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WELDED CONNECTIONS
BY
DR. B. N. PANDYA
PROFESSOR & HEAD
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SARDAR PATEL COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ANDHERI (WEST) MUMBAI 400058
INTRODUCTION
• Welding can be defined as the process of joining two

pieces of metal under application of heat with or without
pressure.
• Pressure welding is done with the application of

pressure.
• When pressure is not applied & molten metal is

deposited at the point of connection, it is termed as non‐
pressure or fusion welding. Structural welding is
normally done by fusion welding process using either
electric arc or gas welding.
ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
• Economy
• Higher degree of rigidity
• Light weight of structure
• Connection of round bars or hollow members is possible
• Increased tensile resistance of member
• Silent, easy and speedy construction
DISADVANTAGES
• High skilled labour is required
• Not suitable for flexible joints due to high rigidity
• Joints are brittle and have less fatigue strength
DEFECTS IN WELDING
• Under cut
• Lack of fusion
• Incomplete penetration
• Slag inclusion or gas pockets or voids
• Edge melting off
CLASSIFICATION OF WELD
According to the position of the weld on the member

Flat or underhead, Overhead, Horizontal, Vertical
According to the type of weld

Butt weld, Fillet weld, Slot weld, Plug weld
According to type of joint

Butt joint, Tee joint, Edge joint, Corner joint
According to shape of the groove for butt weld

Single or double V butt, Single or double U butt
CLASSIFICATION OF WELD
According to nature of stresses developed

End weld, Side weld, Diagonal weld
According to number of layers applied during welding

Single pass, Double or multi pass
According to length of weld

Continuous, Intermittent
TYPES OF WELDED CONNECTIONS
• Axially loaded connections (Truss members)
• Eccentrically loaded connections (Brackets)

• Moment acting in the plane of joint using fillet weld
• Moment acting perpendicular to the plane of joint using
fillet weld
• Bracket plates connected with butt weld
TYPES OF WELDED CONNECTIONS
• Beam end connections

• Simple beam end connections
• Framed connections
• Direct web connection using fillet weld
• Direct web connection using butt weld
• Framed connection using double plates
• Framed connection using double angles
• Seated connections
• Unstiffened seated connection
• Stiffened seated connection
• Moment resisting connections
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.1) General:
Requirements of welds shall confirm to IS 816 & IS 9595
(10.5.1.1) End returns ≥ 2 S, important for sides carrying

bending tension.
(10.5.1.2) For lap joints, minimum lap ≥ 4 tmin or 40 mm

whichever is greater
If, only parallel longitudinal fillet welds are used,
Length of either weld ≥ transverse spacing between
longitudinal welds.
(10.5.1.3) Single fillet weld is not subjected to moment about

its longitudinal axis.
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.2) Size of weld (S):
(10.5.2.1) For normal fillets, S = minimum leg size in mm,

For deep penetration welds, if the depth of penetration beyond
the root run is at least 2.4mm, then,
S=minimum leg size + 2.4mm
(10.5.2.2) For fillet welds made by semi‐automatic or

automatic processes, where the depth of penetration is
considerably in excess of 2.4 mm, the size shall be taken
considering the actual depth of penetration
(10.5.2.3) S ≥ 3mm, Minimum size of first run or of a single

run fillet weld depends up on the thickness of the thicker
plate to avoid risk of cracking in absence of preheating.
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.2.3)
Thicker plate thickness (mm) Min. Size of weld (mm)
Upto 10 mm 3
11 to 20 mm 5
21 to 32 mm 6
33 to 50 mm 8 (first run)
More than 50, special precautions
like preheating is necessary 10
If, minimum size of fillet is greater than the thickness of

thinner member, Smin = tmin and thicker member shall be
preheated to prevent cracking of the weld.
(10.5.2.4) Size of butt weld is specified by the effective

throat thickness.
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.3) Effective throat thickness (t):
(10.5.3.1) Fillet weld : t ≥ 3mm and t ≥ 0.7 x t min of

member or t min only under special circumstances
(10.5.3.2) For stress calculation in fillet welds, t = KS,

K = angle between fusion faces
Angle between fusion faces in degrees Constant (K)
60‐90 0.70
91‐100 0.65
101‐106 0.60
107‐113 0.55
114‐120 0.50
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.3.3) For full penetration butt weld :

t = t min of connected members
For incomplete penetration butt weld :

t = Minimum thickness of weld metal common to the parts
joined excluding reinforcements.
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.4) Effective length (lw) or Area of weld (Aw):
(10.5.4.1) Fillet welds:

lw = length which is of specified size & required throat
thickness.
Actual length (Lw) = lw +2xS ≥ 4xS
(10.5.4.2) Butt welds :

lw = length of continuous full size weld but, lw ≥ 4xS
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.4.3) Plug weld:

Aw = Nominal area of the hole. These welds shall not be
designed to carry stresses.
(10.5.4.3) Consider reduction in weld strength (fwd) for

long joints, if the maximum length of side welds transferring
shear along its length exceeds 150 times the throat size of the
weld. (Refer 10.5.7.3)
For flange to web connection, where the welds are loaded for
the full length, the maximum length criteria would not be
applied.
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.5) Intermittent welds:
(10.5.5.1) Effective length of intermittent fillet weld ≥ 4xS,

with a minimum of 40 mm
(10.5.5.2) Clear spacing between weld lengths ≤ 12 or 16

times thickness of thinner plate joined, for compression &
tension joint respectively and in no case be more than 200mm.
(10.5.5.3) Effective length of intermittent butt weld ≥ 4xS

and longitudinal spacing between the weld length ≤ 16x
thickness of thinner member.
Note : Intermittent welds shall not be used for
structures/members subjected to dynamic, repetitive and
alternating stresses
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.6) Weld types & Quality :
Welds shall be fillet, butt, slot, plug or compound.

Welding electrodes shall conform to IS 814
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.7) Design stresses in welds:
(10.5.7.1) Shop welds
(10.5.7.1.1) Fillet welds

Design strength of a fillet weld (fwd) = fwn / γmw in which,
fwn = fu/(3)½,
fu = Minimum of ultimate stress for weld or parent metal and
γmw = partial safety factor for welds which shall be 1.25 for
shop welding & 1.50 for field welding.
Note : fwd shall be based on throat area of weld
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.7.1.2) Butt welds :

Stresses in butt weld shall be same as those in the parent metal
with a thickness equal to the throat thickness
(10.5.7.1.3) Slot or plug welds:

The design shear stress for these welds shall be same as that
for fillet welds
(10.5.7.2) Site welds :

Design strength in shear & tension for site welds shall be same
as that for shop welds with γmw = 1.5
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.7.3) Long joints :

When the length of the welded joint (lj) in the direction of the
force, of a splice or end connection in compression or tension
member is greater than 150 times the throat size (ti) of the
weld, the design capacity shall be reduced by the following
factor
βiw = [1.2 – (0.2 lj) / (150 ti ) ] ≤ 1
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.8) Fillet weld applied to the edge of a plate or section:
(10.5.8.1) Fillet weld applied to square edge :

Size of weld ≤ (Edge thickness – 1.5) mm
(10.5.8.2) Fillet weld on rounded toe of a rolled section

Size of weld ≤ ( 0.75 x Edge thickness)
(10.5.8.3) If size of fillet weld = edge thickness, necessary

cover shall be available to give proper throat thickness.
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.8.4) Length or size of fillet welds applied to the edges

of a plate or section in members subjected to dynamic loading
equal to the thickness of the plate or section with adequate
cover to give proper throat thickness.
(10.5.8.5) End fillet weld, normal to the direction of force

shall be of unequal size with a throat thickness ≥ 0.5 times the
thickness of the member.
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.9) Stresses due to individual forces:
Stresses in weld subjected to either compressive or tensile or

shear force alone shall be as under
fa or q = P / ( t x lw )
where
fa = Actual normal stress (comp. or tensile) due to axial force or
bending moment in N/mm2
q = Shear stress in N/mm2 (due to shear force)
P = Force carried by weld in N
t = Effective throat thickness in mm
lw = Effective length of weld in mm
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.10) Combination of stresses:
(10.5.10.1) Fillet welds:
(10.5.10.1.1) Fillet weld subjected to combination of normal

and shear stress, the equivalent stress (f e) shall satisfy the
following.
fe = ( fa2 + 3 q2 ) ½ ≤ fu / ( 3½ γmw)
(10.5.10.1.2) Check for combination of stress is not necessary

in following cases:
a) Side fillet welds joining cover plates and flange plates
b) Fillet welds where sum of normal and shear stresses does
not exceed fwd (design strength of weld)
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.10.2) Butt welds:
(10.5.10.2.1) Check for combination of stresses in butt welds is

not required if,
a) Butt welds are axially loaded
b) In single & double bevel welds the sum of normal and shear
stresses does not exceed the design normal stress, and the
shear stress does not exceed 50% of the design shear stress.
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.10.2.2) Combined bearing, bending and shear in butt

welds where bearing stress (fbr) is combined with bending
stress (fb) and shear stress (q) under the most unfavorable
conditions of loading, the equivalent stress (fe) given by
following formula shall not exceed the value allowed for parent
metal.
fe = [(fb)2 + (fbr)2 + fb fbr + 3 q2 ]½
CODAL PROVISIONS
(10.5.11) Packing plate:

If a packing is less than 6 mm thick or too thin to allow
provision of adequate welds or to prevent buckling, then the
packing plate should be trimmed flushed with the structural
elements and the size of the weld along the edges shall be
increased over the required size by the thickness of packing
plate. Otherwise the packing shall extend beyond the edges and
shall be fillet welded to the adjoining elements.
PROBLEM 1
AXIALLY LOADED WELDED CONNECTIONS
An ISA 125x95x10mm thick carries a tensile force of 280kN

(working load) and it is connected by its longer leg to 8mm
thick gusset plate. Design a suitable welded joint assuming shop
welding.
a)Using 6mm fillet weld on toe and heel
b)Using 6mm fillet weld on toe, heel and at end
c)Using 6mm fillet weld on toe, and 8 mm fillet weld on heel and
at end.
PROBLEM 1
Factored Load = Pu = 1.5 x 280 = 420 kN
a) Using 6mm fillet weld on toe and heel
PROBLEM 1
Let Pu1 and Pu2 be the resisting forces exerted by the weld at the
toe and heel of an angle section respectively.
Taking moment of forces about Pu2,
Minimum size of the weld = 3 mm ……………….(10.5.2.3)

Using 6 mm fillet weld of Fe410
Throat thickness = 0.7S = 0.7 x 6 = 4.2 mm
PROBLEM 1
PROBLEM 1
b) Using 6mm fillet weld on toe, heel and at end
PROBLEM 1
Let Pu1, Pu2 and Pu3 be the resisting forces exerted by the weld
at the toe, heel and at end of an angle section respectively.

Length of weld at end = L3 = 125 mm
PROBLEM 1
PROBLEM 1
c) Using 6mm fillet weld on toe and 8 mm fillet weld on heel
and at end
PROBLEM 1
Let Pu1, Pu2 and Pu3 be the resisting forces exerted by the weld
at the toe, heel and at end of an angle section respectively.

PROBLEM 1
Using 8 mm fillet weld of Fe410 at heel and end

Length of weld at end = L3 = 125 mm
PROBLEM 1
PROBLEM 2
ECCNTRIC WELDED CONNECTIONS
Design a bracket attached to the flange of a column to support a

load of 100 kN (working load) as shown in figure.
PROBLEM 2
Treating welds as line as of unit size (i.e. S = 1)

Area of weld = 220 + 300 + 220 = 740 mm2 / mm
Calculation of CG distances of the weld lines
Calculation of polar moment of inertia (Ip) of weld lines

PROBLEM 2
Factored Loads on the weld lines

Pu = 1.5x100 = 150 kN
Mu = 1.5x100x(154.6+300)/1000 = 68.19 kN‐m
Stresses in weld
PROBLEM 2
Let S be the size of the weld of Fe410

Throat thickness = 0.7S
Equating resultant stress to strength of weld

qr = strength of the weld
i. e. 132.56S = 1068.2
S = 9.3 mm, Say 10 mm (12‐1.5 = 10.5 >10, OK)
PROBLEM 3
Design a column bracket as shown in figure to take a load of

200 kN (working load) at an eccentricity of 250 mm. Take the
size of the web welds as half of the size of the flange welds.
PROBLEM 3
Treating welds as of unit size (i.e. S = 1 for flange welds and

S=0.5 for web welds)
Area of weld = 2x0.5x300 +2x140 = 580 mm2 / mm
Calculation of moment of inertia (I) of weld lines

Pu = 1.5x200 = 300 kN
Mu = 1.5x200x250/1000 = 75 kN‐m
PROBLEM 3
Stresses in weld
Let S be the size of the weld

PROBLEM 3

qr = strength of the weld
i.e. 132.56S = 1229.3
S = 9.3 mm Say 10 mm
Stresses in weld
PROBLEM 3
Sum of normal stress and shear stress
= q + fa = 73.9 + 159.3 = 233.2 N/mm2 >fwd
Therefore check for equivalent stress is required.
………….(10.5.10.1.2)
Equivalent stress =
> fwd
Use 12 mm fillet weld
Stresses in weld
PROBLEM 3
Sum of normal stress and shear stress
= q + fa = 61.6 + 132.8 = 194.4 N/mm2 >fwd
………….(10.5.10.1.2)
Equivalent stress =
< fwd
PROBLEM 4
A 16 mm thick bracket plate is used to transmit a reaction of

