Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
(AM)
Objectives
To describe the principles of AM
To define and analyze the modulation index
To analyze the spectral analysis and bandwidth
calculation
To analyze the power distribution of AM
Lecture overview
Principles of amplitude modulation (AM)
Modulation index
Spectral analysis and bandwidth calculation
Power analysis of AM
Principles of AM
Definitions:
The process of changing the amplitude of a
relatively high frequency carrier signal in
proportion with the instantaneous value of
modulating signal (information)
A process of translating information signal from
low band frequency to high band
frequency.
Cont’d…
Information signal cannot travel far. It needs carrier
signal of higher frequency for long distance
destination.
Inexpensive, low quality form of modulation
Cont’d…
Amplitude of the carrier signal varies with the
information signal.
The modulated signal consist of carrier signal,
upper sideband and lower sideband signals
The modulated AM signal (figure 1 & figure 2)
needs to go through demodulation process to get
back the information signal.
Cont’d…
The AM Envelope
AM double-sideband full carrier (AM DSBFC) is
the most commonly used and the oldest and
simplest form of AM modulation.
Sometimes called conventional AM or simply AM.
The outline of the positive and negative peaks of
the carrier frequency re-create the exact shape of
the modulating signal known as envelope.
Note that the repetition rate of the envelope is
equal to the frequency of the modulating signal.
The Generation of AM Envelope
AM Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth
An AM modulator is a non-linear device.
Nonlinear mixing results in a complex output
envelope consists of the carrier frequency and the
sum (fc + fm) and difference (fc – fm) frequencies
(called cross-products).
The cross-products are displaced from the carrier
frequency by fm on both sides of it.
AM modulated wave contains no frequency
component of fm.
Frequency spectrum of an AM DSBFC Wave
Bandwidth (BW)
The BW of an AM DSBFC wave is equal to the
difference between the highest upper side frequency
and lowest lower side frequency:
BW = [fc + fm(max)] – [fc – fm(max)]
= 2fm(max)
For efficiency transmission the carrier and sidebands
must be high enough to be propagated thru earth’s
atmosphere.
Example 1
For a conventional AM modulator with a carrier
freq of fc = 100 kHz and the maximum
modulating signal frequency of fm(max = 5 kHz,
determine:
a) Freq limits for the upper and lower sidebands.
b) Bandwidth.
c) Upper and lower side frequencies produced
when the modulating signal is a single-freq 3-
kHz tone.
d) Draw the output freq spectrum.
Modulation Index and Percent of
Modulation
Used to describe the amount of amplitude change
(modulation) present in an AM waveform.
Percentage modulation (%m) is simply the
modulation index (m) stated as a percentage.
More specifically percent modulation gives the
percentage change in the amplitude of the output
wave when the carrier is acted on by a modulating
signal.
Cont’d…
Mathematically, the modulation index is
m = modulation index E
m m
E
Em = peak change in the amplitude output c
E
%m x 100% m
E c
Determining modulation index from Vmax
and Vmin
Cont’d…
If the modulating signal is a pure, single-freq sine
wave and the process is symmetrical then the
modulation index can be derived as follows:
1
E
m
(V V )
m ax m in
2
1
E (V V )
c m ax m in
2
Therefore, 1
(Vmax Vmin )
2 (V Vmin )
m max
1 (Vmax Vmin )
(Vmax Vmin )
2
Cont’d…
Since the peak change of modulated output
wave Em is the sum of the usf and lsf voltages
hence,
E E E
m usf lsf
where E E
usf lsf
E E
usf lsf
2 m
v m (t ) Vm sin (2f m t )
vc (t ) Vc sin (2f c t )
Cont’d…
Substituting Vm = mVc gives:
v am (t ) [Vc mVc sin (2f m t )] sin (2f c t )
[1 m sin (2f m t )] Vc sin (2f c t )
Constant + Unmodulated
mod. signal carrier
Cont’d…
The constant in the first term produces the carrier freq
while the sinusoidal component in the first term
produces side bands frequencies
v (t ) V sin (2f t ) [mV sin (2f t )] [sin (2f t )]
am c c c m c
mV
V sin (2f t )
c c
cos[2 ( f f )t ]
c
c m
2
mV
cos[2 ( f f )t ]
c
Carrier frequency 2
c m
Pus b Plsb Pc
4 2R 4
Cont’d…
The total power in an AM wave is
Pt Pc Pusb Plsb
Substituting the sidebands powers in terms of PC yields
m2 m2
Pt Pc Pc Pc
4 4
m2 m2
Pc Pc Pc [1 ]
2 2
mV mV mV
v (t ) V sin (2f t )
am c c
cos[2 ( f f )t ]
c
c m1
cos[2 ( f f )t ]
c
c m1
cos[2 ( f f )t ]
c
c m2
2 2 2
mV mV mV
cos[2 ( f f )t ]
c
c m2
cos[2 ( f f )t ]
c
c m3
cos[2 ( f f )t ]
c
c m3
2 2 2
Cont’d..frequency spectrum for
complex information signal
m m m m ... m
t 1
2 2
2
2
3
2
Pm 2
P P
usbt lsbt
c t
4
Pm 2
P
sbt
c t
2
m 2
P P 1 t
2
t c
Example 6
For an AM DSBFC transmitter with an unmodulated carrier power,
Pc= 100W that is modulated simultaneously by three modulating
signals, with coefficients of modulation m1=0.2, m2= 0.4, m3=0.3,
determine: