Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Unit 1
Title: Types of engines
General objective:
To understand the structure and various types of engines.
Specific objectives:
At the end of this unit you should be able to:
Input
This section introduces the subject matter that you
are going to learn.
1.0 Introduction
In this unit we are to discuss the spark ignition (SI) and compression
ignition (CI). These are internal combustion ‘ heat engine’. Their function is to
convert potential heat energy contained in fuel into mechanical work.
An internal combustion engine can be classified in two different ways and they
are spark ignition (SI) and compression ignition (CI).
When the piston ascends on the compression stroke, the next charge or
air-fuel mixture is drawn into the crankcase through spring-loaded automatic
valve. Ignition occurs before TDC, and at TDC the working stroke begins. As the
piston descends through 80% of the working stroke, the exhaust port is
uncovered by the piston and exhaust release will begin. The transfer port is
uncovered later in the stroke due to the shape of the piston or the position of the
transfer port in relation to the exhaust port. The charge in the crankcase which
has been compressed by the descending piston, enters the cylinder through the
transfer port. The piston can be shaped to deflect the fresh gas across the
cylinder to assist the scavenging of the cylinder, this is called cross-flow
scavenge. As the piston rises, the transfer port is closed slightly before the
exhaust port is closed. When the exhaust port is closed compression of the
charge in the cylinder begins.
TYPES OF ENGINES J3182 / UNIT1/ 6
e. Fuel must be injected using a fuel injector pump at a pressure higher than
the air compression.
f. In the CI engine, the compression ratio is 21:1 and the pressure becomes
5000 kPa at the end of compression.
This engine has rotor that provides three equal working spaces. An
exhaust release will occur each time an apex seal overruns the leading edge of
an exhaust port, that is, three times per revolution of the rotor, and this exhaust
will continue until the following seal reaches the trailing edge of the port.
Induction will commence in the same space about 60° of rotor movement earlier.
Thus, there are three complete four-stroke cycle per revolution of the rotor in
different working spaces, but all fired by the same spark plug as maximum
compression is reached.
TYPES OF ENGINES J3182 / UNIT1/ 12
The most basic gas turbine unit is one operating on the open cycle in
which rotary compressor and a turbine are mounted on a common shaft, as
shown diagrammatically in Figure 1.9. Air is drawn into the compressor, C, and
after that compression passes to a combustion chamber, CC. Energy is supplied
in the combustion chamber by spraying fuel into the airstream, and the resulting
hot gases expand through the turbine, T, to the atmosphere. In order to achieve
net work output from the unit, the turbine must develop more gross work output
than is required to drive the compressor and overcome mechanical losses in the
drive. The compressor used is either a centrifugal or an axial flow compressor
and the compression process is therefore irreversible but approximately
adiabatic.
Fuel
CC
Shaft
C T Net work
output
Air inlet
Exhaust
The aircraft is powered by the reactive thrust of the jet of gases leaving
the nozzle, and this high-velocity jet is obtained at the expense of the
enthalpy drop from 4 to 5 at the diagram. The turbine develops just
enough work to drive the compressor and overcome mechanical losses.
Air
inlet cc
2
3
1
C HP
T
LP
T 5
Fig. 1.9.1:Gas turbine unit with separate power turbine or simple jet
TYPES OF ENGINES J3182 / UNIT1/ 14
engine.
1.9.2: Turbo-prop
In a turbo-prop engine the turbine drives the compressor and also the
airscrew, or propeller, as shown in Figure.1.9.2. In practice there is also small jet
thrust developed in a turbo-prop aircraft.
Aircraft velocity
Air inlet
CC
1 Exhaust
2 3 4
Shaft
C T
Propeller
CB R
Air inlet
G T.G C Compressor
Generato
r
Figure 1.9.3 :Turbine gas unit with the regenerate unit (P.S)
TYPES OF ENGINES J3182 / UNIT1/ 16
Activity 1A
The activity in this section tests your
understanding of the subject matter. You have to
complete this section by following the instructions
carefully.
1.2 Draw and label the diagram of the four stroke and two stroke engine.
1.3 Explain the four stroke cycle with a diagram of four piston movement over two
engine revolution for each cycle.
TYPES OF ENGINES J3182 / UNIT1/ 17
1.4 Explain why the two stroke cycle has two piston movement over one revolution for
each cycle.
1.5 Describe the process of the four stroke compression ignition (CI) engine.
`Self –
Assessment
Self-assessment evaluates your understanding of
each unit.
Question 1-1
List two types of ignitions for internal combustion engine, and explain each of the
ignitions briefly.
Question 1-2
Question 1-3