Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 1
1921- Indian Central Cotton Committee established
1956- Project for Intensification of Regional Research on Cotton, Oilseeds
and Millets (PRICOM) initiated in 17 centres.
1957- All India Coordinated Maize Improvement Project.
Objectives of plant breeding
1. Higher yields: Dee-Gee Woo-Gen in rice and Norin 10 in wheat;
Hybrids- Maize, Sorghum, Cumbu, etc.
2. Improving quality
Rice - Milling, Cooking quality, aroma, grain color and size
Wheat - Baking quality and Gluten content
Barley - Malting quality
Lysine content deficit in cereals
Methionine & Tryptophan deficit in pulses
PUFA content in oilseeds
3. Disease and insect resistance: Blast resistant varieties in rice : IR 20 (Medium duration),
CO 37 (short duration), CO 25 - Long duration; Stem borer donor – TKM 6, IR 20 (IR 262
x TKM 6).
4. Changing the maturity duration of varieties
Wheat varieties suitable for late planting. Ex. Sonalika wheat variety suitable for rice
-wheat rotation.
5. Agronomic characteristics
Dwarfness in cereals - Lodging resistance and fertilizer responsiveness
6. Photo and thermo insensitive varieties
7. Synchronous maturity and non-shattering - Greengram
8. Determinate growth varieties – Greengram, Redgram, cotton
9. Varieties for new seasons
10. Moisture stress and salt tolerance
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Genetic Engineering
IMPORTANT ACHIEVEMENTS
1. Production of semi-dwarf rice and wheat varieties
In wheat, Norman.E.Borloug developed semidwarf wheat variety derived from
Japanese variety Norin 10 as a source of dwarfing gene
E.g. Sonara 63, Sonara 64, Lerma Rajo were introduced in India (1963) - led to the
development of Kalyan Sona and Sonalika.
In rice, semidwarf rice variety are derived from Dee-gee-woo-gen- Dwarf, early
maturing variety of japonica rice from Taiwan.
E.g. TN1(Taiwan), IR 8 (peta x DGWG) -Wonder rice first semidwarf variety
(IRRI, Philippines) were introduced in India (1966)
Semi dwarf varieties are lodging resistant, fertilizer responsive and high yielding.
3. Development of hybrids
List of released hybrid varieties of different crops in India
Crop Hybrid /variety Type of hybrid Year
Maize Ganga 101, Ganga 1, Deccan, Ranjit Double cross 1961
(First hybrid)
Composites: Manjari, Vikram, Sona,
Vijay, Kisan, CO1, NLD, Renuka,
Kanchan and Diara
Sorghum CSH1(CK 60A x IS 84) – first hybrid Male sterile line combined 1964
Kafir 60A
CSH 2,3,4,5,6,9,10,11
Cumbu HB1(First hybrid) Single cross 1965
male sterile line Tift 23A
PHB 10,14, BJ 104 and BK560
Castor GCH3 Single cross 1968
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Cotton First hybrid H4 (Gujarat 67x Single cross G. hirsutum 1970
American nectariless) –intraspecific
JKHY-1, Godavary, Suguna, H6, Intraspecific hybrids
AKH468
Varalaxmi, CBS156, Savitri, Interspecific (G.hirsutum x
Jayalaxmi, H2HC G. barbadense)
G-cot. DH-7 and G-cot. DH-9 Desi cotton hybrids
Pigeon pea ICPH-8 Single cross- GMS 1991
3. Minor disease and pest become major due to intensive resistance breeding.
RTV (Rice Tungro Virus)
Grey mold in Bengal gram.
DOMESTICATION
Process of bringing wild species under human management. Eg. Shattering in rice was
eliminated.
GERMPLASM
Sum total of hereditary material, i.e., all the alleles of various genes, present in a crop species
and its wild relatives
Germplasm consists of 5 types
(i) Land races
(ii) Obsolete varieties- Improved varieties of recent past
(iii) Varieties in cultivation
(iv) Breeding lines
(v) Wild forms and wild relatives
Global Level
IPGRI – Supervised by consultative group on international Agricultural Research
(CGIAR), Rome, Italy.
CGIAR – 1972 by FAO, world bank.
IPGRI established by CGIAR in 1994.
Conducting research and to promote an International Net work of plant Genetic
Resources.
IBPGR Till 1993 – IBPGR 1974. Renamed as Bioversity International in 2006
National level
NBPGR – by ICAR – 1976 – New Delhi
1946 – Plant introduction started at IARI, New Delhi.
1961 – Separate division of Plant Introduction – Dr. H.B. Singh
1976 – NBPGR (Agri and horticultural crops.
Nodal agency for activities and services related to plant genetic resources.
Quarantine
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Quarantine means to keep materials in isolation to prevent the spread of diseases present in
them to the other materials.
Destructive Insects and Pests Act, 1914
Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine and Storage (1946) located in Faridabad.
Plant Quarantine Order, 2004
NBPGR, FRI – Dehradun and Botanical survey of India. Calcutta
1. Collection of germplasm
Process of obtaining the various germplasm accessions for a germplasm collection
This is done in two chief ways (i) Exploration (ii) Procurement from other agencies, individuals,
companies
2. Germplasm conservation
Two types i) in situ ii) ex situ
i) In situ germplam- conservation under natural habitat
Natural park, biosphere reserve, gene sanctuary- Meghalaya for citrus;
ii) Ex situ germplasm- Conservation of germplasm away from its natural habitat
Seed gene banks, plant or field gene banks, shoot-tip gene banks, cell and organ gene
banks, DNA gene banks
Seeds are classified on the basis of their storability into two major groups i) Orthodox and
ii) recalcitrant (Roberts, 1973)
i) Orthodox seeds
Seeds of this type can be dried to a moisture content of 5% or lower without lowering their
viability.
Rice, wheat, carrot, chickpea, soybean, cotton, sunflower, brinjal,etc.
ii) Recalcitrant seeds
Viability of this group of seeds drop drastically if their moisture content is reduced below
12-30%.
Seeds of forest and fruit trees, citrus, cocoa, coffee, rubber, oil palm, mango, jackfruit, etc.
The conditions for seed storage depend mainly on duration of storage. They are classified
into three groups:
1) Base collections:
The seeds are stored at -200C with 5% seed moisture content
The germination tests are done every 5-10 years
The seeds can maintain good viability upto 100 years
They are distributed only for regeneration
2) Active collections:
The seeds are stored below 15oC (often near 0oC) and seed moisture is 5%
The storage is for medium storage (10-15 years)
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They are used for evaluation, multiplication and distribution of accessions
3) Working collections:
The seeds are stored at less than 15o C and 10% seed moisture
The seeds are stored for 3-5 years
They are maintained by breeders
3. Germplasm evaluation
Bioversity International developed model lists of descriptors for which germplasm
accessions of various crops should be evaluated.
4. Germplasm cataloguing
Each germplasm accession is given an accession number. In India, the number is prefixed
either IC (Indigenous collection) or EC (Exotic collection).
5. Multiplication and utilization
Germplasm can be used in the breeding programme in three ways
i) Directly released as a variety- Coriander variety ‘Sudha’ in 2006
ii) Selection for developing a variety
iii) Used as a parent in hybridization programme
Core collection
Set of minimum number of accessions that together represent the genetic diversity of the
concerned crop and its wild relatives.
Centres of origin
Crop plants evolved from wild species in the area showing great diversity and that place is
termed as primary centre of origin.
There are certain areas where some crops exhibit maximum diversity of forms but this may
not be the centre of origin for that particular crop. Such centres are known as secondary
centres of origin. Eg. Sorghum
Law of Homologous series in variation- characters found in one species also occur in other
related species- N.I.Vavilov
In 1926, Vavilov proposed eight main centres of origin
1) China, 2) Hindustan 3) Central Asia, 4) Asia Minor, 5) Mediterranean, 6) Abiyssinia, 7)
Central and 8) South America.
