F ruit smooth ellip soid or ovoi d about 6 cm long

.
, , .
Occasional along the P asay beach fl all the year ; throughout the P hil , .
i p p i n es alon g the seashore Indi a to C hina M al aya A u strali a an d P 01 .

, , ,
yn es i a .
3 . T HE V E T I A Linnaeu s
S hrubs with elongated bran ches and numerous entire narrow alternate , , ,
leaves . Flowers l arge yellow sol itary or i n few fl ower ed cymes C alyx
, ,
-
.
l obes 5 ,
l anceol ate somewh at sp reading C oroll a funnel shaped the lower
, .
-
,
1 1 1 55 5— 24
p art of the tube cylindric dila t ed abo ve t he l obes 5 longer than the tube , , , ,
somewhat inequil a t eral S tamens adnate t o t h e b earded throat of t h e .
coroll a tube the anthers free from t h e sti gma Disk lobed Ovary 2 lobed
-
, . .
-
2 celled the cells 2 o v uled

-
D rupe broader than long the endocarp hard
,
-
.
, ,
2 celled 2 to 4seeded
-
( In honor of A T hevet a F rench p ri est wh o
,
-
. .
,
worked in B razil ) .
S pecies abo ut 7 in tropica l A merica some n ew cultivated in other warm ,
countries .
1 . T Juss C ampanill a ( S p
. N E R I I F OL I A .
A n er ect , branched gl a brou s sh r ub 2 to 5 m high with copiou s milky , ,
s ap Leaves l inear 1 0 to 1 5 cm long 7 to 1 0 mm wide sessile shining

.
, , , , .
C alyx t eeth a cumina t e 7 t o 9 mm long green

-
C oroll a 7 cm long abo ut , .
5 cm broad yello w Dr upe subglobos e gl abrous green shining 3 t o 4 cm

, .
, , , ,
in diameter ( Fl Filip p l . . .
C u l tivated on l y fl a l l t h e year ; an ornamental shrub introduced fro m

, .
tropical A m erica .
4 L OC H N E R A R eich enb a ch .
undershrub s or sh rubby pl ants with erect s t ems Leaves opposite

L ow .
,
entire Flowers axil l a ry s o l itary or in p airs C alyx lobes 5 slender

.
, .
-
, .
C oro ll a salver shaped ; the tube slender the l imb of 5 broad spreading
-
, , ,
lob es S t a men s included the an t hers free from t h e sti gma Dis k of 2
.
, .
l ar g e glan ds a l ternating with t h e carpel s C arpel s 2 distinct united by .

, ,
t h e sty l es Follicles 2 several s eed ed er ec t or spreading S eeds not a p

'
-
.
, , .
p en d a ged ( In honor of M F Lochner an early Ge rm an botanist )

. . .
, .
Speci es 3 tropical A meric a India an d M adagascar a single introduced

, , , ,
on e i n t h e Phi l ippines .
1 . L . R OSE Ao s ea ( L ) R ei c h b ( Vi n c a
C h i ch i r i c a ( Sp
. . , r .
A n er ect simple or slightly branched plant 30 to 5 0 cm hi gh gl abrous

, , ,
or s l ightl y pubescent t h e stems woody at least below Leaves Oblong 4 , .

,
to 7 cm l ong apex u sually rounded and apiculate base Often inequil ateral
, , .
C al yx l obe s subul ate about 4 mm lon g green

-
C oroll a tube slender , , .
-
,
to 3 cm l ong p ale green the limb sp reading to

, cm in diame t er
-
, , ,
white pink red or white with a r ed or pink center t h e lobes obliqu ely
, , , ,
obovate to cm wi de F ollicles cylindric pubescent 2 to 3 cm long

, .
, , .
( F l Filip p l . . .
F requently cu l tivated fl all t h e ye a r ; all tropic al countries cultiv a t ed , .

,
or wild A n ative of tropical A meri ca,n o w n atural ized an d wi dely dis

.
tributed in t h e Philippines .
5 . T A B E R N A E M ON T A N A Linnaeu s
rect shrubs or small trees glabrous or somewhat pubescent Leave s
E ,
.
Opposite on e of each p ai r often smaller than the other

,
F lowers white .
,
5 m er ou s in f ew fl o w er ed axillary cym es in p airs or sol itary

-
, C alyx-
, , .
5 lobed or p arted u sually gl an dular within

-
Co rolla salver shaped the
-
, .
-
,
tube cylindric somewhat inflated at or above the middle the lobes spread
, ,
ing often falc ate S tamens inserted at or abov e the mi ddle of the tube
, . ,
included the anthers free from the sti gma C arpel s 2 f r ee ; o v u les many
,
.
,
~
in each carpel F ruit of 2 somewhat fleshy usually red oblong to s ub glo

.
, , ,
bose smooth or lon gitudinally ribbed f ew to many seeded follicles ; seeds

, ,
-
born e in the pulp grooved down one side ( I n honor Of J B T aberna e , . . .
montanu s an early Germ an physi cian and botanist )

, .
free from the stigma Ova ry O f 2 distinct carpels ; styl e fi li f or m ; ovu l es

.
very numerous in many series F ru it of 2 long slender follicles S eeds

, .
, , .
l inea r fl attened ciliate at both ends

, , .
Species about 3 5 tropic al A frica an d A sia to A ustral ia and P olynesi a

, ,
about 4in the Philippines ( In hono r of Dr A l sto n an E nglish physi cian ) . .

, .
1 . A . sc h o la r i s (L ) . R . Br . D ita
A gl ab r ous tree 6 to 20 m high with abundant milky sap the branches ,
whorled Leaves verticill ate 4t o 7 in a whorl cori aceous 8 to 20 cm long

.
, , , ,
Oblong obovate rounded base acute green an d shining on the upper surface
-
, , , ,
the lower surface white or grayish ; nerves very numerous p arallel hori , ,
zon t a l C ymes peduncl ed often umbellately branched the whole i n fl o r es

.
, ,
c en c e a b o u t 1 0 cm long F lowers crowded numerou s somewhat pubescent

'
.
, , ,
white about 1 cm long throat villou s Follicles pendulous sl en der cyl

, , .
, ,
i n d r i c 20 t o 40 cm long 4 to 5 mm i n di ame t er
, S eeds about 4 mm long , .
,
the bro wn cili ate hairs on the ends longer than the seeds ( F l F ilip p l . . . .
Old B otanic Garden , fl pril ; widel y distributed in the . A P hilippines .
A fric a tropical A si a M al aya and A ustralia

, , , .
7 . A L L A M A N DA Linnaeus
rect or somewhat climbing shrub s glabrou s or pubescent Le aves
E , .
verticillate or opposi t e penninerved u sually glandul ar in the axils of the , ,
nerves on the lower surface F lowers l arge yellow at the en ds of the .

, ,
branches in f ew fl o w er ed axill ary racemes C alyx 5 parted t h e segments

-
.
-
,
l anceol ate exterior ones usually the l arger C oroll a broadly funnel
, .
sh aped the tube narrow at the base abruptly enl arged and camp anul a t e
, ,
above the lobes bro ad S tamens inserted in the t h r ea t the anthers free
, .
,
from the stigm a Disk thick fleshy Ovary e ntire l celled with 2 p arieta l
.
, .
,
-
pl acentae F ruit an ovate compressed capsule ( I n honor of Dr A lla m a n d

. . .
,
a Dutch physician ) .
S pecies about 1 2 in tropical A merica some n o w cultivated i n all warm ,
countries .
C orolla about 7 cm long . . 1 . A . ca t h a r t i c a

C oroll a about 1 2 cm long 2 A . . h en d er so n i i
1 . A . I L C amp anill a ( S p —F i l )
C A T H AR T CA . . .
A glabrou s or somewhat pubescent erect or s ub s c a n d en t shrub 2 to 4 , ,
m high Leaves in whorl s of three or four or the uppermost ones scattered

.
, ,
l anceolate or obl anceol ate acuminate sessile about 1 2 cm long to 4 , , , ,
cm wide the upper surface shining F lowers shortly pedicelled yellow

, .
, ,
c a l yx teeth green somewh at sp reading l anceol ate acuminate 1 to

-
, cm , , ,
long C oroll a about 7 cm long the slender part of the tube 3 cm long
.
, ,
then inflated and about 2 cm in diameter the lobes o v ate or oblong—ovate , ,
spreading rounded about 2 cm long ( F l F ilip p l

, , . . . .
A co mmonly cultivated shrub fl all the yea r apparently sub spontaneou s , .

,
in some p arts of the P hilippines A native of tropical A merica n o w widely .

,
distributed in the tropics .
2 A
. I I B ull
. H E N DE R S ON .
A gl abrous shrub 2 to 4 m high sometimes s ub s c a n d en t Leaves in , .
whorl s of fours Oblong obovate to elliptic Obl ong 1 0 to 1 4 cm l ong sharply

,
- -
, ,
A P OC YN A CE A E 373
acuminate C orolla yellow about 1 2 cm long the tube slender below i n
'
.
, , ,
fl a t ed above the l imb about 8 cm wide , .
C ultivated for ornamental purposes fl all the year ; a native of tropical , .
A merica of recent introduction here, .
8 . W R I G HT I A R . B rown
Pubescent or gl abrous trees with abundant milky sap Leaves ovate to .
oblong opposite Flowers of medium size in terminal an d axillary cymes

, .
, .
C alyx short 5 p arted with glands o r scales inside

,
-
C oroll a salver sha p ed , .
-
,
the tube cylindric rather short the throat with 1 or 2 series of usually , ,
fi m b r i a t e scales S tamens inserted near the top of the tube exserted

.
, ,
surrounding and a dhering to the stigm a Ov ary of 2 free or connate many .

, ,
Ov u led carpel s ; style fi li f o r m F oll icles stout connate or distinct S eeds .

