Harpy eagle

Harpy eagle

Conservation status

Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)[1]

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

Order: Accipitriformes
Family: Accipitridae
Subfamily: Harpiinae

Genus: Harpia
Vieillot, 1816

Species: H. harpyja

Binomial name

Harpia harpyja
(Linnaeus, 1758)

The harpy eagle is rare throughout its range,

which extends from Mexico to Brazil
 (throughout its territory)[2] and Argentina
(Only the north).

The harpy eagle (Harpia harpyja) is a

neotropical species of eagle. It is also
called the American harpy eagle to
distinguish it from the Papuan eagle,
which is sometimes known as the New
Guinea harpy eagle or Papuan harpy
eagle.[3] It is the largest and most
powerful raptor found in the rainforest,[4]
and among the largest extant species of
eagles in the world. It usually inhabits
tropical lowland rainforests in the upper
(emergent) canopy layer. Destruction of
its natural habitat has caused it to vanish
from many parts of its former range, and
it is nearly extirpated in Central America.
In Brazil, the harpy eagle is also known
as royal-hawk (in Portuguese: gavião-
real).[5]

Taxonomy
The harpy eagle was first described by
Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae in 1758
as Vultur harpyja,[6] after the mythological
beast harpy. The only member of the
genus Harpia, the harpy eagle is most
closely related to the crested eagle
(Morphnus guianensis) and the New
Guinea harpy eagle (Harpyopsis
novaeguineae), the three composing the
subfamily Harpiinae within the large
family Accipitridae. Previously thought to
be closely related, the Philippine eagle
has been shown by DNA analysis to
belong elsewhere in the raptor family, as
it is related to the Circaetinae.[7]

The species name harpyja and the word

harpy in the common name harpy eagle
both come from Ancient Greek hárpuia
(ἅρπυια ). They refer to the Harpies of
Ancient Greek mythology. These were
wind spirits that took the dead to Hades,
and were said to have a body like an
eagle and the face of a human.[8]

Description
The upper side of the harpy eagle is
covered with slate-black feathers, and
the underside is mostly white, except for
the feathered tarsi, which are striped
black. A broad black band across the
upper breast separates the gray head
from the white belly. The head is pale
grey, and is crowned with a double crest.
The upper side of the tail is black with
three gray bands, while the underside of
it is black with three white bands. The iris
is gray or brown or red, the cere and bill
are black or blackish and the tarsi and
toes are yellow. The plumage of males
and females are identical. The tarsus is
up to 13 cm (5.1 in) long.[9][10]
Female harpy eagles typically weigh 6 to
9 kg (13 to 20 lb).[9][11] One source states
that adult females can weigh up to 10 kg
(22 lb).[12] An exceptionally large captive
female, "Jezebel", weighed 12.3 kg
(27 lb).[13] Being captive, this large
female may not be representative of the
weight possible in wild harpy eagles due
to differences in the food
availability.[14][15] The male, in
comparison, is much smaller and weighs
only about 4 to 4.8 kg (8.8 to
10.6 lb).[9][11] Harpy eagles are 86.5–
107 cm (2 ft 10 in–3 ft 6 in) long[10][11]
and have a wingspan of 176 to 224 cm
(5 ft 9 in to 7 ft 4 in).[9][10] Among the
standard measurements, the wing chord
measures 54–63 cm (1 ft 9 in–2 ft 1 in),
the tail measures 37–42 cm (1 ft 3 in–
1 ft 5 in), the tarsus is 11.4–13 cm (4.5–
5.1 in) long, and the exposed culmen
from the cere is 4.2 to 6.5 cm (1.7 to
2.6 in).[9][16][17]

Upper body of an adult in captivity

It is sometimes cited as the largest eagle

alongside the Philippine eagle, which is
somewhat longer on average, and the
Steller's sea eagle, which is slightly
heavier on average.[8] The wingspan of
the harpy eagle is relatively small, an
adaptation that increases
maneuverability in forested habitats and
is shared by other raptors in similar
habitats. The wingspan of the harpy
eagle is surpassed by several large
eagles who live in more open habitats,
such as those in the Haliaeetus and
Aquila genera.[9] The extinct Haast's
eagle was significantly larger than all
extant eagles, including the harpy.[18]

