EC2: Bending with or without axial force

DATA
Dimensions (?)

b(cm) h(cm) c(mm)

Concrete (?)

fck (MPa) γc αct

Reinforcement (?)

Class fyk(MPa) γs

INTERNAL FORCES

Bending Md(Kn·m) (?)

Axial force Nd(Kn) (?)

REINFORCEMENTS
Reinfor. inferior

As1 (cm2) (?) Φmax

Reinfor. superior

As2 (cm2) (?) Φmax

VALUES FOR USE IN A COUNTRY
Use values recommended

RESULT

Design bending Bending at failure Requirement

Md (KN.m) Mu (KN.m) |Md| ≤ |Mu|

250 313.8 OK

Design axial force Axial force at failure Requirement

Nd (KN) Nu (KN) |Nd| ≤ |Nu|

10 12.55 OK

DETAILS OF CALCULATION
Notation and methodology according to clause 6.1 of EC2

Internal forces at failure are the point of interaction diagram axial load - bending which
Mu/Nu value is equal to Md/Nd

Range check: 3
d · εcu/(εcu+εud) < x(cm)= 4.59 ≤ xlim
d · εcu/(εcu+εud)= 56 · 0.00288/(0.00288+0.045) = 3.4 cm
xlim = εcu·d / (εcu+fyd/Es) = 0.00288·56 / (0.00288+434.78/200000) = 31.9 cm

Nu (Axial force at failure) = 12.55 KN

Nu(x) = η·fcd·λ·x·b + As2·σs2 - As1·σs1
Nu(N) = 0.95·40·0.78·45.87·400 + 628·73.76 - 1257·456.71
Mu (Bending at failure) = 313.8 KN·m
Mu(x) = η·fcd·λ·x·b·(h/2-λ·x/2) + As2·σs2·(h/2-d′) - As1·σs1·(h/2-d)
Mu(N·m) = 0.95·40·0.78·45.87·400·(0.6/2-0.78·0.0459/2) + 628·73.76·(0.6/2-0.04) -
1257·456.71·(0.6/2-0.56)

where:

 For 50 < fck = 60 ≤ 90 MPa

η = 1.0 - (60-50)/200 = 0.95
λ = 0.8 - (60-50)/400 = 0.78
εc3 = 1,75 + 0,55[(60 - 50)/40] = 1.89(0/00)
εcu = 2.6 + 35[(90 - 60)/100]4 = 2.88(0/00)
 For class of steel B:
k= 1.08; εuk = 0.05; εud = 0.9 · εuk = 0.045
 x (depth of the neutral axis) = 4.587 cm (from the upper edge)
Obtained by iteration in the nonlinear system of equations
 σs2 = Es · εs2 = 200000· 0.00037 = 73.76 MPa
εs2 = εcu·(x-d′)/x = 0.00288·(4.587-4)/4.587 = 0.00037
σs1 = fyd + p·(εs1-fyd/Es) = 434.78 + 727.27·(0.03232-434.78/200000) = 456.71 MPa
εs1 = εcu·(d-x)/x = 0.00288·(56-4.587)/4.587 = 0.03232
p = (k·fyd-fyd)/(εuk-fyd/Es) = (1.08·434.78-434.78)/(0.05-434.78/200000) = 727.27
MPa
 d (effective depth) = h – c - Φmax,s1/2 = 60 – 3 – 2/2 = 56 cm
 d′ = c + Φmax,s2/2 = 3 + 2/2 = 4 cm
 fcd = αcc · fck / γc = 1 · 60 / 1.5 = 40 N/mm2
 fyd = fyk / γs = 500 /1.15 = 434.78 N/mm2

6.1 Bending with or without axial force

(1)P This section applies to undisturbed regions of beanls, slabs and similar types of members
for which sections remain approximately plane before and after loading. The discontinuity
regions of beams and other members in which plane sections do not remain plane may be
designed and detailed according to 6.5.

(2)P When determining the ultinlate moment resistance of reinforced or prestressed concrete
cross-sections, the following assumptions are made:

 plane sections remain plane.

 the strain in bonded reinforcement or bonded prestressing tendons, whether in
tension or in compression, is the same as that in the surrounding concrete.
 the tensile strength of the concrete is ignored.
 the stresses in the concrete in compression are derived from the design
stress/strain relationship given in 3.1.7.
 the stresses in the reinforcing or prestressing steel are derived from the design
curves in 3.2 (Figure 3.8) and 3.3 (Figure 3.10).
 the initial strain in prestressing tendons is taken into account when assessing the
stresses in the tendons.