, .
l inear coma deciduou s ( In honor Of W Wright an E ngli sh physici an )

, . .
,
.
S pecies about 1 2 t r op ical A frica and A sia to A ustralia 3 in the P hil ip , ,
p I n es .
1 . la niti ( B lanco ) M err ( W ovata A DC ) Laniti

W . . . . .
A tree 5 to 1 2 m high with firm white wood Leaves ovate to oblong ovate .
-
,
acuminate 6 to 1 2 cm long pubescent distichous C ymes 5 to 8 cm long

, , , . .
C oroll a pink and white T h e tub e short the lobes ovate or Oblong about .
, ,
cm long the scales alternating wi th the lobes S tamens exserted F oll i

, . .
cles cylindric pointed 1 0 to 30 cm l ong 1 to , cm in di ameter ; coma of , ,
the seeds cop ious white ( F l F ilip p l , . . .
In thickets Pasay to M asambong and C aloocan fl M a y —A u g ; widely di s

, , .
tributed in the P hilippines E ndemic . .
9 . N E R I U M Linnaeu s
rect branched glabrous shrubs the leaves narrow coriaceous whorled o r
E , , , , ,
rarely Opposite densely nerved F lowers l arge in terminal racemose cym es

, .
, ,
.
C alyx 5 p arted C oroll a funnel shaped the tube cylin dric enl arged above
-
.
-
, , ,
the throat with a r o w of appendages cleft into l inear se gments the lobes ,
broad S preadin g S tamens inserted at the inflation of the tube the anthers
, .
,
included h airy surrounding and adhering to the stigma Ovary of 2 dis

, ,
. .
tinct c arpel s many ov u led Foll icles elongated cylindric S eeds villous
,
-
.
, .
,
with a terminal coma ( T h e ancient Greek name Of the Oleander ) . .
S pecies 2 or 3 M editerranean region to J apan a singl e introduced one in

, ,
the P hilippines .
1 I N DI CU M M ill ( N o d o r u m
. N . A delfa ( S p Oleander . .
.
A n erect shrub to 3 m high Leaves mostly in whorl s of 3 or 4 linear .

,
l anceo late acuminate 1 1 to 1 5 cm long the n um er o u S n er v es horizontal

, , ,
‘
F lowers 4to 5 cm in diameter white pink or red fragrant F ollicles long , , , ,

. .
( F l F ilip p l
. . .
C ultivated but not spontaneous fl all the year ; in most towns in the , .
P hilippines in cultivation A fl gh a n i s t a n to Indi a and Japan ; introduced in

'
the P hil ippines at an early d ate .
1 0 S T R OP HA N T H U S DeC a n d o lle
.
S tout
woody vines shrubs or trees Leaves Opposite F lowers large i n , , . .
,
terminal cymes C alyx 5 p arted gl andular within C oroll a funnel shaped

.
-
,
.
-
the throat broader an d campanula t e with 5 cleft or 1 0 free appendages the , , ,

374 A F L OR A OF M A N I LA
l obes 5 p rodu ced into very l ong slender pen dulou s tails Stamens includ ed
, , , .
,
the anthers surrounding and adherin g t o the sti gma their tips fi li f o r m , .
Disk none C arpel s 2 free many ov u led

. Follicles l arge woody oblong , ,
-
.
, , ,
seeds beaked with a feathery t ail or sessile com a of long soft whit e hair s
, , , .
”
( Greek a tu rning an d
“
Species 3 5 tropica l A sia A frica and M al aya 1 or 2 in the Phil ipp ines
, , , , .
1 . S . c um c t us
i n gi I A . DC .
(S . er e
A s t out hi g h c l imbing woody vine or at fi rs t erect an d shrub l ike gla

,
-
-
,
brou s Leaves el liptic ova t e to oblong ovate 8 to 1 3 cm long shortl y acu

.
- -
, ,
mina t e C ymes termina l gl abrous f ew fl ower ed C alyx lobes slender 7

.
, ,
-
.
-
t o 9 mm l ong Coroll a tube whi t e 2 cm l ong t h e l ob es 8 mm wi d e at the

.
-
, ,
b as e a ttenua t e into long s l en der drooping tip s a bou t 1 3 cm l ong t h e a p

, , , ,
penda g es c l eft about 1 cm l ong A pica l awn s of t h e anthers up t o 1 5 mm

, .
in l ength F ollicles wood y, Obl ong o void about 1 6 cm l on g and 7 cm in

.
-
,
diam eter .
R are in cu l tivation Si n ga lon fl mo s t of t h e y ea r ; wi d el y distribu t ed i n

, , .
the Philippines E n demic . .
11 . P A R S ON S I A R . B rown
S l ender or stout woody climbin g vines Leaves opposite F lower s , , . .
sm a l l i n a xill a r y or t er min a l c o r ymbo s e c ym es C a l yx 5 p a r t i t e wi th i n

, .
-
,
na k ed gl andul a r or with 5 s cale s C o r oll a s a l ver sh a p ed t h e tub e s h or t ,

, , .
-
,
c y lindric or globose t h e throat n ak ed Stamens ins erted in the corolla , .
tube ; filaments twisted ; anthers half exs ert ed surrounding an d adhering to -

,
the stigma Disk Of 5 lob es or scales Ova r y 2 c ell ed F ru it of 2, n ea r ly

. .
-
.
free l anceol ate cyl in dric follicles Seeds l inear to Oblong the tip n arrowed
,
-
.
,
and with a coma of soft silky h airs at the summit ( In honor of J P a r s On s . .

,
an E ngl ish p h ysici an ) .
Species about 1 2 tropical A si a to A ustral ia and N ew Zeal and 2 in t h e

, ,
Phi l ippines .
1 . P umi n gi a n a A DC
. c . .
A gl abrous scandent woody vine r ea ching a height of about 5 m

, L eav es , , .
el l iptic t o elliptic ovate, sho r tly a cumin a t e 5 to 8 c m l ong C y m es a xi ll ary ,

-
, .
trichotomous less than one half a s long as t h e l eaves F lowers yellowi sh

,
-
.
g reen 7 mm l ong F ol l i cl es l anceola t e 7 to 9 cm l ong about 1 c m i n

, .
, ,
diameter S eeds about 1 cm long the coma copious soft

. cm long , , , .
In thick ets nea r t h e bea ch Pasay fl J un e—S ept ; rath er wi d el y d i s t r i b , , . .
u t ed in Luzon E ndemic . .
1 2 A G A N OS M A
. G . Don
C l imbing sh rubs , gl abrou s or pubescent L eaves oblong , acuminat e, .
opposite C ym es t erminal an d axillary , small or medium in size Flow er s

. .
white S ep al s acumina t e C oroll a s alver shaped , the tub e short , t h e lobes

. .
-
l a nc eo l at e, mu ch l onger th an t h e tub e S ta m ens includ ed , t h e a n th er s .
meeting over the sti gma and a dna t e to i t Disk 5 lobed Ovary of 2, -
.
-
.
di s tinct man y ov u led carp el s Follic l e s cylindric elon g at ed

,
-
.
, , s tra i g h t or
cu r v ed linear S eeds ovate or oblong ( Greek

, . .
Species about 5 Indi a to M al aya 2 in t h e Phi l ippines , , .
1 . umi n a t a ( R oxb ) G Don (A m a r gi n a t a G Don )

A . ac . . . . .
A woody vine reaching a hei ght of 1 0 m or l ess slightly pubesc ent , or
nearly gl abrou s Leaves oblon g acuminate , base acute or obtuse, 6 to

.
,
12
1 . F il aments united ; pollen masses waxy 1 or 2 i n each anther cell -

,
-
.
2 Pollen masses pendulous

.
-
.
3 E rect herbs with showy red and o range ye llow

. 3 A s c lep i a s -
.
3 T wining slende r vines with small flowers

. 4 I s c h n o s t em m a .
2 Pollen masses erect

.
-
.
3 C oroll a lobes imb ricate

.
-
.
4 C orona borne on the corolla tub e

. 5 G ym n em a -
.
4 C orona borne on the staminal —tube

. .
5 C oroll a rotate or somewhat c o m p a n u la t e

. 6 T y lop h or a . .
5 C oroll a somewhat s alver shaped the tube swollen below

.
-
, .
7 . T elos m a
3 . C oroll al obes valvate ; mostly ep i phytic vines with abundant milky
-
j uice and thick fleshy leaves

, , .
4 S taminal column not appendaged on the back

.
-
8 C on c h op h y llum .
4 S taminal co l umn appendaged on the back

.
-
.
5 C oroll a rotate ; corona stellate the lower lobes erect or spread

.
,
ing the upper ones beaked , 9 Ho y a . . .
5 C oroll a urceo l at e o r cyl ind r i c ; coron a p rocesses vary thin

.
-
.
1 0 Di s c h i d i a
.
11 . C R Y P T OS T E G I A R . B rown .
C limbing woody vines with Opposite shining leaves F lowers l arge , .
sho wy , in f ew fl o w er ed , terminal , dichotomous or trichotomous cymes Se

-
.
p als l anceolate C oroll a funnel shaped the tube short the l imb c a m p a n u
.
-
, ,
late with 5 broad lobes C oron al scales at the base of the throat subul ate
, .
-
, ,
entire or 2 cleft F il aments short ; anthers adnat e to the stigma acute ;

-
.
,
pollen masses in pairs in each cell F ollicles thick diva ricate hard 3
-
.
, , ,
Winged furrowed between t h e wings Seeds comose ( Greek conc eal

,
”
. .
“
and
S pecies 2 tropical A sia and A fric a 1 introduced in the P hilippines
, , .
1 . I C ( R oxb ) R B r
. GR A N D F L OR A . . .
A stout woody vine gl abrou s or nearly so Leaves Oblong ovate to , .

-
elliptic ovate acuminate 6 to 1 0 cm l ong b ase rounded C ymes short

-
, , , . .
Sepal s green about 8 mm long C oroll a p ale purple about 4cm long Often
, .
-
, ,
wi der than long F ollicles 1 0 to 1 2 cm long woody .

, .
Occasionally cultiva t ed fl A ug — S ept and p robably in other months of , . .

, ,
recent introduction her e S uppos ed to be a nativ e of M adagascar or tropica l .
A f rica cultiva t ed in Indi a an d in many other tropi cal countries

, .
2 S T R E P T OC A U L ON
. Wight A rnott
T wining ,
pubescent somewhat woody vines usu ally slender Lea v es , , .
opposite Flowers small numerous in axill ary lax p anicled cymes C alyx
.
, , , , .
small 5 p artite with 5 scales within a t the base C oroll a rotate the tube
,
-
, .
,
very short the lobes ovate slightly imbric ate C orona processes fi li f o r m
, , .
-
,
adn ate to the backs of the filaments S tamens inserted at the base of .
the coroll a alternating with minute glands ; anthers oblong adherent to

, ,
the style apex ; appendages small tri an gular connate over the apex of the
-
, ,
style ; pollen m asses 2 in each cell Ovary of 2 di stinct c arpel s ; style short
-
. .
Foll icles in p airs divaricate slender pubescent S eeds flattened keeled on , , , .

,
the lower surface ; coma white silky ( Greek t o twist and”

, .
Species about 7 India to M al aya 2 in the P hilippines , , .

