Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
html
Sanskrit ELearning and Multimedia (Secondary Level)
वा य (voice)
The different ways of presenting a sentence according to the mode of the verb
is called voice.
In Sanskrit there are three voices –
1.कतृ वा य। (Active voice)
.2.कमवा य। (Passive voice)
3.भाववा य। (Impersonal construction)
1.कतृ वा य (Active voice)The sentence where doer or agent is the subject that
is the verbal form is constructed according to the doer is called a sentence of
active voice.
In active voice doer becomes the subject and takes the first caseending.The
verb follows the subject that is if the subject is of first person the verb also
takes the form of first person and so on.For example1.राम पाठं पठित।2.रमा
ामम् अग छत् ।3.अहं गृ
हम् अग छम्।4. वं फलं खाद स।
एक वचन ि वचन बहवचन
थम पुष(पु ं
)
( ी.)
नपु सः (he)बालः
ं
सा (she)बाला etc
तत् तौ(they two)बालौ
ते ( ” )बाले
ते ते (they)बालाः
ताः( ” )बालाः
तािन
म यम पुष वम् (you) युवाम् यम्
(you two) यू (you all)
उ म पुष अहम् (I) आवाम्(we two) वयम्(we all)
In first or second person there is no difference in gender while in third person
there are three genders.for exampleसः, सा, तत् , बालः, बाला, प म् etc.
सः पाठं पठित। (He reads lessons)
सा जलम् अिपबत् । (He drinks water)
प म् पतित। (leaves fall)
देवः िव ालयं ग छित। (Deva goes to school)
वं जलं िपब स। (you drink water)
यूयं गृहं ग छत। (you go home)
अहं चटाकां प यािम। (I see the bird)
वयं फलािन खािद यािम। (we shall eat fruits)
2.कमवा य(passive voice) :The voice where object(कम) takes the position of
subject that is verbal form is constructed according to the object is called
sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html 1/15
9/8/16 sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html
passive voice.In passive voice doer(कता) takes third caseending, object
takes first caseending and verb follows the object.For example
देवे
न िव ालयः ग यते । School is gone by Deva.
वया जलं पीयते । water is drunk by you.
मया चटका यते । Bird is seen by me.
Here in the first sentence दे व is credited with third caseending singular
number,िव ालय is credited by first caseending singular number and according
to the object िव ालय verb is applied in first person singular number.
3.भाववा य (Impersonal construction) : In the sentences where there is no
object(कम), verb(ि या) takes the formost position instead of doer(कता) .If
verb is of without object then active voice turns into impersonal construction.
In impersonal construction doer takes the third caseending and verb is always
used in third person singular number.
क यया ते। played by girl.
रामेण मयते । remembered by Rama.
Here in the first ssentence क या takes third person singular number and verb is
used in third person singular number.
In the sentences of past tense verb is used in neuter gender singular
number.For example –
रामः पिठतवान् । रामे ण पिठतम् ।
ते गीतव तः। तै ः गीतम्।
ते िडतव यौ। ता यां िडतम् ।
वयम् खािदतव तः। अ मािभः खािदतम् ।
List of active, passive and impersonal construction of some roots:
वा यम् क ा कम ि या
कतृ वा यम् First caseending.
Gender, person, number –according to the doer (क ा).
Second caseending.
Gender, person, number –according to the object (कम).
Person and number of verb is decided according to the person and number of
the doer (क ा).
Two sets of personal terminationsपर मै पद(word for another)/आ मने पद(word
for self)
सकमक िवपु लः िव ालयं ग छित।
आशु त ोषः गीताः पठित।
सव गृ हं
गिम य त।
कािमनी फलािन खादित।
अकमक साः पीतवती।
दी ा पठित।
तौ गतव तौ।
शीतां शुः धावित।
सः अपठत् ।
कमवा य Third caseending.
Gender,person,number
according to the doer(क ा) First caseending.
Gender,person,number
According to the object(कम) Person,number of verb(ि या)according to the
person and number of object(कम).The root is followed by य and the
terminations of आ मने पद.