(3)P The compressive strain in the concrete shall be limited to εcu2, or εcu3, depending on the
stress-strain diagram used, see 3.1.7 and Table 3.1. The strains in the reinforcing steel and the
prestressing steel shall be limited to εud (where applicable); see 3.2.7 (2) and 3.3.6 (7)
respectively.

(4) For cross-sections loaded by the compression force it is necessary to assume the minimum
eccentricity, eo = h/30 but not less than 20 mm where h is the depth of the section.

5) In parts of cross-sections which are subjected to approximately concentric loading (ed/h ≤

0,1), such as compression flanges of box girders, the mean compressive strain in that part of
the section should be limited to εc2 (or εc3 if the bilinear relation of Figure 3.4 is used)

(6) The possible range of strain distributions is shown in Figure 6.1.

(7) For prestressed members with permanently unbonded tendons see 5.10.8.

(8) For external prestressing tendons the strain in the prestressing steel between two
subsequent contact points (anchors or deviation saddles) is assumed to be constant. The strain
in the prestressing steel is then equal to the initial strain, realised just after completion of the
prestressing operation, increased by the strain resulting from the structural deformation between
the contact areas considered. See also 5.10.
 A- reinforcing steel tension strain limit
B - concrete compression strain limit
C - concrete pure compression strain limit

Figure 6.1: Possible strain distributions in the ultimate limit state

3.1 Concrete
3.1.7 Stress-strain relations for the design of cross-sections

(2) Other simplified stress-strain relationships may be used if equivalent to or more conservative
than the one defined in (1), for instance bi-linear according to Figure 3.4 (compressive stress
and shortening strain shown as absolute values) with values of εc3 and εcu3 according to Table
3.1.

εc3(0/00) = 1.75 for fck ≤ 50 MPa

εc3(0/00) = 1,75 + 0,55[(fck - 50)/40] for 50 < fck ≤ 90 MPa

and

εcu3(0/00) = 3.50 for fck ≤ 50 MPa

εcu3(0/00) = 2.6 + 35[(90 - fck)/100]4 for 50 < fck ≤ 90 MPa
 Figure 3.4: Bi-linear stress-strain relation.

(3) A rectangular stress distribution (as given in Figure 3.5) may be assumed. The factor λ,
defining the effective height of the compression zone and the factor η, defining the effective
strength, follow from:

λ = 0.8 for fck ≤ 50 MPa

(3.19)

λ = 0.8 - (fck-50)/400 for 50 < fck ≤ 90 MPa

(3.20)
and

η = 1.0 for fck ≤ 50 MPa

(3.21)

η = 1.0 - (fck-50)/200 for 50 < fck ≤ 90 MPa

(3.22)
Note: If the width of the compression zone decreases in the direction of the extreme
compression fibre, the value η·fcd should be reduced by 10%.
 Figure 3.5: Rectangular stress distribution

3.2 Reinforcing steel

3.2.7 Design assumptions

(2) For normal design, the following assumptions may be made (see Figure 3.8):

 a) an inclined top branch with a strain limit of εud and a maximum stress of k·fyk/γs,
where k= (ft/fy)k;

Note 1: The value of εud for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
recommended value is 0.90·εuk

Note 2: The value of (ft/fy)k is given in Annex C (table C1).

Table C.1: Properties of reinforcement

Bars and de-coiled rods

Class A B C

Characteristic yield strength fyk or f0,2k (MPa) 400 a 600

Minimum value of k = (ft/fy)k ≥ 1,05 ≥ 1,08 ≥ 1,15

Characteristic strain at maximum force, εuk (%) ≥ 2,5 ≥ 5,0 ≥ 7,5

 A- Idealised; B- Design
Figure 3.8: Idealised and design stress-strain diagrams for reinforcing steel (for tension
and compression)

(3) The mean value of density may be assumed to be 7850 kg/m3.

(4) The design value of the modulus of elasticity, Es may be assumed to be 200 GPa.