Later, in 1935 Vavilov divided Hindustan centre into two- Indo-Burma and Siam-Malaya-
Java centres; South American centre into three cenres viz., Peru, Chile and Brazil-Paraguay
Centres; New centre- U.S.A centre.
The centres of origin may be more appropriately called the centres of diversity.
Within the large centres of diversity, small areas may exhibit much greater diversity than
the centre as a whole. These areas are known as Microcentres.
Plant Introduction
Plant introduction consists of taking a genotype or a group of genotypes of plants into a
new area or region where they were not being grown before.
Types of plant introduction
Plant introduction may be classified into two categories i) Primary and ii) Secondary
introductions.
i) Primary Introductions
When the introduced variety is well adapted to the new environment, it is released for
commercial cultivation without any alteration in the original genotype.
Introduction of semidwarf wheat variety – Sonora 64, Lerma Rojo
Semidwarf rice variety – Taichung Native 1, IR 8, IR 28 and IR 36.
ii) Secondary Introductions
The introduced variety may be subjected to selection to isolate a superior variety.
Kalyan Sona and Sonalika selected from materials introduced from CIMMYT, Mexico.
Acclimatization
The process that leads to the adaptation of a variety, line or population to a new
environment.
Achievements
1. Direct Release as Varieties
Semi dwarf varieties in wheat - Sonara 64 and Lerma Rojo;
In rice, TN 1 - Taiwan; IR 8, IR21 and IR36 - IRRI, Phillipines
Ridley wheat and Kent Oat- Australia;
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Delcrest and Virginia Gold Tobacco; Bragg, Lee, Clark 63 and Hill Davis –Soybean all
from USA.
a) Adventive embryony – Embryo develop directly from vegetative cells of the ovule such as
nucellus, integument and chalaza and does not involve production of embryosac. Eg.
Mango, Citrus, Orchids
b) Apospory – Some vegetative cells of ovule develop into unreduced embryo sacs through a
series of mitotic division and without meiosis. The embryo may develop from egg cell or
some other cells of such an embryo sac. Eg. Hieracium, Malus, crepis, Ranunculus
c) Diplospory – Embryosac is produced from megaspore which may be haploid or diploid.
This leads to parthenogenesis and apogamy
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d) Parthenogenesis - Development of embryo from egg cell without fertilization. Two types of
parthenogenesis.
(i) Haploid parthenogenesis – Embryo develops from a haploid egg cell
eg. Solanum nigrum
(ii) Diploid parthenogenesis – Embryo develops from diplod egg cell eg. Taraxacum
e) Apogamy - Development of embryo either from synergids or antipodal cells. eg. Allium, Iris
f) Parthenocarpy - Seedless fruits are formed from ovary without fertilization.
g) Androgenesis – Development of embryos from pollens or anthers cultured on a suitable
nutrient medium. Rice, Datura, Tobacco
Sexual reproduction:
Fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote, which develops into an embryo.
Male and female gametes are produced in specialized structures known as flowers.
Flower
A flower containing both stamen and pistil – perfect or hermaphrodite flowers
Flower contains only stamens – Staminate and only pistil id present - pistillate
Male and female occurs on the same plant – Monoecious eg. Maize, castor, coconut
Male and female occurs on the different plant – Dioecious eg. Papaya, Datepalm.
Sporogenesis
Production of microspores and megaspores is known as sporogenesis
Microspores are produced in anthers (Microsporogenesis) and megaspores are produced in
ovules (Megasporogenesis)
(i) Microsporogenesis
Each anther has four pollen sacs – contain numerous pollen mother cells.
PMC undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid cells – Microspores
(ii) Megasporogenesis
Occurs in ovule, inside the ovary
A single cell in ovule differentiates into megaspore mother cell.
MMC undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid megaspores. Three of the
megaspores degenerate only one survive.
Gametogenesis
Production of male and female gametes in microspores and megaspores
(i) Microgametogenesis
Production of male gamete or sperm.
Microspore divide mitotically to produce generative and tube or vegetative nucleus
When the pollen lands on stigma – pollination
After pollination, the pollen tube grows and generative nucleus undergoes mitotic
division to produce two sperms
(ii) Megagametogenesis
Megaspore under three mitotic divisions to produce eight nuclei
Three of the nuclei move to one pole, central one is egg cell and either side synergids
present
Another three moves to the opposite poles – Antipodal cells
The two nuclei in the centre, polar nuclei fuse to form secondary nucleus
Fertilisation
Fusion of one of the sperm with egg cell, producing diploid zygote – fertilization
Fusion of another sperm with secondary nucleus – Primary endosperm nucleus (Triple
fusion) Double fertilization
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Anthesis: In the process of flowering, the first opening of flower.
Modes of pollination
Pollination - Transfer of pollen grains from anthers to stigmas. They are classified as follows
i) Autogamy - Transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigmas of the same flower
ii) Allogamy - Pollen grains from flowers of one plant are transmitted to the stigmas of flower of
another plant
iii) Geitonogamy - When pollen from of one plant falls onto the stigmas of other flowers of the
same plant. Eg. Maize
I) Self pollination/Autogamy:
Closest form of inbreeding
Leads to homozygosity
Does not produce inbreeding depression
Mechanisms promote autogamy
1) Bisexuality - Presence of male and female flowers in the same flower
2) Homogamy - Maturation of anthers and stigma of a flower at the same time
3) Cleistogamy - Pollination and fertilization occur in unopened flower bud. e.g. wheat, barley, oats
4) Chasmogamy - Fertilization after opening of flower e.g. wheat, rice
5) Position of anthers - Stigmas are surrounded by anthers
II) Cross pollination/Allogamy
Outbreeding
Leads to heterozygosity
Exhibit inbreeding depression on selfing
Mechanisms promote allogamy
1) Dicliny: Unisexual flowers. Two types
1a). Monoecy - Male and flowers are separate but present in same plants e.g. Maize
Male and female flowers in same inflorescence e.g. Mango, castor, banana
1b). Dioecy - Staminate and pistillate flowers on different plants e.g. Papaya,
date palm, spinach and asparagus
2) Dichogamy: Maturation of anthers and stigma of the same flower at different times
i) Protogyny - pistil matures before anthers e.g. pearlmillet
ii) Protandry - anthers mature before pistil e.g. maize, sunflower, sugarbeet
3) Heterostyly - styles and filaments in a flower are of different lengths e.g. Linseed
4) Herkogamy - Hindrance to self pollination by physical barriers (hyline memebrane around
anthers) e.g. Alfalfa
5) Self incompatability - Inability of the fertile pollens to fertilize the flowers of the same flower.
e.g. Brassica, Radish, Nicotiana.
6) Male sterility - Non-functional pollen grains.
Classification of crop plants based on mode of pollination and mode of reproduction
Mode of pollination and Examples of crop plants
reproduction
A. Autogamous Species
1. Seed Propagated Rice, Wheat, Barley, Oats, Chickpea, Pea, Cowpea, Lentil, Green gram,
Black gram, Soybean, Common bean, Moth bean, Linseed, Sesame,
Khesari, Sunhemp, Chillies, Brinjal, Tomato, Okra, Peanut, etc.
2. Vegetatively Potato
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Propagated
2. Vegetatively Sugarcane, Coffee, Cocoa, Tea, Apple, Pears, Peaches, Cherries, grapes,
propagated Almond Strawberries, Pine apple, Banana, Cashew, Irish, Cassava, Taro,
Rubber, etc.
