Introduction to Electrical Systems

Course Code: EE 111

Course Code: EE 111

Department: Electrical Engineering

Department: Electrical Engineering

Instructor Name: B G Fernandes

Instructor Name: B.G. Fernandes

E‐mail id: bgf @ee iitb ac in

E‐mail id: bgf @ee.iitb.ac.in

Thu  Oct      EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
1/14
1,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  23
 Sub‐Topic:   

• Voltage regulation
g g

Thu  Oct      EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
2/14
1,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  23
 Review

⇒ Secondary terminal ‘V’ changes with load

⇒This change depends on load P F Req & X

⇒This change depends on load P.F., R & Xeq

leading P.F.
g
l i PF
lagging P.F. unity P.F.
it P F
⇒ This change can be estimated if Req & Xeq are known
⇒ conduct S.C. test to determine these parameters
d SC d i h
Thu  Oct      EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
3/14
1,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  23
 ⇒‘V’ required to circulate the rated ‘I’ on S.C. 
is a small percentage of rated V
is a small percentage of rated V.
∵ reduced ‘V’ is applied to the transformer, core loss can be 
neglected
∴ Pin on S.C. = I2Req

⇒ shunt parameters are determined   by   
conducting O C test
conducting O.C. test
⇒ core loss & AT required to establish ‘φ’ in the 
core are estimated
core are estimated
⇒ generally during normal operation, ‘φ’ in the core = φrated

Thu  Oct      EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
4/14
1,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  23
 ⇒ core loss depends on ‘φ’ in the core
⇒magnetic circuit is non‐ linear
(assumed to be linear at low values of  ‘φ’)

⇒ results obtained may not be accurate if O.C. test is  
conducted on low ‘V’ and then extrapolated. 
p
⇒ static device, no frictional loss
⇒ cu. loss (variable loss) vary with square of 
cu loss (variable loss) vary with square of ‘I’ I
VA
(I2 = Irated =
∴If Pc is the full load                             = I
) 2ratedReq
Vrated
⇒cu.loss at 50% of load (I2 = 0.5Irated) =(0.5Irated)2Req = 0.52Pc
⇒ cu. loss at any load = x
cu loss at any load = x2Pc
Thu  Oct      EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
5/14
1,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  23
 ∴ output power at this load = x S cosφ
S → VA rating, cosφ
S → VA rating cosφ → load P.F.
load P F
xScosφ × 100
∴%η =
xScosφ
S φ + Pi + x 2Pc
⇒ η = ηmax when Pi = x2Pc
⇒ η Vs load is almost a flat curve

Thu  Oct      EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
6/14
1,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  23
 Utilities try to maintain ≅ constant ‘V’ at primary terminals
⇒ depending upon the load, secondary  terminal ‘V’ 
depending upon the load secondary terminal ‘V’
would change

lagging P.F. unity P.F. leading P.F.

⇒ this
hi change
h d
depends
d on Req & Xeq
⇒ transformer is expected to maintain almost constant
‘V’ & it should be independent of I2
⇒ Zeq = ((Req + jjXeq) → 0
Thu  Oct      EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
7/14
1,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  23
 ⇒ performance index deals with secondary voltage as
g
a function of load ‘I’ known as regulation
Regulation: The change in secondary voltage expressed in 
% of rated secondary voltage which occurs when the load 
at specified power factor is reduced to zero, with primary 
‘V’ maintained constant
V2(no  load) − V2(rated load)
 %ε = *100
V2(no  load)
V1 ‐ rated primary voltage, V2‐ rated secondary voltage
V1
− V2L
V2 − V2L a V1 − aV2L V1 − V2′
ε  =    =   =   = 
V2 ⎛ V1 ⎞ V1 V1
⎜ ⎟
⎝a⎠
V2L‐ secondary voltage under load condition
Thu  Oct      EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
8/14
1,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  23
 Prob: Max η of 100 kVA, 1100/440V, 50 Hz, 1‐φ
transformer is 98% and occurs at 70% full load and 0.8 P.F.
If the impedance is 10%, calculate the regulation at full
load, 0.8 (lag)

xScosφ
η= x=0.7,, η
η=0.98
φ + Pi + x Pc
xScosφ
S 2

Pi = x 2Pc
0.7 × 100 × 103 × 0.8
0.98 =
0 7 × 100 × 103 × 0.8
0.7 0 8 + 2x 2Pc

∴Pc = 1166W → full load copper loss

Thu  Oct      EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
9/14
1,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  23
 L.V. side H.V. side

100 × 103
I= = 227A I = 90.9A
440
2
⎛
Req = 0.0225 ⎜
1100 ⎞
∴Req =  0.0225Ω ⎟ = 0.141Ω
⎝ 440 ⎠
IZ 227 × Z
= 0.1 =
V 440
2
∴ Z eqq = 0.194 Ω ⎛
Z eq = 0.194 ⎜
1100 ⎞
⎟ = 1.21Ω
⎝ 440 ⎠
X eq = 0.1925 Ω X eq = 1.2 Ω

Thu  Oct      EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
10/14
1,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  23
 ′ ′ ′
V1 = [V2 + I2Req cosφ + I2X eq cos(90 − φ)]
2 2

          + [I′2X eq sin(90

i (90 − φ) − I′2 Req sinφ]
i φ]2

= (470.32 + 31.92 )V

∴ ‘V’ on H.V. side = 471.4 × 1100

o
V1 = 471.4V, σ = 3
440
can we assume that V’2 and V1 are in phase?

V1 − V2′ = I′2 Req cosφ + I′2X eq sinφ

= 4.08
4 08 + 26.2
26 2 = 30.3V
30 3V
470.3 × 1100
∴ V1 = 470.3V ∴ ‘V’ on H.V. side = V
440
Thu  Oct      EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
11/14
1,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  23
 Instead, let us take real life situation
⇒ primary ‘V’ is held constant & load terminal ‘V’ is
allowed to change

V2 − V2l
% Regulation
g =
V2
∴ 4402 = (V2′ + 4.08 + 26.2)2 + (34.96 − 3.06)2
0
V2′ = 408.53V, σ = 4

neglecting σ, V1 − V2′ = (440 − 4.086 − 26.22) = 409.7V

Thu  Oct      EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
12/14
1,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  23
 To determine regulation, we assume that V1 & V’2 are in
phase & I1 ≅ II’2
V1 − V2′ I1 Req cosφ  ±  I1X eq sinφ
∴ = = εr cosφ ± εx sinφ
V1 V1
+ → lagging P.F., ‐ → leading P.F.

lagging P.F. unity P.F. leading P.F.

% ε is always + ve for R & R‐L loads
% ε could be +,
+ 0 or – ve for R
R‐C
C loads
Thu  Oct      EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
13/14
1,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  23
 ε = 0 = εr cosφ − εx sinφ
εr Req
∴ tanφ = =
εx X eq
V’2 → depends
V1‐V’ d d on mainly
i l on Xeq
Req → low
If Xeq is reduced, regulation improves
⇒ In case, if there is an accidental short circuit, I
In case if there is an accidental short circuit Isc is 
is
limited by leakage
⇒ To protect,
protect Isc should be limited
⇒ Law of conservation of sorrows: “Sorrows can neither 
b
be created  nor destroyed”
t d d t d”
Thu  Oct      EE 111: Introduction to Electrical Systems                          
14/14
1,  2009 Prof.  B.G.Fernandes Lecture  23