A S C L E P I A DA CE A E
1 . S . b a um I I Dec ne .
scandent woody vine the stems rather slender Leaves elliptic to

A , .
e l liptic ovate rounded or somewhat acuminate base rounded 7 to 1 5 cm

-
, , ,
long 4 to 8 cm wi de pubescent the lower surfac e rather densely so

, , , .
C ymes axillary solitary o r i n pairs trichoto mou s l ax 4to 9 cm long

, C alyx , , , .
small greenish C oroll a purple rotate 5 mm in diameter the lobes ovate

, .
, , ,
o r oblong ovate F ollicles cyl indric slender pubescent 5 to 9 cm long

-
.
, , , .
( F l F ilip p l
. . .
In thic k ets occasional fl Oc t — Dec ; widely distributed in the Philip

, , . . .
pines E ndemic . .
3 A S C L E P I A S Linnaeu s .
rect perennia l herbs with milky sap Leaves Opposite o r whor l ed

E . .
F l owers in peduncled or sessile umbel s terminal or l ateral in ou r species , ,
red and orange ye l low C alyx deeply 5 p arted with 5 to 1 0 gl andul ar scales
-
.
-
,
at the base within C oroll a rotate deeply 5 lobed the lobes valvate o r .
,
-
,
slightly overlappin g u sually r efl ex ed when Open C orona of 5 processe s , .
arising from the staminal column an d adna t e t o it above the lobes ovate -
, ,
conc ave hooded with usually a horn like tooth projecting from within
-
,
-
.
Stamens inserted on the base of the coroll a ; filaments connate into a tube ;
anthers with a membranaceous appendage i n fl ex ed over the apex of t h e
style ; pollen masses 1 in each cell F ollicles variable the peric arp usually
-
.
,
coriaceous S eeds comose ( T h e ancient Greek n ame )

. . .
S pecies 8 0 chiefly in A merica an d A frica 1 introduced in the P hilippines

, , .
1 . A . L M ilkweed
C U R A SS A VI CA . .
A n erect simple o r slightly branched perenni al gl abrous herb 40 to 60

, , ,
cm high Leaves opposite lanceol ate to oblon g l anceol ate acuminate bas e
.
, ,
-
, ,
narrowed 7 to 1 3 cm lon g U mbel s axill ary an d termin al peduncled f ew

, .
, ,
to many fl o wer ed S epals linear green C oroll a lobes red r efl ex ed Oblong

-
.
, .
-
, , ,
about 8 mm long C olumn stipita t e the coron a yellow the flower including .
, , ,
the r efl ex ed corolla to cm long F oll icles lanceol ate acuminate , .

, ,
narrowed at both ends 6 to 8 cm long 1 to cm in diameter in the middle , ,

.
( F l F ilip p l
. . .
I n open waste pl aces fl most of the year ; common an d widely distributed , .
i n the P hilippines A native of tropic al A meric a n ow a weed in most trop .

,
ica l countries .
4 . I S C HN OS T E M MA King Gamble
sl ender vines with opposite leaves Inflorescence of slen der ;
T wining .
f ew fl o wer ed l ateral peduncled umbel s the pedicel s slender

-
, C alyx 5 fi d , , .
-
.
C oroll a rotate the tube short the lobes long slender imbricate , C orona of , , , .
5 membranaceous la n c eola t e fl a t t en ed processes attached to the b ase of the

, ,
'
staminal column S taminal column attached to the base of the coroll a tube
-
.
- -
,
the anthers slender the appendages short thin obtuse connivent over the , , , ,
apex of the style ; pollen masses 1 in each cell pendulous ellip soi d Ovary -
, , .
of 2 carpels ; styles connate above F ollicles slender long acuminate l an .

,
-
,
c eo la t e in outline S eeds small fl at winged comose ( Greek vestige

” “
.
, , , .
and wreath or ” “
378 A
-
FL OR A OF M A N I LA
1 . a r n o s um ( R B r ) M err
I . c R olfe . . . .
A slender perenni al twining gl abrous vine 2 to 5 m high

, Leaves , , .
smooth an d shining when fresh somewhat fleshy elliptic ovate to oblong , ,

-
,
base rounded or acute apex apicul a t e 2 to 5 cm long 1 to cm wide t h e , , , ,

’
petioles 5 to 1 0 mm long Peduncles axilla r y solitary 5 to 1 0 mm long .

, , ,
e ach bearing from 1 to 3 or 4 s ub um b ella t ely dispose d flowers the pedicel s , ,
sl ender up to cm long F lowers straw colored the coroll a tube very

, .
-
,
-
short t h e limb spreading radiate nearly

, cm in di ameter the corolla , , ,
lobes narrowl y l anceol ate a cumin ate curved , , .
In thickets along ti da l streams P asay fl A u g—S ept ; rare in the , , . .
Phi l ippines M al ay P eninsula and A u strali a

. .
5 . GYM N E M A R . B rown
Woody o r herbaceous twining vines with Opposite ovate leaves Flower s .
smal l in axilla r y umbel s or umbellif orm c y mes C alyx 5 pa r ted C oroll a .

-
.
camp anul at e or s ub r ot a t e the lobes thick tw isted in bu d imbricat e or , , ,
s ub v a lv a t e C orona processes 5 a ttached to t h e coroll a tube of 5 fleshy

.
-
,
-
,
lobes a dnate up to t h e mouth of the corolla with more or less fre e incu r ved
, ,
points or o f 5 p ai rs of fl eshy ridges on the lower p art of t h e tub e altern ating

,
s
with the lobes C olumn short A nther tip s s mall thin S ti gma l arge
. .
-
, .
,
conical cl ava t e or c ap itate exserted F ollicles s l ender terete acuminate

, , , .
, , ,
the seeds with a coma ( Greek naked and .

'
“
S p ecies about 25 in A si a A fr i c a M a l aya an d A ustralia 2 or 3 i n t h e , , , ,
P hilipp ines .
1 . ti n gen s ( R oxb ) W
G . A . . .
A r ather slender woody vi n e reaching a height of 1 0 m nearly glabrous , .
Leaves thin ovat e t o elliptic ovate acuminate bas e broadly rounded or

,
-
, ,
somewhat cordate 6 to 1 2 cm long the nerves prominent beneath I n fl o r es

, , .
c enc e axill ary m a ny fl ower ed solitary somewhat pubescent umbel lik e

,
-
, , ,
-
,
t h e pedicels equal ing or l onger than the peduncles F lowers straw yellow .
-
with a faint odor about 5 mm l on g slightly pubescent extern a lly the corolla
, , ,
tub e short broad t h e lobes ovate or Oblong F ollicles a bout 1 0 cm long

, , .
,
l anceol ate Seeds fl attened about . cm long the coma soft white shining , , , , .
( F l F ilip p l 402 B i d a r i a i n o d o r a )
. . .
, .
In thickets Pasay fl July—A ug ; of local occu rrence in the P hilippines

, , . .
I ndia to southern C hin a an d the M alay P eninsu la .
B rown
'
6 . T YL OP HOR A R .
T wining ,
suff ru t escent or som ewhat woody vin es wi th opposite l eav es .
F l owers small in simple or branched axill a ry cymes , C alyx 5 p arted with .

-
,
5 gl ands within C oroll a rotate or somewhat campanul ate deeply 5 lobed

.
,
-
,
lobes sl ightly imbricate C oron a of 5 small fleshy tubercul ar processes .

, , , ,
a dnate to the fil ament p art of t h e staminal column S taminal column a t - -

.
t a c h ed to the base of the coroll a ; anthers with small membranaceous a p ,
pendages Ovary Of 2 carpels F r uit of 1 or 2 follicles slender acuminate

. .
, , ,
” ”
smooth sometimes inflated S eeds comose ( Greek knot an d to bear
,
. .
“ “
in allusion t o t h e thi cken ed processes of the coron a ) .
S pecies about 50 exten ding from Indi a t o A ustrali a about 1 0 in t h e

, ,
Philippines .
8 . C ON C HOP HY L L U M B lume
piphytic twining or pendulou s vines with abundant milky sap and

E , ,
fleshy leaves Leaves opposite or by abortion alternate entire thic k oblong

.
, , ,
to l anceol ate and pl ane or rounded and closely app ressed to the trunks and ,
branches of trees usu ally with f ew to many axillary o r extra axil l ary roo t
,
-
l ets F lowers small f ew to many s ub um b ella t ely or racemosely disposed

.
, ,
near the tip s of short or elongated thickened peduncles which a re marked ,
wi th numerou s scars of fallen pedi cles C alyx small 5 t oothed C oro ll a .

,
-
.
subglobose o r cylind r i c and globose at the base 5 t oothed with 5 i n fl ex ed

, ,
-
,
sc ales at the contraction of the tube the tube villous above the swollen ,
base Stamin al column inclu ded 5 angled not appendaged on the bac k
.
,
-
, ,
the anthers tipped with a thin appendage ; pollen masses 1 in each cell -
.
Ova ry of 2 carpels Follicles slender acumina t e thin S eeds small coma

.
, , .
,
white silky ( Greek shell an d leaf in allusion to the p eculi ar hollow

,
” ”
.
“
leaves of some species ) .
S p ecies about 8 Malay P eninsul a to N ew Guinea 4or 5 in t h e Phi l ippines

, , .
1 . C m . er r i l| i i S c h lt r .
gl abrous flesh y much branched epiphyti c vine with abundant milky

A , ,
-
,
sap growin g in small to l arge masses the stems grayi sh 2 to 5 mm in di

, , ,
a m et er pendulou s or cl imbing often t wining reaching a l en gth of 2 to 3

, , ,
me t ers Leaves oblong t o narrowly oblong 4t o 1 0 cm lon g 1 to 2 cm wi de ,

.
, ,
apex acute or api cul at e b ase acute fleshy 3 to 4mm thick the nerv es none , , , , ,
t h e midrib obsol ete or nearly so R a cemes axill ary t h e rachis short thic k , .
, ,
mar k ed with nume r ou s scars bearing but f ew flowers at o n e time Flow er s , .
r ather b ri ght purple their pedicel s about 2 cm long purple Sepa l s ob l ong
-
, , .
ovate obtuse 1 mm long C oroll a swollen an d globos e at t h e bas e abo ut 3

, , .
,
mm in diamet e r contrac t ed above into a cylindri c tub e about

, m m l on g,
the tub e wi th 5 appendages insi de at the constriction the r efl ex ed parts gla ,
brous villous above the swollen base

, .
On variou s trees M asambong fl Feb S ept ; known only from the vi cin
, , . .
-
.
it y of Manil a .
9 HOY A R B rown . .
T wi ning
or pendulous epiphytic fleshy vines with abundant milky s ap , ,
.
Leaves opp osite fleshy thick F lowers in axill ary racemes or umbel s on
, , .
thickened pedicles or cymose C alyx small 5 p artite C oroll a ro t ate fl esh y

, .
,
-
.
,
or waxy the lobes 5 often convex sp reading or r efl ex ed C oron a processes

, , , .
-
5 l arge more or less fleshy adnate to the staminal column the lower lobe
, , ,
-
,
spreading or ascending often concave on the upper surface the upper lobe , ,
usually p roduced into an erect tooth or process S taminal column short .

