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y;r jk cd;Hka;rfha cd;Hka;r lñgqfõ m%ldYkh

wm rlakd Wreuh ;=¾ls ixialrkfha ix{dmkh

Preface to the Turkish edition of The Heritage We Defend
fâúâ fkda¾;a úisks uQf,damdhsl l¾;jHhla fõ' fï i|yd" úúO wdldrfha
2017 cQks 23 m%;sudlaiajd§ ixfYdaOkjdohkag - úfYaIfhkau
fâúâ fkda¾;a úiska rÑ; wm rlakd Wreufha ;=¾ls uhsl,a meíf,da ^1911 - 1996& iy w¾kiaÜ uekafv,a
NdId ixialrkh" ,nk udifha§" iudcjd§ iudk;d ^1923 - 1995&f.a ÈhlryeÍïjd§ ixl,am iu. iïnkaO
lkavdhfï ^Toplumsal Esitlik& fïßx hhskais,sla jQ ixfYdaOkjdohg tfrysj iïNdjH fg%dÜialsjd§ka
m%ldYl uka¢rh úiska t,solajkq we;' tu ;=¾ls úiska Èh;a flrekq §¾> wr.,fha b;sydih
fg%dÜialsjd§ ixúOdkh y;rjk cd;Hka;rfha iïnkaOfhka ;=¾ls lïlre mka;sfha yd ;rekhkaf.a
jeä Èhqkq fldgiaj,g wOHdmkh ,nd §u wjYH fõ'
cd;Hka;r lñgqj iu. foaYmd,k iyfhda.s;dfjka 3
lghq;= lrhs' wm rlakd Wreuh uq,ska t,s oelajqfka wm rlakd Wreuh ,shk ,oafoa óg ;sia jirlg
1988 jif¾§h' wm fuys m,lrkafka fâúâ by;" ì%;dkHfha lïlre úma,jjd§ mlaIh
fkda¾;a úiska rÑ; ;=¾ls ixialrkfha fmrjokhs' ^ví,sõwd¾mSh& y;rjeks cd;Hka;rfha cd;Hka;r
wm rlakd Wreuh lD;sh ;=¾lsh ;=, m%ldYhg lñgqj w;yer m,d hdfuka wk;=rejh' bkslaì;s
m;aùu ms,sn|j uf.a Wkqiqï iqNdYsxik m, lrkq cd;Hka;r lñgqj wfkal f,aLkhka ;=,ska Tmamq
leue;af;ñ' ;=¾lsh fg%dÜialsjd§ jHdmdrfha l, mßÈ" ví,sõwd¾mSfha fødays;ajh" jrla th
b;sydih ;=, w;sYh jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgq l, úiska ;Srkd;aul ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrñka wdrlaId
rgls' iage,skajd§ ;ka;%h úiska ,sfhdka fg%dÜials lrk ,oaod jQ fg%dÜialsjd§ uQ,O¾uhka flfrka
fidaúhÜ ix.ufhka msgqjdy,a lrkq ,eîfuka blaì;s" oYlhlg jvd me;sr .sh ld, mßÉfþohla mqrd
1929 § Tyq uq,skau /ljrkh ,enqfõ bia;dkanq,a miqnei hdfï m%;sM,h úh' 1973 § ví,sõwd¾mSh ìys
fjrf,ka Tífnys msysá ¥m;lh' —m%skalsfmdaj jQfha" 1953 § weußldfõ iudcjd§ lïlre mlaIh
mEfkka jev lsÍug wmQre ;ekle˜hs Tyq ,sùh' ^tiaví,sõmSh& yd m%kaifha cd;Hka;r fldñhqksiaÜ
isõ jirla tu ¥mf;ys jdih l, fg%dÜials Tyqf.a mlaIh ^mSiSwhs& iu. ikaOdk.; fjñka cd;Hka;r
úYsIaG;u lD;Ska w;ßka /ilau ks¾udkh lf,ah' lñgqj msysgqùug lghq;= l, ì%;dkH fg%dÜialsjd§
uf.a Ôú;h" reishdkq úma,jfha b;sydih yd c¾uksh jHdmdrfha wkqm%dma;sl ixúOdkh f,ih' y;rjeks
;=, *eisiaÜjdohg tfrys wr.,h iïnkaOfhka cd;Hka;rfha jev ms,sfj,g bÈßm;a flrekq meíf,da
,shejqkq Tyqf.a wiuiu rpkdjka o ta w;r úh' Tyq - uekafv,a ixfYdaOk fy,d olsñka fÊïia mS' lekka
úiska m%skalsfmdaj —idufha yd wu;ljk iq¨ Ndjfha úiska ,shk ,o ft;sydisl —f,dal fg%dÜialsjd§
Èjhskle˜hs úia;r flrekq kuqÿ" 1929 isg 1933 olajd jHdmdrh weu;= újD; ,smshg˜ ví,sõwd¾mSfha kdhl
jQ Tyqf.a jdih úiska udurd uqyqfoa fuu rukSh .eñ fcÍ yS,s ^1913-1989& úiska w;aika lrk ,§' 1953
ldjHhla n÷ Èjhsk f,dalfha úma,jjd§ udlaiajd§ fkdjeïnrfha ksl=;a jQ —újD; ,smsh˜" ycdcdl
Ñka;kfha wmsflakaøh njg mßj¾;kh flßk' mokï ù we;s uQ,O¾u jHla; f,i lshd isáfhah(
wm rlakd Wreuh lD;sfha fuu kj mßj¾;kh 1' OfkaYajr C%ufha ur ,f;daksh" tkag
m%ldYhg m;aùug iqúfYaIS jeo.;alula ysñjkafka yqÿ tkag u orekq jk wjmd;" f,dal hqoaO yd
fg%dÜials ;=¾lsfha f.jQ msgqjdy,a Èúh yd y;rjeks *eisiaÜjdoh n÷ ïf,aÉP m%mxp u.ska YsIagdpdrh
cd;Hka;rfha b;sydih w;r mj;akd iïnkaO;dj úkdY ù hdfï ;¾ckh biau;= lrhs' wo
ksid mukla fkdfõ' f,dal wêrdcHjd§ m¾hdfha N+ Èk kHIaál wdhqOj, j¾Okh yels ne?reï
foaYmd,kh ;=, ;=¾lsh i;= ;Srkd;aul ia:dkh ksidu" u wdldrhg fuu wk;=r wjOdrkh lrhs'
fuu rg ;=, mka;s wr.,h w;súYd, udkhlg kef. 2' w.dOhg ls|d neiSu je,elaúh yels jkqfha"
kq ksielh' tneúka" ;=¾lsh ;=, fg%dÜialsjd§ jHdmdrh iudcjdofha ie,iqï .; wd¾Ólfhka OfkaYajr
f.dvke.Su y;rjeks cd;Hka;rfha w;HjYH l%uh f,dal mßudkj úia:dmkh lsÍfuka yd
OfkaYajr l%uh úiska tys uq,a Èkj, wdrïN flrekq
 m%.;sfha i¾ms,dldr .uk h,s mgka .ekSfuks' ixl,am ieflúka ms~q fldg oelaùh' iage,skajdoh
3' iudcfhys fuh idlaIHd;a lr .; yels m%;súma,jjd§ n,fõ.hlehs fg%dÜialsjd§ jHdmdrh
jkqfha lïlre mka;sfha kdhl;ajh hgf;a úiska flrekq .=kdx.Slrkh" fl%ï,ska ks,Orhg
muks' lïlrejkag n,fha udj; .ekqu i|yd" yd tys ksfhdað;hkag ft;sydislj m%.;sYS,S jQ;a"
wo ;rï" wka lsisodl iudc n,fõ.j, f,dal úma,jldÍ jQ;a ld¾hNdrhla wdfrdamkh flrekq
iïnkaO;dj hym;a fkdjQj;a" lïlre mka;sh kHdhla u.ska úia:dmkh lsÍug meíf,dajdoh l%shd
u kdhl;ajh ms,sn| w¾nqohlg uqyqk fohs' lf,ah' foaYmd,k úma,j ud,djlska iage,skajd§ ;ka;%
fmr,d oeóug lghq;= lrkq fjkqjg meíf,dajd§yq"
4' fuu f,dal ft;sydisl wruqk imqrd .kq jia
iage,skajd§ kdhlhkag jvd;a jdu udj;la fj;
;uka ixúOdk jkq msksi" iEu rgl u lïlre
m%úIagùug n,lrñka" fg%dÜialsjd§ka Tjqkaf.a
mka;sh" f,kska úiska j¾Okh flrekq wdldrfha
WmfoaYlhka f,i l%shd lrkakd jQ ks,Odßjdofha
úma,ùh iudcjd§ mlaIhla f.dvkexúh hq;=
iajhx-m%;sixialrk l%shdj,shla ms,sn|j wkdjels m,
h( tkï" m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd uOH.; Ndjh
l,y' meíf,dag yd uekafv,ag wkqj" fl%ï,ska ;ka;%fha
wfmdayld;aulj ixfhdackh lsÍfuys iu;a
foaYSh iage,skajd§ tacka;hka úiska md,kh lrk ,o
jk igka mlaIhls - ;Skaÿj,g t,öfuys
kef.kysr hqfrdamfha —úlD; lïlre rdcH˜j, brku
m%cd;ka;%jdoh;a" tajd ls%hd;aul lsÍfuys uOH.;
,sheù ;=nqfka Y;j¾I .kkdjla mqrd mej;Sugh'
Ndjh;a' wkq.dñl;ajh úiska mßmd,kh flfrk
kdhl;ajhla" fjäier yuqfjys o úkh .; iage,skajdoh bÈßfha meíf,dajd§kaf.a hg;aùu"
wdldrhg fmrg hdfuys iu;a wkq.dñl;ajhla' fg%dÜialsf.a fkdkj;sk úma,jfha kHdhh Tjqka