This species is largely silent away from

the nest. There, the adults give a
penetrating, weak, melancholy scream,
with the incubating males' call described
as "whispy screaming or wailing".[19] The
females' calls while incubating are
similar, but are lower-pitched. While
approaching the nest with food, the male
calls out "rapid chirps, goose-like calls,
and occasional sharp screams".
Vocalization in both parents decreases
as the nestlings age, while the nestlings
become more vocal. The nestlings call
chi-chi-chi...chi-chi-chi-chi, seemingly in
alarm in response to rain or direct
sunlight. When humans approach the
nest, the nestlings have been described
as uttering croaks, quacks, and
whistles.[20]

Distribution and habitat

Rare throughout its range, the harpy
eagle is found from Mexico (almost
extinct), through Central America and
into South America to as far south as
Argentina. The eagle is most common in
Brazil, where it is found across the entire
national territory.[21] With the exception
of some areas of Panama, the species is
almost extinct in Central America,
subsequent to the logging of much of the
rainforest there.[22] The harpy eagle
inhabits tropical lowland rainforests and
may occur within such areas from the
canopy to the emergent vegetation. They
typically occur below an elevation of
900 m (3,000 ft), but have been recorded
at elevations up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft).[1]
Within the rainforest, they hunt in the
canopy or sometimes on the ground, and
perch on emergent trees looking for prey.
They do not generally occur in disturbed
areas, but regularly visit semiopen
forest/pasture mosaic, mainly in hunting
forays.[23] Harpies, however, can be found
flying over forest borders in a variety of
habitats, such as cerrados, caatingas,
buriti palm stands, cultivated fields, and
cities.[24] They have been found in areas
where high-grade forestry is practiced.

Behavior
Feeding
Feeding at Zoo Miami, USA

Adults are near the top of a food chain

and are rarely preyed on.[25] However,
individuals are known to have been taken
by jaguars and the much smaller ocelot
[26] Its main prey are tree-dwelling
mammals and a majority of the diet has
been shown to focus on sloths[27] and
monkeys. Research conducted by Aguiar-
Silva between 2003 and 2005 in a
nesting site in Parintins, Amazonas,
Brazil, collected remains from prey
offered to the nestling by its parents and
after sorting them, concluded, in terms of
individuals preyed upon, the harpy's prey
basis was composed in 79% by sloths
from two species: Bradypus variegatus
amounting to 39% of the individual prey
base, and Choloepus didactylus to 40%;
various monkeys amounted to 11.6% of
the same prey base.[28] In a similar
research venture in Panama, where a
couple of captive-bred subadults was
released, 52% of the male's captures and
54% of the female's were of two sloth
species (Bradypus variegatus and
Choloepus hoffmanni).[29] At one
Venezuelan nest, the remains comprised
sloths. Monkeys regularly taken can
include capuchin monkeys, saki
monkeys, howler monkeys, titi monkeys,
squirrel monkeys, and spider monkeys.
Smaller monkeys, such as tamarins and
marmosets, are seemingly ignored as
prey by this species.[9] At several nest in
Guyana, monkeys made up about 37% of
the prey remains found at the nests.[30]
Similarly, cebid monkeys made up 35% of
the remains found at 10 nests in
Amazonian Ecuador.[31] Other partially
arboreal and even land mammals are
also preyed on given the opportunity,
including porcupines, squirrels,
opossums, anteaters, armadillos, and
even relatively large carnivores such as
kinkajous, coatis, and tayras.[9] In the
Pantanal, a pair of nesting eagles preyed
largely on the porcupine (Coendou
prehensilis) and the agouti (Dasyprocta
azarae).[32] The eagle may also attack
bird species such as macaws: At the
Parintins research site, the red-and-green
macaw made up for 0.4% of the prey
base, with other birds amounting to
4.6%.[28]" [33] Other parrots have also
been preyed on, as well as cracids such
as curassows and other birds like
seriemas.[9] Additional prey items
reported include reptiles such as
iguanas, tejus, and snakes.[9][34]