-
,
attached to the base of the corolla ; anthers conniving over the apex of t h e -
style thin the a p pendages membranaceous erect or i n fl ex ed ; pollen masses

, , ,
-
1 in each cell Ovary of 2 distinc t c arpels . F ruit of 1 or 2 follicles the .

,
peric arp thin ; seeds comose ( In honor of T Hoy an d E nglish gardener ) . .

,
.
S pecies 80 o r more tropical A si a to A u stral i a about 20 in the P hilippines

, ,
.
1 . H q . on i c a S c h lt r .
climbing somewhat branched glabrous vine with abundant milky sap

A , , ,
3 to 4m high Leaves oblong fleshy a cute or slightly acuminate 9 to 1 3 cm

.
, , ,
long the lower surface obscurely white puncticulate the nerves in fresh
,
-
,
l eaves s c a c ely visible ; petioles thickened to cm long U mbel s axil ,

.
lary solitary the peduncl es up to 7 cm long the pedicel s slender 1 to

, , , ,
C ON VOL VU L A C E AE 381
cm long Flowers lilac purple about 1 cm i n diamete r 1 0 to 1 2 or more

.
-
, ,
in each umbe l the coroll a rota t e t h e lobes b roadly trian gular ovate gl abrou s
, ,
-
,
outsi de insi de densely papillose pubescent C apsules about 1 2 c m l on g

,
-
. .
In d ry ravines Opposite Gu adalupe rare sometimes culti v ated fl June ; , , , .
known only from Luzon and of every local occurrence .
10 . D I S C HI D I A R . B rown
Slender usually epiphytic twining o r pendulous vines cl imbing and

, , ,
rooting on trees Lea v es u su ally Opposite sometimes all flat sometimes

.
, ,
some of them converted into pitchers or in some species all leaves convex and ,
sessile closely app ressed to the surface on which the pl ant grows Flower s
, .
small white yellow or red in axill ary racemes umbel s cymes or fascicles
, , , , , , , ,
the peduncles usually thickened and marked with numerous scars C alyx .
5 p artite glandul ar within

-
C oroll a camp anulate tubula r or u rceolate
, .
, , ,
u sually contracted at the mouth the lobes valvate C orona of 5 membran a , .
c eo u s processes adnate to the back of the staminal column erect entire -

, , ,
notched o r b i fi d at the tips or with incurved or recurved arms F ilaments

, , .
connate into a very short tube ; anthers with memb ranaceou s appendages ;
pollen ma sses 1 in each cell Ovary of 2 c arpel s F ruit of 1 o r 2 small
-
. .
,
slender acuminate foll icl es ; seeds comose ( Greek t wo an d cleft in

,
” ”
.
“ “
allusion to the cleft corona segments ) -

.
S pecies 60 or more India to N ew Guinea and A ustrali a about 1 5 in the , ,
Phil ippines .
1 . D p ec t e n o i d es P earson
. Dapo boho .
-
A n herbaceous , epiphytic , gl abrou s vine

u su ally growing on dead bamboo ,
the branches slender pendulou s oft en twining Lea v es of two kinds oppo , , .
,
si t e normal ones elliptic ovate to l anceol a t e a cuminate thick fleshy

, to -
, , , ,
cm long one of some p airs hollow inside infl ated 4to 6 cm long 4 t o 5
, , , ,
cm wide u sually about 2 cm thick the in t erior more or less fi lled wi th roo t
, ,
l ets from the leaf axil an d with a much smaller interior ascidium u sually t h e
-
domicil of a colony of small bl ack ants Inflorescence axill ary solitary um .

, ,
bellate the peduncle 1 to 2 c m long F lowers 3 to 8 in each umbel the

.
, .
,
c alyx small green the coroll a cyl in dric red apex narrowed about 8 mm
, , , , ,
long F ollicles slender 5 to 7 cm long

.
, .
N o t infrequently brought in from the nei ghboring pro v inces and cu l ti

y ate d in M anil a ; very curiou s on account Of its sym biosis with ants fl most , .
o f the year Known only from Luzon . .
1 18 . C ON V OL V U L A C E A E ( M OR N I N G G L OR Y or
C A M OT E F A M I L Y )
S lender ,spreading or prostrate herbs or twining herbaceou s or woody ,
v ines sometimes with milky sap with altern ate simple entire or lobed
, , , , ,
exstipulate leaves F lowers axill ary solita ry or cymose regul ar perfect

.
, , , ,
often l arge and showy bracteate S epal s 5 imbricate u sually persistent , .

, , ,
often a ccrescent C oroll a campanulate salver shaped or urceolate rarely

.
,
-
, ,
s ub r o t a t e the limb with 5 short or long lobes

, often plicate in bu d S t a , .
men s 5 adnate to the corolla tube Ov ary superior of 2 usually conna t e

,
-
.
,
carpel s Often su rrounded by an annular or lobed disk ; ovules 2 in each

,
c arpel ; style I rarely 2 F ruit an indehiscent Often dry berry or a

, .
, ,
2 to 4valved ci rcu m scissile or i rregularly dehiscent c apsule

-
, S eeds 2 , .
or 4 .
Genera 44 species about i n a ll p arts of t h e worl d

, , b ut more
a bundant in trop ical and subtropical re gions 1 7 g en era and abo ut , 50 s p eci es
1 . Styles 2 free each 2 branched ; s l ender hair y herb s with s ub r ot a t e

, ,
-
fl owers
1 . S ty l es united t h e sti gma s 1 o r 2; flo wer s campanu l a t e s a l v er s h a p ed
, ,
-
or urn shaped -
.
2 C oroll a urn shaped t h e flower s i n den s e axi ll a r y , s ub c a p i t a t e c ym es

.
-
, , .
2 L . ep i s t em on
2 C oroll a
. salver shaped -
.
3 Flowers smal l b ri gh t red the limb n a r row

. 3 Q ua m o c li t
,
-
,
3 Flowers very l a rge white the l imb bro ad

. 4 C a lo n y c t i o n, , .
2. C oroll a campanul ate or funnel shaped -

.
3 Sepal s much enl arged in fruit Oft en fl eshy q uit e enclosing the
.
, ,
cap sule .
4 Stems 4winged o r fl owers y ellow ; cap su l e d ehiscen t 5 Op er c u li n a

.
-
. .
4 Stems terete ; capsule

. 6 S t i c t o c a r di a .
3 S ep al s not or but slightly enl arged in fruit

. .
4 F ruit indehi scent

. .
5 Leaves densel y silky pubescent b eneath wi th white

. s hini n g -
, ,
7 . A r gy r ei a
Leaves gl abrou s or pubescent not white silky
5 .
,
-
8 R i v ea .
4 F ruit deh i scent or the w a ll s fr a gil e an d soon br eakin g up

. .
5 Ovary 1 celled
.
-
5 Ovary 2 t o 4—celled
. .
6 C oroll a tube with 5 v ertical b a nds of 5 p ar a l l el l in es ea ch

.
-
.
1 0 M er r em i a .
6 . C oroll a -
tube wi th 5 vertical b ands of 2 l ines each 1 1 I p o m o ea
. . .
1 . E V OL V U L U S Linn a eus
S l ender sprea ding herb s with s m a ll entir e l ea v es F l o wer s s m a ll ax i l

, , .
,
l a r y, s o l itar y, or 2 or 3 on each p ed uncl e S ep a l s un eq u a l Cor ol l a fu n n el . .
shaped t h e limb 5 parted S tamens included or exserted Ov ary 2 or

,
-
. .
1 ce l l ed 4ov uled ; sty les 2 sep arate from t h e base ea ch cleft into 2
-
,
-
, ,
s ti gmas C apsules globose 4 or 2 valved u sually 4 seeded

.
,
-
,
-
.
Species about 70 in a ll tropic a l and subtropical r egi ons mostl y i n tropica l

, ,
A meri ca 1 in t h e P hil ippin es ( Latin to unroll in reference to th eir non

“
, .
,
twi ning habit ) .
1 . l i n oi d e s L
E . a s .
A very slender more or l ess branched sprea ding or ascen ding usually
, , ,
ver y h airy herb t h e st ems 20 t o 70 cm l ong, not twinin g L ea ves variab l e

, .
,
hary to cm long ovate ellipti c or Oblong P edun cles sle n der l onger
, , , .
,
than the leaves F lowers pale blue or nearly white 6 to 8 mm in di ameter

.
-
,
.
In open dry gr ass l ands near Fort M c Ki n ley L a Lorna et c fl S ept —F eb ; , , .

, . . .
wi dely distributed an d possibly introduced in the Philippines C osmopo l ita n .
i n tropical and subtropical regi ons .
2 . L E P I S T E M ON B lume
T wining
herb s with cordate entire or sl ightly lobed ovate pubescent , , ,
leaves Flower s in very dense axill ary s ub c a p i t a t e cym es the bracts

.
, , ,
n arrow deci duou s S epal s 5 subequal hairy , acute or obtuse C orol l a

, .
, , .
small pale yellow or ne arly white the tube narrowed an d short cylin dri c
,
-
,
-
ather commonly cultivated frequently sponta n eo u s fl al l the year ;

R , , .
w idely distribute d in the Philippines and thoroughly n atural ized A native .
of tropical A merica n o w found in many other tropical an d wa rm countries

, ,
cultiva t ed or wil d .
4 C A L ON Y C T I ON C hoi sy .
Large herb ac eous twining vines t h e stems u sually mu ricate Leav es

, , , .
l arge cordate entir e or angl ed F lowers s o litary or i n f ew fl ower ed cymes

, , .
-
.
S epal s 5 smooth usually p rominently awned the oute r ones sometimes

, , ,
smaller than the inner C oroll a la rge salver shaped u su ally pure white .
,
-
,
-
,
t h e tube n arro w cylindri c the l imb pl i cate

-
Ovary 2 celled cell s 2 Ov uled ; , .
-
,
-
style fi li f o r m S tamens 5 somewhat exser t ed C ap sul e 4valved 4seeded

.
, .
-
,
-
.
( Greek beautiful and night alluding to the l arge fl O wer s which open at
” “ ” “
n ight ) .
Species 6 or 7 all o r mostly in tropi cal A meri ca 2 o r 3 n o w wi de sp read ,