úiska w;yer oukq ,eîfï yqÿ tla md¾Yajhla
5' fuhg mj;akd m%Odk ndOlh iage,skajdoh
mukla úh' lïlre mka;sh ;=, udlaiajd§ ú{dkh
hs' reishdfõ 1917 Tlaf;dan¾ úma,jfhys fyd| ku
f.dvke.Sug;a" wêrdcHjdofha ish¨ cd;sl
.id lñka th lïlrejka wdl¾Ikh lr .kafka"
OfkaYajr yd iq¨ OfkaYajr tacka;hkag tfrysj
yqfola miq j" lïlrejkaf.a úYajdih mdjd foñka
lïlre mka;sfha foaYmd,k iajdëk;ajh ;yjqre
Tjqka tlaflda iudc m%cd;ka;%jdofha ;=re,a,g"
lsÍug;a igkaje§u Tjqyq m%;slafIam lf,dah'
WodiSk;ajhg" weo oeóug fyda wdmiq OfkaYajr
l%uh ms,sn|j u ñ:Hdjkag weo fy,Sug h' *eisiaÜ 1950 yd 1960 .kkaj, § - úfYaIfhkau 1963 §
fyda rdcdkavqjd§ n,fõ.hkays ;yjqre ùfï weußldkq tiaví,sõmSh cd;Hka;r lñgqj iu. fNao
rEmdldrfhka yd OfkaYajr l%uh úiska fmdaIkh fjñka meíf,dajd§ka iu. h,s tlai;aùfï§ oelajQ
fldg iQodkï flfrk w¨;a hqo msmsreïj, úreoaO;ajh ;=," y;rjeks cd;Hka;rh wdrlaId
rEmdldrfhka lïlre mka;sh" fuu mdjd§ïj,g lsÍu i|yd ì%;dkH fg%dÜialsjd§ka úiska bgq flrekq
jkaÈh f.jhs' y;rjk cd;Hka;rh th ms,sis| m%uqL ld¾hNdrh ;sìh§u" Tjqkau o ixfYdaOkjdoh
.;a ;eka mgka u ;ukaf.a m%Odk l¾;jHhkaf. foig .idf.k hdu" 1970 .kkaj,§ olakd ,§'
ka tlla njg m;a lr .;af;a" fidaúhÜ m%uqL fldgu 1973 fkdjeïnrfha lïlre úma,jjd§
iudcjd§ iuQydkavq ix.uh ;=,;a" bka neyer;a mlaIh msysgqùfuka miq th jvjvd;a meyeÈ,sj fmkS
iage,skajdoh úma,ùh whqßka fmr,d oeóu hs' .sfhah' iudcjdoh i|yd udj; f,i lïlre mka;sh
u; mokï jQ yd ta ;=, uq,a nei.;a fg%dÜialsjd§
6' y;rjk cd;Hka;rfha fndfyda lkavdhï o
mlaIhla f.dv kexùu wjYH fkdjk nj" lshqndkq
tys ls%hd ud¾.hg ys;mlaImd;S mlaI fyda lkavdhï
kdhlhdf.a iq¨ Okm;s .ß,a,d yuqodj úiska Tmamq
o yuqfjys kuH Wmdhka Wfoid mj;sk wjYH;dj
lrkq ,en we;ehs hk lshd mEu m%;slafIam lrñka"
úiska" iage,skajdohg hg;a fkdù" wêrdcHjdohg;a
1960 .kkaj, uq,a wjêfha ^lúm mQ¾j .dñhd
^cd;sljd§ ixhq;Ska fyda jD;a;Sh iñ;s ks,Orhka
jQ& fidaI,siaÜ f,an¾ ,S.h" tiaví,sõmSh úiska
n÷& tys ish¨u iq¨Okm;s wdh;kj,g;a"
*sfo,a liaf;%daf.a /äl,a cd;sljdoh W;al¾Ihg
wfkla w;g wêrdcHjdohg hg;a fkdù
^wjidk ú.%yfha § wêrdcHjdofha iq¨OfkaYajr kxjkq ,eîu l¾lY úfõpkhg ,la lf,ah'
tackaishla jk& iage,skajdohg;a" úreoaOj igka tf;l=ÿ" 1970 .kka ueo jk úg lúmh"
l, hq;af;a flfia oehs Tjqka úiska oek .kq meíf,dajd§kaf.a m%;s-fg%dÜialsjd§ ms,sfj;a iu. iómj
,eîu jvd;a u wksjd¾h Ndjhg m;a flf¾'[1] ieif|k wdldrhlska" ueo fmrÈ. - m,ia;Sk úuqla;s
—újD; ,smsh˜" meíf,da yd uekafv,a úiska ixúOdkh ^mSt,a´& yd ,sìhdfõ uqjïu¾ .vd*sf.a
m%;slafIam flrekq fg%dÜialsjdofha uQf,damdhd;aul cd;sljd§ ;ka;%h jeks - úúO cd;sl jHdmdrj,
wêrdcH úfrdaë jevigyk w;sYfhdala;sfhka Tfidjd
oelaùug mgka .;af;ah' [2] meíf,dajdoh lrd
lúmfha m%;Hd.ukh jQ l,S" yqfola kdhl;ajfha tla
tla mqoa.,hdf.a fm!oa.,sl fodaIhkays ksIamdÈ;hla
fkdùh' f,dalh mqrd ixúê; lïlre jHdmdrh ;ju;a
iage,skajd§kaf.a yd iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§kaf.a mlaI
yd jD;a;Sh iñ;sj, wdêm;Hhg k;=j meje;s ;;=
hgf;a" 1960 yd 1970 .kkaj, fg%dÜialsjd§ jHdmdr"
iq¨ OfkaYajrfha mq¨,a fldgiaj, - úfYaIfhkau
;rek YsIHhkaf.a - nyqck /äl,Slrkh úiska we;s
flrekq iudchSh yd oDIaájd§ mSvkhg f.dapr úh'
iq¨ OfkaYajrfha isg n|jd .efkkakka
fg%dÜialsjd§ jHdmdrh ;=,g ifudaOdkh lr .ekSfï
wNsfhda.h i|yd wjYH jQfha yqfola iage,skajd§ yd
iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ ks,Orhkag tfrysj flfrk
ks¾oh wr.,hla u; mokï jQ oDv;r foaYmd,ksl yd
m%dfhda.sl lïlre mka;s fm,.eiaula mukla fkdùh'
meíf,dajdofha wkq.%yh ,o —kj jfï˜ oDIaájd§
ùrhkaf.a - wka yeugu jvd —ngysr udlaiajdoh˜"
—rdcH Okjdoh˜ yd Okm;s cd;sljd§ —;=kajeks
f,daljdoh˜ iu. wkkH jQ úioDY m%jk;dj,¦
tkï" mq¨,a;u f,i miikq ,enQjka mukla
kï l,fyd;a" udlHqia" wefvd¾fkda" fydfflu¾"
.%ïiaÑ" Æf*da¾" lia;=¾hdÈia" .=fõrd" *efkdka yd
ue,alï tlaia wd§kaf.a¦ - jHdc udlaiajdohg yd
mßmQ¾k m%;sudlaiajdohg tfrysj wkjr; igkla o
ta i|yd wjYH úh' wm%udk iq¨ Okm;s nqoaêu;=ka
úiska je,| .kq ,ÿj f,dalh mqrd lïlrejka yd
;rekhka tlla miqmi ;fjlla jYfhka jQ f,a jels
mrdchka lrd le|jd f.k .shd jQ o" iage,skajdofha
úIl=re f,i m%;s.dó m%fNaohla jQ o ud´jdofha
n,mEu;a fuu §¾> ,ehsia;=jg tla l, yelsh'
lúmfha wjia:djd§ m%;sm;a;s cd;Hka;r lñgqj
;=, úreoaO;ajhlg uqyqk ÿkafkah' 1982 yd 1984
w;r;=r § weußldkq fg%dÜialsjd§ ixúOdkh jQ
j¾l¾ia ,S.h lúmfha kj-meíf,dajd§ ms,sfj;a
iïnkaOfhka úia;S¾k úfõpkhla j¾Okh lf,ah'
;u úfõpkhka iïnkaOfhka cd;Hka;r lñgqj ;=,
idlÉPdjla ixúOdkh lsÍu i|yd j¾l¾ia ,S.h oerE
mßY%uhka - yS,s" uhsl,a nkavd ^1930-2014& iy la,s*a
iaf,dag¾ ^1928- & hk whf.ka iukaú; jQ - lúm
uq,a fmf,a kdhl;ajh úiska hgm;a lr ouk ,§' [3]
fulS m%;sm;a;s úrys; m%h;ak 1985 isisrfha § lúmh
;=, foaYmd,k w¾nqohla mqmqrd tau lrd mdr lemSh'
lúmfha ì£ hdu háka meje;s kHdhsl yd foaYmd,k
m%hqla;Ska ms,sn| idlÉPdjla we;sùu je,elaùug
;ju;a wêIaGdk iy.; jQ iaf,dag¾ yd nkavd"
ì%;dkH YdLdj úiska Bg by; oYlhla mqrd wkqhk
,oaodjQ wjia:djd§ .uka u. iïnkaOfhka cd;Hka;r
lñgqj fodaI o¾Ykhg ,la lsÍug m%h;ak oerEy'
1986 § lúmh fg%dÜialsjdofhka ì£ hdu ksfõokh
lrñka f,aLkhla m%ldYhg m;a lf,ah' uhsl,a
nkavd úiska ,shk ,o th" —cd;Hka;r lñgqj jyd
j,,d oud y;rjeks cd;Hka;rh f.dvke.sh hq;af;a
ukao hkakg fya;= 27 la˜ hk uefhka hq;= úh'
lúmh uy;a f>daId mj;ajd fuu f,aLkh ksl=;a
lf,a" th udlaiajdofha iïNdjH f,aLk w;r ish
ia:dkh w;am;a lr .kq we;ehs mqfrdal:kh lrñks'
i;Hh kï" nkavdf.a f,aLkh yqfola cd;Hka;r
lñgqj mukla fkdj y;rjeks cd;Hka;rfha iuia;
b;sydihu wmlS¾;shg m;a lsÍu wruqkq fldg