The eagle has been recorded as taking

domestic livestock, including chickens,
lambs, goats, and young pigs, but this is
extremely rare under normal
circumstances.[9] They control the
population of mesopredators such as
capuchin monkeys which prey
extensively on bird's eggs and which (if
not naturally controlled) may cause local
extinctions of sensitive species.[35]

Harpy eagle in flight

All of the Harpy eagle prey weight

between 0.3 kg to 6.5 kg, with the mean
prey size equaling 2.6 kg+/-0.82 kg [36]
They possess the largest talons of any
living eagle. They have been recorded as
lifting prey up to equal their own body
weight.[9] That allows the birds to snatch
a live sloth from tree branches, as well as
other huge prey items. Males usually take
relatively smaller prey, with a typical
range of 0.5 to 2.5 kg (1.1 to 5.5 lb) or
about half their own weight.[9] The larger
females take larger prey, with a minimum
recorded prey weight of around 2.7 kg
(6.0 lb). Adult female harpies regularly
grab large male howler or spider
monkeys or mature sloths weighing 6 to
9 kg (13 to 20 lb) in flight and fly off
without landing, an enormous feat of
strength.[9][37][38] Prey items taken to the
nest by the parents are normally medium-
sized, having been recorded from 1 to
4 kg (2.2 to 8.8 lb).[9] The prey brought to
the nest by males averaged 1.5 kg
(3.3 lb), while the prey brought to the nest
by females averaged 3.2 kg (7.1 lb).[20]

Sometimes, harpy eagles are "sit-and-

wait" predators (common in forest-
dwelling raptors).[9] In harpies, this
consists of perching and watching for
long times from a high perch near an
opening, a river, or a salt-lick (where
many mammals go to feed for
nutrients).[9] The more common hunting
technique of the species is perch-
hunting, which consists of scanning
around for prey activity while briefly
perched between short flights from tree
to tree.[9] When prey is spotted, the eagle
quickly dives and grabs the prey.[9] On
occasion, they may also hunt by flying
within or above the canopy.[9] They have
also been observed tail-chasing, a
predation style common to hawks that
hunt birds, the genus Accipiter.[9] This
comprises the eagle pursuing another
bird in flight, rapidly dodging among trees
and branches.[9]

Breeding
In ideal habitats, nests would be fairly
close together. In some parts of Panama
and Guyana, active nests were located
3 km (1.9 mi) away from one another,
while they are within 5 km (3.1 mi) of
each other in Venezuela. In Peru, the
average distance between nests was
7.4 km (4.6 mi) and the average area
occupied by each breeding pairs was
estimated at 4,300 ha (11,000 acres). In
less ideal areas, with fragmented forest,
breeding territories were estimated at
25 km (16 mi).[34] The female harpy eagle
lays two white eggs in a large stick nest,
which commonly measures 1.2 m (3.9 ft)
deep and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) across and may
be used over several years. Nests are
located high up in a tree, usually in the
main fork, at 16 to 43 m (52 to 141 ft),
depending on the stature of the local
trees. The harpy often builds its nest in
the crown of the kapok tree, one of the
tallest trees in South America. In many
South American cultures, it is considered
bad luck to cut down the kapok tree,
which may help safeguard the habitat of
this stately eagle.[39] The bird also uses
other huge trees on which to build its
nest, such as the Brazil nut tree.[40] A
nesting site found in the Brazilian
Pantanal was built on a cambará tree
(Vochysia divergens).[41]
No display is known between pairs of
eagles, and they are believed to mate for
life. A pair of harpy eagles usually only
raises one chick every 2–3 years. After
the first chick hatches, the second egg is
ignored and normally fails to hatch
unless the first egg perishes. The egg is
incubated around 56 days. When the
chick is 36 days old, it can stand and
walk awkwardly. The chick fledges at the
age of 6 months, but the parents
continue to feed it for another 6 to
10 months. The male captures much of
the food for the incubating female and
later the eaglet, but also takes an
incubating shift while the female forages
and also brings prey back to the nest.
Breeding maturity is not reached until
birds are 4 to 6 years of age.[9][20][23]
Adults can be aggressive toward humans
who disturb the nesting site or appear to
be a threat to its young.[42]

