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BTech/UG113106– Workshop Technology

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Unit 1: Common Workshop Tools
1.1: Measuring tools

1. Introduction to common workshop

2. Introduction to Measuring tools

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Introduction
In ship’s workshop, which is usually located in the engine room, marine engineers have to
do variety of jobs involving maitenance and repairs that requires use of hand tools.

The bench work and fitting play an important role in

ship’s workshop to complete and finish the job to the
desired accuracy.

The work carried out by hand at the bench is called

bench work, whereas fitting is the assembling of
parts together by filing, chipping, sawing, tapping etc.
necessary for repair and maintenance on board
ships.

A marine engineer has also to be familiar with carpentry

and woodwork.

One of the characteristics of the skilled marine engineer is the way in which he selects and
uses his workshop tools.

In this lesson, “common workshop tools”, you will study:

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1. Measuring Tools
2. Marking tools
3. Holding tools
4. Striking tools (Hammers)
5. Cutting tools
6. Carpentry tools
7. Smithy and moulding tools

In this unit you will start with measuring tools.

1. Measuring Tools

Measuring is a process in which you consider the physical features of an object. We get
knowledge about its length, mass, height, internal or external diameters, depths etc. This
is done with the help of measuring tools like Vernier calliper, callipers, screw gauge, ruler

Various measuring tools are available onboard to acquire precise measurements of

machinery parts and other materials, during maintenance of Pumps, Auxiliary engines and
Main engine etc.

Marker Measuring Tools.MP4

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In this lesson you will study:

1. Engineer’s steel rule

2. Callipers

3. Dividers

4. Telescopic gauge

5. Straight edge

Programmer: make a list type design

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1. Engineer’s steel rule
Describe with a sketch, an engineer’s steel rule, giving its uses.
The steel rule is one of the most useful tool in the shop for taking linear measurements to
an accuracy of from 1.0 to 0.5 mm.

It is a stiff, straight steel strip having all the faces machined true. On one of the flat faces,
graduations are marked in inches and centimetres.

The least count in the inch scale is 1/64 of an inch and in the centimetre, scale is 1/10 of a
centimetre or 1 millimetre.

What is the difference between a scale and steel rule?

Some people confuse rules and scales. A scale is a measuring device used by architects
and engineers that assists them in making drawings to a scale other than full size.
A rule is used to measure actual sizes.

Care of steel rules

Steel rules are precision measuring instruments. Don’t use your steel rule as a scraper,
screwdriver or pry bar. Don’t drop it or bang it around. Keep your steel rule very lightly
oiled.

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2. Callipers
A calliper is used to measure the distance between two opposite sides of an object or
machine component, where the measurement cannot be made directly with a ruler. Four
types of callipers are generally used. They are as follows:

(I) Outside calliper Marker Video Caliper.MP4

Draw an external calliper and state its uses.
The outside callipers are of two types i.e., (i) ordinary or (ii) spring type

An outside calliper is a two-legged steel

instrument with its legs bent inwards as shown
in Fig. It is used for measuring or comparing
thickness, diameters, and other outside
dimensions. A steel rule must be used in
conjunction with them if a direct reading is
desired.

The size of a calliper is specified by the greatest

distance it can be opened at the tips of the legs.

The ordinary callipers have two legs hinged

between washers for free movement. The spring callipers have a flat curved spring
instead of hinge and the legs are moved with a screw which helps to keep the set
dimension unaltered.

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(ii) Inside calliper
Draw an inside calliper and state its uses.
The inside callipers are also of two types i.e., (i) ordinary and (ii) spring type

These are like outside callipers. the only

difference being that Its edges are turned
outwards.

This is used for comparing or measuring hole

diameters, distances between shoulders, or other
parallel surfaces of any inside dimension.

To obtain a specific measurement, steel scale

must be used as with the outside callipers.

Explanation on Spring calliper

Describe with sketch Spring calliper giving its uses
 For finer work spring caliper -both outside and inside are used.
 A loop spring on top of the joint between the two legs applies force to separate the legs
at the bottom.
 An adjusting screw and nut keep the legs in position.
 An inside spring calliper has legs turned outward to make contact with the inside of
holes and grooves.
 A steel rule must be used in conjunction with them, as with ordinary callipers.