.;a úlD;slrkhkays" mßmQ¾k uqidjkays yd w¾O
i;Hhkays ixl,khla jQ njhs' nkavdf.a ,smsfhys
ud;Dldju tys foaYmd,k jxpksl;ajh wkdjrkh
lf,ah' Tyqf.a —fya;= 27˜ka w,amud;%hla fyda
ms,s.; yels ù kï" y;rjeks cd;Hka;rh wLkavj
mej;Su lsisfia;a idOdrkSlrkh fkdl, yelalla
jkakg ;sìks' Tyqf.au ;¾lj,ska wksjd¾fhkau
.,d wd ks.uk wkqhñka nkavd - Tyqf.a f,aLkh
iïmQ¾k lsÍfuka blaì;s jirlg o wvq ld,hla
;=, - fg%dÜials iïnkaOfhka wOu fy,d oelSula
m, lrñka - iage,ska ms,sn| ish iSudrys; m%idoh
ksfõokh lf,ah' nkavdf.a foaYmd,k mßkduh" lúm
kdhl;ajfha yd idudðl;ajfha isá Tyqf.a f,aLkh
wkqu; l, ish,a,ka úiska fg%dÜialsjdoh w;yer
oukq ,eîu i|yd mQ¾jdo¾Yhla iemhSh' ie,lsh hq;=
ixLHdjla iage,skajd§ jHdmdrhg ne÷fkdah' ;j;a wh
wêrdcHjd§ l|jqrg udre ù" i¾ìhdjg tfrys kefgda
hqoaOfha l%shdldÍ yjq,alrefjda jQy' la,s*a iaf,dag¾
úiska Èß .kajkq ,enQ úYd,;u lkavdhu úma,jjd§
mlaIhla ms,sn| f,kska - fg%dÜials ixl,amfha
iuia; Wreuh m%;slafIam fldg" iudcjdoh i|yd
igk w;yer oud" ;u;udf.a fm!oa.,sl Ôú;
yels;dla iqjmyiq lr .ekSu flf¾ fhduq ù .;ay'
nkavdf.a f,aLkh w; m;a jydu" Bg iúia;rd;aul
ms,s;=rla iemhSfï w;HjYH;djh cd;Hka;r lñgqj
jgyd .;af;ah' udi folla ;=, —wm rlakd Wreuh˜
lD;sh i;sm;d fldgia jYfhka cd;Hka;r lñgqfõ
YdLdjka úiska m%ldYs; mqj;am;aj, m, flßks'
nkavdg iemfhk ms,s;=r f,i msgq 500 la blaujd hk
fmd;la ,sùug wjYH fõhehs uu woyia fkdflf,ñ'
flfiafj;;a" nkavdf.a ,smsh wOHhkh lrk úg
ud jgyd .;af;a" y;rjeks cd;Hka;rfha b;sydih
- úfYaIfhka u 1940 fg%dÜials >d;kfha isg 1953
meíf,dajd§ka iu. fNaoh olajd jQ ;Srkd;aul
j¾Ij, § tys b;sydih - lsisÿúfgl m%udkj;a
f,i m¾fhaIkhg Ndckh ù fkdue;sùfï yd
fg%dÜialsjd§ jHdmdrfha j¾;udk flavrhkag th
fndfyda ÿrg wd.ka;=l fohla ùfï jdish .ekSug Tyq
m%h;ak oerE njhs' nkavdf.a fødays;ajh fy,d oelSu
mukla m%udkj;a fkdùh' y;rjeks cd;Hka;rfha
b;sydih úu¾Ykh lsÍu;a" tu moku u; tys
flavrhkag wOHdmkh ,nd §u;a w;HjYHj ;sìk'
fuu fmd; m%ldYhg m;aùfuka oYl ;=klg
miq th h,s lshjd ne,Sfï§ yefÕk mßÈ"
—Wreuh˜ ld,fha mÍlaIdjg id¾:lj uqyqk §
we;ehs uu úYajdi lrñ' y;rjeks cd;Hka;rfha
b;sydih ms,sn| ye¢kaùula jYfhka ;u w.h
r|jd .kakd w;ru th" cd;Hka;r fg%dÜialsjd§
jHdmdrh f.dvke.Su i|yd wo Èkfha wr.,hg
by,skau wod, jk udlaiajd§ kHdh" jev ms,sfj,
yd uQf,damdh iïnkaO .eg¨ mÍlaIdjg ,la lrhs'
wm rlakd Wreuh wog o mj;skafka" foaYmd,k
m%jk;d mek ke.Su;a tajd w;r wr.,h;a meyeÈ,s
lsÍfuys ,d ft;sydisl fN!;sljd§ úêl%uh fhdod
.ekqkq y;rjeks cd;Hka;rfha b;sydih ms,sn|
tlu lD;sh f,ih' tlatla yqfol,d kdhlhkaf.a
fyd| fyda krl pß; iajNdjhkaf.ka o" Tjqkaf.a
Wodr fyda kSp wNsm%dhhkaf.ka o mgka .kakd
wd;aóh m%úIagh neyer lrk —Wreuh˜" y;rjeks
cd;Hka;rfha u;fNaohkag háka meje;s" fojeks
wêrdcHjd§ hqoaO iufha yd bkslaì;s ld,fha"
f,dal OfkaYajr l%ufha;a mka;s wr.,fha f.da,Sh
yd cd;sl uÜgfï j¾Okhkays;a m%;súfrdaOhka
;=,ska mek kef.k ffjIhsl iudc yd foaYmd,k
l%shdj,Ska y÷kd .ekSug m%h;ak orhs' fuu b;sydi
l:dj ish m%uqL wjOdkh fhduq lrkafka" tys m%Odk
foaYmd,k k¨jka - lekka" meíf,da" uekafv,a yd
yS,s - ;=, wd;aóhj ms,sis| .ekqkq wNsm%dhhka ms,sn|j
fkdj¦ tx.,aiaf.a jpkj,ska lsjfyd;a" —l%shdldÍ
uyckhdf.a yd -fYa%IaG ñksiqka f,i y÷kajkq
,nk- Tjqkaf.a kdhlhkaf.a ukia ;=, ifÉ;ksl
wNsm%dhhka f,i ms,sìUq flfrk''˜ mka;s wr.,fha
;;H ffjIhsl .dul n,fõ. flf¾ h' [4]
f,dal hqoaO iufha yd bkslaì;s ld, mßÉfþofha
ixlS¾k yd laIkslj fjkiafjñka meje;s
fldkafoais ;=," y;rjeks cd;Hka;rh we;=,;
mej;=kd jQ o" 1951 ;=kajeks f,dal iïfï,kfhka
blaì;sj j¾Okh ù 1953 fkdjeïnrfha ft;sydisl
fNaofhka l=¨.ekajqkq wr.,h ms,sn| fmr ,l=kq
m%lg l,d jQ o u;fNao —Wreuh˜ úiska úYaf,aIkh
flf¾' 1940 .kkaj, meje;s" iq¨ Okm;s /äl,a
nqoaêu;=ka úYd, fldgilf.a foaYmd,k fm,
.eiafï olaIskdxYsl udrej ms,sìUq l," ixfYdaOkjd§
m%jk;d folla ms,sn|j lD;sfha wjOdkh fhduq
fjhs' fuu udrej" y;rjeks cd;Hka;rh we;=,;
wkjr; yd j¾Okh fjñka meje;s foaYmd,k
wd;;Ska ;=, ish m%ldYkh w;a lr .;af;ah'
—m%;s.ukjd§ka˜ f,i o ye¢kafjk —ksnkaOk ;=fka˜
lkavdhu bkag¾kIkd,a fldñhqksiaka fvdhsÉ,kaâ
Internationale Kommunisten Deutschlands ^whsflaã&
ixúOdkh ;=,ska mek ke.sk' fï jQ l,S msgqjdyf,a
isá c¾uka fg%dÜialsjd§kaf.a ixúOdkhla jQ w;r"
fcdafi*a fjn¾ ^1901-1959& tys kdhl;ajh oeÍh'
y;rjeks cd;Hka;rfha b;sydih ;=, tys N+ñldj"
—Wreuh˜ m%ldYhg m;aùug fmr wvqjeä jYfhka
wu;l j f.dia mej;sk' flfiafj;;a th bÈßm;a
l, ixl,am" yqfola y;rjeks cd;Hka;rh ;=,
mukla fkdj" iq¨ Okm;s /äl¨kaf.a mq¨,a
fldgia w;r o m%;s-fg%dÜialsjd§ yd m%;s-udlaiajd§
m%jk;d j¾Okh lsÍfuys ,d n, mE nj ikd: úh'
lsisod idlaId;a l, fkdfyk foaYmd,ksl
ukiaiDIaáhlehs f,dal iudcjd§ úma,jfha bÈß
o¾Ykh m%;slafIam l, f,aLkhla" whsflaãh 1941
Tlaf;danrfha § m%ldYhg m;a lf,ah' kQ;k f,dalh
m%.ukh jkafka iudcjdoh lrd fkdj ïf,aÉP;ajh
lrd hehs th wjOdrkh lf,ah' hqfrdamh ;=,
*eisiaÜjdofha ch.%ykhkays w¾:h jkafka lïlre
mka;sh 1848 g fmr meje;s ;;= lrd weo oud ;=nQ
njh' wdmiq yerúh fkdyelshehs whsflaãh úYajdi
l, kdiSkaf.a hqo ch.%yk úiska iksgqyka flrefka"
f,dal b;sydifha kj wjêhls' —isr f.j,a" kj
iq¨ ck l=mamdhï" n,y;aldÍj Y%uh Wÿrd .ekSu"
.d,a l|jqre mukla fkdj hqo-isrlrejkaf.a
l|jqre mjd" yqÿ ixl%ukSh foaYmd,ksl - ñ,sgß
ixia:dmkhka fkdfõ' tajd ta ;rugu" kj jy,a
rdcHhla j¾Okh lsÍfï ÈYdjg flfrk j¾Okhla
yd w;aje,a ne| .;a" udkj j¾.hd w;r ie,lsh hq;=
m%;sY;hlf.a iaÓridr brku njg m;aùug wruqkq
flrekq" kj wd¾Ól iQrdlEfï wdldrhka o fõ'˜ [5]
iudcjdoh i|yd igk" ft;sydisl m%;s.uk
l%shdj,shla yryd —cd;sl ksoyi i|yd jk mßY%uhla˜
u.ska wj,x.= lrkq ,en we;ehs —ksnkaOk ;=fka˜
lkavdhu tod ks.ukh lf,ah' [6] bkamiqj" 1943 §
,shk ,o f,aLkhlska whsflaãh" fojeks cd;Hka;rfha
mdjd§ug tfrys wr.,hlska f,kska úiska j¾Okh
fldg ;=nQ iy" 1917 fnda,afYúla uQf,damdh f.dv
ke.Sug mokï lr .ekqkq" wêrdcHjd§ hq.h ms,sn|
ft;sydisl úYaf,aIkh ksYaÑ;j m%;slafIam lf,ah'
—m%:u f,dal hqoaOh yd ta wjia:dfõ meje;s rdcH
iïnkaO;d cd,fha iïmQ¾k .%y msysàu foi wdmiq
ne¨ úg wm úiska y÷kd.kq ,eìh hq;af;a" m,uq
f,dal hqoaOh" th weú,hdug n, mE ish¨ ldrl
iïnkaO;d ;sìh§ jqj" OfkaYajr l%ufha ft;sydisl
wjdikdjlg jeä fohla fkdjQ njhs¦ th" ft;sydisl
wjYH;djfha rduqj ;=," ft;sydislj wjYHùug
fmrd;=j OfkaYajr l%ufha ì|jeàu lr,shg f.k wd
wyUq isÿùula njhs'˜ tfy;a f,dal hqoaOh wyïnhla
ù kï" fojeks cd;Hka;rfha ì|jeàu" Tlaf;dan¾
úma,jh ch .ekSu yd fldñhqksiaÜ cd;Hka;rh
msysgqùu o tmßoafokau wyUq isÿùï úh hq;=h' f,kska
yd fg%dÜials úiska iQ;%.; l, mßÈ úisjk ishjfia
úma,jjd§ udlaiajd§ uQf,damdhfha iuia; ffjIhsl
mokuu Tjqka úiska tlfy,d m%;slafIam lrkq ,eìk'
whsflaãh úiska .eUqreu w¾:fhka iQ;%.; lrk
,oafoa tys foaYmd,k widro¾Ykhhs' lïlre mka;sh
úma,jjd§ n,fõ.hla f,i mej;Su lïuq;= ù we;ehs
th ksfõokh lf,ah' th —úikaê fldg" l=vd
wxY=j,g lvd oud" fNaoNskak fldg" tys úúO ia:r
tlsfkldg tfrysj msysgqjd" foaYmd,kslj Èßh n,
iqka fldg" cd;Hka;rj yqfol,d fldg yd md,kh
fldg'''˜ ;sìks' [7] OfkaYajr l%uh l=kqfjñka meje;s
kuqÿ lïlre mka;sh th fmr,d oeóug wiu;ah'
—udlaiajdoh uq¨ukskau jrojd jgyd.ekSulska˜
mekke.=kq fg%dÜialsjd§ jHdmdrfha —jvd;au iq,N
fodaIh˜ iukaú; jQfha" —OfkaYajr l%ufha ksfYaOkh
yqÿ ks¾Ok mka;s úma,jfha l¾;jHh f,i mukla
jgyd .ekSuhe˜hs whsflaãh ;rfha lshd isáfhah'
úma,jjd§ n,fõ.hla f,i lïlre mka;sfha
fkdyelshdj bÈßfha tlu foaYmd,k úl,amh jkqfha"
—Y;j¾Idêl ld,hla merks˜ m%cd;ka;%jdoh i|yd
igk lrd fmr,d hdu hehs whsflaãh ksfõokh lf,ah'
[8] hqfrdamd tlai;a iudcjd§ iuQydkavqjla i|yd
y;rjeks cd;Hka;rh l, le|ùug th úreoaO úh(
hqfrdamh —iudcjd§ rdcHhka˜ ;=, tlai;a
ùug fmr" m,uqj th iajdëk yd iaj;ka;%
rdcH njg ;ud úixhqla; lr .; hq;=h' th
uq¨ukskau fNaoNskak flrekq" jy,aNdjhg
muqkqjkq ,enQ" wdmiaig fy,kq ,enQ ck;dj
yd ks¾Ok mka;slhka h,s;a ;ud cd;shla
f,i msysgqjd .ekSu iïnkaO ldrkhls'''''
^wm bÈßfha we;s& l¾;jHh my; oelafjk
wdldrfhka wmg iQ;%.; l, yelsh( úkdY
uqLhg weo oud we;s j¾Okh ^lïlre jHdmdrh
o we;=¨j& h,s f.dvke.Su" OfkaYajrfha ish¨
ch.%yk h,s w;am;a lr .ekSu" by,u w¾:isoaëka
lrd t,öu yd tajd W;alDIag;ajhg kexùu''''
flfiafj;;a" jvd;au n,.;= foaYmd,k m%Yakh
jkafka" ld¾ñl Okm;s l%ufha jika; iuh iy
úoHd;aul iudcjdoh ms,sn| Y;j¾Idêl ld,hla
merks .eg¨jhs' - tkï" foaYmd,k ksoyi w;am;a
lr .ekSu" m%cd;ka;%jdoh ^reishdj o i|yd& ;yjqre
lsÍu hk cd;sl úuqla;sh i|yd w;ay, fkdyels mQ¾j
fldkafoais yd lïlre jHdmdrh f.dvke.Suhs' [9]
foaYmd,k Èko¾Ykh 1848 g mQ¾j hq.h lrd
wdmiq fmr,d" cd;Hka;r iudcjdoh i|yd
igk w;ayer oeóug;a" cd;sl iajdêm;Hh yd
OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jdoh i|yd wr.,h lrd
wdmiq hdug;a ;uka l, le|ùu" ish¨ rgj,a
i|yd wod, fõ hehs whsflaãh wjOdrkh lf,ah'
WÑ; kjHlrk iys;j [m%cd;ka;%jdoh yd
cd;sl úuqla;sh ms,sn|] fuu .eg¨j - Ökh yd
bkaÈhdj o" cmdkh yd wm%sldj o" TiafÜ%,shdj yd
lekvdj o" reishdj yd tx.,ka;h o¦ fláfhka
lsjfyd;a iuia; hqfrdamhg" W;=re yd ol=kq
weußldjg wd§ jYfhka jQ - iuia; f,dalhgu
wod,j mj;sk tlls' n,.;= ;Sj%;djhlska hq;=j
m%cd;ka;%jd§ yd cd;sl m%Yakh fkdmj;sk rgla
fld;eklj;a ke;" foaYmd,kslj ixúOdkh
jQ lïlre jHdmdrhla fld;eklj;a ke;' [10]
fhdod .; hq;= m%Odk igkamdGh úh hq;af;a
—cd;sl ksoyi˜ hehs whsflaãh m%ldY lf,ah'
fuu.ska wm lSug woyia lrkafka fuhhs( cd;sl
m%Yakh hkq" lïlre jHdmdrh h,s f.dvke.Sfï yd
iudcjd§ úma,jfha uQf,damdhsl ixl%ukSh ,laIHh
njg wjYHfhkau m;ajkakd jQ tlS ft;sydisl
wdLHdkhka w;ßka tlls' ft;sydislj w;HjYH
fuu wdLHdkh fkdy÷kk yd th Ndú;d lrk
ieá fkdokakd ljfrl= jqj udlaia - f,kskajdoh
.ek lsisjla fkdokS¦ lsisjla jgyd fkd.kS' [11]
we;af;kau lsjfyd;a f,kska yd fg%dÜialsf.a
jev ms,sfj, m%;slafIam lrñka isáfha whsflaãhhs'
m%cd;ka;%jd§ b,a,Sï i|yd igk Okjdoh fmr,d
oeófï wr.,fhka fjka lsÍu u.ska weÕjQfha"
fkdkj;sk úma,jfha kHdh yd jev ms,sfj,
iïmQ¾kfhkau w;yer oeóuls' fg%dÜials meyeÈ,s l,
mßÈ fkdkj;sk úma,jfha kHdh u.ska wjOdrkh
flrefka" —OfkaYajr j¾Okh l,a mud jQ rgj, §
m%cd;ka;%jdoh Èkd .ekSfï iy cd;sl úuqla;sfha
l¾;jHhkag mßmQ¾k yd ;:H úi÷ula ,nd .;
yelafla" mSä; cd;sfha kdhlhd f,i" wka ish,a,g;a
jvd tys f.dú ckhdf.a kdhlhd f,i ks¾Ok mka;sfha
wd{dodhl;ajh msysgqùu˜ u.ska mukla njhs' [12]
whsflaãh wvq j¾Okhla iys; rgj, §
m%cd;ka;%jd§ b,a,Sï iudcjd§ b,a,Sï flfrka
fjka lsÍu wfhda.H yd ifodiaùu tlls' tfy;a
f,dal Okjdofha Èhqkq uOHia:dkhkays § cd;sl
úuqla;sfha OfkaYajr jevms,sfj,lg mk §ug
oerekq Tjqkaf.a m%h;akhkaf.ka ms,sìUq jQfha"
foaYmd,ksl ÈßiqkaNdjfha jHdëh uÜguls' whsflaã
kdhl fcdafi*a fjn¾f.a yjq,alrejka yd ñ;=rka
miqlf,l isysm;a l, mßÈ" hqfrdamh mqrd kdis
md,kh jir mkyla fkdfõkï" wvqu ;rñka
jir ;syla È.gu mj;skq we; hk u;h 1940
.kkaj, ueo § Tyq ksr;=rej m%ldY lf,ah' [13]
IeÜukajd§yq whsflaãfha wdia:dkh idorfhka
ms,s.ekSug o th m%j¾Okh lsÍug o bÈßm;a
jQy' 1940 § y;rjeks cd;Hka;rfhka ì£ isá
IeÜukajd§yq" whsflaãfha ;¾lh" fidaúhÜ
ix.uh lïlre rdcHhla f,i fkdms,s.ekSfï;a"
wêrdcHjdohg tfrysj fidaúhÜ iuQydkavqj wdrlaId
lsÍu m%;slafIam lsÍfï;a iajlSh wdia:dkhka
iu. uq¨ukska ieif|k nj úYajdi lf,dah'
1940 .kka ;=, whsflaãfha ;okka;r mßkduh
úiska ikd: flrefka" m%;s.ukjd§ kHdh ms,sn|