100 kN (working load) at an eccentricity of 200 mm from the
column flange as shown in the figure.
Assuming fy = 250 Mpa, design the connection with
a) butt weld
b)fillet weld
Factored loads
Vu = 1.5 x 100 = 150 kN
Mu = 150 x 200 x 10‐3 = 30 kN‐m
PROBLEM 4
a) Butt weld connection
PROBLEM 4
Adopting a double V groove weld,

Effective throat thickness = 16 mm ……….(10.5.3.3)
Depth of bracket plate required
Stresses in weld
PROBLEM 4
………..(10.5.7.1.2)
Sum of normal stress and shear stress = q + fa

= 180 + 37.5 = 217.5 Mpa < 227.3 Mpa
Also q < 0.5 x 131.2Mpa
Therefore check for equivalent stress is not required.

……………(10.5.10.2.1)
PROBLEM 4
a) Fillet weld connection
PROBLEM 4
Minimum size of the weld = 5 mm …….(10.5.2.3)

Depth of weld required

PROBLEM 4
Stresses in weld
Sum of normal stress and shear stress = q + fa = 53.6 + 160.7 =

214.3 Mpa > 189.4 Mpa
Equivalent stress = < fwd
PROBLEM 4
Stresses in weld

= 53.6 + 160.7 = 214.3 Mpa > 189.4 Mpa
Equivalent stress =
< fwd
PROBLEM 4
a) Fillet weld connection
Alternatively for given depth of the plate, the size of the weld
can be determined. Let depth of plate = 300 mm
PROBLEM 4
Stresses in weld


qr = Strength of weld
i.e. 132.56S = 1030.8
S = 7.8 mm, Say 8 mm
PROBLEM 4
Stresses in weld

= 44.6 + 178.6 = 223.2 Mpa > 189.4 Mpa
Equivalent stress =
> fwd
Take S = 9 mm
PROBLEM 4
Stresses in weld

= 39.7 + 158.7 = 198.4 Mpa > 189.4 Mpa
Equivalent stress =
< fwd
PROBLEM 5
SIMPLE BEAM END CONNECTIONS
Two ISWB300 beams (Secondary) transfer end reactions of

100 kN (working load) each to the web of ISWB400 beam
(primary) on either side of the beam such that compression
flange of all the beams are at the same level. Design a framed
connection using direct web fillet weld connection.
PROBLEM 5

connection using direct web fillet weld connection.
PROBLEM 5
For beam ISWB300, tw = 7.4 mm & h2 = 24.95 mm

For beam ISWB400, tw = 8.6 mm & h2 = 29.75 mm
Using 4 mm fillet weld of grade Fe410

Vu = 1.5 x 100 = 150 kN
Length of weld on either side of the web of ISWB300 =
PROBLEM 5
Check for shear stress in web of ISWB400 & ISWB300

PROBLEM 6
Two ISWB300 beams (Secondary) transfer end reactions of 100

kN (working load) each to the web of ISWB400 beam (primary)
on either side of the beam such that compression flange of all
the beams are at the same level. Design a framed connection
using direct web butt weld connection.
Use a backing plate of 32 mm wide and 5 mm thick fillet welded

to the web of the supported beam
Factored shear force = Vu = 1.5 x 100 = 150 kN
Size of the weld = thickness of wed of ISWB300 = 7.4 mm
PROBLEM 6
PROBLEM 6
PROBLEM 7

connection using double angles.
Assume depth of connection (d) as 200 mm which is in between

of the depth of the beam. Let angles be 90x60, whose thickness
will be determined later after designing the welds. The 60 mm
leg is connected to the secondary beam and 90 mm is connected
to the main beam as shown in figure. Assume a clear gap of 10
mm between beams
PROBLEM 7
PROBLEM 7
PROBLEM 7
Each beam transmits a reaction = 1.5 x 100 = 150 kN

Therefore force carried by each angle = 150/2 = 75 kN
Design of weld B (Shop welds)

Treating welds as of unit size (i.e. S = 1)
Area of weld = 200 + 50 + 50 = 300 mm2 / mm
Calculation of polar moment of inertia (Ip) of weld lines
PROBLEM 7