2) Male sterility
Male sterility may be conditioned due to cytoplasmic or genetic factors or due to
interaction of both. Environment also induces male sterility. Depending on these factors male
sterility can be classified in to
a) Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)
b) Genetic male sterility (GMS)
c) Cytoplasmic-genetic male sterility (CGMS)
d) Environmental induced male sterility which is again subdivided into
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 12
i) TGMS (Theromosensitive) - Higher temperature favours male sterility (e.g.
23.3oC or higher for rice TGMS line Pei-Ai645)
ii) PGMS (Photo sensitive) - Long day conditions favours male sterility (day length
more than 13 hr 45 min)
This type of male sterility is being used to develop hybrid rice in China.
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Transgenic male sterility:
Barnase/Barstar system
This male sterility is induced in tobacco and rapeseed by transferring a gene from Bacillus
amyloliquefaciens.
Barnese – Male sterility (A line)
Barstar – Fertility restoration (R line)
Limitations
Expensive method
Maintaining male sterility is a problem
Chemically induced male sterility
The chemicals affect the function of male reproductive organs are called male
gametocides/ male sterilants/pollen suppressants/pollenocide/chemical hybridizing agents.
e.g., Etherel @ 700- 1500 mg/l for Barley
Selective gametocides:
FW 450 - Cotton;
Maleic Hydrazide – Onion
Gibberellins – Sunflower
Sodium Methyl & Zinc Methyl Arsenate – Rice.
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BREEDING METHODS FOR SELF-POLLINATED CROPS
BREEDING METHODS PROCEDURE APPLICATION/ACHEIVEMENTS/USES
1. PURELINE SELECTION - Only for self pollinated crops
Progeny of a single self - Selection based on individual plants -Improvement of local varieties
pollinated homozygous plant - Selected progenies are evaluated in Eg. NP4 &NP52- wheat;
field trials and released as a variety NP11 &NP12- Linseed; T1 (Cowpea) & T1 (Mung bean); Pusa Sawani- Bhindi local
- Variation is due to environment and variety collected from Bihar.
non-heritable - Pureline selection in Introduced varieties
Eg. Kalyan Sona - Leaf rust resistant from an introduced material- CIMMYT
-Improves old varieties
Eg. Dwarf off-types selected from tall scented pureline variety of rice Kalimoonch 64-
released as a pureline variety Shyama
2. MASS SELECTION - Selection based on appearance or - Improves Local varieties
Individual plants are selected on the phenotype - Purifies existing pureline varieties
basis of phenotype from a mixed -Mixture of several purelines Eg. Nucleus seed of pureline variety
phenotype and their seeds are mixed (Homozygous, heterogenous)
together to constitute a new variety
Oldest method of crop improvement
(Both these methods not used for segregating materials F2, F3, etc. obtained from crosses)
Methods for handling segregating
generations
3. PEDIGREE METHOD
Genetic improvement of self -Selection of parents -Development of new varieties in self pollinated varieties
pollinated species in which superior - Hybridisation among the selected Eg. In Rice, two outstanding varieties Jaya & Padma (Shorter duration & fine grains) were
genotypes are selected from parents developed from TN1.
segregating generations and proper - Selection is practiced until it attains Other varieties: Bala, Cauveri, Karuna, Krishna, Ratna, Sabarmati.
record of ancestry of selected plants are homozygous . In tomato, Pusa early dwarf (Short statured early maturing variety) from Meeruti x Red
maintained in each generation - Tested in yield trials and released as a Cloud.
-Chances of recovering Transgressive variety Wheat, KRL1-4 (Salt tolerant) from Kharchia 65 x WL 711
segregants In cotton, Laxmi (Resistant to leaf blight).
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BULK METHOD (Nilsson-Ehle,
1908) -Bulking In India, only one variety Narendra Rai (B.juncea) developed for bold seed size in 90
- Selection procedure in which - Progeny selection and isolation of crosses.
segregating generation of self superior progeny
pollinated species is grown in bulk plot -Multilocation trials of superior progeny
with or without and individual -Release of best best progeny as a variety
selection is practiced in later -6-10 years (Short term bulk) and 20-30
generations. years (Long term bulk)
-Mass or population or evolutionary
method of crop improvement
-Used in self pollinated crops
SINGLE SEED DESCENT -Modified of bulk breeding method. - Goulden (1939) –suggested in advancing segregating generations of self pollinated crops
METHOD - Only one seed is randomly selected in - Grafius (1965)- Oats
Segregating populations of self each plant in F2 & subsequent - Brim (1966)- Soybean
pollinated species in which plants are generations
advanced by single seeds from one -Selected seed is bulked – next
generation to the next generation
-After attaining homozygosity, selection
is practiced and superior progenies are
tested in trials and released as a variety
BACKCROSS METHOD -Recurrent/recipient parent is repeatedly - Intervarietal transfer of simply inherited characters like disease resistance, seed colour,
Cross between a hybrid and one of its used in crossing plant height, etc.
parents - Non recurrent/donar parent used only Eg. ‘Transfer’- first commercial wheat variety with rust resistance
-Objective is to improve one or two once in breeding programme -Transfer of cytoplasm
specific defects of a high yielding -Backcross method depend upon the Eg. Transfer of T. timopheevii to T.aestivum- cytoplasmic male sterile line of T .aestivum
variety. gene being transferred is recessive or E.g. Sesamum malabariucum x S.indicum
- Used in self and cross pollinated dominant. Female parent Recurrent parent.
crops -In case of recessive gene transfer, each
- Commonly used for transfer of backcross is followed by one selfing, -Production of Near isogenic lines (One gene difference)
monogenic or oligogenic characters whereas in dominant gene continuous - Germplasm conversion : E.g. Production of photo insensitive line from photo Sensitive
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 16
than polygenic characters backcross are made and at last one germplasm thro’ back crossing. This was done in the case of sorghum. Popularly known as
selfing is needed. conversion programme.
OTHER APPROACHES
1.MULTILINE VARIETIES -In wheat, Kalyan Sona is susceptible to leaf rust. Rust
Mixture of several purelines of similar height, -Selection of recurrent parent resistance has been transferred and three multiline
flowering and maturity dates, seed colour and agronomic -Selection of donar parent varieties viz., KSML3 (8 lines), MLKS11 (8 lines) and
characteristics, each one having different gene for -Transfer of resistance genes into recurrent parent KML7406 (9 lines).
resistance to the given disease. - Mixing of seed of isogenic lines - Sonalika multiline -1 was released for cultivation in
- The use of multilines was first suggested in oats punjab.
by Jensen (1952)
- Borlaug and Gibler (1953) outlined the method
for developing multilines in wheat.
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4. Hybrid varieties - Heterosis is more common in CP than in SP Hybrid Jowar- CSH1, 2,3,4,5, and 6.
Superiority of F1 over its parents – Heterosis or hybrid - CP are well suited for the production of large Hybrid Cotton- H4 ,
vigour quantity of hybrid seeds Hybrid rice- CMS WA
- Difficulty in producing large quantity of hybrid Pusa Rice Hybrid 10- IARI, NewDelhi
seeds is employed by CGMS or by hand
emasculation and pollination
- In India, hybrid cotton is produced by hand
pollination and is commercially grown at a large
scale
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generation.
-Mainly to reduce the variation due to environment and
heterogeneity in soil.
iv)Contiguous control Check variety is planted after two or three rows of plant
under selection
-Minimise the environmental influence on the plants
being selected
ii) Methods with progeny test
a) Half sib family selection
Half sibs are those which have one parent in
common. Here only superior progenies are planted and
allowed to open pollinate.
i) Ear to row method: A number of plants are selected on the basis of their
It is the simplest form of progeny selection. This phenotype.
method was developed by Hopkins, 1908 They are allowed to open pollinate and seeds are
harvested on single plant basis.
There is no replication of trials
ii) Modified ear to row method i) The selected progenies may be selfed instead of open
pollination in ear to row method
Proposed by Lonngquist, 1964 ii) The selected plants may be crossed to a tester parent.