Status and conservation

Subadult, "Panama", in Belize Zoo

Although the harpy eagle still occurs over

a considerable range, its distribution and
populations have dwindled considerably.
It is threatened primarily by habitat loss
due to the expansion of logging, cattle
ranching, agriculture, and prospecting.
Secondarily, it is threatened by being
hunted as an actual threat to livestock
and/or a supposed one to human life,
due to its great size.[43] Although not
actually known to prey on humans and
only rarely on domestic stock, the
species' large size and nearly fearless
behavior around humans reportedly
make it an "irresistible target" for
hunters.[34] Such threats apply
throughout its range, in large parts of
which the bird has become a transient
sight only; in Brazil, it was all but wiped
out from the Atlantic rainforest and is
only found in appreciable numbers in the
most remote parts of the Amazon basin;
a Brazilian journalistic account of the
mid-1990s already complained that at
the time it was only found in significant
numbers in Brazilian territory on the
northern side of the Equator.[44] Scientific
1990s records, however, suggest that the
harpy Atlantic Forest population may be
migratory.[45] Subsequent research in
Brazil has established that, as of 2009,
the harpy eagle, outside the Brazilian
Amazon, is critically endangered in
Espírito Santo,[46] São Paulo and Paraná,
endangered in Rio de Janeiro, and
probably extirpated in Rio Grande do Sul
(where there is a recent (March 2015)
record for the Parque Estadual do Turvo)
[1] and Minas Gerais[47] – the actual size
of their total population in Brazil is
unknown.[48]

Globally, the harpy eagle is considered

Near Threatened by IUCN[1] and
threatened with extinction by CITES
(appendix I). The Peregrine Fund until
recently considered it a "conservation-
dependent species", meaning it depends
on a dedicated effort for captive breeding
and release to the wild, as well as habitat
protection, to prevent it from reaching
endangered status, but now has
accepted the Near Threatened status.
The harpy eagle is considered critically
endangered in Mexico and Central
America, where it has been extirpated in
most of its former range; in Mexico, it
used to be found as far north as
Veracruz, but today probably occurs only
in Chiapas in the Selva Zoque. It is
considered as Near Threatened or
Vulnerable in most of the South
American portion of its range; at the
southern extreme of its range, in
Argentina, it is found only in the Parana
Valley forests at the province of
Misiones.[49][50] It has disappeared from
El Salvador, and almost so from Costa
Rica.[22]
National initiatives

Adult at São Paulo Zoo, Brazil

Various initiatives for restoration of the

species are in place in various countries.
Since 2002, Peregrine Fund initiated a
conservation and research program for
the harpy eagle in the Darién
Provinceboom .[51] A similar—and
grander, given the dimensions of the
countries involved—research project is
occurring in Brazil, at the National
Institute of Amazonian Research, through
which 45 known nesting locations
(updated to 62, only three outside the
Amazonian basin and all three inactive)
are being monitored by researchers and
volunteers from local communities. A
harpy eagle chick has been fitted with a
radio transmitter that allows it to be
tracked for more than three years via a
satellite signal sent to the Brazilian
National Institute for Space Research.[52]
Also, a photographic recording of a nest
site in the Carajás National Forest was
made for the Brazilian edition of National
Geographic Magazine.[53]
Adult in Belize