Pu = 75 kN
Mu = Pu x e1 = 75x(10+41.7)/1000 = 3.88 kN‐m
Stresses in weld
PROBLEM 7


i.e. 132.56S = 410.4
S = 3.1 mm Say 4 mm
Design of weld A (Field welds)

Area of weld = 200 mm2 / mm
Assuming location of NA is at d/6 from top i.e. 200/6 = 33.3 mm
PROBLEM 7
Assuming location of NA is at d/6 from top i.e. 200/6 = 33.3 mm

from top and 166.7 mm from bottom.
Factored Loads on the each weld lines
Pu = 75 kN
Mu = Pu x e2 =75x90/1000 = 6.75 kN‐m
Stresses in weld
PROBLEM 7


i.e. 110.5S = 713.9
S = 6.5 mm Say 7 mm
PROBLEM 7

= 76.5 + 124.0 = 200.5 Mpa > 157.8 Mpa
Equivalent stress =
> fwd
Take S = 9 mm
= 59.5 + 96.4 = 155.9 Mpa < 157.8 Mpa
Therefore check for equivalent stress is not required.
PROBLEM 7
Therefore ISA 90x60x12 is safely used as a framing angle
PROBLEM 8
connection using double plates.
Assuming framing plates

of size 50 mm x 200 mm
PROBLEM 8
Design of weld B (Shop weld)
Factored loads
Vu = 1.5 x 100 = 150 kN
Load on each plate = Vu = 150/2 = 75 kN
Mu = 75 x 50 / 1000 = 3.75 kN‐m
Stresses in welds
PROBLEM 8

i.e 132.56S = 676.0
Design of weld A (Field weld)

Stresses in weld =
PROBLEM 8

i.e. 110.5S = 375
Thickness of plate required = maximum size of weld + 1.5 mm

= 6+1.5 = 7.5mm, say 8 mm
Therefore provide framing plates of size

200 mm x 50 mm x 8 mm thk.
PROBLEM 8

PROBLEM 9
Design an unstiffened seated connection to support a beam
(ISWB300) having an end reaction of 120 kN (Working load).
Also design the welds connecting seat angle to the flange of
supporting column ISHB300 @ 63 kgs/m.
PROBLEM 9
Factored reaction = 1.5 x 120 = 180 kN
For ISWB300,
tf = 10.0 mm, rb = 11.0 mm , tw = 7.4 mm, bf = 200 mm.
For ISHB300, bf = 250 mm.
Since the bottom seat angle has to be welded to the flange of

ISHB300,
Assume the length of angle = 200 + 2 x 10 = 220 mm <250 mm
Length of bearing required at the root line of the beam
Assuming a gap of 10 mm
PROBLEM 9
Assuming a seat angle as 200 x 200 x 18
Distance from the end of the bearing on cleat to the root of angle
Assuming a seat angle as 200 x 200 x 18

Distance from the end of the bearing on cleat to the root of angle
PROBLEM 9
Design of weld
Maximum size of weld = 25‐1.5 = 18.5 mm
Minimum size of weld = 6 mm
Area of weld = 2 x 200 = 400 mm2 / mm
Factored loads
Vu = 1.5 x 120 = 180 kN
Mu = 180 x (gap + b1/2) = 180 x (10 + 86/2) x 10‐3 = 9.54 kN‐m
Stresses in weld
PROBLEM 9

i.e. 132.56S = 845.2
PROBLEM 9
= 80.4 + 127.8 = 208.2 Mpa > 189.4 Mpa
Equivalent stress =
< fwd
Use a nominal cleat angle on compression flange of the beam

and connect it with 3 mm fillet weld.
PROBLEM 10
Design an stiffened seated connection to support a beam
(ISWB300) having an end reaction of 250 kN (Working load).
The beam is supported on flange of column ISHB300
@ 63 kgs/m.
PROBLEM 10
Factored reaction = 1.5 x 250 = 375 kN
For ISWB300,
tf = 10.0 mm, rb = 11.0 mm , tw = 7.4 mm, bf = 200 mm.
For ISHB300, bf = 250 mm.
Length of bearing required at the root line of the beam
Assuming a gap of 10 mm
Width of seat plate = 200 + 2 x 10 = 220 mm