'
-
in the tropics of the Old Worl d .
S epal s prominently awned ; st ems u su ally mu ri cate 1 C a cu lea t um . .
S ep al s obtuse not awn ed or onl y slightly apiculate ; s t ems glabrous

, .
2 C . . a lbum
1 . C A C U L E A T U M ( L ) House
.
( C boua u o x Moon F lower
. . .
-
.
A n extensively climbin g , twining , gl abrou s ,

vine reaching a length of ,
1 0 m or more S tems green more or less muricate or nearly smooth

.
, , .
Leaves ovate entire or somewh at angl ed or lobed sharply acumina t e b ase

, , ,
cordate 1 4to 20 cm long Peduncles axill ary solitary long 1 to 5 fl o wer ed

, .
, , ,
-
.
S epal s in flower green ovate long awn ed about 2 cm long C orolla tube
, ,
-
, .
-
greenish whi t e 8 to 1 0 cm long about 6 mm i n diame t er the limb spre ading

-
, , , ,
about 1 5 cm in diameter white the pl aits greenish F ruit ovoid poi n ted , , .
, ,
about 3 cm long surrounded at the b as e by the accrescent sep al s t h e ped

, ,
i c els much thickened ( F l F ilip p l

-
. . . .
Occasional in thi ckets fl A u g—M arch ; widely distributed in the Philip , .
p ines throughly natural ized A n ative of tropi ca l A merica n ow wi del y

, .
,
distributed in the tropi cs in cultivation an d a s a n a ur a li zed pl ant T h e .
flowers open at night only and close shortly after d a wn .
2 . C . A L BU M ( L ) House
. .
scan dent somewh at woody twining vine of indefinite l en gth gl abrous

A , , , ,
stems smooth o r sometimes muricate Leaves orbi cul ar ovate entire a cu

'
-
.
, ,
min ate ba se prominently cordate 9 to 1 8 cm long P eduncl es axill ary

, , .
,
short or somewhat elongated 1 to 3 fl ow er ed S ep al s green orbicul ar ,

-
.
,
ovate imbricate , to 2 cm long roun ded sometimes minutely apicul ate

, , , ,
enlarged in fruit Coroll a white the tub e cyl in dric about 6 cm long 8
.
, , ,
mm in diameter the limb spreadin g C ap sul e globose about 2 cm i n

, .
,
di ameter .
In thickets Pasay T ondo etc occa sional fl Oc t —J an ; not common in

, , , .
, , . .
the Philippines T ropi cs Of both hemispheres

. .
5 . OP E R C U L I N A M anso
Large herbaceous climbers the stems peduncles an d petioles u sually , , ,
winged Leaves l arge entire or p almately lob ed F lowers l arge axill ary
.
, .
, ,
solitary or in few fl o w er ed cymes S ep al s 5 l arge accrescent in fruit

-
.
, ,
.
C orolla campanul ate the tube with 5 vertical smooth bands S tamens 5 ;
, , .
fil aments fi li f o r m Ov ary 2 celled 4o v u led F ruit a ca p sul e en c losed by

.
-
,
-
.
C ON VOL VU L A C E A E 385
t h e en l a r g ed
sepal s the epicarp circumscissile above t h e midd l e t h e en do ‘
, ,
carp a t len gth breaking i rregular l y , not by regu l ar valves ( From L atin .
“
cover in allusion to the s epal s coveri ng the fruit )
”
.
Species about 1 5 i n all trop ical countries 2 in the Philippines , .
Leaves entire ; flowers white ; an herbaceou s vine with 4winged s t em s -

.
1 . O
. t ur p et h um
Leave s deeply pa l matel y 7 -
lobed ; flowers yellow ; a coarse woody vin e with
stout terete stems 2 . O . t u b er o s um
1 . O . t ur p et h u m ( L ) M anso
. .
candent herbaceous s l i g htly pubes cent o r nearly g l abrou s vin e r ea ch

A s , ,
i n g a l en gth of 5 m o r more the st ems Often purplish p rominentl y 2 t o 4 , ,
an g led and narrowl y winged Leaves ovate entir e, 5 t o 1 5 cm lon g en ti r e, .

, ,
n a r r o wed upward to t h e a cu t e or a cuminate a pex b a se broad s ubco r date Or , ,
t r unca t e C ymes axilla r y , p ed u n cl ed , f ew fl ower ed t h e b ra cts oblon g, th i n ,

‘
-
.
,
ca ducous about cm long Sepal s green ovate to Oblong ov a te the Ou t er

, .
,
-
t wo 2 to 3 cm long l arger than the in n er th r ee p ubesc en t per s is t ent

, , , ,
ac crescent an d somewhat fleshy u sually becoming purpl ish in fru it C o

, , .
roll a white c amp anul ate 4 cm long the l imb 4 cm wi de C ap sule gl obos e
, , , .
,
1 to cm in diameter .
In thic k ets common fl Oc t —A p r ; widely distributed in the Ph i lippines

, , . .
,
possibly introduced T r o pic a l A si a to the M a sc arene Islands M a l aya

.
, ,
A u s trali a an d Po l ynesi a , .
2 O TU BE R OS U M os a ( L ) C hoisy ( I p o m o ea t u ber
*
. . .
A coa rse woody perennia l gl abrou s vine reaching a l ength of 1 5 m

, , ,
an d 1 0 cm or mor e in di amete r Leaves 1 2 t o 20 cm in diameter, v er y deepl y .
p a l ma t el y 7 par t ed , the l obes l anceol ate acumin at e, entire bas e corda t e

-
‘
, , .
F l ower s a bout 5 cm l ong axil l ary , solitary , or sever a l on a peduncl e , ,
l on g peduncled the peduncl e thicken ed at t h e ap ex Sep a l s green , about

-
, .
c m l on g C orolla c ampanul ate yellow abou t 5 cm in diameter

. C ap , , .
su l e globose to 3 cm in diame t er , l oosely envel oped by t h e acc r escent

,
ca l yx l obes S eed s l ar g e abou t 2 c m l ong

-
.
, .
Occ asionall y cu l tivated fl al l the year A native of tropi ca l A meri ca , , . .
n ow cultivated in man y other tropica l countries .
6 . S T I C T OC A R D I A Ha ll ier fi ls
C oarse
t wining vines with ova t e cordate leaves an d axill ary flowers -
,
t h e p eduncles 1 to 3 fl ower ed F l owers l arge pin k or purpl ish Sepal s

-
.
, .
5, i mbricate subequa l a ccrescent and completely enveloping the fruit

, , ,
strongly imbricate muci l a gi nou s when fresh C oroll a funnel shaped l arge
, .
-
, ,
s h owy t h e l imb short l y l ob ed Stamens inc l uded Ovar y 4ce ll ed 4

, . .
,
o v uled C ap sul e indehiscent 4 ce l led 4seeded entire l y e n c l osed b y the en

.
, , ,
”
la r ged sep al s ( F rom the Gree k punctu red a n d heart allu din g t o t h e
” “ “
.
c h arac t ers of the f r uit and its covering ) .
Species about 4 in A f rica M adagasca r , an d A si a 1 introduced in tropica l

, , ,
A meri ca 1 i n the Phil ippines, .
1 . S . t llla ef o li a ( Lam ) Hallier f. .
sc andent twinin g herbaceou s gl abrous o r nearly gl abrous pl an t of

A , , ,
ind efi nite l en gth the stems ter e t e Leave s ova t e o r orbicu l ar , a cute or
, .
s h ortl y acuminate enti re b ase prominently co r date 6 t o 1 5 cm l o n g

, , , .
F l owers axill ary short pedice ll ed u suall y solita ry S epal s green obtu se
,
-
, .
, ,
1 1 1 555— 25
386 A F L OR A OF M A N ILA
s uborbicular about cm l ong enl arged i n fru it C oroll a wi d ely funn el

, , .
s haped rose purple 7 to 8 cm l ong 5 to 6 cm in diame t er

,
-
F ruit compl etel y
, , .
surrounded by t h e enl arged s ep a l s , inc l uding t h e s epa l s t o 5 cm l on g,

the cap sule ovoid to 2 cm l ong , .
In thickets Pasay , fl Oc t —Dec ; widely distribute d in t h e Phi l ippine s

, . . . .
In dia to M a l aya el sewh ere often cultiva t ed

'
, .
7 . A R GYR E I A Lour eir o

Large t wining shru bby vi nes the le aves l anceo l a t e t o cordat e o v at e,
, , ,
-
white silk y pubescent , at least on t h e lower s urfa ce F l owers a xill a ry ,

- -
.
u sual l y in m any fl o wer ed cym es the bract s l arge Sepa l s 5 thin in flow er ,
-
, .
,
i n fruit thickened often reddish insi d e C orolla funn el shaped or ca m

, .
-
p a n n la t e pin k or pal e purp l e u sually hirsute ext ern a l ly t h e l imb p l ic a t e

-
, , , ,
s hort l y 5 lobed Stamens 5 inclu ded Ova ry 4cell ed 4ov uled ; s ty l e fili
-
.
, .
-
,
-
”
f o rm F ru it a h a rd dr y b er r y or i n d ehi s c en t c a p s u l e ( G r ee s i l ver y, “
. .
from t h e wh i t e h a i r s ) .
Sp eci es abou t 30, mo s tly i n t h e t ro pi c s of t h e Old Wo r l d , 2 i n t h e Ph i l

i pp i n es .
Leaves up to 30 cm in length promin ently cordate , 1 . A . n er v o s a
Le a ves 1 5 cm long or l ess obtus e or a cut e a t t h e bas e , 2 A . . m o lli s

1 . A . N E R VOSA ( B urm )
Sweet ) . B oj .
(A . s p eci o s a .
A coars e t wining per ennial woody vine t h e stem s often 5 c m o r m or e

, , , ,
i n diamet er reachin g a l en gth of 1 5 m or mor e

, L eav es broadl y o vat e, .
entire a cumin ate b as e promin ently cordat e 1 2 to 30 cm l ong t h e upp er

, , , , .
s urfac e gl abrous t h e lowe r s urfac e dens ely an d softly pubesc ent with
,
g rayi sh or whitish hairs a s a r e t h e branchl et s p etiol es a n d inflor esc enc e , , , .
Peduncl es axill ary s tout up to 30 cm in l ength t h e flow er s crowded at t h e

, , ,
.
ends subtended by l arge thin d eci duou s bracts

, C a lyx o void a bout , , .
,
cm l on g C oroll a 6 to 7 cm l ong t h e tub e a t fi rst s l end er , th en abruptl y i n

.
,
fla t e d s o m ewh a t tubul ar and 2 to cm i n diam et er , t h e l imb s om ewh a t

'
, ,
s p reading about 6 cm i n diam et er ext ernally pub es c en t a n d p a l e l i l ac

, ,
-
,
i n t ernall y rath er d eep purp l e F ru i t s ubgl obos e, brown , a bou t -

cm i n .
di am et er .
Q uit e commonly cu l tivated fl J un e—Dec Introduced in about t h e y ea r , . .
1 9 03 ; a n ativ e of B ritis h Indi a .
2 A molli s ( B u rm ) C hoisy
. .
(A n i t i d a C hoisy ) . . .
A scandent twining somewh at woody vin e reaching a h eight of at l eas t

, ,
1 0 m al l p arts pubescent
, L eaves ovate to oblong ovate , acut e 8 t o 1 5 .
-
,
cm long den s ely whit e pubescent and shining beneath P eduncl es axil l a r y
,
-
.
a n d t er m i n a l short 1 to 4 fl o w er ed , t h e outer 3 sep al s pubesc ent

, green , -
, ,
oblon g cm l ong t h e inner 2 shorter C orolla camp anul ate pubescen t

, ,
'
.
,
and whitish or p a l e purplish externally t h e l imb pu rpl e about 6 cm lon g

-
, , ,
4 cm wid e Fruit depressed globose about 1 cm in diameter surrounded

.
-
, ,
by the enl arge d sep al s ( F l F ilip p l 41 2 A n i t i d a ) . . . .

, . .
In thickets C aloocan to M asambong occasional fl Oc t — Dec ; W I d ely

, , , . . .
distributed in the Philippines M al aya . .
8 . R IV E A C hoisy
T winin g
shrubs with ovat e cordate glabrou s or pubescent entir e l eaves -
, , .
Peduncles ax illary sol itary , 1 to 5 fl ower ed som etimes arranged in l eafy

,
-
,
4 Peduncles very short a re near l y wantin g,

. 1 to 3 fl ower ed , t h e pe
-
much longer than the inflorescence

t i o les 3 M em a r gi n a t a
. .
4 Pedun cles elongated usually man y fl o wer ed t h e inflores cence equa l

.
,
-
,
ing or longer than the l eaves .
5 Leaves u su ally c ren ate o r toothed often l obed 2 to 4 cm l ong

.
, , .
4 M h ed er a c ea . .
5 Leaves entire 4 to 9 cm long

.
5 M gem ella , . .
1 . C oro ll a somewh at hai ry outside ; l eaves softly p ubescent ; flower s i n

dense pedun cl ed cym es white or yellow
, 6 M um bellat a , . .
1 . Mh a s t a t a ( Des r ) Hallier f
. . .
A slender gl abrou s diffuse b ranched , annu a l vine reaching a length o f

, , ,
1 t o 2 m o r more Leaves s essi l e o r shortly petio l ed oblon g l anceo l a t e t o

.
,
-
n arrowly l anceo l ate a cuminate b ase p rominently h astate 3 to 6 cm l on g

, , , .
Pedunc l es axillary sol itary , l ong u sually 1 rar el y 2 or 3 fl ower ed F l ow

, ,
-
.
er s p ale y ellowish or nearly white , t h e center purp l e about 1 5 cm l on g

'
, .
,
funnel shaped C apsule ovoi d or subgl obose 1 or 2 seeded 5 t o 6 m m

-
.
,
-
,
l on g, t h e pericarp thin .
I n open d ry grass l ands S an Pedro M a c a t i etc fl A ug—M arch ; wid el y

, , , .
, .
distribute d i n t h e Philippines probably introduced T rop ical A si a a n d , .
A f rica th rough M al ay a to A ustral ia .
2 M . . h I rt a ( L ) M err
. .
(M c a es p i t o s a Hallier
.
slend er twining or creeping gl abrou s or sl ight l y hairy annua l herb

A , ,
reac h ing a l en gth of 1 to 2 m Leaves narrowly ob l on g to l anc eola t e .

,
bas e rounded or obtuse apex acute the lower ones Often ovate oblong a n d , ,
-
sub cordate 2 to cm l ong F l owers a xill ary , t h e p edun cl es u sual l y 1 or

, .
2 fl ower ed
-
C alyx green about 5 mm long t h e l obes o b l on g obtu se
.
, Co , , .
ro ll a p ale y el l ow , about cm in diame t er C apsul e o void abo ut 5 mm

-
.
,
lon g papery 1 celled

, ,
-
.
In open wet grass l ands , N oval iches road fl Oc t —Dec ; wi del y d i st r i

-
, . . .
bute d i n the Philippines possibl y introduced Indi a t o C hina southw a r d , .

,
to A ustra l ia .
3 . M i n a t a ( B urm ) Hallier f
. em a r g . .
A sl ender prostrate creepin g herb glabrous or somewhat hairy t h e

, , , ,
st ems rooting at t h e nodes 1 0 to 80 cm in len gth Leaves small ren i fo r m , .

,
to ovate cordat e irre gul arly toothed 6 to 1 5 mm l ong o f ten wider tha n
-
, , ,
lo n g F l ower s 1 to 3 on the very short p eduncles Sep al s rounded a b out

. .
,
4 m m l ong c i l iate with f ew to many whi t e weak h airs C oroll a y el low

, .
,
n ear l y twic e as l on g a s the cal y x C ap sule globose about 5 mm i n diameter .

, .
I n Open dry grass l ands occ asional fl N ov —J an ; of local occurrence in , , . . .
t h e Philippines possibly intro duced T ropical A si a and A frica

,
. .
4 . Mh ed er a c ea ( B urm ) Hallier f (M co n v o lv ula c ea

. . . .
A s l ender twinin g gl abrou s or near l y gl abrous annual , 1 to 3 m i n

, ,
l en gth L eav es ov a te 2 to 4 cm l on g, s ubentire o r 3 lob ed cr en a t e or

.
,
-
,
too t h ed acuminate bas e p romin entl y cordate Peduncles axill ary ab out
, , .
,
as l ong a s t h e petioles with 3 to 5 or mor e flowers C alyx gr een , a b out 4

, .
mm l on g C oroll a ye l low about

. cm in diameter t h e l ob es em a rgi nate , , .
In open waste p l aces fl S ep t —J an of loca l occurrenc e in the Philippin es

, . . ,
possibly introduced T ropica l A sia and A fri ca . .

C ON VOLVU L A CE A E 389
5 .
gemell a ( Burm ) Hallier f
M . . .
A slen d er , t wining, gl abrou s vine reac h ing a lengt h of 4t o 5 m Leaves .
ov at e, 4t o 9 c m l ong , enti re , sharpl y acuminate , base p rominently co rdate ,

t h e lobes rounded C ymes axilla r y , so l itary , p ed u n c l ed , 8 t o 1 5 c m l on g ,
.
u su all y many fl ower ed Sepal s green elliptic , obtuse 5 t o 6 m m l ong

-
.
, , .
C oroll a yellow about cm long funne l shaped C apsul e ovoid about

, ,
-
.
,
1 cm in diameter .
I n t h ickets and Open places fl Oc t —F eb ; widely distributed in the Phi l , . . .
i ppi n es possibly in t rod uced

, T ropica l A si a an d A f rica t h rou g h M a l aya .
,
to A us tralia .
6 . M um b ell a ta ( L ) Hallie r f var o r i entali s Hal l ier f

. . . . .
A t wining herbaceo us vine mor e or less pubescent the stems slender , , .
L eav es oblon g to oblong ovate 8 to 1 2 cm long acute or acuminate entire -
, , ,
o r nearly so base cordate softly p ube scent on bo th su rfaces P eduncles

,
-
, .
ax i l la r y so litar y shorter than or equaling t h e petioles the inflo rescence

, , ,
c ymose den se many fl ower ed S epal s about 6 mm lo n g C oroll a white

, ,
-
. .
,
tub ula r funnel shaped about 3 cm long t h e limb about

- -
cm in diameter , .
Cap s ule ovo i d , gla b rous about 1 cm lon g the se ed s covered wit h spre ad in g
, ,
b l ack o r brown hairs ,
I n op en p laces , t h icke t s et c fl Dec —VI a r c h ; wid ely di stributed i n the

, , .
, . .
P hi li p pi n es f p r o bab ly intr o duced T ropica l A s i a A frica M al ay a an d A us .

, , ,
t r ali a,
Va r oc c m E N r A L I s Hall ier f
. .
Si m i l a r t o t h e abov e, but
flowers yellow .
R ar e i n M anila apparentl y introduced , . T ropical A merica i n tro duced ,
in B engal and in the Mal a y Peninsula .
11 . I P OM 0 E A Linnaeu s
Twinin g or p rostrate herbac eo us vin es wi th al te r n ate , en t i r e l obed , or ,
di v i ded l eav es F l owers a xill a r y , solitary or cym ose S ep al s ov ate to

. .
line a r , equal or une q ual C oroll a usu ally c ampa n ul a te t h e l i m b plicate .

, ,
s l i ght l y 5 lobed S tamens 5 includ ed or r a rely ex serte d , t h e fil a m ents s o m e

-
.
,
t i m es d i lated at the base O vary 2 or 3 celled rare l y 4celled ; ovu l es .

-
,
-
u su ally 4 F ruit a 4 to 6 valved capsule rarel y indehiscent ( F r om t h e

.
-
, .
”
G r e ek bin d weed and -
Species about 300 in al l tropica l countries about 1 5 in the Philipp i n es

, ,
.
1 . Sep al s much elongated the tip s oblon g to l inear l anceolate clothed with ,
-
,
l o n g sp reading hairs at the base .
2 Leaves 3—
. lobed .
1 I nil . .
2 Le ave entire
. 2 I p u rp u r ea . .
1 . Sepal s not much elongated gl abrou s or hairy never l inear lanceol ate , ,
-
.
2 Leaves hairy on both surfaces deeply 5 to 9 lobe d ; flowers white

.
,
-
.
3 . I .
p es
-
t i gr i d i s
2. Le aves gl abrou s o r only sl ightly hairy .
3 Leaves deeply 5 to 9 lobed

.
-
.
4 C oroll a p ink purple the lobes of the leaves reaching about two
.
-
,
thirds t o the base 4 I d i gi t a t a . .
4 C oroll a l avender pu r ple the lobes of the leaves extending quit e

.
-
,
or nearly to the base 5 I ca i r i ca . .