In Belize, the Belize Harpy Eagle

Restoration Project began in 2003 with
the collaboration of Sharon Matola,
founder and director of the Belize Zoo
and the Peregrine Fund. The goal of this
project was the re-establishment of the
harpy eagle within Belize. The population
of the eagle declined as a result of forest
fragmentation, shooting, and nest
destruction, resulting in near extirpation
of the species. Captive-bred harpy eagles
were released in the Rio Bravo
Conservation and Management Area in
Belize, chosen for its quality forest
habitat and linkages with Guatemala and
Mexico. Habitat linkage with Guatemala
and Mexico were important for
conservation of quality habitat and the
harpy eagle on a regional level. As of
November 2009, 14 harpy eagles have
been released and are monitored by the
Peregrine Fund, through satellite
telemetry.[54]

In January 2009, a chick from the all-but-

extirpated population in the Brazilian
state of Paraná was hatched in captivity
at the preserve kept in the vicinity of the
Itaipu Dam by the Brazilian/Paraguayan
state-owned company Itaipu
Binacional.[55] In September 2009, an
adult female, after being kept captive for
12 years in a private reservation, was
fitted with a radio transmitter before
being restored to the wild in the vicinity
of the Pau Brasil National Park (formerly
Monte Pascoal NP), in the state of
Bahia.[56]

In December 2009, a 15th harpy eagle

was released into the Rio Bravo
Conservation and Management Area in
Belize. The release was set to tie in with
the United Nations Climate Change
Conference 2009, in Copenhagen. The
15th eagle, nicknamed "Hope" by the
Peregrine officials in Panama, was the
"poster child" for forest conservation in
Belize, a developing country, and the
importance of these activities in relation
to climate change. The event received
coverage from Belize's major media
entities, and was supported and attended
by the U.S. Ambassador to Belize, Vinai
Thummalapally, and British High
Commissioner to Belize, Pat
Ashworth.[57]

In Colombia, as of 2007, an adult male

and a subadult female confiscated from
wildlife trafficking were restored to the
wild and monitored in Paramillo National
Park in Córdoba, and another couple was
being kept in captivity at a research
center for breeding and eventual
release.[58] A monitoring effort with the
help of volunteers from local Native
American communities is also being
made in Ecuador, including the joint
sponsorship of various Spanish
universities[59]—this effort being similar
to another one going on since 1996 in
Peru, centered around a native
community in the Tambopata Province,
Madre de Dios Region.[60] Another
monitoring project, begun in 1992, was
operating as of 2005 in the state of
Bolívar, Venezuela.[61]
Popular culture
The harpy eagle is the national bird of
Panama and is depicted on the coat of
arms of Panama.[62] The 15th harpy
eagle released in Belize, named "Hope",
was dubbed "Ambassador for Climate
Change", in light of the United Nations
Climate Change Conference 2009.[63][64]

The harpy eagle was the inspiration

behind the design of Fawkes the Phoenix
in the Harry Potter film series.[65] A live
harpy eagle was used to portray the now-
extinct Haast's eagle in BBC's Monsters
We Met.[66]