Thickness of seat plate = 12 mm more than tf of beam
Therefore provide a seat plate of size 220mmx220mmx12mm
PROBLEM 10
Let the thickness of stiffening plate be 12 mm
To avoid buckling of stiffening plate, d/t <18.9
………….. as per table 2 of IS800: 2007
Therefore maximum depth of stiffening plate = 18.9 x 12 =
226.8 mm, say 220 mm
Therefore provide a stiffening plate of size
220 mm x 220 mm x 12mm
Check for bearing stress in stiffening plate
PROBLEM 10
Design of welds
Area of weld = 2 x 220 + 2 x 104 = 648 mm2 / mm
Factored loads
Vu = 1.5 x 250 = 375 kN
Distance of end reaction from face of the column
= 220 – 202 / 2 = 119 mm
Mu = 375 x (119 x 10‐3) = 44.625 kN‐m
PROBLEM 10
Stresses in weld


qr = strength of weld
i.e 132.56S = 1118.3
S = 8.4 mm Say 9 mm
PROBLEM 10
Stresses in weld

= 91.9 + 151.9 = 243.8 Mpa > 189.4 Mpa
Equivalent stress =
> fwd
Use S = 11 mm
PROBLEM 10
Stresses in weld

= 75.2 + 124.3 = 199.5Mpa > 189.4 Mpa
Equivalent stress =
> fwd
Use a nominal cleat angle on compression flange of the beam

and connect it with 3 mm fillet weld.
Thank You

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WELDED CONNECTIONS

• Welding can be defined as the process of joining two

• Pressure welding is done with the application of

• When pressure is not applied & molten metal is

According to the position of the weld on the member

According to the type of weld

According to type of joint

According to shape of the groove for butt weld

According to nature of stresses developed

According to number of layers applied during welding

According to length of weld

• Axially loaded connections (Truss members)

• Eccentrically loaded connections (Brackets)

TYPES OF WELDED CONNECTIONS

• Beam end connections

(10.5.1.1) End returns ≥ 2 S, important for sides carrying

(10.5.1.2) For lap joints, minimum lap ≥ 4 tmin or 40 mm

(10.5.1.3) Single fillet weld is not subjected to moment about

(10.5.2.1) For normal fillets, S = minimum leg size in mm,

(10.5.2.2) For fillet welds made by semi‐automatic or

(10.5.2.3) S ≥ 3mm, Minimum size of first run or of a single

If, minimum size of fillet is greater than the thickness of

(10.5.2.4) Size of butt weld is specified by the effective

(10.5.3) Effective throat thickness (t):

(10.5.3.1) Fillet weld : t ≥ 3mm and t ≥ 0.7 x t min of

(10.5.3.2) For stress calculation in fillet welds, t = KS,

(10.5.3.3) For full penetration butt weld :

For incomplete penetration butt weld :

(10.5.4) Effective length (lw) or Area of weld (Aw):

(10.5.4.1) Fillet welds:

(10.5.4.2) Butt welds :

(10.5.4.3) Plug weld:

(10.5.4.3) Consider reduction in weld strength (fwd) for

(10.5.5.1) Effective length of intermittent fillet weld ≥ 4xS,

(10.5.5.2) Clear spacing between weld lengths ≤ 12 or 16

(10.5.5.3) Effective length of intermittent butt weld ≥ 4xS

(10.5.6) Weld types & Quality :

Welds shall be fillet, butt, slot, plug or compound.

(10.5.7) Design stresses in welds:

(10.5.7.1) Shop welds

(10.5.7.1.1) Fillet welds

(10.5.7.1.2) Butt welds :

(10.5.7.1.3) Slot or plug welds:

(10.5.7.2) Site welds :

(10.5.7.3) Long joints :

(10.5.8) Fillet weld applied to the edge of a plate or section:

(10.5.8.1) Fillet weld applied to square edge :

(10.5.8.2) Fillet weld on rounded toe of a rolled section

(10.5.8.3) If size of fillet weld = edge thickness, necessary

(10.5.8.4) Length or size of fillet welds applied to the edges

(10.5.8.5) End fillet weld, normal to the direction of force

(10.5.9) Stresses due to individual forces:

Stresses in weld subjected to either compressive or tensile or

(10.5.10) Combination of stresses:

(10.5.10.1) Fillet welds:

(10.5.10.1.1) Fillet weld subjected to combination of normal

(10.5.10.1.2) Check for combination of stress is not necessary

(10.5.10.2) Butt welds:

(10.5.10.2.1) Check for combination of stresses in butt welds is

(10.5.10.2.2) Combined bearing, bending and shear in butt

(10.5.11) Packing plate:

An ISA 125x95x10mm thick carries a tensile force of 280kN

Minimum size of the weld = 3 mm ……………….(10.5.2.3)