IeÜukajd§kaf.a fuu ;lafiarej ksjerÈ jQ njhs'
whsflaãh y;rjeks cd;Hka;rfhka fjka l,
Tjqkaf.a Èßiqka bÈßo¾Ykh" wjidkfha§ iudcjd§
lïlre mlaIh ;=, iyfhda.h fidhd .;af;a" tys
fudfrda-f.da,aâuka m%jk;djfha rEmdldrfhks'
—Wreuh˜ ,sùug fmr fuu m%jk;djfha jeo.;alu o
m%udkj;aj wOHhkh flÍ fkd;sìk' th iudcjd§
lïlre mlaIh ;=, ksYaÑ; úmlaI lkavdhula
f,i 1944 § biau;= úh' tys m%uqL kdhlfhda fom,
y;rjeks cd;Hka;rh yd weußldkq mlaIh ;=,
ie,lsh hq;= ld¾hNdrhla bgq lr ;=nQ wh jQy' we,anÜ
f.da,aâuka ^1897-1960&" 1937 § äfõ fldñiu yuqfõ
fg%dÜialsf.a kS;s{hd f,i fiajh lf,ah' 1941 §
iañ;a mk; hgf;a meje;ajQ kvq úNd.j,§ rdcfødayS
fpdaokd t,a, jQ tiaví,sõmS idudðlhkaf.a kS;s{hd
f,i f.da,aâuka fmkS isáfhah' Tyq o ú;a;slrejka
w;ßka tla wfhl= jQ w;r" jerÈlrejka njg ;Skaÿ
lrkq ,ÿj isr f.g hejqkq mlaI idudðlhka oywg
fokd w;rg Tyq o we;=,;a úh' *S,slaia fudfrda ^1906-
1988& tiaví,sõmSfha foaYmd,k lñgq idudðlfhla
jQ w;r" lemSfmfkk iudcjd§ udOHfõÈfhl= úh'
Tyq jvd;au m%isoaêhg m;aj we;af;a Revolution
and Counter-Revolution in Spain ^iamd[a[fha
úma,jh yd m%;súma,jh& kï Tyqf.a fmd; ksidh'
1941 kvq úNd.h wjidkfha ismsß f.hg hejQ mlaI
idudðlhka w;rg Tyq o we;=,;a úh' fudfrda-
f.da,aâuka msf,a ;j;a jeo.;a idudðlfhl= jQfha"
1930 .kkaj, § fg%dÜialsf.a foaYmd,k f,alï
f,i lghq;= l,d jQ;a" fojeks f,dal hqoaO iufha
y;rjeks cd;Hka;rfha f,alï f,i ;;ajdldrfhka
lghq;= l,d jQ;a fIdaka fjdka fyhskQ¾Ü ^1912-1986& h'
wm rlakd Wreuh fudfrda-f.da,aâuka m%jk;djfha
wdia:dkhka úia;rd;aulj úu¾Ykh lrhs'
flfiafj;;a" Wreuh lD;sh m%ldYhg m;a jQ ld,fhka
miq - wka;¾cd,hg ia;=;sjka; jkakg - jvjvd;a
tiaví,sõmS wNHka;r idlÉPd nq,àkhka mßYS,kh
i|yd iq,n ùu fya;=fjka" fudfrda-f.da,aâuka
m%jk;djh flf;la ÿrg whsflaãfha ;¾lj,ska
wdNdIh ,eî o hk lrek iïnkaOfhka jvd;a mßmQ¾k
we.hSula l, yelsj we;' 1942 § fudfrda yd ^udla
f,daßia hk kñka ,shQ& fjdka fyhskQ¾Ü o —ksnkaOk
;=fka˜ fhdackdj u.ska bÈßm;a flrekq ;¾lj,g
úreoaO ù we;' tfy;a 1944 ueo Nd.fha Tjqkaf.a yd
f.da,aâukaf.a wdia:dkhka /äl,a fjkilg Ndckh
ù we;' y;rjeks cd;Hka;rh hqfrdamfha iudcjd§
úma,jfha jev ms,sfj,g wdYla;j isàfuka" fojeks
f,dal hqoaOh wjidkùfuka wk;=rej meje;s ;;=
hgf;a" th foaYmd,kslj wkod, njg m;a fldg
we;ehs fudfrda ;¾l lf,ah' hqfrdamfha - úfYaIfhkau
m%kaifha yd b;d,sfha - isÿùïj,g jvd;au .;dkq.;sl
yd mrdcljd§ wdldrhlska w¾:l:k imhñka
fudfrda-f.da,aâuka lkavdhu wjOdrkh lf,a"
iudcjd§ úma,jhg fudkhïu fyda wjldYhla
fkdue;s njhs' th lshd isáfha" iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ka
yd m%cd;ka;%jd§ keUqrejlska hq;a úúO Okm;s
ixúOdk iu. yjq,a fjñka" OfkaYajr m%cd;ka;%jd§
m%;sixialrk i|yd jQ jHdmdrhla njg ;ud mßj¾;kh
lr .ekSfuka f;drj" y;rjeks cd;Hka;rhg
fjk;a YlH foaYmd,k úl,amhla fkdjQ njhs'
y;rjeks cd;Hka;rh Okm;s m%cd;ka;%jdofha jdu
Wmdx.hla njg mßj¾;kh lsÍug fmrlfodarelï
lrk w;ru fudfrda yd f.da,aâuka" IeÜukajd§ka iu.
foaYmd,kslj h,s tluq;=ùu i|yd le|jqï lf,dah'
by;§ IeÜukajd§ka úiska fidaúhÜ ix.uh wdrlaId
lsÍu m%;slafIam lrkq ,eîu fï jk úg —fldñhqksiaÜ
taldêm;sjdohg˜ tfrysj wefußldkq wêrdcHjdofha
wr.,hg m,flfrk mQ¾k iydhla njg fõ.fhka
mßkdukh fjñka mej;sks' y;rjeks cd;Hka;rh yd
tiaví,sõmSh n,.;= f,i yd ksjerÈ f,i fudfrda
yd f.da,aâukaf.a Èßiqka bÈßo¾Ykh m%;sfIam lf,ah'
hqfrdamfha isÿùï iïnkaOfhka wkq.ukh l,
hq;= —ksjerÈ udj;la˜ ms,sn| ;¾lj, mßkduh yqÿ
úhqla; nqoaêúIhl wkqYdikd iïnkaO ldrkhla
fkdùh' mYapd;a-hqo foaYmd,k w¾nqofha m%;súmdl
wúksYaÑ;j meje;s" jvd;au .,d hk iq¨ yd wia:dhS
;;ajhla ;=, fg%dÜialsjd§yq" tu ;;ajfha úma,jjd§
úNjhg mßmQ¾k m%ldYkhla ,nd §ug W;aidy
lrñka isáhy' Tjqka ;u lghq;= mokï lf,a Okm;s
l%ufha m%;sia:dmkh fkdje,laúh yelsh hk ks.dó
Wml,amkhla u; fkdj" OfkaYajr l%uh fmr,d
oeóu i|yd meje;s ffjIhsl úNjh u;h' ysÜ,¾
n,hg m;aùug fmr meje;s ne?reï fydardjkays §"
;;a;ajh —wfmalaIdNx.˜oehs fg%dÜialsf.ka wik ,§'
Tyq ms,s;=re jYfhka lSfõ" tu jpkh úma,jjd§kaf.a
jd.aud,dfõ fkdue;s njhs' —wr.,h th ;Srkh
lrkq we;e˜hs fg%dÜials ksfõokh lf,ah' mYapd;a
hqold,Sk hqfrdamfha meje;s le,öu yd wjq,acd,h
uOHfha úma,jjd§ wNsm%dh —wfmalaIdúrys;˜
nj;a" Okm;s l%ufha mqkia:dmkh fkdje,elaúh
yels nj;a lshdisáhjqkayg o Èh hq;=j ;=nqfka
tu ms,s;=ruh' bÈka fudfrda yd f.da,aâukaf.a
Wmfoia mßÈ Tjqka l,a;nd mrdch ms,s.;af;a
kï" fg%dÜialsjd§ka OfkaYajr mqkia:dmkhg
wdOdrldÍ jQ tla idOlhla njg m;a jkq we;'
m%cd;ka;%jd§ b,a,Sï yd úma,jjd§ iudcjd§
jevms,sfj,la w;r WÑ; iïnkaO;djh ms,sn|
m%;súreoaO ;¾l j,ska ms,sìUq jQfha fjkia mka;s
wdia:dkhkah' fudfrda-f.da,aâuka m%jk;djfha ish¨
m%Odk fmf,a ksfhdað;fhda fõ.fhka ol=kg hñka
isáhy' tiaví,sõmSh yer od .sh f.da,aâuka flá
l,la IeÜukajd§ ixúOdkhg iïnkaO ù isá w;r"
blaukskau Tyq udlaiajdoh m%;slafIam lf,ah' fudfrda
1946 § tiaví,sõmSfhka fkrmkq ,ÿj" iudcjd§
ms,sfj;a yermshd wefußldkq wêrdcHjdofha iS;,
hqoaOhg iyfhda.h ÿka w;r" woaN+; idys;Hfha
Okj;a m%ldYklrefjl= njg m;a úh' fjdka
fyhskQ¾Ü o y;rjeks cd;Hka;rh w;ayer m,d
f.dia" fidaúhÜ ix.uh —jy,a rdcHhle˜hs fy,d
ÿgqfõh' iudcjd§ foaYmd,kh ;=, ;u iyNd.h
fl,jr l, Tyq iqm%lg .ks;{hl= njg m;a jQfhah'
fulS mqoa.,hkaf.a foaYmd,k mßkduh" jvd;a
mq¨,a idudÔh l%shdj,shl fldgila úh' iS;, hqoaO
jd;djrkh" mYapd;a hqold,Sk hqfrdamd wd¾Ólfha
m%;sia:dhSlrkh iy lïlre mka;s úma,jjd§
jHdmdrfha ks,OdÍjd§ f., isr lsÍï" jdudxYsl
iq¨ Okm;s nqoaêu;=kaf.a foaYmd,k oelau flf¾
n, meje;aùh' udlaiajdoh idkaoDIaáljdohg bv §
bj;a úh' iudc l%shdj,Ska fj; by;§ fhduq flrekq