सकमक िवपु लेन िव ालयः ग यते
आशु त ोशे ण गीता प ते ।
सवः गृ हं गिम यते ।
कािम या फलािन खा ते ।
तया जलम् पीतम् ।
sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html 2/15
9/8/16 sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html
भाववा य Third caseending.
Gender,person,numberaccording to the doer(क ा)
The root is followed by य and first person singular number termination of
आ मने पद .The past tense injdicative affix is always used in neuter singular.
दी या प ते ।
ता याम् गतम् ।
शीतांशुना धा यते ।
तेन अप त।
Rules of conjugation of roots in passive voice and impersonal construction:
1. The ultimate sound of those roots that have आ at their end (such as
,दे
दा,धा,पा, था,मा etc)and of the roots like गै ,धे
etc changes into
Long ई .For exampleदीयते ,धीयते,पीयते , थीयते,मीयते etc.
,कृ
2.The final ऋ of roots like मृ ,वृ
,भृ ,धृ
etc is replace by र if followed by य.For
exampleि यते ,ि यते ,ि यते , यते.
3. After the expantion (स सारण) of र of roots like छ्
ह्
etc forms like
पृ यते , गृते etc are formed.
4. The न of roots like खन् , जन्
and तन् is optionally changed into आ.For
example – of जन् जायते , ज यते तायते
; of तन् , त यते खायते
; of खन् , ख यते
।
ट्
5. In लृ लकार passive and active bases are same.But the roots exclusively
take आ मनेपद terminations.For example – भिव यते , पिठ यते etc.
,वच्
6.The व of roots like वद् ,वस्
,वह्
,वप्
and वप्
etc becomes उ after expantion
(स सारण).For example उ ते ,उ यते,उ यते,उ ते ,उ यते
,सु यते
etc.
8. The penultimate nasal of a root becomes elided.For example – of भ ्
भ यते , of र ्
र यते , of थ् यते , of त भ्
त यते.
9. The final short इ or short उ of roots becomes long if followed by य .For
example – of ज जीयते , of िच चीयते, of तु
तू
यते सू
, of सु यते etc.
Conjugation of roots in passive voice and impersonal construction:
पठ ल लकार
थम पुष प ते प ेते
प ते
म यम पुष प से प ेथे प वे
उ म पुष प े प ावहे प ामहे
लङ् लकार
थम पुष अप त अप ताम् अप त
म यम पुष अप थाः अप ेत ाम्
अप वम्
उ म पुष अप े अप ाविह अप ामिह
sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html 3/15
9/8/16 sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html
लोट्
लकार
थम पुष प ताम् प े
त ाम्
प ताम्
म यम पुष प व प थ
ेाम् प वम्
उ म पुष प ै प ावहै
प ामहै
िव ध लङ्
लकार
थम पुष प ेत प े याताम् पठये
रन्
म यम पुष पठये थाः पठयेयाथाम्
पठये वम्
उ म पुष प े य प े विह प ेमिह
ट्
लृ लकार
थम पुष पिठ यते पिठ ये
ते
पिठ य ते
म यम पुष पिठ यसे पिठ ये
थे प थ य वे
उ म पुष पिठ ये पिठ यावहे पिठ यामहे
तत् (पु
.)(He)
थमा सः तौ ते
ि तीया तम् तौ तान्
तृत ीया तेन ता याम् तै
ः
तत् ( ी.)(She)
थमा सा ते ताः
ि ितया ताम् ते
ताः
तृत ीया तया ता याम् तािभः
तत् (नपु.)(It)
थमा तत् ते तािन
ि तीया तत् ते तािन
तृत ीया तेन ता याम् तै
ः
sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html 4/15
9/8/16 sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html
ि तीया बालाम् बाले
बालाः
तृत ीया बालया बाला याम् बालािभः
Note: feminine bases ended in आ such as बा लका,गं
गा,यमुना, लता,माला,क ा,
सुधा,रमा, छा ा,कथा, दी ा,सीता, अनािमका, शाखा etc takes same forms.