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 When a spring calliper is applied to an object, it must make sure contact but not be
forced. A sense of "feel" or "touch" is necessary to use calliper successfully.
(iii) Hermaphrodite calliper > Marker Hermaphrodite caliper.MP4
Explain with the help of a sketch, the working of a Hermaphrodite Calliper
This is sometimes called odd-leg calliper. It has one
pointed leg like a divider and one bent leg as shown in
Figure.

The calliper is extremely useful for scribing lines parallel to

the edge of the work and for finding the centre of a
cylindrical rod.

A steel rule is a necessary for measurement, when using

calliper.

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(iv) Transfer calliper
Explain with the help of a sketch, the working and use of a Transfer Calliper
This is convenient for measuring recessed work where
ordinary callipers cannot be withdrawn. The nut N in Figure is
first locked, and the calliper opened or closed against the
work.

The nut is then loosened, and the leg swung clear of the
obstruction leaving the auxiliary arm in position.

The leg can now be moved back against the stop, where it
will show the size previously measured.

Ruler is used for measurement.

There may be both outside and inside transfer callipers.

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3. Dividers
Explain with the help of a sketch, the working and use of a Divider
A divider is an important instrument used for marking
work.

It is like callipers, but its legs have sharp points as shown

in Figure.

The most common type of the divider used in fitting work

have spring arrangement.

The dividers are used for

(i) measuring the distance between two points,
(ii) dividing a given length in a definite ratio,
(iii) drawing circles and arcs and
(iv) transferring dimensions from scales to objects.

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4. Telescopic gauge > marker Telescoping gauge.mp4
Explain with the help of a sketch, the working and use of a Telescopic gauge

The telescopic gauge, shown in Figure. is used for measuring

the inside size of slots or holes.
The gauge consists of a handle and two plungers, one
telescopic into the other and
both under spring tension.

The plungers can be locked in position stop, where it by

turning a knurled screw at the end of the handle.

To measure the diameter of a hole, the plungers are first

compressed and locked in position.

Next, the plunger end is inserted in the hole and allowed to

expand to touch opposite edges.

Finally, the plungers are locked in place, taken out of the hole,
and measured by an outside micrometre since it has no
graduations of its own.

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5. Straight Edge
Draw the sketch of straight edge and explain how it is used

Straight edges are commonly used for testing the straightness and flatness of
plane surfaces.

The ordinary shape is rectangular with

flat surface as shown in figure.

It is made of cast iron, with ribs to

provide rigidity.

Flatness is checked by a light test. The

narrow edge of the tool is applied to the
surface to be tested and kept
horizontally at eye level, watching for
light between the straightedge and the
surface along the straightedge.

Light seen at one place or another

indicates deviation from straightness.

This method proves very accurate and within 3 to 5 microns.

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Quick Quiz
Match the tool with the description. Select answer from drop list
Description Tool
1 It is commonly used for testing the straightness and flatness of plane surfaces. Straight edge
Flatness is checked by a light test. The ordinary shape is rectangular with flat
surface
2 It is a hand-held measuring device which has retractable rods to provide a Telescopic
precise measurement. It is used by mechanics to measure the size of a bore in gauge
an engine. A bore refers to the diameter measurement of the cylinder where the
pistons are positioned.
3 It is like callipers, but its legs have sharp points for measuring the distance Dividers
between two points and drawing circles
4 It is used for measuring recessed work where ordinary callipers cannot be Transfer calliper
withdrawn.
5 It has one pointed leg like a divider and one bent leg for scribing lines parallel to Hermaphrodite
the edge of the work and for finding the centre of a cylindrical rod. calliper

6 This is used for comparing or measuring hole diameters. Its edges are turned Inside calliper
outwards. A steel rule must be used in conjunction with them if a direct reading is
desired.
7 An outside calliper is a two-legged steel instrument with its legs bent inwards. It is Outside calliper
used for measuring or comparing thickness, diameters, and other outside
dimensions. A steel rule must be used in conjunction with them if a direct reading
is desired.
8 The steel rule is one of the most useful tool in the shop for taking linear Steel ruler
measurements to an accuracy of from 1.0 to 0.5 mm. It is a stiff, straight steel
strip having all the faces machined true. On one of the flat faces, graduations are
marked in inches and centimetres.

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