wjOdkh" fm!oa.,sl .eg¨ iïnkaO m%fhdacHlrkhla
u.ska úia:dmkh flßks' foaYmd,k isoaëka iïnkaO
úoHd;aul we.hqï w;ayer oeuqkq w;r" tajd ms,sn|
ufkdaúoHdfõ oDIaá fldakfhka ,nd ÿka w¾:l:khka
wdfoaY úh' wd¾Ól ie,iqïlrkfha úNjh u;
mokï jQ wkd.;h ms,sn| ixl,am" ufkdardðl oj,a
isyskj,g bv yer bj;a úh' lïlre mka;sh wd¾Ól
jYfhka iQrdlkq ,eîu .ek meje;s Wkkaÿj ySk ù
.sfhah' mka;s md,kh yd mka;s wd¾Ól l%uh ms,sn|
m%hqla;Ska flfrka fjka lr i,lkq ,enqjd jQ mdßißl
.eg¨ ms,sn| mQ¾j kshqla;Syq m%uqL;ajhg ke.S .;ay'
whsflaã kdhlhdf.a mßkduh" iudchSh
jYfhka ks¾kh jQ nqoaêúIhl —m%;s.ukfha˜
l%shdj,sh úoyd olajkakla úh' whsflaãh y;rjeks
cd;Hka;rh;a iu. in|;d lmd yeÍfuka miq"
udlaiajd§ foaYmd,kfhka uq¨ukska ì£ .sh fcdai*a
fjn¾" mdßißl hqf;damshdkqjdofha w¾O-wrdcljd§
jla;Djrfhl= njg m;aúh' Tyqf.a m%Odk Y%djlhka
w;ßka flfkl= jQfha iudcjd§ lïlre mlaIfha ysgmq
idudðlfhl= jk" 1971 § ;ud ,shQ Post-Scarcity
Anarchism ^mYapd;a-úr,Ndjfha wrdcl;ajh& kï
lD;sh fcdafi*a fjn¾g ms,s.ekajQ" uf¾ nqlaÑka ^1921-
2006&h' ta jkúg udlaiajdofha l¾lY úreoaOjdÈfhl=
njg m;aj isá nqlaÑka" —fuu lD;sh ;=, j¾Okh
flfrk hqfgdamshdkq jHdmD;sfha o, ie,iqï"
jir úiailg o jvd by; § iQ;%.; fldg˜ ;sîu
iïnkaOfhka ish WmfoaYlhdg ia;=;s lf,ah' [14]
1999 § Okm;s cd;sljd§ l=¾ÈIa lïlre mlaIfha
^mSflafla& kdhl wíÿ,a,d TP,ka ;=¾ls wdkavqj úiska
w,a,d .kq ,en isr.; flrekq l,ays" nqlaÑkaf.a
f,aLk Tyqf.a wjOdkhg ,la úh' nqlaÑkaf.a f,aLk
;=,ska" —m%cd;ka;%jd§ ikaëhjdoh˜ i|yd jQ ;udf.au
fhdackdjka yd ieif|k woyia fidhd .kakg TP,ka
iu;aúh' nqlaÑka wNdjm%dma; jQ l,ays mSflaflah"
—úisjeks ishjfia úYsIaG;u iudc úoHd{hka
w;ßka flfkl=˜ f,i Tyqg f.!rj mqo lf,ah' [15]
foaYmd,kh md,kh lrkq ,nkafka mka;s
W;aiqlhkays ;¾lkh úisks' fï jQ l,S" foaYmd,k
lkavdhï wd;aóh Wmudkhkays moku u; ;lafiare
lsÍug fhduq jkakka - úfYaIfhkau Ydia;%d,hSh
W.;=ka - úiska ksr;=rej wu;l lr oukq ,nk
uQ,sl i;Hhls' ;j o Tjqkaf.a úpdr nqoaêh - m%Odk
fldgu th wjia:djd§ka yd úma,jjd§ka w;r
u;fNaohla we.hSu iïnkaO lrekla jQ l,ays -
Tjqkaf.au wm%ldYs; foaYmd,k mlaI.%dyS;ajhkaf.a
n,mEug k;=fjhs' iq¨ Okm;s Ydia;%{fhl=g
idudkHfhka wjia:djd§ka úiska WmfoaYkh flfrk
m%;sm;a;Ska" úma,jjd§ka bÈßm;a lrk ms,sfj;aj,g
jvd —;d;aúl˜ fia fmkS hhs' tfy;a msú;=re
o¾Ykjdohla fkdmj;skafka hïfia o" tmßoafokau
msú;=re foaYmd,khla o fkdmj;S' fmrolsk ,enqjd
fõjd fkd,enqjd fõjd foaYmd,k jevms,sfj,lg
ffjIhsl m%;súmdl mj;S' wê-ft;sydisl cd;sl
úuqla;shla yd id¾j;%sl m%cd;ka;%jdohla ms,sn|
whsflaã jev ms,sfj, iudcjdohg i;=re" mßndysr
mka;s W;aiqlhkays m%ldYkhla nj 1940 .kkaj, §
y;rjeks cd;Hka;rh o tiaví,sõmSh o y÷kd .;ay'
1950 .kkaj, uq,a Nd.h jk úg m%;s.ukjd§
ixl,am" wrdcljdofha yd mdßißl kHdhfha rduqj
;=, h,s jd;a;= lrkq ,en ;snqks' hï l,lg miq"
udlaia-úfrdaë nqlaÑkaf.a m%h;ak u.ska" fcdai*a
fjn¾f.a ixl,amj,g jvd;a mq¨,a iudc yd
foaYmd,k mokula iq¨ OfkaYajrfha kdkdm%ldr
fldgia we;=,;ska j¾Okh úh' ;u foaYmd,k
lghq;= m%Odk wêrdcHjd§ n,j;=ka iu. fl,jrla
ke;s Wmdudre oeóï yd wehs fyd|hslï meje;aùu
iu. mg,eù we;s l=¾ÈIa cd;sljd§yq o óg wh;ah'
fg%dÜialsjdoh m%;slafIam lsÍfuka miq uhsl,a nkavd
o Okm;s cd;sljdohg m%;sj¾;kh jQ nj;a" TP,kaf.a
WoafHda.Su;a iyprfhl= yd mSflaflays l%shdldÍ
wdOdrlrefjl= jQ nj;a fuys,d igyka l, hq;=h'
1940 .kkaj, meje;s iudc yd foaYmd,k
ikao¾Nh ;=, IeÜukajd§ka" —ksnkaOk ;=fka˜
lkavdhu iy fudfrda-f.da,aâuka m%jk;djh"
hï l,lg miq meíf,dajd§ ixfYdaOkjdofha
biau;=ùu iu. iïnkaO l, wjYHu foaYmd,k
ixl,amh jQfha" lïlre mka;sfha úma,jjd§ úNjh
m%;slafIam lsÍuhs' fuu m%;slafIamh w;am;a lr .;a
ksYaÑ; wdlD;Ska tlsfklg fjkia úh' fidaúhÜ
ix.uh kj md,l mka;shla njg m;afjñka fyda
ta jkúg;a m;a ù isá" ks,Or m%N+ me,eka;shla
u.ska fufyhjkq ,nk kj wdlD;shl iduQysljd§
iudchla ksfhdackh lr;ehs IeÜuka iufmalaIkh
lf,ah' IeÜukajd§ kHdfha tla m%fNaoHhla jQfha"
fidaúhÜ ix.uh —rdcH Okjdofha˜ l%uhla njhs'
—ksnkaOk ;=fka˜ lkavdhu yd Tjqka wkq.ukh l,
fudfrda-f.da,aâuka m%jk;dj" iudcjd§ úma,jh hkq
ft;sydislj u,.sh tllehs hk ks.ukhg ms,smkay'
meíf,da yd uekafv,af.a ixfYdaOkj,
fg%dÜialsjdoh w;yer oeóu" f>daIdldÍ lhsjdre
j,ska wdjrkh fldg bÈßm;a flßks' tfy;a Tjqkaf.a
bÈßo¾Ykh ;=," iudcjdoh f.dvke.SSfï m%Odk
n,fõ.h jQfha lïlre mka;sh fkdj iage,skajd§
ks,Orhhs' meíf,dajd§ kHdh IeÜukajd§ kHdfha
wuq;=u wmj¾;khla úh' IeÜukajd§ka iage,skajd§
;ka;%h" kj wdldrhl iQrdlEfï —ks,Odßjd§
iduQysljd§˜ iudchl W;amdolhd f,i fy,d ÿgq
w;r meíf,dajd§ m%jk;djh fojeks f,dal hqoaOfhka
blaì;s kef.kysr hqfrdamfha f.dvk.k ,o ks,Orjd§
iage,skajd§ ;ka;%hka y÷kajd ÿkafka Okm;s l%ufha isg
iudcjdoh lrd ft;sydislj ixl%ukhùfï w;HjYH
wdlD;sh f,ih' fï ish¨ m%jk;djfhda" tl tlla
;udf.a u l%uhg" ;u foaYmd,k bÈßo¾Ykh mokï
lf,a" lïlre mka;sfha úma,jjd§ fkdjk ld¾hNdrh
u;h' th ft;sydisl l%shdj,sfha ;Srkd;aul ;nd"
l%shdldÍ fyda n,fõ.hla njg m;a ùu wfydais ù we;'
1939 iema;eïnrfha" iudcjd§ lïlre mlaIh
we;=,; uelaia IeÜuka yd fÊïia n¾kayeï úiska
kdhl;ajh fok ,o iq¨ Okm;s úreoaO mlaIhg
tfrys igfka uQ,drïNfha §" u;fNaohg ;=vq § we;s
ft;sydisl bÈß o¾Ykh iïnkaO uQ,sl .eg¨j
flf¾ fg%dÜials wjOdkh fhduq lf,ah' fg%dÜials
fufia ,sùh( y;rjeks cd;Hka;rh Wolau lshd
isáfha" lïlre mka;sfha úma,jjd§ ld¾hNdrh
ms,sn|j mukla fkdfõ' by; mrdchkaf.a mdvï
Wf.k .ekSu" iudcjdoh mdjd fokakka md,k
ks,;,j,ska fkrmd yeÍu yd n,h i|yd wr.,fha
ch.%ykhg wjYH jk kdhl;ajh lïlre mka;sh
;=,ska f.dv ke.Su o l, yels nj th È.gu lshd
isáfhah' iq¨ Okm;s ju fuu uQ,sl úma,jjd§