References
References
1. BirdLife International. (2017). Harpia
harpyja. The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-
1.RLTS.T22695998A110872388.en
2. "Aves de Rapina BR | Gavião-Real
(Harpia harpyja)" .
avesderapinabrasil.com. Retrieved
2014-01-25.
3. Tingay, Ruth E.; Katzner, Todd E. (23
February 2011). Rt-Eagle Watchers Z .
Cornell University Press. pp. 167–.
ISBN 978-0-8014-5814-9.
4. The illustrated atlas of wildlife .
University of California Press. 2009.
p. 115. ISBN 978-0-520-25785-6.
5. "It works!" . gaviaoreal.inpa.gov.br.
Retrieved 2014-01-25.
6. Linnaeus, C (1758). Systema naturae
per regna tria naturae, secundum classes,
ordines, genera, species, cum
characteribus, differentiis, synonymis,
locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
(in Latin). Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii).
p. 86. “V. occipite subcristato.”
7. Lerner, Heather R. L.; Mindell, David P.
(November 2005). "Phylogeny of eagles,
Old World vultures, and other Accipitridae
based on nuclear and mitochondrial
DNA" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and
Evolution. 37 (2): 327–346.
doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.04.010 .
PMID 15925523 . Retrieved 31 May 2011.
8. Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary
Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and
Unusual Animals . Greenwood Publishing
Group. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-313-33922-6.
9. Ferguson-Lees, J.; Christie, David A.
(2001). Raptors of the world . Houghton
Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 717–19. ISBN 978-0-
618-12762-7.
10. Howell, Steve N. G. (30 March 1995).
A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and
Northern Central America . Oxford
University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-854012-
0.
11. Thiollay, J. M. (1994). Harpy Eagle
(Harpia harpyja). p. 191 in: del Hoy, J, A.
Elliott, & J. Sargatal, eds. (1994).
Handbook of the Birds of the World. Vol.
2. New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx
Edicions, Barcelona. ISBN 84-87334-15-6
12. Trinca, C.T.; Ferrari, S.F. & Lees, A.C.
"Curiosity killed the bird: arbitrary hunting
of Harpy Eagles Harpia harpyja on an
agricultural frontier in southern Brazilian
Amazonia" (PDF). Cotinga. Retrieved
2013-03-28.
13. Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal
Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc.
(1983), ISBN 978-0-85112-235-9.
14. O'Connor, R. J. (1984). The Growth
and Development of Birds, Wiley, ISBN 0-
471-90345-0
15. Arent, L. A. (2007). Raptors in
Captivity. Hancock House, Washington.
ISBN 978-0-88839-613-6
16. Sagip Eagle . Gbgm-umc.org.
Retrieved on 2012-08-21.
17. Smithsonian miscellaneous
collections (1862). Archive.org. Retrieved
on 2013-03-09.
18. Museum of New Zealand (1998).
Giant eagle (Aquila moorei), Haast’s eagle,
or Pouakai. Accessed 4 June 2011
19. "Identification – Harpy Eagle (Harpia
harpyja) – Neotropical Birds" .
Neotropical.birds.cornell.edu. Retrieved
2013-05-13.
20. Rettig, N. (1978). "Breeding behavior
of the Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja)" . Auk.
95 (4): 629–643. JSTOR 4085350 .
21. "Gavião-real, uma das maiores aves
de rapina do mundo – Terra Brasil" .
noticias.terra.com.br. Retrieved
2014-01-25.
22. Weidensaul, Scott (2004). The Raptor
Almanac: A Comprehensive Guide to
Eagles, Hawks, Falcons, and Vultures.
New York, New York: Lyons Press.
pp. 280–81. ISBN 1-58574-170-1.
23. Rettig, N., K. Hayes (1995). Remote
world of the harpy eagle. National
Geographic, 187(2): 40–49.
24. Sigrist, Tomas (2013) Ornitologia
Brasileira. Vinhedo: Avis Brasilis.
ISBN 978-85-60120-25-3. p. 192
25. Muñiz-López, R. (2017). "Harpy Eagle