The tester parent may be a open pollinated variety, or
inbred.
iii) The progeny test may be conducted in replicated trial.
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i) The manner in which progenies are obtained for next cycle of selection.
evaluation.
ii) Instead of open pollination, making all possible inter
crosses among the selected lines.
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Hybrid varieties
Two important features of cross pollinated species
1) Inbreeding depression
2) Heterosis
Inbreeding depression:
Selfing of cross pollinated species leads to inbreeding depression
Leads to decrease in fitness and vigour
Heterosis:
Basis for breeding of hybrid and synthetic varieties
Utilized fully in hybrids and partially in synthetics
Hybrids
The progeny of a cross between genetically different plants
They are the first generation from crosses between two pure lines (for self- pollinated
crops), inbreds, open pollinated varieties of other populations that are genetically not
similar (for cross pollinated crops).
Pure line hybrids : Tomato.
Inbred hybrids : Maize, Bajra.
Inbred: It a nearly homozygous line obtained through continuous inbreeding of cross pollinated
species with selection accompanying inbreeding.
Hybrid varieties are first commercially exploited in Maize.
First hybrid released in Maize (1961) - Ganga series
Kinds of hybrids
Single cross hybrids - When two inbreds are crossed the
hybrid is known as single cross.
Eg. In Maize, COH 1, COH 2.
Three way cross hybrids - The cross between single cross
and an inbred
Eg. Maize- Ganga -5
Double cross hybrids - When the two single crosses are
crossed the resulting hybrids is called double cross Eg. Maize - COH 3
Double top crop hybrid - White kernel hybrids – Cross
between single cross and an open pollinated variety. Eg. Maize - Ganga safed 2, Histarch,
Ganga 4.
Polycross - Progeny of a line obtained by random mating
among selected genotypes
Eg. Lucerne.
Production of hybrids
Methods
1. Hand emasculation and dusting - Cotton, Tomato, Chillies, Bhendi
Detassaling - Maize
2. Use of male sterile lines:
a) Cytoplasmic male sterility - ornamentals
b) Genic male sterility - Redgram, Castor.
c) Cytoplasmic - genic male sterility - Jowar, Bajra, Rice
3. Use of self incompatibility
By planning cross compatible lines hybrids are produced. Here both are hybrids.
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E.g. Brassicas.
Demerits
1. Farmers have to use hybrid seed every year
2. Requires technical skill, seed production is tedious and costly
3. In cross pollinated crops, requires long isolation distance.
Synthetic variety
A variety which is developed by crossing in all possible combinations a number of lines
with good general combining ability.
Once synthesized, they are maintained by open pollination in isolation.
The use of synthetic varieties for commercial cultivation was first suggested in maize
(Hayes and Garber, 1919).
Composite variety
It is produced by mixing the seeds of several phenotypically outstanding lines and
encouraging open pollination to produce crosses in all combinations among the mixed
lines.
They are not tested for combining ability with each other.
Merits :
1. Utilizes heterosis where pollinatin control is difficult.
2. Less costly compared to hybrids.
3. Farmer can maintain his synthetic variety for more seasons which is not possible in hybrids.
3. Because of wider genetic base the synthetics are more stable over years and environments.
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4. Seed production is more skilled operation in hybrids where as it is not so in synthetics.
Demerits :
1. Performance is little bit lower compared to hybrids because synthetics exploit only GCA while
hybrids exploit both GCA and SCA.
2. The performance may not be good when lines having low GCA are used.
3. Synthetics produced and maintained only for cross pollinated crops.
Achievements
- Mostly used in forage crops where pollination is difficult
- Maize breeding in CYMMIT, Mexico
- Pearlmillet breeding in ICRISAT
- In India, first maize composite released in 1967; Amber, Jawahar, Kisan, Vikram, Sona,
Vijay
- Recent composites: CO 1 (resistant to downy mildew), NLD (White seed), Renuka (Very
early), Kanchan (Very early), Diara 3.
- Opaque 2 composites: Ratan, shakti, protina (Rich in lysine and tryptophan)
- In Brassica, Composite-1 yields 11 q/ha.
CLONE :
A clone is a group of plants produced from a single plant through asexual reproduction.
All the members of a clone have same genotype as the parent plant.
Characteristics of clones :
1. All the individuals belonging to a single clone are identical in genotype.
2. The phenotypic variation within a clone is due to environment only.
3. Theoretically clones are immortal i.e. a clone can be maintained indefinitely thro’ asexual
reproduction, provided there is no disease occurrence.
4. Generally clones are highly heterozygous and exhibit severe inbreeding depression.
5. Genetic variation within a clone may occur due to natural mutation or hybridization or due to
mechanical mixtures.
Achievements
Clonal selection
In potato, Kufri red from Darjeeling Red Round, Kufri safed from Phulwa
In banana, Bombay Green from Dwarf Cavendish; Pidi Monthan from Monthan and High
Gate from Gross Mitchel.
Hybridisation
In potato, Kufri Jyoti is late blight resistant; Kufri Sheetman is frost resistant; Kufri
Alankar, Kufri Kuber, Kufri Sindhuri, K. Kundan, K. Chamatkar, K. Chandramukhi, etc.
In Sugarcane, CO1148, CO1158, COS 510, CO 975, COS 109, CO 541.
Objectives of hybridization
1. To create genetic variation
2. To produce new gene combination
3. Combination breeding :
Transfer of one or more characters into a single variety
Characters governed by oligogenes/polygenes
Backcross and pedigree method are employed (e.g. transfer disease resistance)
4. Trangressive breeding:
Production of plants in F2 generation that are superior to both the parents for one or more
characters
Pedigree method and its modifications (Population approach) (e.g. to increase yield)
Types of hybridization
(i) Intervarietal/ intraspecific hybridization
Crossing between two varieties or strains of the same species
In Rice, ADT 27 (Norin 8 x GEB 24)
(ii) Distant hybridization
Crossing between two different species of the same genus- interspecific hybridization
Crossing between two different genera of the same family – intergeneric hybridisation
e.g., Oryza sativa var. indica x O. perennis CO 31 (Rice)
Triticum spp. X Secale cereale Triticale
Procedure of hybridisation
1. Choice of parents
2. Evaluation of parents
3. Emasculation – removal of stamens or anthers or killing of pollen grains of a flower
a). Hand emasculation eg. Rice, wheat, barley
b). Suction method
c). Hot water emasculation: eg. Sorghum- 42-48oC for 10 min.; Rice- 40-44oC for 10 min.
d). Alcohol treatment- Sweet clover
e). Cold treatment eg. Rice- 0-6oC; Wheat- 0-2OC for 15-24 hours
f). Genetic emasculation
4. Bagging- to prevent random cross pollination of emasculated flowers
5. Tagging : 1) Date of emasculation
2) Date of pollination
3) Name of male and female parents
6. Pollination
7. Harvesting and storing of F1 seeds
Difficulties in hybridisation
Lower seed set
Hybrid necrosis eg. Wheat
Consequences of hybridization
i. Segregation and recombination
ii. Quantitative characters- effects of genes are masked by gene x environment interactions
iii. Linkage- reduces heterozygosity and increases homozygosity
2. Mutation : It may produce a new allele not present in the population or it may change the frequencies
of the exhibiting alleles.
3. Random drift : It is other wise known as genetic drift. It is a random change in gene frequency due to
sampling error. In a smaller population if natural selection operates at random it will lead to sampling
error. This sampling error is greater in smaller population than in a large one.
Systems of mating
The breeder has two tools to change the genetic composition of a population
i) Selection
ii) Mating system
There are five basic mating schemes
1. Random mating
2. Genetic assortative mating
3. Genetic disassortative mating
4. Phenotypic assortative mating
5. Phenotypic disassortative mating.
1. Random mating :
Here the rate of reproduction of each individual is equal i.e. there is no selection and each male or
female is equally likely to combine at random. This random mating is useful in plant breeding for the
production and maintenance of synthetic and composite varieties, production of polycross varieties.