Strain envelopes

The limit stains in sections, depending on the type of stress, enable the following ranges to be
recognised:
  Range 1: Pure or combined tension where the entire section is under tension.
The strain lines turn about point A corresponding to an elongation in the
reinforcement of the most tensioned of εud.
 Range 2: Pure or combined bending, in which the concrete does not reach the
ultimate bending strain. The strain lines turn about point A.
 Range 3: Pure or combined bending, in which the strain lines turn about point B
corresponding to the ultimate bending strain of the concrete ε cu3 defined in
paragraph 3.1.7. The elongation of the most tensioned reinforcement is between
εud and εy (the elongation corresponding to the yield stress of the steel).
 Range 4: Single or combined bending in which the strain lines turn around point
B. The elongation of the most tensioned reinforcement is between ε y and 0.
 Range 4a: Combined bending in which all the reinforcements are compressed
and where there is a small area of concrete in tension. The strain lines turn about
point B.
 Range 5: Single or combined compression in which both materials are in
compression. The strain lines turn about point C, as defined by the line
corresponding to the ultimate compression strain of concrete, εc3, defined in
paragraph 3.1.7.

The neutral axis "x" is an axis in the cross section which there are no longitudinal stresses or
strains.

Deformation ranges correspond to all combinations of bending and axial force, from simple
tensile to the simple compression, by varying the depth of the neutral axis "x" from - ∞ to + ∞ .

Checking rectangular sections

The equilibrium equations that determine the bending and axial force at failure (Mu and Nu) are
the following
(Interaction diagram between axial load Ν and bending moment M)

Range 1:

-∞<x≤0

 Nu(x) = - As2·σs2[εs2] - As1·σs1[εud]

 Mu (x)= - As2·σs2[εs2]·(h/2-d') - As1·σs1[εud]·(h/2-d)
 εs2(x) = εud·(d'-x)/(d-x)

Range 2:

0 < x ≤ d · εcu/(εcu+εud)

 Nu(x) = η·fcd·λ·x·b + As2·σs2[εs2] - As1·σs1[εud]

 Mu(x)= η·fcd·λ·x·b·(h/2-λ·x/2) + As2·σs2[εs2]·(h/2-d') - As1·σs1[εud]·(h/2-d)
 εs2(x) = εud·(x-d')/(d-x)

Range 3:

d · εcu/(εcu+εud) < x ≤ xlim

 Nu(x) = η·fcd·λ·x·b + As2·σs2[εs2] - As1·σs1[εs1]

 Mu(x) = η·fcd·λ·x·b·(h/2-λ·x/2) + As2·σs2[εs2]·(h/2-d') - As1·σs1[εs1]·(h/2-d)
 εs2(x) = εcu·(x-d')/x
 εs1(x) = εcu·(d-x)/x

Range 4:

xlim< x ≤ d

 Nu(x) = η·fcd·λ·x·b + As2·σs2[εs2] - As1·σs1[εs1]

 Mu(x) = η·fcd·λ·x·b·(h/2-λ·x/2) + As2·σs2[εs2]·(h/2-d') - As1·σs1[εs1]·(h/2-d)
 εs2(x) = εcu·(x-d')/x
 εs1(x) = εcu·(d-x)/x

Range 4a:
d<x≤h

 Nu(x) = η·fcd·λ·x·b + As2·σs2[εs2] + As1·σs1[εs1]

 Mu/x) = η·fcd·λ·x·b·(h/2-λ·x/2) + As2·σs2[εs2]·(h/2-d') + As1·σs1[εs1]·(h/2-d)
 εs2(x) = εcu·(x-d')/x
 εs1(x) = εcu·(x-d)/x

Range 5:

h<x<∞

 Nu(x) = η·fcd·[1- (1-λ)·h/x]·h·b + As2·σs2[εs2] + As1·σs1[εs1]

 Mu(x) = η·fcd·[1- (1-λ)·h/x]·h·b·[h/2-[1- (1-λ)·h/x]·h/2] + As2·σs2[εs2]·(h/2-d') +
As1·σs1[εs1]·(h/2-d)
 εs2(x) = εc3·(x-d')/(x-h/2)
 εs1(x) = εc3·(x-d)/(x-h/2)