(Harpia harpyja) mortality in Ecuador"
(PDF) . Studies on Neotropical Fauna and
Environment. 52 (1): 81–85.
26. "Harpy Eagle Restoration Reaches
New Heights" (PDF). The Peregrine Fund
Newsletter 2003.
27. Santos, D. W. (2011). WA548962,
Harpia harpyja (Linnaeus, 1758) . Wiki
Aves – A Enciclopédia das Aves do
Brasil.. Retrieved August 30, 2013
28. Aguiar-Silva, F. Helena (2014). "Food
Habits of the Harpy Eagle, a Top Predator
from the Amazonian Rainforest Canopy".
Journal of Raptor Research. 48 (1): 24–
35. doi:10.3356/JRR-13-00017.1 .
29. Touchton, Janeene M.; Yu-Cheng Hsu;
Palleroni, Alberto (2002). "Foraging
ecology of reintroduced captive-bred
subadult harpy eagles (Harpia harpiya) on
Barro Colorado Island, Panama" (PDF).
Ornitologia Neotropical. The Neotropical
Ornithological Society. 13. Archived from
the original (PDF) on May 9, 2008.
30. Izor, R. J. (1985). "Sloths and other
mammalian prey of the Harpy Eagle". pp.
343–346 in G. G. Montgomery (ed.), The
evolution and ecology of armadillos,
sloths, and vermilinguas. Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C.
31. Muñiz-López, R., O. Criollo, and A.
Mendúa. (2007). Results of five years of
the "Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja)
Research Program" in the Ecuadorian
tropical forest. pp. 23–32 in K. L Bildstein,
D. R. Barber, and A. Zimmerman (eds.),
Neotropical raptors. Hawk Mountain
Sanctuary, Orwigsburg, PA.
32. Aves de Rapina BR | Gavião-Real
(Harpia harpyja) .
Avesderapinabrasil.com. Retrieved on
2012-08-21.
33. Aguiar-Silva (2007). "Dieta do gavião-
real Harpia harpyja (Aves: Accipitridae)
em florestas de terra firme de Parintins,
Amazonas, Brasil" . Thesis
34. Bierregaard, R. O. 1994. "Harpy Eagle".
Page 191 in J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, and J.
Sargatal (editors). Handbook of birds of
the world. Volume 2. Lynx Edicions,
Barcelona, Spain.
35. Shaner, K. 2011. "Harpia harpyja" (On-
line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed
August 21, 2012
36.
http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.3356/
JRR-13-00017.1
37. San Diego Zoo's Animal Bytes: Harpy
Eagle . Sandiegozoo.org. Retrieved on
2012-08-21.
38. "Gavião-real" . Brasil 500 Pássaros (in
Portuguese). Eletronorte. Archived from
the original on February 11, 2010.
Retrieved July 6, 2010.
39. Piper, Ross (2007), Extraordinary
Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and
Unusual Animals, Greenwood Press.
40. Hughes, Holly (29 January 2009).
Frommer's 500 Places to See Before They
Disappear . John Wiley & Sons. p. 178.
ISBN 978-0-470-43162-7.
41. Harpia (gavião-real) .
Avesderapinabrasil.com. Retrieved on
2012-08-21.
42. Vaughan, Adam (July 6, 2010).
"Monkey-eating eagle divebombs BBC
filmmaker as he fits nest-cam" .
guardian.co.uk.
43. Talia Salanotti, researcher for the
Brazilian National Institute of Amazonian
Research, cf. O Globo, May the 13th.
2009; abridgement available at Maior
águia das Américas, gavião-real sofre
com destruição das florestas ; on the
random killing of harpies in frontier
regions, see Cristiano Trapé Trinca,
Stephen F. Ferrari and Alexander C. Lees
Curiosity killed the bird: arbitrary hunting
of Harpy Eagles Harpia harpyja on an
agricultural frontier in southern Brazilian
Amazonia . Cotinga 30 (2008): 12–15
44. "Senhora dos ares", Globo Rural,
ISSN 0102-6178 , 11:129, July 1996, pp.
40 and 42
45. Alluvion of the Lower Schwalm near
Borken . Birdlife.org. Retrieved on 2012-
08-21.
46. Where an adult male was observed in
August 2005 at the preserve kept by
mining corporation Vale do Rio Doce at
Linhares: cf. Srbek-Araujo, Ana C.;
Chiarello, Adriano G. (2006). "Registro
recente de harpia, Harpia harpyja
(Linnaeus) (Aves, Accipitridae), na Mata