2. Genetic assortative mating:
Here the mating will be between individuals that are closely related by ancestry ie. mating between
individuals having more or less similar genotype.
It is otherwise known as inbreeding.
The genetic assortative mating leads to
i) Increase in homozygosity
ii) Characters become fixed
iii) Lethals will be eliminated
iv) Separation of population into lines.
Genetic assortative mating is useful for the development of inbreds.
3. Genetic disassortative mating
It is mating between individuals that are not closely related by ancestry.
It is otherwise known as outbreeeding
E.g. Intervarietal and interspecific crosses.
4. Phenotypic assortative mating
Mating between individuals which are phenotypically more similar.
This type of mating leads to increase in homozygosity and division of population into two
extremes. i.e. there is highest and lowest phenotypes remain in the population and there is no
intermediate types.
5. Phenotypic disassortative meting
Mating between phenotypically dissimilar individuals.
This system is useful in making a stable population.
Effects of inbreeding
1. Appearance of lethal and sub lethal alleles: Chlorophyll deficiency, rootless seedlings and other
malformations.
2. Reduction in vigour : Appearance of dwarf plants.
3. Reduction in reproductive ability - Less seed set, sterility
4. Segregation of population in distinct lines.
5. Increase in homozygosity
6. Reduction in yield.
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 25
Degrees of inbreeding depression
Based on degree of depression, the plant species can be grouped into 4 broad categories.
1. High inbreeding depression :
E.g. Lucerne, Carrot. Loss of vigour and fertility is high.
Inbreeding leads to severe depression and exhibit lethal effects. After 3 or 4 generations of
selfing it is hard to maintain lines.
2. Moderate inbreeding depression
Maize, Jowar, Bajra.
Though lethal effects are there, lines can be separated and maintained.
3. Low inbreeding depression
E.g. Onion, rye, Cucurbits, Sunflower. Only a small degree of inbreeding depression is
observed.
4. No inbreeding depression
The self-pollinated crops do not show inbreeding depression.
Heterosis: Superiority (e.g. yield) or inferiority of F1 over both the parents (e.g. earliness)
Types of heterosis
1. Average heterosis: It is the heterosis where F1 is superior to mid parent value. In otherwords
superior to average of two parents. This type of heterosis is of no use in agriculture since the
superiority is below the better parent value
2. Heterobeltiosis: Superiority of F1 over the better parent.
3. Useful/ Economic heterosis
Superiority of the F1 compared to the high yielding commercial variety in a particular crop.
4. Negative heterosis
Performance of F1 inferior to better parent / mid parent value. - e.g. Duration.
Hybrid vigour:
Synonym of heterosis, describes only superiority of F1 over both the parents.
Koelreuter (1673) first reported hybrid vigour in artificial tobacco
Luxuriance: Increased vigour and size of interspecific hybrids, produce sterile or poorly sterile
plants.
Manifestation of heterosis
1. Increased yield.
2. Increased reproductive ability.(e.g. Potato, sugarcane)
3. Increase in size and vigour. (e.g. fruit size in tomato, head size in cabbage, cob size in maize,
head size in jowar)
4. Better quality (e.g. Onion)
5. Early flowering and maturity (e.g. Tomato)
6. Resistance to pest and diseases
7. Greater adaptability
8. Faster growth rate
9. Increase in number of plant part
Applications
Heterosis is commercially used in the form of hybrids or synthetic varieties.
In India, heterosis has been commercially exploited in maize, jowar, bajra, cotton,
pigeonpea, rice, and several vegetables, asexually propagated spp and fruit tress like
coccunut.
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 26
MUTATION IN CROP IMPROVEMENTS
Sudden heritable change in the characteristics of an organism
The term mutation was first coined by Hugo de vries (1901). E.g. Evening prime rose
(Oenothera lamarkiana).
The scientific study of mutation was started in 1910 by Morgan and his workers. E.g. The
white eyed male in Drosphila.
Mutagenic action of X-rays was discovered by Muller (1927) on Drosophilla and awarded
Nobel Prize in 1946
Mutagenic action of gamma rays and X-rays by Stadler (1968) in barley and maize.
Types of mutations
(i) Macro mutations – Produce distinct morphological changes in the phenotype
E.g. Change in colours, shape etc.
(ii) Micro mutants – Produce invisible phenotypic changes and studied in terms of means and
variances
E.g. yield, plant height etc.
(iii) Gene/ point mutation – Changes in base sequences of genes
Base substitution- Transition (purine- purine);
Transversion (Purine- Pyrimidine/ pyrimidine- purine)
Base addition/deletion- frame shift mutation
(iv) Chromosomal mutations - Changes in chromosome structure or number
(v) Cytoplasmic mutation - The mutants shows cytoplasmic or extra nuclear inheritance
(vi) Bud/ somatic mutation - Mutations occur in buds or somatic tissues
(vii) Spontaneous mutations/ Natural Mutations - When mutations occur naturally at a low rate.
Eg. Double petunia - Freaks appearing in a population
(viii) Induced mutations - Produced artificially in the laboratory.
Characteristics of mutation
Generally recessive
Harmful to the organisms
Random
Recurrent (same mutation may occur again and again)
Induced mutations show pleiotrophy
Effects of mutation on survival
(i) Lethal - Kills all the individual that carry them
(ii) Sublethal – Kills more than 50 per cent of the individuals
(iii) Subvital – kills less than 50 per cent
(iv) Vital - Do not reduce viability of the individual; Used for crop improvement.
MUTATION BREEDING
Mutagenic agents
Physical Chemical
1. Alkylating agents.
Ionizing Non ionizing MMS
radiation radiation EMS
DES
2. Acridine dyes
U.V.rays Ethidium bromide
Particulate Non- 3. Base analogues.
radiation Particulate 5- Bromo uracil
radiation.
4. Others – Nitrous acid,
Alpha rays X rays Sodium azide
Fast neutrons Gamma ray
Gamma garden
It is an area subjected to gamma irradiation where ehole polants are irradiated.
First gamma garden- Long Island (Newyork, USA)
First gamma garden in India - Calcutta (Bose Research Institute, 1959)
Source of gamma ray- 6g of 60Co.
Bud mutation
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 27
If the mutation occurs in the meristematic in the early stages of bud development, all the
cells of the bud will be mutant in nature, to the shoot developed from such bud will be a mutant
one. This type of mutation will be called as bud sport.
In vegetatively propagated species, mutations are expressed in the form of chimeras. The
chimera refers to the presence of genetically different tissues in an individual (one type of tissues
in one part and another type of tissues in another part).
Chimera is of two types
(i) Periclinal - Changes occur in the entire outer or inner layer
(ii) Sectorial - Part of inner or outer layer is altered
In seed propagated crops, inner chimera is important, because it takes part in the
formation of gametes. In clonal crops, inner periclinal chimera is important.