bÈß o¾Ykh m%;slafIam lrk nj fg%dÜials ,sùh'
óg mgyeks f,i" jHdc-udlaiajdofha úúO
udÈ,sj, uxuq,djg yd ìhg m;a ksfhdað;fhda"
kdhl;ajfha nxfldf,d;alu u.ska ms,sìUq
flfrkafka" úma,jjd§ mrud¾:h bgq lsÍug
ks¾Ok mka;sfha Odß;djhla fkdue;s nj h hk
Wml,amkfhka mgka .ks;s' wfma úreoaOjd§ka
lsisfjla fyda fuu is;=ú,a, meyeÈ,sj m%ldY
fkdlr;s' tfy;a Tjqyq ieufokdu¦ w;s-jdudxYslhka"
udOHñlhka" wrdcljd§ka -iage,skajd§ka yd iudc
m%cd;ka;%jd§ka .ek wuq;=fjka i|yka lsÍu fyda
wjYH fkdfõ- tfll=ÿ fkdyer" mrdchkays
j.lSu ;u lrmsáka f.k ks¾Ok mka;sfha lr
u; mgj;s' ks¾Ok mka;sh ksrjoHj u ljr ;;=
hgf;a iudcjd§ fmr,sh idlaId;a lr .ekSug iu;a
jkq we;aoehs Tjqyq tflla fyda fmkajd fkdfo;s'
mrdchka i|yd fya;= ks¾Ok mka;sfhau iudc
.=kdx.hka ;=, uq,a nei ;snqfka kï" kQ;k iudcfha
;;a;ajh wfmalaIdúrys; nj ms,s.ekSug isÿ fõ' [16]
meíf,dajd§ ixfYdaOkjdoh háka meje;s -hful=
kIagdfmalaIdj f,i mjd úia;r lsÍug bv we;s-
widro¾Ykh" 1951 ;=kajeks f,dal iïfï,khg
fmrd;=j j¾Okh flrekq tys —hqo-úma,j˜ kHdh ;=,
;u mßiudma; m%ldYkh w;am;a lr .;af;ah' —wfma
jHdmdrh i|yd ffjIhsl iudc h:d¾:h iukaú;
jkafka b÷rdu OfkaYajr ;ka;%fhka yd iage,skajd§
f,dalfhke˜hs meíf,dajd§ f,aLkh ksfõokh lf,ah'
iudcjdoh i|yd igk fuu l|jqre fol w;r we;sjk
hqoaOhl iajrEmh .kakd w;r" thska ch.%dylhd
f,i iage,skajd§ moaO;sh u;= jkq we;' ;dm-kHIaál
hqoaOhl w¨ u;ska kef.ñka iage,skajd§ka" - oekgu;a
kef.kysr hqfrdamfha mj;sk tajdg iudk j¾.fha
- —úlD;s lïlre rdcH˜ ìys lrkq we;s w;r" tajd
Y;j¾I .kkdjla mj;skq we;' fuu úiauhdldr
yd wfYdaNk isoaêoduh ;=, lïlre mka;shg fyda
y;rjeks cd;Hka;rhg lsisÿ iajdëk N+ñldjla
fkd;sìk' iage,skajd§ mlaI ;=,g we;=¨ ù tajd
;=, jdu n,mEï lkavdhï f,i lghq;= lsÍug tys
flavrhkag Wmfoia fok ,§' fuu ÈhlryeÍïjd§
bÈß o¾Ykh iage,skajd§ mlaI ;=,g we;=¨ùug mukla
iSud fkdùh' fuu fj¨fï meyeÈ,s flfrk mßÈ(
iage,skajdohg wkq.;ùu kj meíf,dajd§
oelafï m%uqL úfYaIdx.hla úh' tfy;a th tys
idrd;aul .=kdx.h f,i oelSu w;miq ùula
jkq we;' meíf,dajdoh jQfha ^iy jkafka& by,
isg my,gu ÈhlryeÍïjdohhs( tkï" iudcjd§
úma,jh ;=, ks¾Ok mka;sfha kdhl;ajh o
lïlre mka;sfha ft;sydisl ld¾hNdrfha
iú[a[dkl m%ldYkh f,i y;rjeks
cd;Hka;rfha ;:Hdldrfhkau iajdëk jQ meje;au
o fkdms,s.ekSuhs' hqo - úma,j kHdh" m%Odk
ÈhlryeÍïjd§ ksnkaOkfha úia;drkh i|yd
wdrïNl miq;,h iemhSh( ta wkqj" y;rjeks
cd;Hka;rfha YdLdjka l%shd;aul jQ rgj,a ;=,
ish¨ fg%dÜialsjd§ mlaI tlS rgj, lïlre fyda
uyck jHdmdrfha wdêm;Hh biq¨ ljr fyda
foaYmd,k m%jk;djhka ;=,g Èh ù hd hq;= úh' [17]
1953 fkdjeïnrfha we;s jQ fNaoh" iudcjd§
jHdmdrfha b;sydih ;=, jvd;au ;Srkd;aul isÿùï
iu. tl fm,g isà' mrÿjg ;eî ;snqfka fg%dÜialsjd§
jHdmdrfha -tkï" iudcjdoh i|yd wr.,fha iuia;
Wreufhys iú[a[dkl yd foaYmd,kslj ixúê;
m%ldYkfha- Ñrmeje;aug lsisfia;a wvq fohla
fkdfõ' y;rjeks cd;Hka;rfha b;sydifhys jvd;au
;Srkd;aul fudfydf;a lekkaf.a —újD; ,smsh˜"
úisjk ishjfia úma,j yd m%;súma,jhkaf.a uQf,damdhsl
mdvïj,ska Wlyd .ekqkq fg%dÜialsjdofha mokï
uQ,O¾u jHla; f,i mqk¾lrkh lf,ah' y;rjeks
cd;Hka;rh Èh lr oeóu hkq" wêrdcHjdohg;a"
iage,skajd§" iudc m%cd;ka;%jd§ iy" Okm;s cd;sljd§
mlaI yd ixúOdkj, tys ksfhdað;hkag;a tfrys
foaYmd,kslj ixúê; udlaiajd§ úmlaIfha wjidkh
úh yelsj ;sìk' fï jQ l,S iufmalaIkd;aul
;¾lud;%hla fkdfõ' th ft;sydisl i;Hhls'
;:H jYfhka iEu uydoaùmhlu rgj,a rdYshl"
meíf,dajdofha ÈhlryeÍïjd§ ms,sfj;a l%shdjg
kexjQ ;ekaj,§" tys jHikldÍ m%;súmdl mÍlaId lr
ne,Sfuka tys i;Hdi;HNdjh ikd: lr .; yelsh'
fidaúhÜ ix.ufha brku ie,ls,a,g .;a l,"
meíf,dajd§ kdhlhka iage,skajd§ ;ka;%hka lïuq;=
ù hk f;lau ks,Odßjd§ iajhx-m%;sixialrkh ms,sn|
kHdhg wdila;j isá nj isysm;a l, hq;=h' cd;Hka;r
lñgqj" 1986 ;rï by; §" ñLdfh,a f.da¾nfpd*a
n,hg m;aùu yd Tyqf.a fmriafg%dhsld m%;sixialrk
l%shdjg kexùu u.ska fidaúhÜ ix.ufha Okm;s
l%uh mqkia:dmkh lsÍfuys ,d wjidk iQodku
iksgqyka flfrk njg wk;=re yÕjk w;r;=r§"
meíf,dajd§yq Tyqf.a m%;s.dó m%;sm;a;s iudcjdoh
foig ;enQ ;Srkd;aul bÈß mshjrla f,i y÷kajñka"
tajdg lS¾;s m%Yxid ms¥y' 1988 § w¾kiaÜ uekafv,a
f.d¾nfpd*a úia;r lf,a" —úYsIaG foaYmd,k
kdhlfhl=˜ f,ih' f.d¾nfpd*af.a ms,sfj;a Okjd§
mqkia:dmkhg u. fy,s lr;ehs wk;=re yeÕùu"
—wN+;fhle˜hs neyer lrñka uekafv,a ksfõokh
lf,a" —iage,skajdoh yd fn%Yafkõjdoh ksielju
wjidkh lrd meñk we;s˜ njhs' —fidaúhÜ
ckhdg" cd;Hka;r ks¾Ok mka;shg" iuia; ukqIH
j¾.hdg fyd| iekiqï iqiqula fy,sh yelsh'˜ [18]
uekafv,af.a wkaf;ajdisl ì%;dkH meíf,dajd§ ;ßla
w,s f.d¾nfpd*a ;ka;%fha ms,sfj;a iïnkaOfhka
WfoHda.hg m;a jQfha Bg o jvd wiSñ;jh' 1988 §
m%ldYhg m;a" Revolution From Above: Where is
the Soviet Union Going? ^by,ska flfrk úma,jh(
fidaúhÜ ix.uh hkafka fldfyao@& kï ish lD;sh ;=,
w,s meíf,dajdofha ffki¾.sl úfYaIdx. .kkdjla
- iage,skajd§ ks,Orhg olajk wiSñ; iyfhda.h"
úldrrEmS foaYmd,k wjia:djdoh yd foaYmd,k
h:d¾:h y÷kd.ekSug we;s mßmQ¾k fkdyelshdj
- iïñY%kh lf,ah' ;u mQ¾úldj ;=, w,s" tu
fmdf;a ksnkaOkh iïmskavkh fldg olajd we;(
f.d¾nfpd*a fidaúhÜ m%N+j ;=, m%.;sYS,S"
m%;sixialrkjd§ Odrdjla ksfhdackh lrk njg;a"
Tyqf.a jev ms,sfj, id¾:l jqjfyd;a tu.ska f,dj
mqrd iudcjd§kag yd m%cd;ka;%jd§kag buy;a
m%;s,dNhla w;ajkq we;s njg;a —by,ska flfrk
úma,jh˜ lrekq f.k yer olajhs' we;af;kau
lsjfyd;a" f.d¾nfpd*af.a fufyhqfï mßudkh"
oykj jk ishjfia weußldkq ckdêm;sjrfhl=f.a
- tan%yï ,skalkaf.a - m%h;akhka isysm;a lrjhs' [19]
fmkS hk mßÈ" f.d¾nfpd*a tan%yï ,skalkaf.a
uÜgug Tfidjd ;eîu u.ska iage,skajdoh flf¾
;ukaf.a Y%oaOdfõ iuia; mßudkh m%udkj;a f,i