Atlântica da Reserva Natural Vale do Rio
Doce, Linhares, Espírito Santo e
implicações para a conservação regional
da espécie". Revista Brasileira de
Zoologia. 23 (4): 1264.
doi:10.1590/S0101-
81752006000400040 .
47. Nevertheless, in 2006, an adult female
– probably during migration – was seen
and photographed at the vicinity of Tapira,
in the Minas Gerais cerrado: cf. Oliveira,
Adilson Luiz de; Silva, Robson Silva e
(2006). "Registro de Harpia (Harpia
harpyja) no cerrado de Tapira, Minas
Gerais, Brasil" (PDF). Revista Brasileira de
Ornitologia. 14 (4): 433–434. Archived
from the original (PDF) on November 2,
2010.
48. Couto, Clarice. "Viva a Rainha" . Globo
Rural. 25 (288): 65.
49. The Misiones Green Corridor .
Redyaguarete.org.ar. Retrieved on 2012-
08-21.
50. For a map of the species historical
and current range, see Fig. 1 in Lerner,
Heather R. L.; Johnson, Jeff A.; Lindsay,
Alec R.; Kiff, Lloyd F.; Mindell, David P.
(2009). Ellegren, Hans, ed. "It's not too
Late for the Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja):
High Levels of Genetic Diversity and
Differentiation Can Fuel Conservation
Programs" . PLoS ONE. 4 (10): e7336.
Bibcode:2009PLoSO...4.7336L .
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007336 .
PMC 2752114  . PMID 19802391 .
51. Harpy Eagle Harpia harpyja .
Globalraptors.org. Retrieved on 2012-08-
21.
52. Projecto Gavião-real INPA; Globo
Rural, 25:288, page 62
53. Rosa, João Marcos (2011-06-22).
Mirada alemã: um olhar crítico sobre o
seu próprio trabalho . abril.com.br
54. THE BELIZE HARPY EAGLE
RESTORATION PROGRAM (BHERP) .
belizezoo.org
55. G1 > Brasil – NOTÍCIAS – Ave rara no
Brasil nasce no Refúgio Biológico de
Itaipu . G1.globo.com. Retrieved on 2012-
08-21.
56. Revista Globo Rural, 24:287,
September 2009, 20
57. "The Importance of Hope, the Harpy
Eagle" . 7 News Belize. 2009-12-14.
58. Márquez C., Gast-Harders F., Vanegas
V. H., Bechard M. (2006). Harpia harpyja
(L., 1758) . siac.net.co
59. "Sponsorship and Exhibition at ATBC
OTS" (PDF). International Conference
Celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the
Association for Tropical Biology and
Conservation and the Organization for
Tropical Studies. 23–27 June 2013, San
José, Costa Rica. 2013. Archived from the
original (PDF) on February 3, 2014.
60. Piana, Renzo P. "The Harpy Eagle
(Harpia harpyja) in the Infierno Native
Community" . inkaways.com
61. (in Spanish) Programa de
conservación del águila arpía .
Ecoportal.net (2005-12-15). Retrieved on
2012-08-21.
62. Goldish, Meish (2007). Bald Eagles: A
Chemical Nightmare . Bearport Publishing
Company, Incorporated. p. 29. ISBN 978-
1-59716-505-1.
63. "Raptor Education Soars in Toledo" .
The Belize Zoo and Tropical Education
Center. 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
64. "The Importance of Hope, the Harpy
Eagle" . 7 News Belize. December 14,
2009. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
65. Lederer, Roger J. (2007). Amazing
Birds: A Treasury of Facts and Trivia
about the Avian World. Barron's
Educational Series, Incorporated. p. 106.
ISBN 978-0-7641-3593-4.
66. "BBC Nature – Haast's eagle videos,
news and facts" . bbc.co.uk. Retrieved
2014-01-25.

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related
to Harpia harpyja.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911
Encyclopædia Britannica article Harpy.

Harpy eagle Facts and Pictures on

AnimalSpot.net
Harpy eagle videos, photos & sounds
on the Internet Bird Collection
San Diego Zoo info about the harpy
eagle
Harpy eagle information and photo

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Harpy_eagle&oldid=851863086"

Last edited 23 hours ago by Grass…

Content is available under CC BY-SA 3.0 unless
otherwise noted.