Achievements:
Radiation was used to develop 89% of directly released varieties- 64% is due to gamma
rays, 22% induced by X-rays;
Among the chemical mutagens, Ethyl Methane Sulphonate treatment resulted in the
development of maximum mutant varieties
The first variety developed from a mutagenesis was Primax white mustard (Brassica hirta)
released in 1950
Regima II summer rape (B. campestris) released in 1953
List of some varieties developed in India through mutation breeding
Crop Mutant variety Parent variety Mutagen
Rice Jaganath T141 ɣ-rays
Prabhavati Scented Variety EMS
Ambemohar Local
GEB 24 Konamani Spontaneous Mutant
Mohan ɣ-rays
Wheat Sharbati sonara Sonara-64 ɣ-rays
(Dr.M.S.Swaminathan)
Pusa Lerma Lerma Rojo ɣ-rays
Arhar TV1 T21 ɣ-rays
Chickpea BGM408 (Pusa G130
mutant 408)
Cotton MCU7 1143EE
MCU10 MCU4 ɣ-rays
Groundnut TG17 - ɣ-rays
TG1 (VIKRAM) - ɣ-rays
Pea HANS LS 263
Sugarcane Co8152 Co527 ɣ-rays
Co8153 Co775 ɣ-rays
Turmeri BSR-1
Green gram CO4 CO1 MMS (0.02%)
Aneuploidy Euploidy
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 28
MONOPLIODS HAPLOIDS
Represents gametic chromosome number of a Represents gametic chromosome number of any
diploid species species
Denoted by x Denoted by n
Monoploids are always haploids Haploids cannot always be monoploids
Contain single set of genome May contain one or more copies of genome
Aneuploids
Among the aneuploids, monoploids (Polyploid species eg. Tobacco, wheat, oats) and trisomics
(Diploid species eg. Datura, maize, bajra, tomato, rye, pea, spinach) are the most commonly used
in genetic studies. Trisomics are divided into
(1) Primary trisomics- The extra chromosome is same as one of the haploid genome.
(2) Secondary trisomic- The additional chromosome is an isochromosome
(3) Tertiary trisomic- Extra chromosome is translocated one
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 29
Morphological and cytological features
- Aneuploids are generally weaker than diploids
- Monosomics do not survive in diploid species
- Nullisomics not survive even in polyploidy species eg., tobacco
- Trisomics only survive in diploid species eg. Maize, barley, peas, tomato, cumbu, etc
- Tetrasomics - less regular
AUTOPOLYPLOIDY
Polyploids which originate by multiplication of the chromosome of a single species.
Morphological features
1. Polyploids have larger size than diploids
2. Pollen grains are larger
3. Show increased general vigour and vegetative growth
Cytological features
Autotriploids – Highly sterile eg. Watermelons, banana
Highly fertile eg. Spinach
- Autotetraploids – Fertility can be improved through selection eg. Maize, Cumbu, Rye,Rice.
Role of Autopolyploid in crop improvement
1. Triploids:
Banana- seedless, larger fruits
Seedless watermelon- commercially grown in Japan
Triploid sugarbeet- larger roots and more sugar per unit area, grown in Europe.
Triploid tea cultivar, TV 29- produce larger shoot and more biomass, commercially
cultivated in India.
2. Autopolyploids are larger in size and are more vigorous than diploids. Forage crops are
successful. Eg., red clover and ryegrass, alsike clover and berseem.
- Pusa Giant Berseem is the first autoploid variety released for generall cultivation in India –
yields 20-30 percent more green fodder than the diploid berseem varieties.
- Variety HMT-1 of Hyoscyamus niger is an autotetraploid (15% more biomass and 36%
greater crude drug than diplod parent).
- Sugandha is an autotetraploid variety of Vetiver – gives 11% more oil yield than the
control.
- Rye tetraploid variety Double Steel, Tetra Petkus have been released for cultivation.
Allopolyploidy
A polyploid organism which originated by combining chromosomes sets from two or more
species.
Origin
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 30
- Chromosome doubling (irregular mitotic cell division) of F1 hybrids
- Irregular meiosis leads to production of unreduced gametes which may unite to
allopolyploid
e.g. Brassica oleracea x Raphanus sativus Raphano brassica (sterile)
- Colchicine treatment – chromosome doubling
AB F1 sterile
Spontaneous chromosome doubling
A.squarrosa x AABB Tretraploid emmer wheat (T.turgidum var. dicoccoides)
(n=7, DD) (n=14, AABB)
ABD
Spontaneous chromosome doubling
AA BB DD Hexaploid wheat
(n=21)
Amphidiploid
N. sylvestris x N. tomentosa
(n=12) (n=12)
Chromosome doubling
G.hirsutum
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 31
4. Evolution of amphidiploids Brassica species. Based on U’s triangle proposed by N.U, 1935.
B. nigra
n=8
(BB)
B.carinata B. juncea
n=17 n= 18
(BB CC) (AA BB)
F1 – sterile
Chromosome doubling
Distant Hybridization
When crosses are made between two different species or between two different genera,
they are generally termed as - Distant hybridization or Wide hybridization
History
Thomas Fairchild (1717) was the first man to do distant hybridization. He produced a
hybrid between two species of Dianthus
Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus) x Sweet William (D.barbatus)
(i) Interspecific hybridization
Crossing or mating between two different species of the same genus
e.g. Oryza sativa (GEB 24) x Oryza perennis CO 31
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 32
(ii) Intergeneric hybridization
Crossing between two different genera of the same family.
e.g., Triticum spp. X Secale cereale Triticale (Rimpu, 1890)
Wheat Rye
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 33
Role of wild species in crop improvement
Rice:
Co 31 - O.perennis x GEB 24 Drought resistant.
IR 34 - a derivative of complex cross and Oryza nivara is one of the parents having
resistance against grassy stunt virus. The following wild species are being used in breeding
programme.
O.barthi BLB resistance
O.longistaminata Drought tolerance
O.rufipogan Source of male sterility in rice.
Sorghum: The following are the wild species available in Tamil Nadu which are used in breeding
programme.
Sorghum halapense 2n : 20 form crossed with CO.11 and the fodder sorghum variety Co27 was
evolved.
S.nitidum : Highly resistant to shoot fly and having high dormancy.
S.stafii : Having high dormancy occurs as weed in sorghum fields.
Sorghum sudanense is used for evolving forage sorghum.
Cumbu : Pennilsetum purpureum crossed with P.glaucum to evolve Cumbu Napier forage grass.
1. P.glaucum x P.squamulatum
2. P.glaucum x P. orientale
3. P.glaucum x P.setaceum
Red gram : Cajanus cajan crossed with C.lineata and C.scaraboides to have resistance against
wilt and also to induce male sterility.
Ground nut: Arachis batizoccoi crossed with A.hypogaea to have rust resistant lines.
Arachis villosulicarpa - for increased number of pods.
A.monticola - for thin shelled condition
Sesamum : S.malabaricum is crossed with S.indicum to have male sterile lines as well as to have
resistance against powdery mildew.
S.alatum : Resistance against powdery mildew and phyllody.
Cotton : By transferring hirsutum genome to the cytoplasm of wild species G.harknessi CGMS
lines were obtained.
G. tomentosum : Resistant to drought, Jassids, lint fineness and strength.
G.barbadense var. darwinii : jassid (Tetraploid) resistant
G.hirsutum race punctatum : Resistant to black arm.
A number of diploid wild species are available having resistance against pest and diseases.
Potato : Cultivated tetraploid Potato S.tuberosum is obtained by natural crossing of diploid wild
species S.sparsipilum with S.vernii followed by natural doubling. The following diploid species
are used in breeding programme.
1. S.ajanhuii : Frost resistant
2. S.phureja : Non - dormant
3. S.ptenomum : Having 6 month dormancy, longer in duration.
Tobacco : Cultivated tobacco which is an amphidiploid was obtained by natural crossing with
wild species and doubling.
Wild species
N.debneyi - Resistant to root rot.
N. longiflora - Resistant to black shank disease.
N.glutinosa - Mosaic resistant for bridging two species.
N.digluta is used for bridging two species.
