1. a) Explain the need for load forecasting during generation planning.

(2 mks)

b) A power plant supplies the following loads with maximum demand as below:
Type of load Max. demand (MW)
Industries 100
Domestic 15
Commercial 12
Agriculture 20

The maximum demand on the power station is 110MW. The total units generated in
the year are 350GWh.
Calculate:
i) Annual load factor (3 mks)
ii) Diversity factor (3 mks)

c) Consider the daily load data for the power system given below:

Time Load in MW

6:00am to 8:00am 8

8:00am to 1:00pm 20

1:00pm to 2:00pm 5

2:00pm to 6:00pm 30

6:00pm to 6:00am 8
Draw a i) Load curve (3 mks)
ii) Load duration curve for the system (4 mks)

d) The table below shows a typical load during a typical day in a system.
 Determine the

i) Load curve for the above system (4 marks)

ii) Load duration curve for the above system. (4 marks)

iii) Total energy consumption in MWh. (2 marks)

2. a) Explain 3 advantages of
i) Transmitting power at High Voltages (3 mks)
ii) Transmitting power at AC (3 mks)
iii) Transmitting power at DC (3 mks)

b) With the aid of a diagram, explain the components of an HVDC transmission system
(8 marks)

c) Explain the principle of operation of a 12-pulse converter (8 mks)

3. Three, single phase, 2300/230V, 60Hz transformers are connected to form a three phase,
4000/230V transformer bank. The equivalent impedance of each transformer referred to low
voltage is 0.012+j0.016Ω. The three phase transformer supplies a three phase, 120kVA, 230V,
0.85 PF (lag) load. Determine the primary line-to-line voltage required. (7 mks)

b) Three, single phase, 10kVA, 460/120V, 60Hz transformers are connected to form a three phase,
460/208V transformer bank. The equivalent impedance of each transformer referred to the high
voltage side is 1.0+j2.0Ω. The transformer delivers 20kW at 0.85 PF (leading). [PC. Sen Pg. 58,
No. 2.19]
a) Draw a schematic diagram showing the transformer connection. (3 mks)
b) Determine the transformer winding current. (7 mks) I 2 = 69.4A, I1 = 18.12A
c) Determine the primary voltage. (5 mks) 454.5V
d) Determine the voltage regulation. (3 mks) -1.2%

4. A 3-phase, 10MVA, 11kV generator with a solidly earthed neutral point supplies a feeder. The
relevant impedances of the generator and feeder in ohms are as follows:

Generator Feeder

Positive sequence impedance j1.2 j1.0

Negative sequence impedance j0.9 j1.0

Zero sequence impedance j0.4 j3.0

If a fault from one phase to earth occurs on the far end of the feeder, calculate

a) The magnitude of the fault current (5 mks)

b) Line to neutral voltage at the generator terminal (5 mks)

5. a) Define
i) Load flow analysis (1 mk)
ii) Power system stability (1 mk)
iii) Rotor angle stability (1 mk)
iv) Transient stability (1 mk)
v) Steady state stability (1 mk)
b) State 3 different techniques available to perform a load flow analysis? (3 mks)
c) The figure below illustrates the behavior of a synchronous machine for stable and unstable
situations under transient disturbance. For each case, analyze the rotor angle response and say
whether the case is stable or unstable. (6 mks)

d) A three-phase, 60-Hz, 500-MVA, 15-kV, 32-pole hydroelectric generating unit has an H

constant of 2.0 p.u.-s and D = 0.
i) Determine ω syn and ω msyn . (2 mks)
ii) Give the per-unit swing equation for this unit. (2 mks)
iii) The unit is initially operating at pmp .u . = pep. u .=1.0 , ω=ω syn , and δ =100 when a
three phase- to-ground bolted short circuit at the generator terminals causes pep . u . to drop to
zero for t ≥ 0 . Determine the power angle 3 cycles after the short circuit commences. Assume
pmp .u . remains constant at 1.0 per unit. Also assume ω p . u . ( t )=1.0 in the swing equation. (7
mks)