m%ldYhg m;a fkdùhehs ;ßla w,s lkiai,a,g
m;a fiah¦ —fidaúhÜ ix.ufha fldñhqksiaÜ
mlaIfha by, idudðlfhl= jQ;a" ish foaYmd,k
ffO¾hh u.ska rg mqrd jeo.;a ixfla;hla njg
m;a lrk ,oaod jQ;a fndaßia fh,aÜiska˜ fj;
Tyq ish fj¨u hgy;a my;aj ms,s.ekaùh' [20]
fidaúhÜ ix.uh wjidk jYfhkau jkid
oeófï m%uqL jdia;= úoHd{hka fom, - ñLdfh,a
f.d¾nfpd*a yd fndaßia fh,aÜiska - fj; m,
flrekq meíf,dajd§kaf.a fkdieÕjQ iyfhda.h"
meíf,dajdofha m%;s.dó iajNdjh ms,sn| m%;slafIam
l, fkdyels ft;sydisl ;yjqrejla o wêrdcHjdofha
fuu wk¾:ldÍ iq¨ Okm;s foaYmd,k tackaishg
tfrysj cd;Hka;r lñgqj oYl .kkdjla mqrd f.k
.sh wr.,hg iqcd; Ndjhla o iïmdokh lf,ah'
***
1988 § wm rlakd Wreuh m%ldYhg m;a ;eka mgka
fï olajd f,dalh w;aÿgqfõ" m%.dV wd¾Ól" ;dlaIksl
yd iudchSh fjkialï /ils - mqmqrk iq¨ foaYmd,k
j¾Okhka .ek lshkqu ljf¾o@ fidaúhÜ ix.uh
úiqrejd yeÍu u.ska - mYapd;a fidaúhÜ wêrdcHjd§
úch.%ykjdofha lsre¨ m,ka Èkfha m%;s{d ÿka mßÈ
—b;sydifha wjidkh˜ flfia fj;;a - idufha kj
wjêhla fyda Wod flrefka ke;' f,dalh —w¾nqohl˜
mj;skafka hhs mejiSu ;;ajh wvq ;lafiare lsÍuls'
jvd;a WÑ; jkafka th —wjq,a cd,hla˜ f,i úia;r
lsÍuhs' miq.sh ishjia ld, wkjr; hqoaOfhka
úkdYNd.a úh' Èfkka Èk f,dal f.da,fha jv jvd;a
úYd, N+ñ m%foaY wêrdcHjd§ N+foaYmd,k ix>Ügkfha
uyd iq,sh ;=,g weo .efkñka mj;S' 1991ka miq ;ud
f,dalh md,kh lrkq we;ehs hk wfmalaIdjka jH¾:
ù .sh tlai;a ckmohg" lsisod fkdjQ úrE mßudkhl
idyisl fkdie,ls,a,lska hq;=j ish ñ,sgß fufyhqï
W;aikak lsÍug isÿ ù we;' tfy;a fojeks f,dal
hqoaOfha jHikfhka u;=j wd wêrdcHjd§ f,dal
m¾hdhfha mokï ì£ weo yef,ñka mj;S' reishdj
yd Ökh iu. fjdIskagkfha .egqï ;Sj%fjñka
mej;Su uOHfha mjd" tlai;a ckmoh yd tys m%Odk
wêrdcHjd§ —yjq,alrejka˜-úfYaIfhka c¾uksh-
w;r foaYmd,k in|;d fõ.fhka msßyS hñka mj;S'
wd¾Ól fmruqfka § OfkaYajr l%uh tla
w¾nqohl isg ;fjlla lrd ¨yqgd hhs' 2008 wd¾Ól
ì|jeàfï n,mEï ;ju;a blaujd f.dia ke;'
ì|jeàfï m%Odk Wreuhj we;af;a m%cd;ka;%jdofha
rduqj ;=, ord isáh fkdfyk uÜgï lrd ,Õd
ù we;s" ;Sj%fjñka mj;akd iudc wiudk;djhhs'
iïm;a l=vd m%N+jla ;=, úYauh okjk uÜgulska
ixflakaøkhùu f,dal m%mxphla ù we;s w;r"
Okm;s wdkavqj, jefvk foaYmd,k wia:dhSNdjhg
háka mj;skafka thhs' f,dalfha iEu ;eklu mka;s
.egqï W.% fjñka mj;S' OfkaYajr ksIamdokfha
yd uQ,H .kqfokqj, f.da,Shlrkh cd;Hka;r
lïlre mka;sh fmdÿ wr.,hlg weo .ksñka isà'
ffjIhsl ;;= úma,jjd§ mka;s wr.,fha w;súYd,
m%idrkhla i|yd wdfõIh iïmdokh lrhs' tfy;a
fuu ffjIhsl wdfõIhka foaYmd,kslj iú{dkl
l%shdldÍ;ajh njg mßj¾;kh l, hq;=h' lïlre mka;sfha
kdhl;ajh ms,sn| w;sYh jeo.;a .eg¨j fuys§ mek k.S'
f,dal Okm;s l%ufha wmßñ; w¾nqoh mj;soa§u"
OfkaYajrfha by,u ia:rhka ;=, fmdÿfõ mj;akd
foaYmd,k úhjq, ;sìh§u" bÈß udj;la fidhd
.ekSu i|yd oefrk lïlre mka;sfha m%h;ak wjysr
lrkq ,en we;af;a" iajlSh n,mEu tu jHdmdrh
uev mj;ajd" mS,s mekakùu i|yd fhdojk mlaI yd
ixúOdk u.sks' tfia jqj" miq.sh oYl fofla w;aoelSï
tajdfha ,dxPkh nyqck ú{dkh ;=, ;nd we;' ks,
—iudcjd§˜ mlaIj, nxfldf,d;alu mq¨,aj y÷kd
.kq ,en we;' tfy;a iudc m%Yakj,g jvd;a /äl,a
m%úIaghla .ekSug m%;s{d fok - .%Sisfha isßidj jeks
- kj ixúOdk lrd uyckhd yefr;au" Tjqkaf.a
fmdfrdkaÿj, ysia nj jyd fy,sorõ fjhs' hqfrdamd
ix.uhg tfrys nyqck úfrdaO;d /,a,la u; n,hg
m;ajQ isßidjg" ;u wdOdrlrejkag ÿka iEu m%;s{djlau
m%;slafIam lsÍug .; jQfha udi lsysmhla mukls'
bÈka iamd[a[fha fmdfofudiajreka fõjd" ì%;dkHfha
fldaìka fõjd" tlai;a ckmofha iekav¾ia fõjd
n,hg m;a jQfha ù kuq;a m%;sM,h fkdfjkia jkq we;'
úma,jjd§ kdhl;ajfha w¾nqoh úi£u" ;ju;a
lïlre mka;sh wìuqj mj;sk m%uqL ft;sydisl
l¾;jHhhs' y;rjeks cd;Hka;rfha cd;Hka;r
lñgqfjka msg; fuu wNsfhda.hg uqyqk §ug igka
jÈk foaYmd,k ixúOdkhla f,dalfhau we;af;a
ke;' fuu m%ldYfha j,x.=;djh" f,dal iudcjd§
úma,jh i|yd ,sfhdka fg%dÜialsf.a wr.,fha kHdhsl
yd foaYmd,ksl Wreuh wdrlaId lsÍug - fï jk
úg yeg mia wjqreÿ ld, mrdihla mqrd - ycdcdlh
l, wr.,fha b;sydih u.ska ikd: flfrhs'
fâúâ fkda¾;a
fvfg%dhsÜ
2017 cQks 22
 igyka(
1' wm rlakd Wreuh - fojk fldgi" —fÊïia mS'
lekka —újD; ,smsh˜ ^lïlre udj; m%ldYk&" msgq
317-18'
2' lïlre úma,jjd§ mlaIh fg%dÜialsjdoh
mdjdÿkafka flfia o@ 1973-1085" lD;sh ;=, lïlre
úma,jjd§ mlaIfha wjia:djd§ mßydksh .ek
iúia;rd;aulj úYaf,aIkh lr we;'
3' ycdcdl fg%dÜialsjdoh wdrlaId lrhs" 1982-
1986" y;rjk cd;Hka;rh iÕrdj 13 fj¨u" 1986
.sïydkh
4' udlaia yd tx.,aia" tl;=l, lD;s" 26 fj¨u" 389
msgqj
5' —hqfrdamfha cd;sl m%Yakh( hqfrdamSh ;;ajh
yd foaYmd,k l¾;jHka ms,sn| m%jdo ;=k˜ 1941
Tlaf;dan¾ 19" y;rjk cd;Hka;rh 1942 foieïn¾
ixialrkh" 370-72 msgq" fu;ekska ,nd.kak- www.
marxists.org/history/etol/newspape/fi/vol theses.htm.
6' tu
7' —Okm;s ïf,aÉP;ajh o iudcjdoh o˜ ksõ
bkag¾keIk,a m%ldYk 1944 Tlaf;dan¾" 333 msgqj'
8' tu'" wjOdrkh uq,a msgmf;a'
9' tu'" 340 msgqj"
© www.wsws.org
10' tu'"
11' tu'"
12' fkdkj;sk úma,jh" 152 msgqj
13'ud¾fi,a jeka v¾ frjÆIka" “The Prehistory
of Post-Society Anarchism: Josef Weber and the
Movement for a Democracy of Content ^1947-1964&"˜
wrdcljd§ wOHhk" 9" 131 msgqj'
14' tu'" 127 msgqj'
15' https://roarmag.org/essays/bookchin-kurdish-
struggle-ocalan-rojava/
16' —fidaúhÜ ix.uh hqoaOfha˜ udlaiajdofha
wdrlaIdj i|yd
17' wm rlakd Wreuh" m,uq fldgi" —meíf,dajd§
wjia:djdofha iajNdjh˜" ^lïlre udj; m%ldYk&
254ms'
18' w¾kiaÜ uekafv,a" fmfriafg%dhsldfjka
Tífnys" 16 msgqj ^London: Verso" 1989&"
19' ;ßla w,s" úma,jh by,ska ^Surry Hills,
Australia: Hutchinson" 1988& 16 msgqj
20' tu" lemlsÍfï msgqj