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 34
Achievements
1. Transfer of specific characters
e.g. Rust disease resistance in wheat
In Bhendi, abelmoschus esculentus cv. Pusa Sawani x Abelmoschus manihot
Parbhani Kranti
Resistant to yellow vein mosaic virus. Higher yield: 110-120 q/ha
2. Transfer of cytoplasm from related species to produce CMS line
e.g. Wheat, tobacco, cotton
3. New varieties are produced
- Interspecific cotton hybrids: Varalakshmi, CBS 156, Savitri, Jayalakshmi, K2HC
- Cumbu Napier hybrid
- Rice, ADT 27 (Norin 8 x GEB 24), CO 31 (O. sativa x O. perennis)
ADT 27 yields 5 tonnes/ hectare of medium fine rice of good cooking quality
Host: Plant affected by disease. Pathogen : Organism that produces the disease.
Damage due to disease
i) Reduces total Biomass leading to yield loss
ii) Stunted growth
iii) Sterility
Need for disease resistance breeding
i) To prevent yield loss
ii) High cost reduction
iii) Prevention of environmental pollution
Types of genetic resistance
Vertical and horizontal resistance
These terms were introduced by Van der plank.
Vertical resistance :
It is also known as race specific, pathotype specific or specific resistance
Vertical resistance is generally determined by major genes and is characterised by
pathotypic specificity.
Pathotype specificity denotes that the host carrying a gene for vertical resistance is
attacked only by that pathotype which is virulent towards the resistant gene, to all other
pathotypes the host will be resistant.
Vertical resistance is not long lasting.
Horizontal resistance:
It is race non specific, pathotype non specific or general resistance.
Horizontal resistance is governed by polygenes, that is many genes with small effects and
it is pathotype non-specific.
Horizontal resistance does not prevent the development of symptoms but it slows down the
rate of spread to the disease in the population.
HR is more stable compared to VR.
Mechanism of disease resistance:
a) Mechanical: Certain mechanical or anatomical features of host may prevent infection. E.g.
Closed flowering habit of wheat and barley prevents infection by spores of ovary infecting fungi.
b) Hypersensitivity: Immediately after infection several host cells surrounding the point of
infection die. This leads to death of pathogen also. Phytoalexins present in plant body is
responsible for hypersensitivity reaction.
c) Antibiosis: Presence of some toxic substance. This is more correct for insect resistance. E.g.
Gossypol content in cotton.
d) Nutritional factors: The reduction in growth and spore formation may be due to nutritional
factors of the host.
Gene for gene relationship
Flor (1956) proposed this based on his work in linseed rust. According to this for every
resistance gene present in the host, the pathogen has a gene for virulence. Susceptible reaction will
result when the pathogen is able to match all the resistant genes with virulence gene.
Practical Achievements
- In Okra, YMV resisatant variety Prabhani Kranti
- In upland cotton variety, MCU 5VT is tolerant to Verticillium wilt
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 36
Sources of resistance:
1. Cultivated variety - TKM 6 Rice Stem borer resistance
2. Germplasm Collection
3. Related Wild species -
S.nitidum - shoot fly resistance – Sorghum
G. anamalum - Jassid resistance - Cotton
Practical Achievements
In India cotton variety, B1007, SRT1, Khandwa2, DHY 286, PKV 081- resistant to Jassids
Cotton varieties, Kanchana, Supriya and LK 861- tolerant to whitefly
In cultivated oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), high level of unsaturated fatty acids has been
transferred from wild species (E. oleifera).
In tomato (Lycopersicon esculatum), high beta carotene was transferred from wild green
fruited species.
Achievements
Varieties with improved quality released in some crop plants in India
Crop varieties Quality character Varieties released
Maize High lysine content Protina, Shakti and Rattan
Sugarcane High sucrose content Co671, Co 6806, Co 7314, Co
7704 and Co 62174
Barely Malting quality Karan 15, Karan 92 and Karan 280
Lathyrus Low neurotoxin Pusa 24
Soybean High protein and high oil content Lee (Protein 43-45% and oil 23-
25%)
Rapeseed High content K 88 (48.8% oil)
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 37
Rapeseed Low erusic and low glucosinate Zem 1 and Zem 2 (Double zero
varieties
HYBRID RICE
Among the various strategies proposed to break the yield plateau in rice productivity,
exploitation of heterosis through the development of rice hybrids had been proved to be
successful.
Heterosis in rice was reported by Jones in USA as early in 1926 and Ramaiah in 1933.
Hybrid rice was initiated in 1964, in China by Yuan Long Ping (Father of hybrid Rice).
The identification of 'Wild Abortive' or 'WA' type cytoplasmic male sterility in 1970 was a
breakthrough in hybrid rice breeding.
Breeding techniques for developing hybrid rice involve the following:
a) Three-line method or CGMS system
This system now a days known as CMS system, involving three lines
(i) Cytoplasmic, genic male sterile line (A)
(ii) Maintainer line (B)
(iii) Restorer line (R)
New sources of male sterile cytoplasm
GA (Gambiaca), Di (Disi), DA (Dwarf wild rice), BTC (Chinsurah Boro II) and IP (Ido Paddy 6).
b) Two-line method of rice breeding
Two-line hybrids can be evolved through
- Mechanical means
- Application of gametocides
- Use of cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS)
- Use of genic male sterility (GMS)
- Use of environmentally induced genic male sterility (EGMS)
Developing hybrid rice varieties with these system has the following advantages over the classical
CMS system,
- Maintainer lines are not needed.
- The choice of parents for developing heterotic hybrids is greatly broadened.
- No negative effect due to sterile cytoplasm
- Unitary cytoplasm situation of WA will be avoided.
c) One-line method of rice breeding
Rice hybrids can be developed and popularised through the following concepts
- Vegetative propagation
- Micro propagation
- Anther culture hybrids
- Apomictic lines
Among the above for large scale cultivation, apomictic lines and anther cultured materials
will be economical.
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 38
To exploit this potential, a separate Hybrid Rice Research Station has been established
with financial support of Tamil Nadu Agricultural Development Programme (TNADP) at Gudalur
in Nilgiris along with Coimbatore main centre.
Other practices
Selection of Field :
Previous crop should not be of rice. If previous crop is rice, irrigate the field and there by the
dropped seeds will germinate which can be puddled in. If the pervious crop is having dormancy
means, we must be careful to see that the dropped seeds are all germinated and puddled in.
Isolation distance :
100 meters. If time isolation is to be followed, there should not be any rice crop near by
within 100 meters, in the process of flowering while the crop in seed production plot is in
flowering. There must be a difference of 30 days in flowering for the near by crop.
Nursery :
Apply 2kg DAP to the nursery. Adopt 1kg / cent of nursery for both A line and R line while raising
the R line 5 kg seeds can be raised on the same date when A line is raised. The rest 5 kg can be
sown five days after first sowing.
Manuring of main field : 10 tonne FYM / ha
N P K
Basal dressing 50 kg/ha 60kg/ha 20kg/ha
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 39
Tillering stage 50kg/h a - 20kg/ha
Boot leaf stage 50kg/ha - 20kg/ha
AO/Plant Breeding/Page 40
Latest varieties released in major crops of Tamil Nadu
PARTICULARS Rice –RMD (R) 1 RICE-TPS (R)4 RICE-CO(R)48
Selection from TGR TS 29/ASD 16 CO43/ASD 19
Parentage
75R
Year of release 2006 2006 2007
Sep-Oct (Rainfed direct June-Sep; Oct- Thaladi
Season
sowing) Feb.