390 A F L OR A or M A N I LA
3 . Leaves entire or shallowl y 3 lobed or angl ed -

.
4 Leaves suborbicul ar p rominent l y retus e or 2 l ob ed

.
,
-
at t he p exa .
6 I p es c a p r a e
-
. .
4 Leaves ova t e to oblong ovate , acut e or acuminate

.
-
.
5 . C oroll a l ess than cm l ong .
6 Leaves entire ;
. flowers yellowish white with a dark purp l e - -
base the inflorescence 1 to 3 fl ower ed gl abrous

,
-
, .
7 I o b s c ur a . .
6 L eaves usual ly s ha ll owly l ob ed or an gl ed ; flower s pi n k o r

.
purplish the sepal s cil iate hirsute , 8 I t r i lo b a -

. .
5 . C oro ll a a bout 5 cm l ong .
6 Sep al s a cut e o r obtuse ; a q u atic or swamp h erbs t h e s tem s

.
,
often thi c k an d s pon gy 9 I r ep t a n s . .
6 S epal s prominently acu m i nate ; cultivated plants w ith thick

.
tuberou s roots 10 I ba t a t a s . .
1 . I . N IL ( L ) R oth . .
Atwining rath er slender h erb aceous more or less hirsute annua l vi n e

, , , ,
reachin g a length of s evera l m eters L ea v es p romin ently 3 l ob ed 8 t o 1 5 .

-
,
c m l ong s ubovate i n outlin e b as e cord a t e

, Pedunc l e s axill ary s o l it a r y, , .
,
s h or t er than t h e p et i o l es each 1 t o 6 fl ower ed S ep a l s d en s ely h i r s ut e a t

,
-
.
t h e base about 3 cm l ong t h e tip s linear

, C orol l a pal e blue or t h e tub e , .
-
,
whit e within turning pink purple a bout 5 cm long t h e limb s hal l o wl y

,
-
, ,
5 l obed
-
C ap sul e about 1 cm in diamet er
.
( F l Filip p l . . . .
In open waste places o cc asional , fl a ll t h e year ; wide l y distribu t ed i n , .
t h e Philippin es A n ativ e of tropica l A meri c a , n o w in most trop i c a l a n d

.
subtropica l countries .
I P OM OE A P U R P U R E A ( L ) Lam A uror a ( Sp
2
. M orn ing G l o ry . . . .
A s lender twining herbaceous somewhat hirsute vine reaching a length

, , ,
of s ev er a l met er s L eav es broadly o vat e entir e acuminate b as e corda t e

.
, , , ,
5 to 1 2 cm l on g Pedunc l es 1 to 3 fl o wer ed C al yx hirsut e with spr eadin g

.
-
.
hai rs green about 1 2 cm long the l ob es oblong C oroll a narrowly campa

“
, , , .
n ula t e 4 to 5 cm long t h e tub e whit e tin g ed with purp l e t h e l imb d eep

, , ,
purple C ap sul e globos e api cul ate about 1 cm l ong shorter than t h e
.
, , ,
p ersi stent somewhat enl arged sep al s, .
Occasional ly cultivated n o t spontaneous fl a ll the y ea r A n ativ e of , , . .
trop ica l A meric a much cultivated in m ost warm countries , .
3 . I . L
P E S T I GR I DI S -
.
A twining herbaceous annua l vine a ll p arts mor e or l ess hirsute w ith

, , ,
'
rather long spreading pale or brown ish hairs Leaves 6 to 1 0 cm in

, , .
di ameter p almately 5 to 9 l obed suborbicu l ar in outline b as e cordate b oth

,
-
, , ,
surfaces s omewhat hirsute t h e lobes elliptic acuminate bas e narrowed , , , ,
sinuses rounded F lowers in long peduncled axill ary heads t h e outer

.
-
, ,
bracts hairy oblong green up to 3 cm long t h e inner ones smaller F l ower s

, , , ,
.
.
few i n each head u sually only one opening at a time C a l yx green about
, .
,
1 cm l ong C oroll a white 4 cm l ong the l imb about 3 cm i n di am et er

.
, ,
.
F ruit gl obose 6 to 7 mm in diameter , .
In waste pl aces fairly common fl all t h e year ; throughout t h e Phi l ip

, , .
pines but apparently introduced here T ropi ca l A fric a through India t o

,
.
C hina Mal aya an d Polyn esi a

, , .
392 A F L OR A or MA N I L A
g reen about 8 mm long the margins a t l east bel ow cilia t e h i rsu t e C or oll a
, , , ,
-
.
pin k o r p i n k purp l e c m long -

C ap sule d ep r e s sed gl obos e apicu l a te,
, .
-
,
a bo u t 6 mm in dia m e t er so m ewh a t h i r sute ( F l F i l ip p l 3 1 I c om mut a t a )

, . . . .
, .
C ommon i n open wa ste pl a c es etc fl all t h e yea r ; wi d ely d i s tribu t ed i n .

, .
t h e P h ilippines Introdu ce d from tropic a l A merica n ow fou n d al so in

.
,
S in g apore J ava and M au ritius , , .
9 I r ept a n s ( L ) Poi r
. .
(I a q u a t i c a . C a n c on g . .
A n an n ual gl abrous wi dely spreadin g vine the stems trailing on mud

, ,
.
or floatin g on stagn a nt pool s oft en thi ckened Leave s ob l ong ov a t e a cute , .

-
,
o r obtuse o r sl ight l y sinua t e angled , or l ob ed bas e cordate o r h a s t a t e, 7

, , ,
t o 1 4 cm l ong l ong petioled Pedicel s axill ar y, erect u sua l l y 1 o r 2

,
-
.
,
fl o wer ed S ep al s green 8 mm l ong oblon g obtus e or acute

.
, C or o ll a n a r , , .
r ow ly campanulate
-
about 5 cm lon g purpli sh the l imb nearl y white or
, , ,
pa l e pink purple abou t 5 c m in di ame t er t h e tub e deeper purp l e i n sid e

- -
, , .
C ap su l e o void about 1 cm l ong ( F l F ilip p l

, . . . .
In s tagnant poo l s , open mudd y plac es et c fl all the year ; wi dely di s , .

, .
tribu t ed in the Phi li ppines T ropical A fric a an d A si a through M al aya .
t o A ustra l i a .
*
10 . I . BA TA T AS ( L ) P oi r
Sweet Potato
. . C amote ( Sp .
A s pr ea di n g prostr a te h er ba c eou s gl abr ous o r som ewh at h a i r y v i n e

, , ,
fro m s m a ll o r l arg e r ed white or y ellow tub ers L ea v es o v at e t o ob l on g

, , , . ?
ov a t e 6 to 1 4 cm long s ubentire an gu l ar o r lobed acuminat e, bas e c or

, , , ,
d a te Peduncl es axill ary about as long a s t h e p etioles er ect sev eral

.
, , ,
fi o wer ed S epal s about 1 cm lon g gr eenish t h e l obes acum i n at e

. Co r oll a , , .
c a mpa n ul a t e 4t o 5 cm l o n g , p i n k purple a n d wh it i s h
,
-
.
Occ asion al l y cu l t i v a te d i n our a r ea fl m o st or all of t he y ea r ; ext en , .
s i v ely c u ltiv a te d t h roughout t h e Philippi n es A n ativ e of tropica l A mer i ca .

,
n o w c u lt ivat ed i n most w a r m c ou ntr i es .
119 . HYD R OP HY L L A C E A E ( HYDR OLE A F A MIL Y)

Herb s with l t e rn at e entir e l eave s an d regu l ar p erfect 5 m er ou s b lue
a , , ,
-
,
fl ow ers in short t erminal an d axillary often l eafy rac em es Calyx di

, , .
v i d ed nearly to t h e b ase t h e se gments l anceol ate C o r ol l a sub r ot at e t h e

,
.
,
l o bes imbricate Stamens 5 attach ed to t h e s h ort coro l la tube , alt ernate

.
,
-
wi th i t s lo bes Ovary 2 c el le d ; st yl es 2, dist i nct ; ovul es n um er ous C a p

.
-
.
sul e gl obos e o r ovoid septicid a l o r irregul ar l y 4v al ved ,

-
.
Genera 1 7 S pecies about 1 75 most l y A m eric a n a sin gle rep res en tat i ve
, , ,
in t h e P h ilippines .
HY D R OL E A Linnaeu s
C hara cter s
of the F amily as giv en above ( Greek water and oil
“ ”
.
f rom the h abitat an d natur e of som e species ) .
Species 1 2 tropics of b oth hemispheres 1 in t h e P hilip p ines

, , .
1 H zeyl a n i c a ( L ) Vah l
. . . .
A n annual , ascending or pr o cumbent sparingly branche d nearl y gl a ,
brous pl ant a f ew cm to m in length Leaves lanceolate acut e or acu .

,
mina t e 4to 1 0 mm l ong Inflor es cenc e and sep al s covered with spr eadi n g
, .
,
visci d hairs Sepal s green about 5 mm l ong C oroll a blue 8 to 1 0 mm

.
, .
,
in diameter C ap sul e ovoid surrounded by the persistent calyx lobes

.
,
-
.
I n open wet pl aces rice p addies etc often in shallow pools M asambong , .
, , ,
Pasay etc fl Dec —F eb ; wi dely distributed in the Philippines Indi a to

, .
, . . . .
C hina southward to Qu eensland .