3.फल
थमा फलम् फले
फलािन
ि तीया फलम् फले
फलािन
तृत ीया फले
न फला याम् फलैः
Note:Neuter bases ended in अ such as
गृ
ह, ान,प ,च ,पु प,कमल,व ,धन, यं जन,वन etc takes same forms.
कतृ
वा यात्
कमवा यवा यािन (ल लकार योगः)
sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html 5/15
9/8/16 sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html
sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html 6/15
9/8/16 sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html
ि कमकधातू नाम्
योगाः
In Sanskrit there are sixteen roots which are regarded as ditransitive(ि कमक)
–
दुह्
,याच्,पच्,द ड, ध् , छ् ,िच, ू,शास् , ज,म थ,मु ष्
,नी, ,कृ ष्,वह्
।
According to the rules of case ditransitives are of two types, namely primary
object (मुय कम) and secondary object (गौण कम). In both the cases second
caseending is used.For example –
गोपः गां
पयः दो ध।
(Cowherd squeezes out milk from cow.)
Here पयः is primary object and गां is secondary object.Fifth caseending might
have been applied to गो but as the root दु ह् is a ditransitive second caseending
is used instead of the fifth.As second caseending is used गो is treated as
secondary object(गौण कम).
For the first twelve roots(दु ह्
uptoमु ष्
) secondary object takes first case
ending and primary object takes second caseending in passive voice.(गौणे
कमिण दुादे ः).
sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html 7/15
9/8/16 sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html
In case of other causative (intransitive, having the meaning of
movement)ditransitive roots the primary object which is being used in the
formation of passive voice takes first caseending.
गोिव दः भृ यं गमयित। गोिव दे
ामं न भृ यः ामं ग यते ।
सः वणकारं भूषणं हारयित। ते न वणाकारः भू षणं हायते।
सः कमकारं कटं कारयित। ते न कमकारः कटं कायते ।
sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html 8/15
9/8/16 sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html
छा ः ामं
गिम यित। छा े णा ामः गिम यते ।
भ ाः ई वरं पूजिय यित। भ ै ः ई वरः पूजिय यते ।
या ः धे
नु हिन यित। या े
ं ण धे नु
ः हिन यते ।
छा ाः थान् पिठ यित। छा ै ः थाः पिठ य ते ।
यायाधीशः यायं क र यित। यायाधीशे न यायः क र यते।
लौहकाराः खिन ािण रचिय यित। लौहकारै ः खिन ािण रचिय य ते
।
कुभकारौ घटान् रचिय यतः। कुभकारै ः घटाः रचिय य ते।
आवां पाठं
पठिय यावः। अवा यां पाठः पिठ यते ।
अहं जलं पा यािम। मया जलं पा यते ।
sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html 9/15
9/8/16 sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html
नृपः श ु हतवान्
ं । नृपे
ण श ुः हतः।
यायाधीशः चौरं य वान्। यायाधीशे न चौरः य ः।
सुधा प ं ल खतवती। सु धया प ं ल खतम् ।
िम ािण अ मान् िम लतव तः। िम ै ः वयं
िम लताः ।
अहं गीतां
पिठतवान्। मया गीता पिठता।
sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html 10/15
9/8/16 sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html
sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html 11/15
9/8/16 sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html
कतृ
वा यात्
भाववा यः
े
दव ः पठित। दे
वेन प ते ।
े े
दवौ खादतः। दवा यां खा ते ।
दे
वाः मरित। देवैः मयते ।
सः ग छित। ते न ग यते ।
तौ िपबतः। ता यां पीयते।
ते चल त। तै ः च यते ।
बाला डित। बालया ते
।
बाले नृ
यतः। बाला यां न यते ।
बालाः हस त। बालािभः ह यते ।
सा पचित। तया प यते ।
sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html 12/15
9/8/16 sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html
sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html 13/15
9/8/16 sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html
च ा यां । च े
यते मतः।
sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html 14/15
9/8/16 sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html
sanskrit.jnu.ac.in/elearning/voice.html 15/15