Duration (Days) 100-105 days 95 130-135
Grain yield 4000 kg/ha 5840 kg/ha 6000
(kg/ha)
Area of adoption Ramnad, Sivagangai Kadaivarambu rice Throughout
and Thiruvallur districts area of irrigated TamilNadu except
under rainfed rice system of Virudhunagar,
cultivation ecosystem kanyakumari Ramnad, Sivagangai
dsitrict and Nilgiris districts
Special features Suited for direct Very early Medium slender
seeding duration with white fine rice
Short duration high yield similar to
Drought tolerant Medium bold improved ponni
Resistant to stem white rice Moderately
borer and leaf folder Field tolerance resistant to stem
to disease blast, borer and hoppers,
brown spot and blast and sheath
sheath blight blight
and stem borer,
leaf folder,
BPH & GLH
41
PARTICULARS RICE-CO(R)49 PMK (R)4 TNAU Rice CO50
CO43/ADT38
Pantdhan 10/IET (Hybridisation and
Parentage C20/RNR 52147
9911 pedigree method of
selection)
Year of release 2008 2009 2010
Season Late Samba/Thaladi Samba (Sep-Oct) Late Samba/Thaladi
Duration (Days) 130-135 100-105 130-135
Grain yield 6286 3700 6338
(kg/ha)
Area of adoption Throughout Ramanthapuram and Suitable for
TamilNadu except Sivagangai disrticts transplanted rice
Virudhunagar, throughout Tamil
Ramnad, Sivagangai Nadu
and Nilgiris districts
Special features Moderately Semi, dwarf, Suitable for rice
resistant to blast erect, non-lodging and idly rice
and tungro disease Drought tolerant Medium slender
Medium slender Long slender rice
similar to BPT white rice with Moderately
5204 high head rice resistant to blast,
recovery (62.1%) sheath blight,
Short duration brown spot, BLB
(100-105 days) and rice tungro
disease
42
PARTICULARS TNAU RICE TRY 3 TNAU RICE ADT 49
Parentage ADT 43/Jeeraga Samba CR1009/Jeeragasamba
Year of release 2010 2011
Season Samba/Late Samba/Thaladi Late Samba/Thaladi
Duration (Days) 135 130-137
Grain yield (kg/ha) 5833 6173
Area of adoption Trichy, Tirunelvelli, Thanjavur, Throughout TamilNadu except
Tiruvarur, Nagapattinam and Virudhunagar, Ramnad,
Ramnad districts Sivagangai and Nilgiris districts
Special features Highly suitable for idly Medium slender, white
making rice
Moderately tolerant to Non-sticky cooked rice
sodicity Moderately resistant to
Medium bold grain stem borer, blast, sheath
Resistant to stem borer, rot and blight under
blast, sheath rot and artificial conditions
blight Moderately resistant to
leaf folder and brown
spot under field
conditions
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PARTICULARS TNAU Wheat COW2 TNAU Sorghum CO 30
Mutant from NP200 thr’ Gamma
Parentage APK1/TNS 291
irradiation (200 Gray)
Year of release 2010 2010
June-July; Sep-Oct; Feb-
Season 15th Oct.- 15th Nov.
March
Duration (Days) 110 100-105
Grain Yield (kg/ha) 4040 2800
Fodder yield (kg/ha) - 6900
Area of adoption Coimbatore, Tirupur, Vellore, All sorghum growing areas
Thiruvannamalai, Theni, of TN except cauvery delta
Dindigul, Erode, Dharmapuri and and Nilgiris
Kriishnagiri
Special features Semi dwarf, non-lodging and Dual purpose
non- shattering Dry fodder high
Reddish attractive grains digestibility
Resistant to black, yellow and Moderately resistant to
brown rusts shootfly and stem borer
Resistant to downy
mildew
Creamy white grain
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TMV(Mb)1 CO(Gb)14 cowpea PKM1
Pureline selection
Pureline selection from
Parentage CO9/CO4 from Kanyakumari
Villupuram local
local
Year of release 2006 2007 2011
June-July; Sep-Oct; June-July; Jan-Feb
Season Rabi (Nov-Dec.)
Feb-March
70-75(Vegetable); 90-100
Duration (Days) 65-70
80-85 (Seed)
Yield (kg/ha) 1830 7984 Green pod- 25 t/ha
Fodder yield 3.13 t/ha - -
(kg/ha)
Area of adoption Villupuram district Coimbatore, Slem, Nagercoil, Salem,
Dharmapuri and Trichy, Theni,
Krishnagiri districts Perambalur,
Tiruvarur, Ariyalur,
Madurai, Dindigul
and Cuddalore
districts
Special features Erect and early Attractive green High green pod
maturing variety pods, high density yield
High protein content planting Semi trailing and
(24.8%) Clipping not highly branched
Moderately resistant required Fibre content-
to white fly, pod borer Tolerate pod borer 0.89g and crude
and YMV Resistant to root protein- 21.88
rot and moderately (mg/100g)
to Anthracnose
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TMV(Gn)13 VRI (Gn)6 VRI (Gn)7 Groundnut
CO6
Selection from Hybrid Cross Derivative of
Parentage Pollachi red derivative of derivative of cross
ALR2/VG 9513 TMV1/JL24 CS9/ICGS5
Year of release 2006 2007 2008 2010
Season June-July Rainfed
June-July
Rainfed Dec.-Jan Rainfed (May-June)
Dec.-Jan
Irrigated
Duration (Days) 100-105 100-105 120-125 125-130
Pod yield (kg/ha) 1613 (Rainfed) 1916 (R) 1865 1914 (R)
2580 (Irrigated) 2403 (I)
Area of adoption Groundnut Rainfed and Rainfed tracts Namakkal
growing areas of irrigated tracts ofof Namakkal, district of TN
TN TN, redSalem, Erode,
laterite/sandy Dharmapuri
soil and
Peramballur
districts
Special features Tolerance to Basal pod Semi Tolerant to
terminal setting spreading drought
water stress Tolerant to type Bunchy pods
Basal pod drought Suited for Shelling out
setting High shelling rainfed turn 73.5%
Acceptable (75%) conditions Oil content
pod traits High oil Moderately 49.5%
Red kernel content (50%) resistant to Acceptable
and high oil Small pods rust and late pod traits
content with rose leaf spot
kernels diseases
Moderate Oil content:
resistant to late 48%
leaf spot, rust Seed
and PBND dormancy
upto 45
days- non
sprouting
during
harvest
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PARTICULARS CUMBU NAPIER HYBRID Guinea grass-CO(GG)3
GRASS-CO(CN) 4
Fodder cumbu CO8/Napier grass Clonal selection from
Parentage
FD461 Mumbasa
Year of release 2008 2009
Season Throughout the year Throughout the year
First cut on 75-800 days after and Perennial
Duration (Days) subsequent cuttings at 45 days
interval
Green fodder yield 380-400 424
(t/ha/yr)
Area of adoption Throughout TN Throughout TN
Special features Profuse tillering (25-30/clump) Profuse tillering (40-
and non-lodging 60/clump) and non-lodging
Ultra soft juicy stem (3.4% Shade tolerant
Brix) Quick regeneration
Free from pest and disease capacity
Superior rationing ability (7 High palatable,, preferred
cutitng/yr) by milch cattle, goat,
sheep, pigs and Emu
High crude protein
(6.35%)
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Latest hybrids of major crops in Tamil Nadu
PARTICULARS HYBRID RICE- CORH3 TNAU Rice Hybrid CO4
Parentage TNAU CMS 2A/CB 87R COMS 23A/CB 174 R
Year of Release 2006 2011
Season- Kar/Kuruvai/Sornawari/Navarai Late samba/Thaladi
Irrigated
Rainfed
Duration (Days) 110-115 130-135
Grain yield (kg/ha) 6475 7348
Throughout Tamil Nadu under Suitable for transplanted
irrigated transplanted condition rice throughout Tamil Nadu
Area of adoption except Virudhunagar,
Ramnad, Sivagangai and
Nilgiris districts
Special features Early duration Medium duration hybrid
Medium slender white grain with with medium slender
good cooking and keeping quality white rice
Tolerant to blast and RTD Resistant to blast, brown
Resistant to GLH and tolerant to spot and moderately
WBPH and BPH resistant to WBPH, GLH,
sheat blight, sheath rot
and RTD
Intermediate amylase
content with high linear
elongation rario on
cooking
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