BOR A G I N A C E AE 393
1 20 . B OR A G I N A C E A E 1
( B OR A GE or A N ON A N G F A M I LY)
Her b s , shrubs , o r tree s

Leaves alternate mostl y entire simp l e stipules .
, , ,
n on e Inflorescenc e most l y terminal of f orked s co r p o i d cymes sometimes

. .
, , ,
s pi ke l i k e o r corymbose F l owers perfect C alyx i n ferior subentire o r

-
, . .
, ,
5 r a rel y 4 to 8 lobed o r toothed usually persi stent C oroll a tubu l a r

-
, .
,
4 t o 8 mos tly 5 l obed

~ Sta mens a s many a s the coroll a lobes a ltern a t e
-
.
-
,
wi t h t h e lobes inserted on t h e tube Ovary su p erior 2 celled 2 o v uled

, . .
,
-
,
-
,
or 4celled l o v uled ; styl e termina l o r from between the ova ry lobes

-
,
- -
.
Fruit a sm a ll drup e or divided into 2 o r 4nutlets .
Genera 85 species more tha n in most parts of the worl d 1 0 genera

, ,
an d 21 species in the Philippines .
1 . Sh r ubs , t r ees ,
or c l imbing vines .
2 E rect sh r u bs or trees
. .
3 Styles single twice forked

.
,
3 Styles 2 or single an d 2 l obed 2 E h r et z

’
.
, a -
. .
2 Scan dent
. 3 T oum ef or t i a .
1 . Herbs .
2 Inflorescence s co r p o i d
. 4 Heli o t r o pi um .
'
2 I n fl o res cence not s co r po i d

. .
8 E r ect branched t h e flowers of medium size i n open leafy racemes

.
, ,
or panicles 5 T r i c h o d es m a .
3 Prostrat e sp readin g t h e flowers small axilla ry so l itar y or in very

.
, , , ,
short spikes 6 C o ld en i a .
1 . C OR D I A Linnaeu s
T rees
or shrubs Leaves a l ternate petioled often r epand or undul ate .
, , .
F l owers in te rminal dichotomou s corymbs ebracteate poly gamous thos e , , ,
wit h perfect flowers smaller than those with ma l e ones C alyx t ubul ar or .
bell s h a ped teet h short of t e n irregular in f r uit accrescent and persistent

-
, , , .
C oroll a f unnel sh a ped 4 to 8 lobed t h e lobes spreading w h ite o r y ellow

-
,
-
, , .
S t a m en s a s many a s the coroll a lobes ; fil aments often h a i r y a t the base -

.
Ova r y 4ce l led glabrous ; style bip artite the arms again cle f t
-
, Drupe ovoid , .
or e l lip so id sto n e bo ny 1 to 4celled usually only 1 cel l with a seed ( In

, ,
-
, .
honor of E C o rd us an ear l y German botanist )

.
, .
Specie s a bout 1 80 in a ll tropical countries 3 in the P hilippines , , .
1 . C L ( C b la n c o i
. my x a A nonang ( T a g )
. . .
A tree 5 to 1 0 m high gl abrou s o r nearly so Leaves ovate to ob l ong , .
ovate o r elliptic ova t e 6 to 1 5 cm long entire or somewhat undul ate repand

-
, ,
-
,
shortly blunt acuminate base acut e or subcordate rounded Inflorescence

-
, ,
-
.
corym bose axill a r y an d terminating short lateral b r a n c h es la x 5 to 1 0

, ,
~
,
cm l on g F l owers white or yellowish white sessile about 7 mm long

.
-
, , .
C a ly x ovoid C orolla tube not longer than the calyx the lobes spreading
.
-
, ,
throat an d stamen s villou s the lobes r efl ex ed Drupe ovoid yellowish , .

,
white 1 0 to 1 3 mm long pulp rather scanty stone hard the persistent

, , , ,
calyx broadly funnel shaped enl arged about 8 mm in diameter ( F l F ilip -

, , . . .
pl 4 3 C s eb es t en a )
.
, . .
In thickets Pa sa y etc fl A p r June ; widely distributed in the Phi l ip

, , .
, . .
-
p i nes Indi a to M al aya

. .
‘
For a consideration of a ll the k nown Philippine species of this family
R obinson C B P hilippine B ora gi naceae P h i li p J o u rn
”
s ee , . .
,
“
S ci
. 4 . . .
,
( 1 909 ) B o t . 687—698 .
2 . E HR E T I A Linnaeu s
rect shrubs or trees Leaves a l tern ate entir e o r to othed I n fl or es
E .
, .
cenc e of te rm ina l o r axill ary corym bs or p anic l es or flower s sol i t a ry a n d ,
a xill ary Flowers small white 5 m er ou s C alyx 5 pa rti t e C oro l l a tube

.
,
(
,
-
.
-
.
-
cylindric or short 5 lobed l obes spreading or r efl ex ed Stamens 5 ins erted

,
-
, .
,
on the coroll a tube Ova ry 2 celled c ell s 2 ov uled ; s ty l e term ina l c l eft
-
.
-
,
-
,
o r 2 c l eft Fruit a smal l 4 to 1 seeded drup e ( In honor of D G E h r et ,

-
.
,
-
. . .
a B avarian botanist ) .
Species 50 mostly in tropi cs of t h e Old Wor l d 4in t h e Philippin es

, , .
L eav es a mple , 8 to 18 cm l ong ; s ty l es singl e , b i fid ; a tre e .
'
1 . E . n a v es u
Leaves smal l 1 to 6 cm long in , , a l t ern ate fa s cicl es ; st yl es us u ally 2, un

divided ; a smal l shrub 2 E . . m i c r o p h y lla
1 . E . n a v es i l Vi d .
Atr ee 4 t o 1 0 m high the inflorescenc e and l e a v es , wh en y oun g s om e , ,
wha t pubescent beneath b ecomin g glabrous or near ly s o Leaves ob l on g , .
o v a t e el lipti c o v a t e, o r o v a t e entir e 8 t o 1 8 c m l on g a cum i n a t e, b a se us u ally

,
-
, , ,
r ounded C orym b s termina l and axillary peduncl ed 5 t o 1 0 cm lon g f ew

.
, ,
.
to man y fl ower ed F l ow er s white about 8 mm lon g Sty l e s impl e b i fid

-
.
, .
, .
F r uit o vo id s om ewha t fleshy a bout 5 mm l ong ( Fl F ilip p l 70 E

, , . . . .
, .
v i r ga t a .
)
thick ets M asambong to Guadalup e, occasion al , fl
In , . M a y—Ju n e ; wi d el y
d istributed in t h e Philippin es E ndemic . .
2 E . . Lam (E b ux i f o li a
m lc r o p h y lla C h a C haa bundoc . .
,
-
A n er ect muc h branched sh ru b 1 t o 4 m high Leaves in a lt er n a t e f as

'
‘
, . a
c i cles , obovate to oblong obovat e scabrous 1 to 6 cm lon g entir e or som e -

, , ,
wh at t o oth ed or l ob ed n ear t h e ap ex , bas e n arrow ed , s ub s es s i l e o r s h or t ly

p etioled Flow ers axill ar y sol ita r y or 2 to 4 on a common peduncl e t h e
.
, , ,
inflorescenc e shorter th an the leaves somewhat hairy C al yx lobes green , .

-
,
somewhat hairy l inear 5 to 6 mm l ong C orolla white 5 mm l ong t h e

, , .
, ,
l obes oblong obtuse F ru it drup aceou s globos e som ewhat fl eshy y ellow
, .
, , , ,
4 to 5 mm in diameter the ston e globos e 4seeded ( F l F i l ip p l 72 E , ,

-
. . . .
, .
h et er op h y lla ) .
In dr y thickets an d open places op posite Guadalupe near Fo rt M c Ki n ley , ,
et c fl al l the year ; wi dely distributed in t h e P hilippines Indi a t o For

.
, . .
mosa an d M al aya .
3 T OU R N E F OR T I A Linnaeus .
rect trees o r shrubs or climbing vines Leaves alternat e entir e I n

E

AFloraofManila 10003853

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

AFloraofManila 10003853

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

t

( A ctual d ate of publication , December 31 1 9 1 2)

The Inﬂ orescence

P teridophyta : F erns an d F ern l ike P lants-

A rchipelago T h e ﬂ ora of the coastal region especially of the po p ul ated

area s is remarkably uniform practically the same forms being found in

vicinity of M anil a i s al so a nearly complete ﬂora for most inhabited regions

the pl ants encountered in the settled area s at lo w altitudes will be found

the determination of specimens collected in the forests and on the mountains .

north of M anil a on the bay shore at M al abon inland through B a li n t u a c , ,

S a n F rancisco del M onte etc to P asi g thence to the town of P a ranaque

on the bay shore south of M anil a covering approximately 1 00 square ,

kilometers ( about 40 square miles ) N o part of the area exceed s an .

altitude of 50 meters and no p art of it approaches prime v al condition s

T his F lora i s ba sed on botanical material preser v ed in the herbarium

of the B ureau of S cience supplemented by an extensi v e series of notes

co v eri ng a period of exploration of the area extending over eighteen month s .

U n doubtedly future intensive exploration will add a considerable number

o cultivated s p ecies i s being very rapidly increased S cattered indi v idual s .

b of any species foun d in neighboring provinces at lo w altitudes are to be

a s having been collect ed in M anila ; very many of these references are

o the P hilippines M ost of the species so referred to were collected in

from the a rea selected .

With f ew minor exceptions the a rrangement adopted i s that of E ngler

i s that of the Vienna B otanical C ongress modiﬁed by the supplementary

In addition to the a ccepted generic and speciﬁc n ame of each species ,

important synonyms have been a dded a s well as selected nati v e S panish , , ,

of B lanco s F lora de F ilipinas copies of which are to be found i n most

while to add l iteratu re references under each species .

T h e bibliography of P hilippine botany is so extensi v e that it is i mpossibl e

subj ect B lanco s F lora de F il i p inas ed 1

in S panish i s long out of p rint and obsolete in arrangement an d no

m en c la t ur e ; it contains the descriptions of about S pe cies and varieties ,

very many of them so imperfectly described that their status h as not a s

consist of a series of 48 1 colored plates A lthough many of these pl ates .

of specimen s an d references to them have been inclu ded in the p resent

work Of V idal s publications the one of chief value i s hi s S inop sis de

famil ias y géneros de pl antas leri o s a s de F ilipinas ”

on P hilipp ine botany are to be foun d in the publications of the B ureau

S cience B otany , ( 1 906 publ ished by the B ureau Of S cience and ,

E lmer s Leaﬂets of Philippine B otany In the present wor k

the second p art of whi ch contains a consideration of the most important

number of each deﬁnitely known from t h e Philippines F o r each spec i es .

both the Phil ippine an d extra P hilippine range i s given Indigenou s -

species are indicated by bl ack faced type while introduced or presumably ,

asterisk T h e time of ﬂowering as gi v en for the individual species will

apply only to the vicinity of M anil a or possibly al so to other region s in ,

the A rchipel ago having a simil ar annu al di stribution of rainfall ; the

N o n ew species are described no r are any n ew combinations made -

exce p t in the case of a f ew v arieties in the present work T h e few , .

F orestry B ureau ( P hili p ) B ull . 10

apparently undescribed forms encountered during the p reparation of the

stri ct interpretation of the a ccepted code of nomen cl ature wil l be found ,

i n a paper entitl ed N omencl atural an d S ystematic N otes on the Flora of

origin etc wil l be found i n the same publ ication

In the descriptions of families genera and species the general sequence

of characters a s that adopted by Hooker in his F lora of B ritish India ” “

ha s been followed M any of the family and generic descriptions h ave

of the p resent publication ; the descriptions of the species h ave been

reference to prev i ously published descriptions in variou s standard works .

T his publication contains the descriptions of 1 007 species 59 1 genera , ,

characteristic vegetation of the settled area s at low altitudes in al l parts

A n examin ation of a number of recent elementary textbooks of botany